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Abstract The basic requirement for studying starting analysis "lock-in" at that speed and fail to accelerate further. The motor
of Induction motor are the starting current of Induction motor and the will continue to draw a large magnitude of current, overheat,
voltage flicker during start up. This paper will summarize several and either trips a protective devices or burn up 1. The
common methods and provide application guidelines for proper acceleration time can be calculated using a torque representing
selection of starting devices. Starting method reviewed will include the difference (positive) between motor torque and load
different types of starters, comparative study of results obtained in
laboratory & results obtained by simulation in ETAP (Electrical
torque. This time must not exceed the time allowed for the
Transient Analyzer Program) for DOL starter & autotransformer current drawn on the motor thermal limit curve 3.
starter, simulation results are also obtained for different cable length, In this paper focus is made on the need of starting analysis
with & without capacitor connected across motor itself. Finally it is of induction motor along with different types of starters that
concluded that starting current is less in case of autotransformer can be used for starting of Induction motor. Here starting
starter. Starting current & starting time can be further reduced and analysis of induction motor is made with the help of DOL &
voltage profile can be improved with the use of capacitor at the motor autotransformer starter. During the start of Induction motor
terminal as a compensating device. study is made for the recorded values results and results
obtained by simulation of induction motor in ETAP
Keywords autotransformer start, DOL start, ETAP, Induction environment. In ETAP environment a special case study is
motor, Starting methods, voltage dip. done in which cable length is changed with and without
capacitor connected across the motor terminals, a comparative
study of results obtained for above case study is also done.
I. INTRODUCTION
495
thermal limit curve (usually provided in an inverse time are removed form the system & motor is allowed to run on full
current curve) is important information provided by the motor voltage directly from supply.
manufacturer. Motor torque produced at reduced voltage Depending on the location & type of voltage limiting
levels is approximately proportional to the square of the element the different types of traditional starters are shown in
voltage applied to the motor multiplied by the torque produced table. 1.
at full voltage. The acceleration time can be calculated using a
torque representing the difference (positive) between motor Table 1. Different types of IM traditional starters
torque and load torque. This time must not exceed the time Type Description
allowed for the current drawn on the motor thermal limit curve None No starting device
Many software packages exist that will calculate acceleration Auto-transformer Auto-transformer
time considering the total load torque, motor torque, and load Stator Resistor Series Resistor to the stator
inertia, as well as applied voltage. Stator Reactor Series Reactor to the stator
Acceleration time or torque required can be calculated using Shunt capacitor connected to the
the following formulas: Capacitor, Bus
motor bus
A. Starting methods of Induction motor Capacitor, Shunt capacitor connected to the
Since the Induction motor draws a large starting current. Terminal motor terminal
The Induction motor has to be started by using certain starting Rotor Resistor Series Resistor to the rotor
devices called as starters.
Rotor Reactor Series Reactor to the rotor
On the basis of voltage applied, starters can be classified as
Stator Terminals are first connected
Star Delta
in Y & then in Delta
i) Full-Voltage Starting
Direct across the line starting can be used whenever the driven
However this traditional starters has got some disadvantages
load can withstand the shock of instantaneously applying full
such as
voltage to the motor and where line disturbances can be
a. Torque pulsations.
tolerated. Full-voltage starting uses a main contactor to apply
b. High Inrush Current.
the motor stator windings directly across the main system
c. Heating of machine windings during starting period.
voltage. This type of starting method provides the lowest cost,
d. With low load, efficiency is less.
a basic and simple design of controller, resulting in low
e. Drop in motor speed is more.
maintenance, simple training requirements, and the highest
starting torque possible without the use of a drive.
ii) Solid state or Soft Starter
The other type of starter is a soft starter; .as the name implies
ii) Reduced-Voltage Starting
these starters dont have any moving or rotating parts. This is
Reduced-voltage starting may be considered if full-voltage
a very recently electronic method & it has been frequently
starting creates objectionable line disturbances on the
used in industry.. it consists of applying a voltage to the
distribution system or where reduction of mechanical stress to
motor, which is gradually increased in a ramp wise manner,
a gear box or belt drive system is required. It must be noted
thus enabling the motor to start. In order to do this three
that when the voltage is reduced from nominal, a decrease in
phase AC controller power electronic devices is used. This
inrush current will occur. The motor torque will also decrease
equipment consists of two thyrister per phase in anitiparallel
at a rate roughly proportional to the square of the decrease in
connection, where the input is connected to the respective
voltage. This phenomenon also occurs in the opposite manner
phases of the mains supply and the output of each motor
when the voltage is increased. A common-sense rule of thumb
phase. In case of soft starters the motor parameters such as
is that if the load cannot be accelerated to full speed using full
voltage, current & current are controlled by means of thyrister
voltage, it cannot be accelerated to full speed using reduced
valve which are connected anti-parallel in each arm as shown
voltage. This type can be further classified on the basis of
in fig. 2
devices used to reduce the voltage level.
496
Table 2. Different types of Induction motor soft starters
Type Description (controlling Parameter) A single line diagram is created in ETAP which is
Current is not allowed to increase connected to the mains though a cable of negligible resistance
Current Limit & length. In ETAP starting device is inbuilt. ETAP provides
beyond a certain limit
Current Control Current is controlled thirteen types of starting devices, one can choose the required
Voltage Control Voltage is controlled one.
Torque Control Torque is controlled The simulation diagram is shown in fig. 3.
497
700
used for DOL starter the voltage at the start is 98.25 % of 600
rated voltage i.e. 432.3 V for simulation & 428 V is the 500
%Current
recorded value. The results obtained in laboratory from the
400
300
100% Load
experimental setup & results obtained by simulation for DOL 200
75% Load
101
201
301
401
501
601
701
801
901
1001
1101
1201
1301
1401
Where Time in mSec
Ist - Starting current of induction motor Fig. 4. Current in case of DOL starter for different loading conditions
Vst Voltage at the start across induction motor
Tst Time to reach the rated speed
Ifl full rated current 450
400
100% Load
Table 4 Summary for DOL starter 350
%Current
300 75% Load
Tst
Para Ist Vst Ist Vst tst 250
sec 200
meter sec 150
1
27..72 A
401
801
432.3 v
1201
1601
2001
2401
2801
3201
3601
4001
4401
4801
97.27%
100% 6.6 IFL 98.25% 1.20 2.67 IFL 2.5 Time in mSec
99.9
99.85
B. CASE II 99.8
101
201
301
401
501
601
701
801
901
1001
1101
1201
1301
1401
increased to 1 km with standard parameters and the load is Time in mSec
kept constant to full load. Motor is started with the help of
Fig. 6. Voltage in case of DOL starter for different loading conditions
DOL & auto transformer starter. Starting current is 6.5 times
& 2.74 times the rated current for DOL starter &auto- 110
C. CASE III 80
401
801
1201
1601
2001
2401
2801
3201
3601
4001
4401
4801
starter respectively .while the starting time is 4.3 sec 16.5sec Time in mSec
for DOL & auto-transformer starter respectively.
Fig. 7. Voltage in case of Auto-transformer starter for different loading
conditions
498
700 studies & 2 times the rated current is the observed values. In
600 case of DOL starter starting time varies from 1.1sec to 1.2 sec
500 from case 3 to case 1 & the observed value is 2.5 sec. For auto
% Current 400
Case 3
transformer starter the starting time varies from 2.9 sec to
300
Case 2 3.03 sec fro case 3 to case 1 & the observed value is 2.7 sec so
200
100
Case 1
that the motor reaches its 80% speed. In case of voltage
0
profile, capacitor has improved the voltage at the load bus up
to 99% for both the starters.
1
151
301
451
601
751
901
1051
1201
1351
T im e in m S ec
Case 3
415
It is seen in the result that the observed & simulated values
365
Case 1
Case are not same; this may be because the machine parameters
measured which are measured are very much deviated from
315
% Current
265
the standard values. Auto transformer requires more time to
215
165
settle. This is due to the fact that as less voltage is applied,
115
more time is required to reach the rated speed. However the
65
starting current is reduced to a very large extent by the use of
auto-transformer starter. Using capacitor not only reduces the
1
301
601
901
1201
1501
1801
2101
2401
2701
3001
3301
T ime in m S ec current but also improves the voltage profile. DOL starter can
Fig. 9. Current in case of Autotransformer starter for
be used for a low power application. In case of auto-
different case studies transformer starter if the tap setting is made at 57%, it can be
used as a star delta starter. From simulation the parameter scan
101 also be studied. ETAP provides the scope for measurement of
100.5
C as e 1
other parameters such as power factor, torque etc. Also the
100
software provides the scope for calculation for protective
% Voltage
99.5
99 C as e 3 devices
98.5 C as e 2
REFERENCES
98
97.5
97
151
301
451
601
751
901
1051
1201
1351
87 C as e 2
Industry Applications, Vol. 36, No. 6, November/December 2000, pp.
78 1688- 1696.
69
[4] Solveson M.G. Soft-Started Induction Motor Modeling IEEE
Transactions On Industry Applications Vol.42 No.4, July/August 2006,
60 pp 973-982
[5] Rezek A. J., Energy Conservation With Use Of Soft Starter IEEE
1
2000, pp 354-359
301
601
901
1201
1501
1801
2101
2401
2701
3001
3301
3601
T ime in mS ec
[6] Blaabjerg F. Can Soft Starters Help Save Energy, IEEE Industry
Applications Magazine Sep/Oct 1997 Pp 56-66
Fig.11. Voltage in case of Autotransformer starter for different [7] Blaabjerg F. Comparative Study Of Energy Saving Benefits In Soft
case studies Starters For 3ph Im, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine Sep/Oct
1995 pp 367-373
[8] AC Induction Motor Fundamentals by Rakesh Parekh, Microchip
Technology Inc
[9] Induction motor - protection and starting by viv cohen - Circuit
Results of simulation illustrates that the starting current of Breaker Industries, P.O. Box 881,Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
Induction motor is some what same for all the case studies, [10] Induction motors Parameters extraction by Sinisa Jurkovie
irrespective of the starter used, for DOL starter the starting [11] Performance chart for IM from Kirloskar Electric
time or settling time has changed for different case studies. [12] Performance chart for IM ABB Group- Automation & Power
Technologies
Starting current is 6.6, 6.54 & 6.5 times the rated current for [13] Consultancy with Mr. Rao, Nagpur motors, MIDC Hingna
case 1, case 2 & case 3 respectively & the observed value is [14] Textbook of Electrical Engg. Vol-II B.L.Theraja
2.7 times the rated current . For auto-transformer starter the [15] Basic Electrical Machines V.K.Mehta
starting current is almost same 2.7 times for different case [16] Electrical Machine- P.S.Bimbhra
499