Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NQ fd
Aiot 36^
AND OTHERS.
DISSERTATION
By
Denton, Texas
December, 1992
37?
NQ fd
Aiot 36^
AND OTHERS.
DISSERTATION
By
Denton, Texas
December, 1992
Gamso, Nancy M., Twentieth-Century Works for Textless
titles.
study.
1X1
PREFACE
IV
relationships and form without being constrained by
and voice that should aid the performer and teacher alike.
in this research.
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE iv
LIST OF EXAMPLES ix
PROGRAMS OF RECITALS xi
Chapter
I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1
Historical Survey of Vocal Music with Woodwind
Obbligato
The Use of the Voice without Text
BIBLIOGRAPHY 112
VI1
LIST OF TABLES
Vlll
LIST OF EXAMPLES
5. Fluttertonguing,Chance Duos 1 44
IX
20. MM 2, Chance Duos 1 73
with
Sarah Staton, Piano
XI
presents
Graduate Recital
assisted by:
Judy Fisher, piano
Paul Rennick, percussion
- INTERMISSION -
i
Koiml
mt
Xll
Sources III for Two Performers (clarinet David Burge
and percussion) (1967) (b. 1930)
I. i = ca, 60
II. J = 132
III. > = 40
IV. ) = ca. 46 (Cadenza I)
V. Free Tempo (Cadenza II)
Xlll
presents
A Graduate Recital
- short pause -
xiv
- short pause -
xv
( n o n~l~ QJfi i ci.
x^lWytvJ JVLUdli
presents
xvi
CHAPTER I
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
x
ln the context of this discussion, the term "Obbligato"
refers to "an independent part in concerted music, ranking in
importance just below the principal melody and not to be
omitted... The archetype of obbligato part is the
instrumental solo which, with a basso continuo, constitutes
the accompaniment of a vast number of late Baroque arias."
Don Randall, The New Harvard Dictionary of Music (Cambridge,
MA.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986), 551.
2
Denis Stevens, ed., A History of Song {New York: W.W.
Norton, 1960), 19.
occurance during the Medieval and Renaissance periods.3 In
the Baroque period, this "theory of availability" in
instrumentation was less flexible.4 Titles of works
typically designated voice and one or two of several
obbligato instruments, depending on the order of preference.
These were inundated by such standard instructions as:
"...per violino o flauto," "vorr viol (fluit, blokfluit,
hobo)," or "pour violon ou flute allemande.5 The violin was
the preferred instrument for obbligato accompaniment;
woodwind instruments were used less frequently with the most
popular being the flute, recorder, and oboe.
An increase in the use of obbligato woodwinds followed
structural improvements on these instruments by a group of
Parisian craftsmen, namely those of the Hotteterre family in
the early part of the Baroque period. This increase in
obbligato woodwinds is demonstrated in works by composers
such as A. Scarlatti, Telemann, Handel, and J.S. Bach who
began using obbligato flute and oboe parts in their operatic
and cantata arias.6 In the late Baroque, these arias were
3
Maria K. Stolba, The Development of Western Music - A
History (Debuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1990), 148, 178.
4
Ibid., 148.
5
Ronald Wain, "Flute and Voice Ensembles," The
Instrumentalist, XLV (January 1991), 13.
6
Ibid., 9.
standardized into a da capo form with the obbligato
instrument participating in the opening ritornello,
interludes, and postludes anticipating the vocal line,
imitating melodic material, and otherwise unifying the
structure.
The clarinet first appeared during the mid-eighteenth
century, initially in association with vocal works. The
clarinet and its predecessor, the chalumeau, are found in a
number of works, including a Mass by Antwerp organist, J. A.
J. Faber in 1720, and in a Telemann Cantata for Whit Sunday
(1721), calling for a soprano aria to be accompanied by
"Flauto piccolo, Clarinetto et Quartett."7 In opera, the
clarinet was employed in a growing number of works, first
among them Handel's Tamerlano (1724) in which an aria calls
for the accompaniment of two cornetti, later replaced by two
clarinets. The clarinet first appears in French opera in
Rameau1s Zoroastre of 1749.8
Toward the midpoint of the eighteenth century, the
standardization of pairs of woodwinds in orchestral works
contributed to an established use of these instruments in
opera orchestrations. However, the contrapuntal passages for
woodwind obbligato characteristic of the early Baroque were
7
Oscar Kroll, The Clarinet (New York: Taplinger Pub.
Co., 1968), 47.
8
Sumrall, 11.
replaced with less elaborate phrases by pairs of woodwinds.9
This followed the fashion in Italian arias in the 1750s and
1760s and continued throughout the Classical period. In his
operatic works, Mozart followed this trend. Within this
convention of short obbligato phrases, his works demonstrate
the timbral possibilities of the woodwinds in an obbligato
role. Mozart was fond of woodwind timbre and often used
flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons in homogeneous or
heterogeneous pairs. Numerous passages are found in solo
arias and duets, and smaller ensembles (trios, quartets,
quintets, and sextets) in which the woodwinds appear in
unison with the voices, in thirds and sixths and occasionally
as obbligato instruments against the vocal parts.10 In La
Clemenza di Tito (1791), for example, Mozart chose to use the
B b clarinet and the basset horn in F as true obbligato
instruments in two arias, "Parto, parto" (No. 9), and , "Non
piu di fiori" (No. 23). The role of the clarinet and basset
horn can be described as generally idiomatic for the
instruments, using arpeggiated passages that display both
9
M. F. Robinson, "The Aria in Opera Seria, 1725-1780,"
Proceedings of the Royal Music Association, 88th Session
(London, 1961-62), 38, cited in Sumrall, 9.
10
In a survey study done by this author, the majority of
bel canto arias in Mozart's operas from Idomeneo to Die
Zauberflote used the woodwind instruments in this capacity.
instruments' extended range.11
The bassoon was omitted from the preceding discussion of
the obbligato woodwind instruments because of its primary
role as the bass line. In the Baroque period, there are,
however, occasional instances of more active bassoon parts,
usually exploiting the full bass range. Such parts are found
in an aria in Traetta's Olipiade and in works by Steffani
(1655-1729), Kapelmeister at Hanover, ca. 1689, where they
were performed by fine French bassoonists.12 In Steffani's
works, the bassoon is used as an obbligato instrument with
the voice. Two interesting occurences of the use of five
bassoons and continuo in the accompaniment of soprano arias
by Schiitz and Reiser are to be noted. They appear in
Heinrich Schiitz's Psalm 24 (Vol. XIII, No. I of his
Sammtliche Werke) and in Reiser's Octavia (1706).13 In the
secular cantata Durchlaucht'ster Leopold (?1718), Bach used
the bassoon, "col violoncello," in the bass aria (No. 7).14
15
Ibid., 86.
16
Ibid., 88.
17
Sumrall, 23.
music produced for these light entertaining events cannot be
eliminated from the published music of the time all that had
postlude for the last few measures. Two additional songs for
here the gentle lark" by Henry Bishop and "The gypsy and the
18
Rosemary Hughes, "Solo Song," The New Oxford History
of Music, edited by Egon Wellesz and Frederick Sternfeld
(London: Oxford University Press, 1973), VII, 337 as cited in
Sumrall, 16.
19
Sumrall, 22.
8
famous Der Hirt auf dem Felsen for soprano, clarinet, and
cello, and piano; Meyerbeer's Des Schafers Lied for tenor and
ins Gebirge, Tyrolienne for voice, oboe, and piano; and W.R.
20
Sonneck, O.G., Early Concert Life in America (1731-
1800) (New York: Musurgia Pub., 1949), p. 415 as cited in
Becker, 3.
and operas, the double reed instruments are employed with
some fregency in the chamber works of the twentieth century.
In the opera and sacred vocal genres of the nineteeth
century, woodwinds again assumed a position of importance in
supporting the voice in an obbligato manner. This is
evidenced in the clarinet obbligato of Schubert's "Romance"
from the opera Die Verschworenen and the Erstes Offertorivm,
Op. 46; in Spohr's opera Der Zweikampf mit der Geliebten in
which an important clarinet obbligato is employed; in
Donizetti's L'Blisir d'Amore, scoring a bassoon obbligato in
"Una furtiva lagrima;" in Gounod's Faust in which two
bassoons play an important role; in a Serenade in Act IV of
Verdi's Requiem using a bassoon accompaniment in the "Quid
sum miser;" and the flute obbligato in "II dolce suono mi
colpi," the "Mad-Scene" in Act III of Donizetti's Lucia di
Lammermoor.21
21
Langwill, 97.
10
22
Ursula Greville, "Voice and the Chamber Ensemble,"
Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music, 3 vols.
Compiled and edited by Walter Willson Cobbet with
supplementary material edited by Colin Mason. (London: Oxford
University Press, 1963), 11:555.
11
(1913) for voice, piano, string quartet, two flutes, and two
clarinets and Stravinsky's Pribaoutki (1914) for voice,
flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, and
string bass. These works were succeeded by Hans Eisler's
Palmstom (1926) for speech song, flute (also piccolo),
clarinet in A, violin (also viola), and cello; and Anton
Webern's Six Songs (1917-21) for soprano, clarinet, bass
clarinet, viola, and cello. All are indebted to Schoenberg's
song cycle in their approach to instrumentation, serial
techniques, and the use of Sprechstiime.23 Homogeneous
groupings of accompanying instruments also were employed
early in the century, as in Berceuse de Chat (1916) for voice
and three clarinets by Stravinsky, Milhaud's Cocktail (1921)
for the same combination, and Webern's Five Canons (1923-4)
for voice, clarinet, and bass clarinet. Thirty years later,
Dallapiccola scored the Goethe Lieder (1953) for three
clarinets.
23
Becker, 8-9.
12
24
These works are reviewed in Appendix A.
13
25
Owen Jander, "Vocalise," New Grove's Dictionary of
Music and Musicians, 20 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. (New York:
Macmillan, 1980), 51.
14
The following list includes works that are among the best
(1952).
26
Martyn, Barrie, Rachmaninoff: Composer, Pianist,
Conductor (Aldershot, Hants, England. Brookfield, vt.: Gower
Pub. Co., 1990), 240.
27
Ibid., 241. Little historical information is
available concerning Medtner's or Gli^re's vocalises. The
Gliere has been recorded by Joan Sutherland and the London
Symphony Orchestra (London 430006-2 LM).
16
28
Kennedy, 171.
17
PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
Introduction
this study.
18
19
Vocal Timbre
The vocalise technique emphasizes the vowels of words
tube closed at one end (at the larynx). The first two, and
2
Murray Campbell, The Musician's Guide to Acoustics {New
York: Schirmer, 1988), 480.
22
The "ee" vowel's second formant is around 2000 Hz, 500 Hz, or
3
Wayne Slawson, Sound Color (Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1985). The author's choice of terminology
for timbre or tone color.
4
Ibid., 57. This aspect has an indirect relation to
timbre due to the physical tendency of relatively large or
long objects to resonate at low frequencies and small or
short objects to resonate at high frequencies.
23
5
Berton Coffin, Overtones of Bel Canto (Metuchen, N.J.:
Scarecrow, 1980)
25
Flute Timbre
6
Campbell, 287.
7
John Krell, Kincadiana; a Flute Player's Notebook
(Culver City, CA: Trio Assoc., 1973), 9-13.
27
Clarinet Timbre
8
Charles E. Lawson, "An Investigation to Determine if
the Oral Cavity Acoustically Influences the Radiated Wave
Form of the Clarinet" (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms,
1974) . Geoffrey Rendall, The Clarinet: Some Notes upon its
History and Construction (London: Ernest Benn, 1971).
Fredrick Thurston, Clarinet Technique (London: Oxford
University Press, 197 3).
9
Lawson, 79.
29
10
Ibid.
30
vibrato
vibrato is produced by several different methods: the
Thoraco-Abdominal (known as diaphramatic vibrato), the
Laryngeal (throat vibrato), a synergetic combination of the
two, and the Jaw vibrato. The various types of vibrato
generally produce a fluctuation in both the amplitude
(loudness) or frequency (pitch) with a more significant
fluctuation of amplitude in the case of the diaphramatic and
of frequency in the others.
origins.
the tongue and jaw with a small minority of players using the
i:L
Jochen Gartner, The Vibrato with Particular
Consideration given to the Situation of the Flutist
{Regensburg: Gustav Bosse Verlang, 1981), 76.
33
12
Carl E. Seashore, ed., University of Iowa Studies in
the Psychology of Music (Iowa City: University of Iowa,
1932), vol. 1, Vibrato, 164.
34
Pitch
In equal temperament tuning all semitones equal 100
13
Stanley Walden, Coronach; A Kaddish (Bryn Mawr, PA: T.
Presser Co., 1989), 6.
36
correct interval.
in tuning difficulties.14
pitch-matching task.
14
Studies, cited in Blatter, "The Effect of Timbre on
Pitch-Matching Judgements" (Doctoral diss., University of
Illinois, 1974). Murray Campbell, The Musician's Guide to
Acoustics (New York: Schirmer, 1988).
37
15
Blatter, Alfred, w . , "The Effect of Timbre on Pitch-
Matching Judgements" (Doctoral Thesis, University of
Illinois, 1974).
38
tones.
16
"The name is an historical accident, arising from a
mistaken idea about the origin of the cubic difference tone."
Campbell, 65, 169.
39
Notes performed:
I B g- -g-
Cubic
difference tones:
<1? C ZZ3I
Simple r\\
difference tones:
the work.
Both Marilyn Nims and Diana Gale, the singers for this
Loudness
Although loudness has been mentioned previously in the
at which the tone is performed. The louder the tone the more
for instance, will sound more present than "oo" at the same
intensity.
others.
Extended Techniques
In several of the works for an ensemble of textless voice and
woodwinds, the fluttertongue (flatterzunge) technique is used
for both the instrument and voice. The technique is produced
by a rolling "R" sound in the voice and flute. In the reed
instruments, the effect is more difficult to execute because
of the intrusion of the mouthpiece into the oral cavity. The
same effect can be produced on reed instruments with a throat
growl. In the Finale of Jerome Rosen's Serenade for soprano
voice and alto saxophone, a note specifies: "Flutter tongue
for saxophone, analogous sound (tongue or glottal "trill")
for voice," as illustrated in example 1. In this movement
the fluttertongue technique is alternated with rapid, slurred
techical passages and key and tongue clicks.
42
Voice E
Sax.
the air stream. Both the voice and the flute are required to
example 2.
ftifrt.
)opr
P !
TP
Duos I and the Jerome Rosen Serenade are among the most
or "1' s") . 17
1) Various syllables:
t?rVcjf irtsinyiui
V*HA-DL-A-DA WHA-3N.6.-A-DA WHA DA-DA-DA-DAj
17
Jerome Rosen, Serenade for Soprano Voice and Alto
Saxophone (New York: American Composers Alliance, 1964).
44
Soprano
Clarinet
i =
w
R e p r i n t e a
PermLIim oflSrican S p L e r s l l S a n **
2)Fluttertongue:
Permission of S e e s a w S i c 9 C o r S r a t i o n U H J
' Reprinte<3
by
P
"76. *1 rights reserved. S?eSuiarcopmsS? SoSei.
45
Voice m Tt *
L' 'h
1
V
Sax. N 4 p= J j^\ 11 r r *
sweeping lines:
Sop.
&LL
W:
r i
f Poo- Atf
K, -St "
Voice fc==
' ^ ^-LU
// t
LJ
Sax. I , 1 1
li) L J ' [J= >
- t
;
^
Introduction
some of the more avant garde works contain voice parts with
47
48
are valid, provided that one derives music from them." Early
experiences.1
opportunities.
the Aria, in the songs Deux stales orientees (1925) for voice
and flute.
2
Ibid.
51
imply two instruments: the alto (viola) and piano, 'cello and
piano; and two voices and piano. From studying the edition
accompaniment.
that (of the transcription for flute and violin of which only
two issues. First, that the flute, violin, and piano version
3
Appears on the instrumental and piano parts, Ibert Aria
for Soprano, Flute, and Piano, Leduc, 1931.
52
question occur at mm. 13-19 (Example 10, a. and b.) and mm.
Voice
3.. Voice
Violin
b.
Violin
a.
Flute
Voice
Flute
Tempo
H Tempo
Violin=
Flute
Viol in
Poco rlt. . // T e m p o
Violin
mm. 30-39, Ex. 10, of the voice, flute version, the voice is
two instruments.
throughout.
FLl'TE 1r
f,' -
Larghetto U=4s)
ft " " " "
A 4 - - ~
y yinr
PIANO PP
1 -< t- ! . 1
i l l '
L
"" O "~"U' - 1
dissonances.
57
FLUTE
P=-~
-r i i' i 1
PIANO
!
=a> J j j
ft* J tr J * ~
Performance Considerations
In this work, vibrato is a major performance
present.
59
k im
m
Example 14: Thirds in last six measures, mm. 40-45, Ibert
Aria. Reprinted by permission of Theodore Presser for A.
Leduc.
4
Hugh Ottaway, "Ralph Vaughan Williams," The New
Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (New York:
Macmillian, 1980), 577
60
cantatas. The Three Blake Songs (1957) for voice and oboe
were written for the film The Vision of William Blake. This
5
Ibid., 569.
6
Michael Kennedy, The Works of Ralph Vaughan Williams
(London: Oxford University Press, 1964), 640.
61
florid passages."7
Peyer performing.
7
Desmond Shaw-Taylor, "Margaret (Mabel) Ritchie," The
New Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (New York:
Macmillian, 1980), 57.
8
Kennedy, 640.
62
is used.9
production.
9
There is an editorial error between the concert pitch
clarinet line and the transposed line, involving the lack of
a slur marking in mm. 19-22 of the Prelude movement in the Bb
part.
63
SOPRANO
VOICE
colla parte
CLARINET
(concert pitch)
senza mtsura
Sopr.
Ir
Oir.
(C)
J* y 4fr J' u .
Clr.
(C>
fi
^rrr. XX
example 17.
J A
Sopr.
I
r
TJ JZI
Clar.
(C)
(free temt>n)
Clar.
Performance Considerations
The performance for this study features the combination
of a clarinet and a lyric soprano. Although the acoustical
structure of timbre in the voice and clarinet are less alike
than that in the voice and flute, the tone colors are still
compatible. The disparity in timbre of a relatively "dark"
clarinet tone and a bright soprano voice is somewhat mediated
by the following solutions. The clarinetist used a brighter
barrel and softer reed and the soprano created a longer
resonating space by raising the soft palate and lowering the
larynx.
some passages.
10
Several printing errors occur that the composer has
confirmed to the author. These will be noted in the
Appendix.
70
requiem mass. Chance now lives in rural New York where she
continues to compose.11
her study with Otto Luening, who wrote and was the dedicatee
1J
-Unpublished biography provided by the composer.
12
Written interview with the composer. See Appendix B.
13
Taken from program notes, provided upon request from
the composer.
71
resolve.
She states that "by omitting the text and treating the voice
14
Program notes.
72
Slow J = ^fO
-"TlI LJ V. -4)
J..,I tZ r\f g i MJ.
\ normal
j V i b ra+"o mp mj mp
to
3 mofio.' *f4=-
ZEZ
-
Fl. 1
SroJ-x-^ mp
broade n
troo-den -
Example 21: MM3 - Use of the Tritone, Perfect 4th and Perfect
5th, in various combinations, m. 11, Chance Duos I.
Reprinted by Permission of Seesaw Music Corporation, New
York, Copyright, 1976. All rights reserved. International
copyright secured.
74
norm. 3>J+r
+r "M
2 ,
^ allanp _ - - . 9 _
C.YGS.C. .
iiii & i;
m
S: 4
conjunction with the minor 2nd, the major 2nd, and the
novmal
V ifcrat"o mp mp
normal yMb^aTo
*
Example 28: HM2 - m3rd preparation for m2nd resolution, m.
5, Chance Duos I. Reprinted by Permission of Seesaw Music
Corporation, New York, Copyright, 1976. All rights reserved.
International copyright secured.
Wi4okt- TH.iLi.Sl
Wt-towg iRiixt :
FI-IH t i
3
p ?
m f
Example 29: HM4 - Movement from consonant interval to unison
to dissonance (M2nd) . mm. 40, Chance Duos J. Reprinted by-
Permission of Seesaw Music Corporation, New York, Copyright,
1976. All rights reserved. International copyright secured.
ft. TP"
beats and ties over the beat extend the vagueness of the
35.
79
3 ft*
>
V 4- f- > I ^ -# & ' moif-o Vt bra "tap
rr.- .-rrr > r i
s$i. S
f" Iff 3 pp
<T>oi"h> *J I lorato
1
4* # ff pp
f
I =ez
m
Example 32: RM2 - Avoidance of downbeats through use of ties,
mm. 39-40, Chance Duos J. Reprinted by Permission of Seesaw
Music Corporation, New York, Copyright, 197 6. All rights
reserved. International copyright secured.
80
n
-s:
&
m p Or esc.. _ _ -
-pi+i r
Soon II^O1 I
i
Example 33: RM3 - Entrances on up beats, m. 41, Chance Duos
J. Reprinted by Permission of Seesaw Music Corporation, New
York, Copyright, 1976. All rights reserved. International
copyright secured.
PP 6: *>r
s
Fl-
jpp no Vi b r . f
Sopr
pp v b r .
m m
T
no.
a Vitr.
Fl, *fl|C^ Fl
pp no vi br pp
v?br
* 3
> op r .
mmmi Sop^
PP
m jfeEEf i
pp 3
fit* _ -
pp
h=f-pf-T==
* h
fl.
S-H
R.
form the structural basis of the work in the flute and voice
A B
Phrases: 1 la 2 3 4
mm: 1-5 6-9 10-12 13-24 25-31
Transition
5 5b 6 3a/4a
(mm. 32-34) 35-45 46-48 49-54 55-59
Recapitulation
(mm. 60-69)
passages of the work. The cymbals also end the work playing
a two-measures solo.
Performance Considerations
ensemble.
passages, the singer used a vowel with more "oh" than the
low dynamic level, since the rolled "R" action by the tongue
application.
90
91
opted for very similar and specific timbres. The other two
consideration.
95
96
107
108
MAY, 1992
General:
"No."
Duos I Background:
"No."
Performance Questions:
"Yes"
110
111
psychology of music.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
112
113
Sumrall, John N., Jr. "The Literature for Clarinet and Voice
and Its Historical Antecedents." D.M.A. diss.,
University of Illinois, 1974.
Thurston, Frederick. Clarinet Technique. London: Oxford
University Press, 197 3.
Vaughan Williams, Ursula. Ralph vaughan Williams, a
Biography. London: Oxford, 1988.
wain, Ronald L. "Chairiber Music for Solo Voice, Flute, and
Keyboard or Continuo, Including an Annotated
Bibliography of Selected Literature." Ph.D. diss.,
University of Iowa, 1971.
. "Flute and Voice Ensembles," The
Instrumentalist, XLV (January 1991): 38.
Wilson, Sir Stewart, M. Dawney. "The Vocal Music of Ralph
Vaughan Williams," Musical Opinion, CXII (July 1989):
234-5.