WAR
 CRIMEAN WAR (1854-1856)
Nightingale and her nurses provided care to the
sick and injured.
 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)
Notable nurses during the period were:
- HARRIEST TUBMAN-MOSES of his people
- SOJOURNER TRUTH
- CLAIRE BURTON
- DOROTHY DIX – the union
 WORLD WAR I – American British and French
volunteered their services.
 WORLD WAR II – Cadet Nurse Corps was established to
address the acute shortage of caregiver.
-“Practical Nurses” aides and technician provided much
of the actual nursing care.
 VIETNAM WAR – 90% of military women were newly
graduated nurses.
Societal Attitudes towards the Nursing Profession
1800’s
- Women’s place was in the house and no
respectable woman should have a career.
- Nurses during the period were poorly educated
- Negative attitudes towards nurses up to the
contemporary time due to a literary portrayal of
“Sairy Gamp” a nurse who “Cared” for the sick by
neglecting and physically abusing them.
1900’s
- Image of an angel of Mercy or Guardian Angel
because of the works of Nightingale.
- Doctor’s Handmaid
- Heroin portrayal evolve from nurses act of bravery
in WWI
- Others in late 1900’s include the nurses as sex
objects, surrogate mothers, tyrannical mothers.
1990’s up to present
 Images of the nurses improve.
19th Century
 FLORENCE NIGHTANGLE (1820-1910)
 Lady with the lamp
 First Scientist – theorist for her work “Note on
Nursing”. What it is and what it is not.
 CLARA BURTON (1821-1912)
 Establish the American Red Cross.
 LINDA RICHARDS (1841-1930)
 America’s 1st trained nurse.
 Introduced Nurses’ notes and doctor’s order.
 Initiated the practices of nurses wearing
uniform.
 Pioneered work in psychiatric and industrial
nursing.
 MARY MAHONEY ( 1845-1926)
 1ST African-American professional nurse.
 LILIAN WALD (1867-1940)
 Founder of Public Health Nursing.
20th Century
 LAVINIA L. DOCK (1858-1956)
 Active in the protest movement for women’s right
that resulted in allowing women to vote.
 MARY BRECKENRIDGE (1881-1965)
 Established the frontier nursing service – to
provide family centered primary health care to rural
population.
History of Nursing in the Philippines
Early Beliefs and Practices
 Disease and their causes and treatment were
shrouded w/ mysticism and superstition.
 Beliefs about causation of disease
o Another Person (an enemy or witch)
o Evil Spirits
 People believed that evil spirits could be driven
away by persons w/ powers to expel demons.
 People believed in special Gods of healing with
priest- physician called “word doctors” as
intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they
were called herb doctors or “herbolarios”.
Early Care to the Sick
 Herb men were called “herbicheros” meaning one
who practiced witchcraft.
 Persons suffering from diseases w/o any identified
cause were believed to be bewitched by the
“mangkukulam” or “mangagaway”.
 Difficult childbirth and some diseases called
“Pamao” were attributed to “nonos” midwife
assisted in childbirth.
 During labor the mabuting hilot “good midwife”
was called in, if birth became difficult witches
were supposed to be the cause. To disperse their
influence, gunpower was exploded from a
bamboo cane to the head of the sufferer.
Health Care during the Spanish Regime
 The religious orders exerted their efforts to care
for the sick by guiding hospitals in the different
part of the Philippines.
The Earliest Hospitals establish were the ff:
  HOSPITAL REAL de MANILA (1577)
Establish mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but
also admitted Spanish civilians.
Founded by Gov. Francisco De Sande
 SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578)
Founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered
for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios;
built exclusively for patients with leprosy.
 HOSPITAL de INDIO (1586)
Established by the Franciscan Order service was in general
supported by alms and contributions from charitable
persons.
 HOSPITAL de AGUAS SANTAS (1590)
Established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded
by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order .
 SAN JUAN de DIOS HOSPITAL (1596)
Founded by The Brotherhood of Misericordia and
administered by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios;
support was derived from alms and rents; rendered
general health service to the public.
Nursing During the Philippine Revolution
The prominent persons involved in nursing works:
1. Josephine Bracken
Wife of Jose Rizal. Installed a field hospital in an
estate house in Tejeros: provided nursing care to the
wounded night and day.
2. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero
Converted their house into quarters for the Filipino
soldier, during the Philippine-American War that broke our
1899.
3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; organized Filipino Red
Cross under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.
4. Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
Second – wife of Emilio Aguinaldo provided nursing
care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution. President of
the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)
Nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them
shelter and food.
6. Capitan Salome
A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided
nursing care to the wounded when not in combat.
7. Agueda Kahabagan
Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing
services to his troops.
8. Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biak na Bato)
Stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the
wounded soldiers.
Filipino Red Cross
- Malolos Bulacan- location of the national
headquarters. Established branches in the
provinces
Functions of Filipino Red Cross
- Collection of war funds and materials through
concerts, charity bazaars, and voluntary
contributions. Provision of nursing care to
wounded Filipino soldiers.
Requirements for Membership:
Least 14 years old, age requirement for officer
was 25 years old of sound reputation.
Hospitals and Schools of Nursing
1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City,
1906) it was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission society
in America.
Miss Rose Nicolet
- Graduate in New England Hospital for Women
and Children in Boston Massachusetts
- was the first superintendent for nurses
moved to its present location in Jaro Road, Iloilo
city in 1929.
Miss Flora Ernst
- an American nurse took charge of the school in
1942 March 1944, 22 nurses graduated
April 1944, graduated nurse took the first Nurses
board examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital.
2. St Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
- The hospital was established the Arcbishop of
Manila, The most Reverend Jeremiah Harty
- Under the supervision of the sisters of St. Paul de
Chartres.
- It was located in intramuros and provided
general hospital services.
- It had a free dispensary and dental clinic.
- It opened its training school for nurses in 1908
with Rev. Mother Melanie as superintendent.
3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing
- Began in 1901 as a small dispensary mainly for
“Civil Officers and Employees” in the City of
Manila.
- It later grew into Civil Hospital.
Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters (1906)
- An educator advocated for idea of training
Filipino girls for the profession of nursing.
- She first opened a dormitory for girls enrolled
at the Philippine Normal Hall and the
University of the Philippines with the
approval of Government Officials.
- She opened classes in nursing under the
auspices of the Bureau of Education.
Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton
 - Taught the students nursing subjects.
- American physicians also served as
lecturers.
- In 1910, Act No. 1976, the Civil Hospital was
abolished; the Philippine General Hospital
was established.
- The school became known as the Philippine
General Hospital school of Nursing.
Elsie McCloskey-Gaches
- Introduced several improvements in the school.
Course was made attractive and more practical.
Anastacia Giron-Tupas
- First Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief
nurse and superintendent in the Philippines.
4. St. Luke’s Hospital of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)
- Is an Episcopalian Institution
- It began as a small dispensary in 1903
- In 1907 school opened w/ three Filipino girls
admitted ,
- These girls had their first year in combined
classes w/ the Philippine General Hospital School
of Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of
Nursing.
- The 1st three graduates were:
1. CANDIDA GOCO
2. QUINTANA BELEY
3. VENERANDA SULIT
Miss Helen Hicks
- was the first principal of St. Luke’s Hospital of
Nursing
Vitaliana Beltran
- was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses
Jose Fores
- was the first Filipino medical director of the
hospital.
5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School Nursing
(Manila,1907)
- It started as a small dispensary on Calle
Cervantes (now Avenida Rizal) was called
Bethany Dispensary was funded by the
Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering
among women and children.
Sr. Rebecca Parrish, Rose Dudley and Gertrude Dreisback
- Organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing
Miss Librada Javalera
- Was the first Filipino Director of the school
6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of
Nursing
- The United Christian Missionary Society of
Indianapolis, Indiana-a Protestant organization
of the Disciples of Christ.
Three Schools of Nursing:
1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing
(Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)
2. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1911)
3. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur,
1912)
7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
- Dr. Benito Valdez
- The board of Inspector and the Executive Board
of the Hospital passed a resolution to open a
school of nursing.
Sister Taciana Trinanes
- The first directress of the school. The school is
run by the Daughters of Charity
8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz,1913)
- In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission
Society sent Dr. P.H.J. Lerrigo to Capiz for the
purpose of opening a hospital,
- The school oferred a three year training
course for an annual fee of P100.00
Miss Ciara Pedrosa
- Was the first Filipino principal.
9. Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu,
1918)
- The hospital was established in 1911 under the
Bureau of Health.
- The school opened in 1918 Anastacia Giron-
Tupas, as the organizer.
- Miss Visitacion Perez was the first principal.
Other Schools of nursing established were as follows:
 Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
 Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
 Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)
 Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing(1930)
 St. Paul’s School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946)
 North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946)
 Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)