Proverbs 30: 5

"Every word of God is pure:

He is a shield unto them
that put their trust in Him.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
(Human Anatomy)
I. NERVOUS SYSTEM transported from the endocrine glands to the
Neurons basic cellular unit of the nervous target organ through the blood.
system Hypothalamus links the nervous system to
Sensory neuron transmits impulses from the endocrine system
the receptors to the central nervous system;
main neuron system of the sensory organs Growth Elongation of long bones
Interneuron located mainly in the central stimulating and muscle growth
nervous system to interpret and relay nerve hormone
impulses between sensory motor neurons Thyroid Stimulates the thyroid
Pituitary stimulating
Motor neuron transmit impulses form the gland to produce
gland hormone
central nervous system to effectors (glands thyroxine
and muscles) causing them to take action and Follicle Stimulates activity in the
respond stimulating ovaries and testes
Nerves of neurons specialized for long hormone
distance and high speed impulse transmission Thyroid Produces THYROXINE which regulates
Myelin sheath covers neurons for gland rate of body metabolism
insulation and protection Secretes PARATHORMONE for returning
Parathyroid
Neurotransmitters chemical messengers calcium to blood circulation from the
gland
that produce certain effect on organs to bones
maintain function.
Adrenal Secretes CORTISOL for
Cerebrum of voluntary activity cortex conversion of fat and
memory and thinking proteins into glucose and
Brain ALDOSTERONE for
center
Large mass of reabsorption of sodium
Cerebellum coordinates muscle
neurons Adrenal
movement and and chloride into the
located in the glands
maintains balance bloodstream.
cranial cavity; Adrenal Secretes ADRENALINE to
Medulla controls involuntary
controls and medulla increase the blood sugar
activities such as
coordinates all level and accelerates the
breathing, heartbeat,
human activity heart and breathing rate.
blood pressure and
peristalsis
Protected by the vertebrate; center of Male development of male sex
Spinal Cord Testes
reflex actions characteristics.
Female sex gland which secretes
II. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM testosterone to influence organ which
Endocrine glands ductless gland located in Ovaries secretes various hormones such as the
various parts of the body secreting hormones estrogen which influences development
Hormones chemical mediators which target of female sex characteristics.
body organs to elicit certain response;

III. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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 Red blood cells have hemoglobin; carry Pharynx connects the nasal cavity to the
oxygen to various parts of the body air cavity; air travels here and passes the
White blood cells fight infection in the epiglottis, a flap of tissue which prevents other
body materials aside from air to enter the trachea
Platelets needed for cessation of bleeding Trachea tube that sends air between the
through blood clot formation pharynx and the bronchi; cartilage rings
Arteries thick walled, muscular blood prevent the trachea from collapsing
vessels which transport blood away from the Bronchi lined with mucous membranes and
heart to all parts of the body ringed with cartilage leading to the
Capillaries found at the end of small bronchioles
arteries, and at the beginning of small veins; Bronchioles lined with mucous membranes
exchanges dissolved materials by diffusion but lack cartilage which finally leads to alveoli
between the blood and fluid surrounding body Alveoli functional unit where gas exchange
cells occurs; surrounded by capillaries
Veins thin walled blood vessels possessing
valves which prevent back flow of blood; Inhalation Exhalation
returns blood to the heart. Diaphragm Diaphragm relaxes and
contracts and moves upward to
Right atrium Receives moves down to move air outside the
DEOXYGENATED move air inside the lungs
blood from the lungs As exhalation starts air
body through the As inhalation start pressure inside the
SUPERIOR VENA air pressure inside lungs is higher than
CAVA the lungs is lower the environment
Left atrium Receives than environment
OXYGENATED
blood from the V. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: consists of a continuous
Heart
lungs through the one-way gastrointestinal (GI) tract and
Four chambered
PULMONARY VEIN accessory organs
double pump
Right ventricle Pumps Peristalsis - rhythmic muscular contractions
composed of
DEOXYGENATED to move food along the GI tracts
TWO atrium and
blood to the lungs Ingestion digestion of food through the
TWO ventricles
through the mouth which contains the teeth, tongue and
PULMONARY salivary glands; serves to increase surface
ARTERY area of food for easier digestion
Left ventricle Pumps Movement of food mouth esophagus
OXYGENATED stomach small intestines large
blood to the rest intestines anus
of the body Amylase digests starch into simple sugar
through the Stomach temporary storage area of food;
AORTA where protein digestion begins through
enzyme protease
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Small intestine major portion of the food
Circulation to and from Circulation to and from the is digested; absorption of nutrients to the
the lungs rest of the body blood stream occurs through its VILLI
structures
IV. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: involves cellular Gallbladder stores bile that helps in fat
respiration and gas exchange digestion
Cellular respiration process wherein Pancreas produces protease, lipase and
oxygen is acquired by cells and processed to amylase which aid protein, lipid and starch
produce energy; end products are water and digestion
carbon dioxide Large intestine where water is mainly
Gas exchange transportation of gases reabsorbed
between the external environment and the
internal membranes of the lungs
Nasal cavity lined with ciliated mucous VI. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
membrane which filters, warms and moistens Liver breaks down red blood cells and
the air; opening is called nostrils. recycle useable materials inside the body
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 Sweat glands through these structures of
the skin water, salts and urea diffuses from
the blood to the external surface of the body
as perspiration
Kidneys excretion of urea; controls
concentration of body fluids in the body
Nephrons functional unit for fluid filtration
and reabsorption
Ureters two tubes which connects the
kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder stores urine until
eliminated through the urethra
Urethra small tube where urine is finally
excreted; contents of the urinary bladder
empties to the urethra

VII. MUSCUKO-SKELETAL SYSTEM: usually

operates in pair which pulls on the bones on either
side of a joint.

Visceral muscles Involuntary in action and smooth

in appearance
Cardiac muscles Involuntary in action and striated
Skeletal muscles Striated and voluntary

Joint point of motion between two bones

Tendons attach muscles to bones
Ligaments connect ends of bones at
movable joints

Function of bones:
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Anchorage sites for muscle action
4. Leverage for body motion
5. Production of blood cells (bone marrow)

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