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CEN 323
Ultimate Strength Design (USD) of Beam:
M u M n
Pu P n
V u V n
The nominal strength of a proposed member is calculated based on the best current knowledge of member
and material behavior. That nominal strength is modified by a strength reduction factor , less than
unity, to obtain the design strength.
The required strength, should the hypothetical overload stage actually be realized, is found by applying
load factors , greater than unity.
Flexural Design
Mn Mu
The distribution of concrete compressive stresses at or near ultimate load have no well-defined shape
parabolic, trapezoidal, or other shape. For this and other reasons, wholly rational flexural theory for
reinforced concrete has not yet been developed. Present methods of analysis, therefore, are based in part
on known laws of mechanics and are supplemented, where needed, by extensive test information.
It has been mentioned before that an exact criterion for concrete compression failure is not yet known,
but that for rectangular beams, strains of 0.003 to 0.004 have been measured immediately preceding
failure. If one assumes, usually slightly conservatively, that the concrete is about to crush when the
maximum strain reaches = 0.003.
Figure 1: Stress distribution at ultimate load
Let
f av (1)
= '
f c
Then
(2)
'
C= f c bc
For a given distance c to the neutral axis, the location of C can be defined as some fraction of the
distance. Thus, as indicated in Fig. 1 for a concrete of given strength it is necessary to know only
and to completely define the effect of the concrete compressive stresses.
Extensive direct measurements, as well as indirect evaluations of numerous beam tests, have shown that
the following values for and are satisfactorily accurate.
(3)
Figure 2: Variation of and with concrete
If this experimental information is accepted, the maximum moment can be calculated from the
laws of equilibrium and from the assumption that plane cross sections remain plane. Equilibrium
requires that
'
C=T f c bc =A s f s
Also, the bending moment, being the couple of the forces C and T, can be written as either
(4)
M =Tz= A s f s ( dc )
' (5)
M =Cz= f c bc ( dc )
For failure initiated by yielding of the tension steel, f s=f y . Substituting this value in Eq. (3), one
obtain the distance to the neutral axis
As f y (6)
c=
f 'c b
giving the distance to the neutral axis when tension failure occurs. The nominal moment M n is then
obtained from Eq. (4), with the value for c just determined, and f s=f y ; that is
f y (8)
M n= f y b d 2 1
( f 'c )
With the specific, experimentally obtained values for and given previously, this becomes
(9)
f
M n= f y b d 10.59 y '
2
fc ( )
The above equation is valid only for a steel ratio less than the balance steel ratio, b
f 'c u (10)
b=
f y u + y
f 'c psi
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56
0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325
1=2 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65
= / 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86
f 'c u (12)
b=0.85 1
f y u + y
A compression failure in flexure, should it occur, gives little if any warning of distress.
That is why to design a beam, which fail by yielding of steel, reinforcement ration, is chose less
than the balance reinforcement ration b .
To ensure under reinforced behavior, ACI Code 10.3.4 establishes a minimum net tensile strain t at
'
the nominal strength of 0.005 for members subjected to axial loads less than 0.10 f c A g . By way of
comparison y , the steel strain at the balanced condition, is 0.00207 for f y =60,000 psi .
Using t = y =0.005 in Eq. (12) provides the maximum reinforcement ratio allowed by ACI code
for beam
'
fc u
max =0.85 1
f y u +0.005
The value of reduction factor depends upon the net tensile strain of steel of which can be
determined by following figure.
200
Minimum steel ratio according to ACI 10.5 is min = for flexural member.
fy
Example 1
Solution:
A s 3 0.79
For this beam reinforcement ratio, = = =0.0103
bd 10 23
'
fc 0.003 4 0.003
Max reinforcement ratio, 0.005=0.85 1 =0.85 0.85 =0.0181
f y 0.003+ 0.005 60 0.008
Nominal Moment,
fy
(
M n= f y b d 2 10.59 '
fc ) (
=0.0103 60,000 10 232 10.59
0.0103 60
4 )
2,970,000lb=248 ft - kips
Example 2
A rectangular beam must carry a distributed live load of 680 plf and support the dead load of a wall
weighing 380 plf, in addition to its own weight, on a simple span of 24 ft. Design the beam for flexure,
'
using f y =60 ksif c =4 ksi .
Solution 1:
The total load acting on the beam includes its own weight, which must be estimated. As a trial a total
depth equal to 1 in. per ft of span and a width of one-half that amount are assumed; the beam weight is
144
estimated as 12 24 / 150=300 plf ,
Dead load self weight +wall dead load=300+380=680 plf
1904 plf
1
Factored Moment, M u= l 2
8
1
1904 242 ft - lb
8
Figure: Assumed section
137088 ft - lb
1645056- lb
fy
Now we have,
(
M n= f y b d 2 10.59
f 'c )
60
1645056=0.9 60,000 12 212 10.59 ( 4 )
1645056=285.768 106 ( 18.85 )
6 9 2
1645056=285.768 10 2.529 10
9 2 6
2.529 10 285.768 10 +1645056=0
assume, =0.00608
'
f 0.003 4 0.003
Max reinforcement ratio, 0.005=0.85 1 c =0.85 0.85 =0.0181
f y 0.003+ 0.005 60 0.008
200
Minimum steel ratio according to ACI 10.5 is min = =0.003
fy
with this reinforce ration the beam would be under reinforced one.
2
A s=bd=0.00608 12 21=1.53
This could be provided by two No. 6 (No.19) and two No.5 (No.16) bars in a row which provide a steel
area 1.50 2 , which is sufficiently close to the required steel.
Solution 2:
The total load acting on the beam includes its own weight, which must be estimated. As a trial a total
depth equal to 1 in. per ft of span and a width of one-half that amount are assumed; the beam weight is
144
estimated as 12 24 / 150=300 plf ,
Dead load self weight +wall dead load=300+380=680 plf
1904 plf
1
Factored Moment, M u= l 2
8
1
1904 242 ft - lb
8
137088 ft - lb
1645056- lb
Taking =0.0181
fy
Now we have,
(
M n= f y b d 2 10.59
f 'c )
0.0181 60
1645056=0.9 0.0181 60,000 b d 2 10.59 ( 4 )
2 3
820.84 b d =1645056
2 3
b d =2004.11
Assume b=10.
2 3
Then 10 d =2004.11
2 2
d =200.41
d= 200.41.
d=14.15.
d 14.5.
A s=bd=0.018110 14.5=2.62 2
2
This could be provided by six No. 6 (No.19) bars in two rows which provide a steel area 2.64 ,
which is slightly greater to the required steel.
6#6 bars
(2.64)
An improved economy may be possible, refining the steel area based on the actual larger
effective depth and smaller concrete section.
144
Now self-weight can be estimated = 10 18/ 150=187.5 190 plf
Dead load self weight +wall dead load=190+380=570 plf
1772 plf
1
Factored Moment, M u= l 2
8
1 2
1772 24 ft - lb
8
127584 ft - lb
1531008- lb
fy
Now we have,
(
M n= f y b d 2 10.59 '
fc )
60
1531008=0.9 60,000 10 14.52 10.59 ( 4 )
1531008=113.535 10 6 ( 18.85 )
6 9 2
1531008=113.535 10 1.004 10
9 2 6
1.004 10 113.535 10 + 1531008=0
Assume, =0.015650
2
A s=bd=0.0156 10 14.5=2.26
This could be provided by three No. 6 (No.19) and three No.5 (No.16) bars in two row which provide a
steel area 2.25 2 , which is sufficiently close to the required steel.
According to the ACI Code, all beams are to be designed for yielding of the tension steel with
t not less than 0.004 and, thus, max . Occasionally, however, such as when analyzing
the capacity of existing construction, it may be necessary to calculate the flexural strength of an
over reinforced compression controlled member, for which f s is less than f y at flexural
failure.
d c
In this case, the steel strain, s = u
c
Substituting the steel strain from in the last equation, and defining k u =c /d , one obtains a quadratic
equation in k u as follows:
2
k u +m k um=0
As
Here, = as usual and m is a material parameter given by
bd
Es u
m= '
0.85 1 f c
k u = m+
m 2 m
2
( )
2
Neutral axis depth for the over reinforced beam, c=k u d , after the stress-block depth a= 1 c .
With steel stress f s=E s s the nominal flexural strength is
M n= A s f s d( a2 )
The strength reduction factor will be equal 0.65 for beams in this range
Practical Consideration in the design of beams
To focus attention initially on the basic aspect of flexural design, the preceding examples were
carried out with only minimum regard for certain practical considerations that always influence
the actual design of beams. These relate to optimal concrete protection, rounding of dimension,
standardization of dimension and selection of bar combination.
Not exposed
Concrete is cast
directly to Exposed to weather or in contact
in direct contact
ground or with ground
with the ground
weather
2.
Slab 3 1
and . ( 1 . for No. 5 and smaller 3.
4 2
wall
bar)
2.
Beam 1 1
and 1 . ( 1 . for No. 5 and smaller 3.
2 2
column
bar)
If a beam cross section is limited because of architectural or other consideration, it may happen
that the concrete cannot develop the compression force required to resist the given bending
moment. In that case, reinforcement is added in the compression zone, resulting in a so-called
doubly reinforced beam.
a) Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress
f 's
'
max =0.005 +
fy
Then a= 1 c
M n=0.85 f 'c ab d ( a2 )+ A f ( dd )
'
s
'
s
'
DL: 1 k/ft
Example 3 LL: 5 k/ft
Solution:
144
Self weight can be estimated = 10 20/ 0.150=0.21 klf
Dead load self wei ght+ dead load=0.21+1=1.21 klf
Live load 5 klf
9.452 klf
1
Factored Moment, M u= l 2
2
1
9.452 72 ft - kips
2
231.57 ft - kips
2778.88- kips
Assuming the tensile steel centroid will be 4 in. below the top face of the beam and that
compression steel, if required, will be placed 2.5 in. above the beams bottom surface. Then
d=16.
First, check the capacity of the section if singly reinforced with reinforcement ratio
'
fc 0.003 4 0.003
0.005=0.85 1 =0.85 0.85 =0.0181
f y 0.003+ 0.005 60 0.008
fy
(
M n= f y b d 2 10.59 '
fc) (
=0.018160 10 162 10.59
0.0181 60
4 )
2334.82- kips
Because corresponding design moment, M n=2101.33- kips , is less than the required
capacity, 2779 - kips , compression steel is needed as well as additional tension steel.
2779
M n 1= 2334.82=752.95- kips
0.9
As d is less than the value required to develop the compression reinforcement yield stress (Table
3.2, page 99, Nilson 13th edition), a reduced stress in the compression reinforcement will be used.
' '
f s=E s s=E s u [ d'
d u
( + 0.005) ]
29000 .00175 ksi
50.75 ksi
M n1 752.95
A 's = = =1.12i n2
'
f ( d d )
s
'
50.75(162.5)
50.75
0.0181 10 16+1.12
60
2
3.84 in
4#9
20
14.75
2#7
A final check is made to ensure that the section has sufficient capacity
cd '
A s f y =0.85 1 f 'c bc + A's u E s
c
c2.5
4 60=0.85 0.85 4 10 c +1.20 0.003 29000
c
c2.5
4 60=0.85 0.85 4 10 c +1.20 0.003 29000
c
2
28.9 c 135.6 c261=0
c 1.47 , c=6.16
17.256.16
t =0.003 =0.0054
6.16
[
Then M n =0.9 0.85 4 5.236 10 16 ( 5.236
2 )
+1.2 51.69 ( 162.5 )
]
= 2897.7 - kips