Chapter 12

TCP/IP Services and Applications

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Commands are generated by sender SMTP
and sent to receiver SMTP

Specifies how mail should be delivered

from one system to another Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Standard protocol used for transferring

email from one computer to another
Set of rules used to exchange files on

World Wide Web
Makes connection between senders server
and recipient and then transfer messages
Users can exchange text, graphic images,

sound, video and other multimedia files
For sending mails SMTP server must supply
name of the destination host as well as name of
destination mailbox
Defines how messages are formatted and
transmitted over the Internet

HTTP Work Flow

SMTP Work Flow

A two-way transmission channel

HTTP works on request and response
between browser and server
established between the sender SMTP and a receiver
SMTP
Web server is designated to handle HTTP
requests then sends requested HTML page
 Machine that are involved in an FTP
transaction Client (local host) machine and a server
(remote host)

Client machine initiates transfer

Get command used to

copy files from server to

client

Put command is used to

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) upload files from client to server

The control connection is established when the user

starts an FTP session

Text string that is used to locate a file or an If there are many files to be transmitted the data
connection can be opened and closed multiple times.
object on an internet

URL Syntax
<scheme>:<scheme-specific-part>

E.g. http:// www.microsoft.com http is

the scheme and www.microsoft.com is the scheme
specific part

Used over Internet to exchange files

Uses Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable

data transfer
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) - I

Establishes two way connections between

computers one for transferring data and other for
sending control information
Used to transfer files to and from a remote
computer

FTP Communication
Used by servers to boot diskless
workstations, X-terminals and routers
 Start with a small amount of built-in
software
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) II

Framework for managing devices over

Internet using TCP/IP protocol suite
Connection and Communication between
Client/Server
Provides set of fundamental operation for

monitoring and maintaining devices in the network
Communication and messaging
different (send data byte by byte) in TFTP when
compared with FTP Agent is server process that maintains
Management Information Base (MIB) database for host

TFTP uses UDP (port no. 69)

Based upon client-server model

Process of transferring a file:

Initial Connection
SNMP Management Components
Data Transfer

Connection Termination
SNMP uses two protocols to manage tasks:

Multiple TFTP exchanges are possible

simultaneously by a server using unique
port number.
Structure of management
Information (SMI) defines rules for naming an
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) object and defining the type of object

Management Information Base

Used to transfer Usenet news from one

(MIB) defines the number of objects

machine to another machine

Components of network management on

Usenet news is a large collection of

the Internet:

discussion groups, covering a wide range of topics

SNMP

NNTP provides connection-oriented service

SMI

Communication takes place between a MIB

client and a server that keeps netnews on both the
places
Security

SNMP leads to vulnerability to a variety of

security threats because of lack of any authentication
capabilities

Threats

Masquerading
Modification Message Disclosure
of InformationSequence

Post Office Protocol (POP)

Used to retrieve email from remote server

to local client over TCP/IP connection
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

E-mail clients using POP3 connect, retrieve

all messages or store them on user's PC as new
messages or delete them from server and disconnect
Enables the users to work with the mail on

POP3 is a TCP/IP client/server protocol

the server

Does not download the mails

Session States:

Authorization State
Used to access e-mails from a local server

Transaction State
Working with mails

Update State
Accessing and deleting mails

Attachments
POP Session states
 IMAP Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

As the e-mail folders are stored

on the server, the user is able to read email
from any computer which belongs to the
network

To access more than one account

from different locations, IMAP will be the most
efficiently E-mail Architecture

Disadvantages:
An E-mail system is divided into two sub-
systems:
Complicated

Results in higher server loads than POP3

User Agents (UA)

Utilizes a lot of server resources

Message Transfer Agent (MTA)

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

E-mail architecture supports basic
functions:

Provides way to communicate and send

Composition

letters over the Internet

Transfer

Reporting

Mail
Delivery Displaying
System

Disposition

Mail Mail Mail Mail

User Submission Transfer Delivery
Agent (MUA) Agent (MSA) Agent (MTA) Agent (MDA)
 Header fields defined in MIME Version,
Content Type, Content-transfer-encoding, content ID
and description

User Agent (UA)

Allows user to send and read e-mail

RFC 822 Message Formats

Program that provide various methods

Header Meaning
such as command based, menu based or graphical to
interact with the e-mail
To: Primary recipient e-mail address

Sending Mail - User needs to provide

Cc: Secondary recipient e-mail address
message, destination address and other parameters
while sending an e-mail
Bcc: Blind carbon copy e-mail address

Receiving Mail - The UA at the recipient From: User who created the message

end checks the mailbox periodically for new e-mail

Sender: Senders e-mail address

Received: Line added by each transfer agent along the route

Message Transfer Agent (MTA)

Return-Path: Can be used to identify a path back to the sender

Moves message from source to destination Date: The date and time of the message sent

Reply-To: Email address to which replies should be sent

Process that run in the background and
Message-Id: Unique number for later reference
transfers the e-mail through system

Message Format
In-reply-To: Identification of the message to which this is a reply

References: Over relevant message-id

RFC 822 Specifies syntax for
text messages within the framework of Keywords: Keywords chosen by user
electronic mail
Subject: Summary of the message
Two components Envelope and
Content

MIME Multi purpose Internet Mail E-mail Privacy

Extension
 Protection of e-mail from unauthorized Consists of two major components 1.
access and inspection Address allocation mechanism 2. Protocol that allows
clients and server to communicate

Connection to the Internet should be

DHCP standard includes three different
secured to provide privacy between routers and other
connections between them address allocation mechanisms:

Data encryption provides privacy by Manual , Automatic and Dynamic

translating the content into different format which is

unreadable

Difference between BOOTP and DHCP

BOOTP and DHCP I

Bootstra Dynamic host configuration protocol

p Protocol (DHCP)

BOOTP First automated configuration

(BOOTP)

tool for IP hosts Fails if host Provides with temporary IP address on

moves from request, hence works efficiently when

Bootstrapping Provides the

one physical
network to
host moves from one physical network
to another
host with the capability of getting IP addresses another
while machine boots

Cannot Provides host with temporary IP

Requires two phases: provide host address
with
temporary IP
Client provided with address and address
other parameters
This type of This type of configuration is used to
Client downloads softwares to IP address configure IP addresses to computers or
function on network and perform tasks configuration host that are frequently relocating
is designed from network to network
to configure
hosts, which
BOOTP and DHCP II are diskless
workstation.

Supports Supports large and extensible number

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol finite
limited
or of client IP address configuration
parameters as compared to BOOTP
(DHCP) Successor of BOOTP with different features
number of
client IP

Dynamically assign addresses to clients and

address
configuration
centrally manage
parameters

World Wide Web (WWW) I

WWW is a network of Internet servers,

which support documents that are developed using
HTML

TELNET Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a

language in which these documents are formatted

Network protocol used on internet or local

Client-side

area network connections

Computer application Web

Terminal emulation program for TCP/IP

browser that runs on users local computer and
connects to server
networks

Enables to control server and communicate in an HTML page
Interpreter that interprets code

with other servers on network

Operations carried out on client-

side
Working of TELNET

World Wide Web (WWW) II

Telnet client Software that acts as

interface to user, processing user commands and
presenting output from remote machine
Server Side

Telnet server - Program running on remote

computer that has been set up to allow remote session
Software program Web server

Telnet runs over connection-oriented TCP

that runs on a remote server

Manages and shares web based

TCP connection maintained for duration of applications
Telnet session
Operations include processing

Client and server send information at same and storage of data from client to server

time over Telnet session because TCP is a full-duplex

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

Working on WWW
Markup language used to create web pages
with hypertext and other information to be displayed
on web browser
Structure of finding information over

A Web page consists of HTML tags which

internet divided into three stages:

are also called as standalone and container tags

Finding documents

Tag starts with an open angular bracket

and word and then closing angular brackets Formulating queries

Java
Determining relevance

Summary I

Programming language with number of

features

Developed by Sun Microsystems

SMTP protocol specifies how mail should
be delivered from one host to another host

Applet HTTP is a set of rules that is used for

exchanging files on the World Wide Web

A
programming language
program written in Java
FTP protocol is used to exchange files from
one host to another over the network

Features - Display document,

send message to other applets, play music,
display images and videos
NNTP protocol is used for transfer Usenet
news from one machine to another machine

Servlets SNMP is a framework that is used to

manage devices that are connected to Internet using

Program that runs in response to

the TCP/IP protocol suite

client connection to server

Program which run on a web

Summary II

server and handles user requests and generates

response

POP3 is a protocol used to retrieve email

from a remote server to a local machine over a TCP/IP
 connection

IMAP enables the users to work with the

mail on the server and does not download the mail

E-mail is an abbreviation for Electronic

mail, through which the user can communicate and
send letters over the Internet

Summary III

X.400 Protocol is a standard for electronic

mail to exchange messages between people and
software application

BOOTP and DHCP are configuration

protocols tools used to give IP address to computers

TELNET is a standard internet protocol

used to access remote systems

WWW is a computer network consisting of

a collection of internet sites that offer text, graphics
and sound.