Page Page

No Questions No Questions
E T E T
1 PN Junction Diode 4 Full Wave Rectifier
2 Zener Diode 5 Bridge Rectifier
3 Half Wave Rectifier 6 Filters (L, C, LC, )
UNIT I

Page Page
No Questions No Questions
E T E T
1 Transistor Configuration
NPN & PNP Transistor 4
(CE, CB, CC)
2 Transistor as a(Amplifier, RC Coupled Amplifier,
5
Switch) Emitter Follower
3 Transistor Biasing (Fixed Bias, Negative Feedback (Basic
6
Collector Bias, Self Bias) Concept, Types, Effects)
UNIT II

Page Page
No Questions No Questions
E T E T
Oscillator (Colpitts & FET Amplifier (Common
1 4
Hartley) Source Amplifier)
Oscillator (RC Phase Shift & UJT ( Const & Operation,
2 5
Crystal ) Characteristics, Application)
JFET ( Const & Operation, UJT as a Relaxation
3 6
Characteristics, Application) Oscillator
UNIT III

Page Page
No Questions No Questions
E T E T
SCR (Const & Operation, TRIAC(Const & Operation,
1 4
Characteristics, Application) Characteristics, Application)
D-MOSFET(Const & Oper,
2 SCR as a Controlled Rectifier 5
Characteristics, Application)
DIAC(Const & Operation, E-MOSFET( Const & Oper,
3 6
Characteristics, Application) Characteristics, Application)
UNIT IV

Page Page
No Questions No Questions
E T E T
LDR, LED (Const, Opera, Clipper & Clamper (Const,
1 4
Charact, Advan, Application) Wave form)
7 Segment LED, LCD Astable, Monostable &
2 5
(Types, Opera, Advantage) Bistable Multivibrators
Optocoupler, Photo transistor, Schmitt trigger(const &
3 6
Solar Cell Operation, Wave form)
UNIT V
 PART A ANSWERS

UNIT I
1. What is semiconductor?
It is a substance which has conductivity in between conductors and insulators.
2. What are the classifications of semiconductors and their example?
Intrinsic: Pure form of semiconductor. Example: Silicon, Germinium.
Extrinsic: Impure form of semiconductor. Example: Boron, Arsenic.
3. What is doping?
The process of adding impurity atoms to the semiconductor is called doping.
4. Give an example for donor and Acceptor impurity.
Donor: Calcium, Boron. Accepter: Arsenic, Prosperous
5. Draw the symbol of Diode and Zener diode.

6. Define PN junction.
When P type semiconductor is joined to a N type semiconductor the contact
surface is called PN junction.
7. What is the cut in voltage for Si and Gr diode?
Si: 0.3V and Gr: 0.7V
8. Define cut in voltage.
The forward voltage at which current through the PN junction starts increasing
rapidly is known as cut in voltage.
9. What is zener diode?
It is a special purpose diode that is operated in reverse biased conditions. Its
operation depends on the zener breakdown phenomenon
10. What are the breakdowns in zener diode?
Zener breakdown and Avalanche breakdown
11. What is Rectifier? Write its types.
It is an electrical device that converts an Ac signal to DC signal. They are Half
wave and Full wave (Center tapped and Bridge) Rectifier
12. Mention the disadvantages of center tapped transformer.
Bulky, Costly
13. What is a filter? Write its types.
It is a circuit which removes the AC components of rectifier output but allows
DC component to reach the load. They are C, L, LC and (CLC) filters
14. Name the component used for filtering.
Components: Inductor, Capacitor
15. Give any two applications of semiconductor (PN junction) diode and Zener
diode.
PN junction Diode: Rectifier in power suppliers switches in digital logic circuits,
Demodulation circuits.
Zener Diode: As voltage stabilizer, for meter protection, for wave shaping

PART B ANSWERS

UNIT I
1. What are the classifications of Extrinsic semiconductors with example?
P Type: When a small amount of trivalent impurity is added to a pure
semiconductor. Example: Gallium, Boron
N Type: When a small amount of pentavalent impurity is added to a pure
semiconductor. Example: Arsenic, Antimony
2. Compare Intrinic and Extrinic Semiconductors.

No Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor

1 Pure form of semiconductor Impure form of semiconductor
2 Example:Silicon, Germinium Example: Boron, Arsenic
3 No more types Two types: P type (Boron), N type(Antimony)

3. Define drift current and diffusion current.

Drift current: The flow of electric current due to motion of the charge carriers under
the influence of an external electric field called drift current.
Diffusion current: The flow of electric current due to motion of the charge carriers
from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called
diffusion current.
4. List the applications of zener diode.
It is used as voltage regulators.
It is used as peak clippers
It is used as fixed voltage reference in transistor biasing and in calibrating
voltmeters.
It is used in multimeter to protect the meter movement against damage from
accidental overloads.
It is used for reshaping a waveform(conversion from sine wave to square
wave)
5. Compare Zener breakdown and Avalanche Breakdown.

No
Zener breakdown
.
1 The diode is highly doped
2 Depletion region width is low
3 Occurs at lower breakdown voltage
No pair produced during co-valend
4
bond break, current will flow
Avalanche Breakdown
The diode is lightly doped
Depletion region width is high
Occurs at higher breakdown voltage
Electron Hole pair produced during
co-valend bond break, current will flow

6. List the Comparison of Rectifiers

No Particulars Half Wave Full Wave Bridge Type

1 No. Of Diodes 1 2 4
2 Efficiency 40.6% 81.2% 81.2%
3 Ripple Factor 1.21 0.48 0.48
4 Output Frequency f 2f 2f
5 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) Vm 2Vm Vm

7. Define Rectifier Efficiency, Ripple factor and TUF

Rectifier Efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of DC output power to the AC input
power applied to the circuit.
 Ripple factor: It is defined as the ratio of RMS value of Ac component to the DC
component in the ripple output
TUF: I t is defined as the ratio of DC output power delivered to the load to AC
input power rating of the transformer secondary.
8. Define depletion region and barrier potential.
Depletion region: In PN junction diode, the electron hole recombination, to form
a region of positive charge on N side and negative charge on P side is developed.
It is called depletion region.
Barrier Potential: Across the depletion region, a barrier is set against further
movement of charge carriers. It is called barrier potential.
9. List the specifications of PN junction diode and Zener diode.
Knee voltage (Cut in Voltage): The forward voltage at which current through the PN
junction starts increasing rapidly is known as cut in voltage.
Maximum forward current: It is the maximum current under forward biased
condition that will flow through junction.
Peak Inverse Voltage: It is the maximum reverse voltage that can be applied to the
junction without damage to the junction.
Breakdown Voltage: It is the minimum reverse voltage at which PN junction breaks
down with sudden rise in reverse current.
Maximum Power rating: It is the maximum power that can be dissipated at the
junction without damage it.
10. List the specifications of Zener diode.
Knee voltage (Cut in Voltage): The forward voltage at which current through the
junction starts increasing rapidly is known as cut in voltage.
Zener Voltage(Breakdown Voltage): It is the minimum reverse voltage at which PN
junction breaks down with sudden rise in reverse current.

UNIT II
1. What is transistor? Write its types
Transistor consists of two junctions formed by sandwiching either P-type or
N-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. They are two types
UJT (Uni Junction Transistor),
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) NPN Transistor, PNP Transistor
2. What are the three terminals of BJT? Draw NPN, PNP Transistors symbols
Emitter (E), Base(B), Collector(C)

3. Write the three configurations of transistors. Draw the biasing circuits of these.
Common base configuration (CB), Common emitter Configuration (CE) and
Common Collector Configuration (CC)

4. What is biasing?
Applying external voltage to the transistor is called biasing. In order to operate
transistor properly as an amplifier.
5. What is self bias?
 This is an improvised biasing circuit and having better futures then other
biasing circuit. This circuit is also called as emitter bias circuit and current feedback
biasing circuit.
6. Write the advantages of self bias.
It gives maximum possible thermal stability
7. Define negative feedback and positive feedback.
Negative: When the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal.
Positive: When the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal.
8. Write the types of negative feedback.
Voltage series feedback, voltage shunt feedback, current series feedback and current
shunt feedback
9. Define stability factor.
+1
s=
IB
1 ( ) IC
10. Define transistor and .
Current amplification factor : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector
current to the change in emitter current when collector to base voltage is maintained at
a constant value. is always less than unity.
Current amplification factor : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector
current to the change in emitter current when collector to emitter voltage is

maintained at a constant value. is always greater than unity. =
1
11. Which transistor configuration has the highest current gain?
Common Collector
12. Which transistor configuration has the highest input impedence?
Common Collector
13. What is the formula for current gain in CE, CB and CC configurations?
IC
CE: =
IB
IC
CB: =
IE
IE
CC: =
IB
14. Which bias is normally used in applications?
Self bias
15. What is the need for negative feedback? Merits for negative feed back
For increase the stability, for reduce the noise, for increase the bandwidth.
16. What is an emitter follower?
During conduction, the voltage drop across base emitter is very low, hence V in=Vout.
The output signal follows the input signal in phase, amplitude and frequency. So it is
called emitter follower.
17. Write any two advantages of negative feedback.
Increases the stability, increases the bandwidth and reduces the noise and distortion.
18. Draw the symbol of NPN and PNP transistors.
19. Define voltage gain.
It is defined as the ratio the rate of change output voltage (vo) to the rate of change
of the input voltage ( vi).
20. What is Q point?
The point at which the dc load line intersects the base current curve is called as
operating points (Q).
21. In which region transistor has to be operated for faithful amplification?
Active region
22. What is the input and output impedance of CE, CB and CC configuration?
V EB
Input impedance of CB configuration Z i=
IE
V CB
Output impedance of CB configuration Z o =
IC
V BE
Input impedance of CE configuration Z i=
IB
V CE
Output impedance of CE configuration Z o =
IC
V BC
Input impedance of CC configuration Z i=
IB
V EC
Output impedance of CC configuration Z o = IE
PART B
1. Comparison between the transistor configurations.

Characteristic Common Common Common

No
s Base Emitter Collector
Low
Input Moderate High
1 (about 100
Resistance (about 100 ) (about 100 )
)
High
Output Moderate Low
2 (about 100
Resistance (about 100 ) (about 100 )
)
High Very Hugh
3 Current Gain 1
() (+1)
4 Voltage Gain About 150 About 500 Less Than 1

2. Classify amplifiers.
1. Based on its input
a. Small Signal Amplifier
b. Large Signal Amplifier
2. Based on its output
a. Voltage Amplifier
b. Current Amplifier
 3. Based on its frequency response
a. Audio Frequency Amplifier (AF)
b. Intermediate Frequency Amplifier (IF)
c. Radio Frequency Amplifier (RF)
4. Based on its biasing conditions
a. Class A
b. Class AB
c. Class B
d. Class C
5. Based on transistor configuration
a. Common Base Amplifier (CB)
b. Common Emitter Amplifier (CE)
c. Common Collector Amplifier (CC)
3. What is transistor? Write its types
Transistor consists of two junctions formed by sandwiching either P-type or
N-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. They are two types
UJT (Uni Junction Transistor),
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) NPN Transistor, PNP Transistor
4. What are the three terminals of BJT? Draw NPN, PNP Transistors symbols
Emitter (E), Base(B), Collector(C)

5. Write the three configurations of transistors. Draw the biasing circuits of these.
Common base configuration (CB), Common emitter Configuration (CE) and
Common Collector Configuration (CC)

6. What is biasing?
Applying external voltage to the transistor is called biasing. In order to operate
transistor properly as an amplifier.
7. What is self bias?
This is an improvised biasing circuit and having better futures then other
biasing circuit. This circuit is also called as emitter bias circuit and current feedback
biasing circuit.
8. Write the advantages of self bias.
It gives maximum possible thermal stability
9. Define negative feedback and positive feedback.
Negative: When the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal.
Positive: When the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal.
10. Write the types of negative feedback.
Voltage series feedback, voltage shunt feedback, current series feedback and current
shunt feedback
11. Define stability factor.
+1
s=
IB
1 ( )
IC
12. Define transistor and .
 Current amplification factor : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector
current to the change in emitter current when collector to base voltage is maintained at
a constant value. is always less than unity.
Current amplification factor : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector
current to the change in emitter current when collector to emitter voltage is

maintained at a constant value. is always greater than unity. =
1
13. Which transistor configuration has the highest current gain?
Common Collector
14. Which transistor configuration has the highest input impedence?
Common Collector
15. What is the formula for current gain in CE, CB and CC configurations?
IC
CE: =
IB
IC
CB: =
IE
IE
CC: =
IB
16. Which bias is normally used in applications?
Self bias
17. What is the need for negative feedback?
For increase the stability, for reduce the noise, for increase the bandwidth.
18. What is an emitter follower?
During conduction, the voltage drop across base emitter is very low, hence V in=Vout.
The output signal follows the input signal in phase, amplitude and frequency. So it is
called emitter follower.
19. Write any two advantages of negative feedback.
Increases the stability, increases the bandwidth and reduces the noise and distortion.
20. Draw the symbol of NPN and PNP transistors.

21. Define voltage gain.

It is defined as the ratio the rate of change output voltage (vo) to the rate of change
of the input voltage ( vi).
22. What is Q point?
The point at which the dc load line intersects the base current curve is called as
operating points (Q).
23. In which region transistor has to be operated for faithful amplification?
Active region
24. What is the input and output impedance of CE, CB and CC configuration?
V EB
Input impedance of CB configuration Z i=
IE
V CB
Output impedance of CB configuration Z o =
IC
V BE
Input impedance of CE configuration Z i=
IB
 V CE
Output impedance of CE configuration Z o =
IC
V BC
Input impedance of CC configuration Z i=
IB
V EC
Output impedance of CC configuration Z o =
IE

UNIT III
1. State the Barkhausen Criterian for oscillator.
It is the statement which gives the essential condition for maintaining self-sustained
oscillations
2. What is the main feature of a crystal oscillator?
High degree of frequency stability
3. Write any two applications of crystal oscillator.
Communication Transmitters, Digital clocks, Computers
4. Give the equation for the output frequency of Hartley oscillator.

1
f=
Hartley Oscillator: 2 LC , where L=L1+L2
5. Give the equation for the output frequency of Colpitts oscillator.

1 C 1 C2
f=
Colpitts Oscillator: 2 LC , where C = C 1 +C 2
6. Give the equation for the output frequency of RC Phase shift oscillator.

1
f=
RC phase shift Oscillator: 2 RC 6 , where R=R1=R2 , C=C1=C2
7. What is an oscillator?
It is an electronic device which generates an AC signal with required frequency,
amplitude and wave shape in the absence of input signal is called an oscillator.
8. Give the applications of JFET.
Used in oscillator circuit, used as mixer circuit in FM and TV receiver, used as buffer
in measuring instrument.
9. Give any two differences between BJT and JFET.
BJT: Bipolar device, current controlled device.
JFET: Unipolar device, voltage controlled device.
10. Draw the symbol and name the terminal of UJT.

11. State any two applications of UJT.

Applications of UJT: in timing circuits, in pulse generator and in sawtooth generator.
12. Define cut in voltage in FET.
It is the minimum gate to source voltage for which drain current is zero.
13. State the conditions for getting sustained oscillations.
 Conditions: |A|=1; The magnitude of loop gain must be unity. The total phase
shift around the closed loop feedback signal is 0 or 3600
14. Mention the relationship between the parameters of JFET.
Relationship: : =rdgm
15. What is tank circuit? What are the components used in tank circuit?
Tank Circuit: The circuit which produces oscillations of desired frequency is called
tank circuit. Components: Inductor and capacitor are connected in parallel.
16. State the advantages of crystal oscillator.
High frequency stability, simple circuit, high quality factor.
17. Give an example for voltage and current controlled device.
Voltage controlled Device: FET and Current Controlled Device: BJT
18. What is Unipolar and Bipolar device?

Unipolar: current conduction is due to only one type of carrier.

Bipolar: current conduction is due to both majority and minority carriers

19. Draw the equivalent circuit of UJT. What is the formula for intrinsic standoff
ratio?

RB1 RB1
V 1= x V BB = xV BB =V BB
R B 1 +R B 2 R BB
What is Unipolar and Bipolar dev
UNIT IV
1. What is the family name of SCR?

Family Name: Thyristor.

2. State any two applications of MOSFET.
Digital circuits, UPS, Inverters
3. What is a controlled rectifier?
It converts AC current into DC current and also the amount of power fed to the load.
4. What is latching current of SCR?
It is the current that is required to keep the SCR ON while moving from OFF state to
ON state.
5. Define is holding current of SCR.
It is the minimum on state current required to keep the SCR is the conducting state
when the SCR is moving from on state to off state.
6. Draw the characteristics of DIAC.
7. Expand SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, MOSFET and IGBT.
SCR: Silicon Controlled Rectifier.
DIAC: Diode AC switch
TRIAC: Triode AC switch
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.
IGBT: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.
8. Define turn on time and turn off time.
Turn ON time: It is the time required to ON the transistor after switching the
transistor by the input signal.
Turn OFF Time: It is the time required to OFF the transistor after switching the
transistor by the input signal.
9. What are the types of MOSFET?
E-MOSFET : Enhancement Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
DE-MOSFET: Depletion Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
UNIT V
1 Expand LDR, LED, LCD and LASER.
LDR: Light Dependent Resistor
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
2 What is opto electronic device?
It combines the principle of optics and electronics which converts electrical
energy into light and light into electrical energy through semiconductors.
3 Compare LCD and LED.

No LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) LED (Light Emitting Diode)

1 It is a Passive display device It is a Active display device
2 Cost is very low Cost is high
3 Suitable for large area Not suitable for large area
4 It is a liquid unit It is a light emitted diode
4 What is photo transistor?
Photo transistor is a light detector. It combines a photodiode and photo
transistor. It cannot be directly used in applications.
5 What are the applications of LCD? List the types.
Digital multimeter, image sensing circuits, solid state video displays and
pocket calculators
Dynamic Scattering Displays, Field effect displays.
6 What are the applications of LED?
Image sensing circuits, solid video displays, burglar alarm system, optical
communications, pocket calculators.
7 Define clipper and list the types
 The circuit in which the waveform is shaped by removing a portion of the input signal
is called clipper.
Positive clipper, Negative clipper, Biased clipper, Combination clipper
8 Define clamper and list the types
The clamper is the circuit in which it shifts either the positive or negative peak
of a signal to a different DC level. That is it adds a DC component to an AC signal.
Positive clamper, Negative clamper.
9 What is solar cell?
It is basically a PN junction diode which converts solar energy into electrical energy
10 List the types of photo sensors.
Photoemissive devices, photoconductive devices, photovoltaic devices.
11 What are the types of multivibraror and its other names?
Astable Multivibrator: free running multivibrator.
Bistable Multivibrator: Flip flop multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator: One shot multivibrator
12 In which bias, LED emits light.
Forward bias
13 What is a monostable multivibrator?
A multivibrator with one stable state and one quasistable state, which
generates square waves by applying external pulse, is known as Monostable
multivibrator.
14 What is an astable multivibrator?
It contains no stable state; both states are quasi stable states. It produces continuous
square wave signal without applying any external trigger pulse.
15 What is Schmitt trigger?
It is an important switching circuit. Its stable state is determined by the
amplitude of the input voltage.
16 What is opto coupler?
It provides a complete electrical isolation between an input circuit and an
output circuit. These devices are formed by the combination of light emitter and light
sensor linked by the beam of light.

UNIT II
25. Write the three configurations of transistors.
Common base configuration (CB), Common emitter Configuration (CE) and
Common Collector Configuration (CC)
26. Draw the biasing circuit of a BJT in CE, CB and CC configuration.
27. What is self bias?
This is an improvised biasing circuit and having better futures then other biasing
circuit. This circuit is also called as emitter bias circuit and current feedback biasing
circuit.
28. Write the advantages of self bias.
It gives maximum possible thermal stability
29. Write any two types of negative feedback.
Voltage series feedback, voltage shunt feedback, current series feedback and current
shunt feedback
30. Define stability factor.
+1
s=
IB
1 ( ) IC
31. Define transistor and .
Current amplification factor : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector
current to the change in emitter current when collector to base voltage is maintained at
a constant value. is always less than unity.
Current amplification factor : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector
current to the change in emitter current when collector to emitter voltage is

maintained at a constant value. is always greater than unity. =
1
32. Which transistor configuration has the highest current gain?
Common Collector
33. Which transistor configuration has the highest input impedence?
Common Collector
34. What is the formula for current gain in CE, CB and CC configurations?
IC
CE: =
IB
IC
CB: =
IE
IE
CC: =
IB
35. Which bias is normally used in applications?
Self bias
36. Define negative and positive feedback.
Negative: When the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal.
Positive: When the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal.
37. What is the need for negative feedback?
For increase the stability, for reduce the noise, for increase the bandwidth.
38. What is an emitter follower?
During conduction, the voltage drop across base emitter is very low, hence V in=Vout.
The output signal follows the input signal in phase, amplitude and frequency. So it is
called emitter follower.
39. Write any two advantages of negative feedback.
Increases the stability, increases the bandwidth and reduces the noise and distortion.
40. Draw the symbol of NPN and PNP transistors.
41. Define voltage gain.
It is defined as the ratio the rate of change output voltage (vo) to the rate of change
of the input voltage ( vi).
42. What is Q point?
The point at which the dc load line intersects the base current curve is called as
operating points (Q).
43. In which region transistor has to be operated for faithful amplification?
Active region
44. What is the input and output impedance of CE, CB and CC configuration?
V EB
Input impedance of CB configuration Z i=
IE
V CB
Output impedance of CB configuration Z o =
IC
V BE
Input impedance of CE configuration Z i=
IB
V CE
Output impedance of CE configuration Z o =
IC
V BC
Input impedance of CC configuration Z i=
IB
V EC
Output impedance of CC configuration Z o = IE

UNIT III
21. What is Barkhausen Criterian?
It is the statement which gives the essential condition for maintaining self-sustained
oscillations
22. What is the main feature of a crystal oscillator?
High degree of frequency stability
23. Write any two applications of crystal oscillator.
Communication Transmitters, Digital clocks, Computers
24. Give the equation for the output frequency of Hartley oscillator.

1
f=
Hartley Oscillator: 2 LC , where L=L1+L2
25. Give the equation for the output frequency of Colpitts oscillator.

1 C 1 C2
f=
Colpitts Oscillator: 2 LC , where C = C 1 +C 2
26. Give the equation for the output frequency of RC Phase shift oscillator.
 1
f=
RC phase shift Oscillator: 2 RC 6 , where R=R1=R2 , C=C1=C2
27. What is an oscillator?
It is an electronic device which generates an AC signal with required frequency,
amplitude and wave shape in the absence of input signal is called an oscillator.
28. Give the applications of JFET.
Used in oscillator circuit, used as mixer circuit in FM and TV receiver, used as buffer
in measuring instrument.
29. Give any two differences between BJT and JFET.
BJT: Bipolar device, current controlled device.
JFET: Unipolar device, voltage controlled device.
30. Draw the symbol and name the terminal of UJT.

31. State any two applications of UJT.

Applications of UJT: in timing circuits, in pulse generator and in sawtooth
generator.
32. Define cut in voltage in FET.
It is the minimum gate to source voltage for which drain current is zero.
33. State the conditions for getting sustained oscillations.
Conditions: |A|=1; The magnitude of loop gain must be unity. The total phase
shift around the closed loop feedback signal is 0 or 3600
34. Mention the relationship between the parameters of JFET.
Relationship: : =rdgm
35. What is tank circuit? What are the components used in tank circuit?
Tank Circuit: The circuit which produces oscillations of desired frequency is called
tank circuit. Components: Inductor and capacitor are connected in parallel.
36. State the advantages of crystal oscillator.
High frequency stability, simple circuit, high quality factor.
37. Give an example for voltage and current controlled device.
Voltage controlled Device: FET and Current Controlled Device: BJT
38. What is Unipolar and Bipolar device?

Unipolar: current conduction is due to only one type of carrier.

Bipolar: current conduction is due to both majority and minority carriers

39. What is the formula for intrinsic standoff ratio?

RB1 RB1
V 1= x V BB = xV BB =V BB
R B 1 +R B 2 R BB
What is Unipolar and Bipolar dev
UNIT IV
10. What is the family name of SCR?

Family Name: Thyristor.

11. Draw the symbol and name the terminal of SCR, TRIAC, DIAC, MOSFET and
IGBT?

12. Draw the circuit for MOSFET as switch.

13. State any two applications of MOSFET.

Digital circuits, UPS, Inverters
14. What is a controlled rectifier?
It converts AC current into DC current and also the amount of power fed to the load.
15. What is latching current of SCR?
It is the current that is required to keep the SCR ON while moving from OFF state to
ON state.
16. Define is holding current of SCR.
It is the minimum on state current required to keep the SCR is the conducting state
when the SCR is moving from on state to off state.
17. Draw the characteristics of DIAC.

18. Expand SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, MOSFET and IGBT.

SCR: Silicon Controlled Rectifier.
DIAC: Diode AC switch
TRIAC: Triode AC switch
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.
IGBT: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.
19. Define turn on time and turn off time.
Turn ON time: It is the time required to ON the transistor after switching the
transistor by the input signal.
Turn OFF Time: It is the time required to OFF the transistor after switching the
transistor by the input signal.
20. What are the types of MOSFET?
E-MOSFET : Enhancement Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
DE-MOSFET: Depletion Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

UNIT V
1 Expand LDR, LED, LCD and LASER.
 LDR: Light Dependent Resistor
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
2 What is solar cell?
It is basically a PN junction diode which converts solar energy into electrical energy
3 What is an opto coupler?
An electromagnet relay when interfacing with digital circuits is opto coupler.
4 Define clipper.
Clipper is a non linear wave shaping circuit. It reduces the amplitude of an
input signal, by clipping the portion of the input signal.
5 What are the types of multivibraror and its other names?
Astable Multivibrator: free running multivibrator.
Bistable Multivibrator: Flip flop multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator: One shot multivibrator
6 In which bias, LED emits light.
Forward bias
7 What is a monostable multivibrator?
A multivibrator with one stable state and one quasistable state, which
generates square waves by applying external pulse, is known as Monostable
multivibrator.
8 What is an astable multivibrator?
It contains no stable state; both states are quasi stable states. It produces
continuous square wave signal without applying any external trigger pulse.
9 What is Schmitt trigger?
It is an important switching circuit. Its stable state is determined by the
amplitude of the input voltage.
10 Define voltage clamper.
The clamping circuits are used to produce a DC voltage whose value is a multiple of
peak AC input voltage, such circuit is called voltage clamper.
11 Define clamper.
It is a circuit that shifts the input AC signal into a desired DC level, without
affecting its wave shape and frequency. It is also called DC restorer.
12 Give the feature of laser diode.
It is Typical PN junction device used under forward bias. Diodes emitting visible
lights are used as poInter.