Jar Testing

Instructions for lab exercise

APAC Water School II
Bengt Hansen
Contents
Purpose
Parameters
Storage
Age and temperature effects on sewage water
pH and temperature effects on raw water
Calculation of doses
Stages of a jar test
How to take a sample
How to filter
How to analyse and to conserve the samples
Floc size determination
Protocol
Equipment

2
Purpose

At the customer
Introduction of our products
Comparison of used product at the plant
Determination of suitable product and dose

At home
Product development
Comparison of products

3
Parameters
The amount of coagulant depends of
pH
temperature
concentration of impurities
hardness of water

Increasing dose is needed when

the pH is increasing
increasing turbidity, colour, phosphorus, TOC/COD
decreasing hardness
decreasing temperature

4
Storage

Equipment
Dry place
Not too cold (above 0C)

Coagulants
Stability is temperature depending
Too warm -> precipitate
Too cold -> crystals, increased viscosity

5
Age and temperature effects on sewage water

Sewage water contains micro organisms, which continuously change the

composition of the water
Affects the ease of treatment

The influence of the age of a sewage on its turbidity.

The influence of the age of a sewage on its pH.

6
 Age and temperature effects on sewage water
Sewage water sampled at one occasion
Test fresh water
Tests done on the same day
The same dose of the different coagulants should be tested
simultaneously

The influence of the coagulant dose on the residual The influence of the coagulant dose on the The influence of the coagulant dose on the residu
turbidity of sewage of different ages. residual COD of a sewage of different ages. turbidity of a sewage having different temperature

7
pH and temperature effects on raw water

Contains considerably less micro organisms than sewage

Age is not an issue
Constant temperature
pH adjustment ->lower dose
Add acid or base first and then coagulant -> optimal pH

8
Calculation of doses

Wide range of metal concentrations

Compare coagulants either on cost basis or on metal dose added
Only comparing Al salts, use mg Al/l water
Only comparing Fe salts, use mg Fe/l water
Comparing Al and Fe salts, use mole metal/l water

Mole Al/l water = Weight of Al in dose (g)/ Molecular weight of Al (27 g/mole)

Mole Fe/l water = Weight of Fe in dose (g)/ Molecular weight of Fe (56 g/mole)

9
Calculation of doses
You know the metal concentration (Me %) and density (kg/l) of the product

Me (%) = g Me/100 g product

x 10 = g Me/kg product

x density (kg/l) = g Me/l product

/ Mw (g/mole) = mole Me/l product = mole Me/l product

Decide for a dose in mole Me/l water

Dose l product/l water = (mole Me/l water) / (mole Me/l product)

To summarize:

Dose l product/l water = dose (mole Me/l water) x Me (%) x 10 x density (kg/l)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mw (g/mole)

Mw (Al) = 27 g/mole Mw (Fe) = 55 g/mole 10

Stages of a jar test stage 1

Addition of coagulant to the water mixing stage

350 rpm
10 seconds for sewage
20-30 seconds for raw water

The influence of the propeller speed and time used when

mixing 0,3 mmol Fe/l into sewage on its residual turbidity. The
samples were subjected to a standardised coagulation and
sedimentation procedure.

11
Stages of a jar test stage 2

Coagulation stage
Size and strengths of flocs
40 rpm depends on
dose and type of coagulant
10 minutes for sewage
propeller speed
20-30 minutes for raw water pH and temperature
use of flocculant aids

Influence of the time and propeller speed during coagulation on the residual
Influence of the coagulation time on the residual
turbidity of a sewage (0,3 mmol Fe/l). The samples were subjected to
standardised mixing and sedimentation procedures. turbidity of sewage treated with 0,45 mmol Me/l.

12
Stages of a jar test stage 3

Separation of flocs - sedimentation

10 minutes for sewage
20-30 minutes for raw water

Time is depending on
temperature
concentration of impurities
concentration of coagulant

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How to take a sample

With a steady hand

From the same depth 3-5 cm below water surface
A sample of 100 ml is sufficient
Up to 250 ml can be taken from
each beaker

The influence of the depth from the surface of a sewage

treated with 0,25 mmol Al/l on its residual turbidity.

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How to filter

Raw water
Membrane filter with 0,45 m
pore size
Almost the same result as a
sand filter
For determination of colour,
residual metal and TOC/COD

Sewage water
Glass filter Whatman
GF/C 1,2 m or GF/A 1,6 m
For detemination of
suspended solids and ortho-P The particle size distribution of non-filtered sewage and sewage
filtered through Whatman GF/A and GF/C filters respectively.

15
How to analyse and to conserve the samples

Analysis Unit Measurement Conservation

pH during coagulation No

Alkalinity mg HCO3-/l immediately in sewage No

mg CaCO3/l water and
meqv./l within 24 h in raw water
Turbidity NTU or FTU within 6h No
Colour mg PtCo/l within 24 h No
Residual Al or Fe mg/l within 6h for Al and 12 h Yes for months at low
for Fe temperature
TOC mg/l within 12 h Yes for 7 days (acid pH
<2) and 1 month (frozen)
COD mg/l within 12 h Yes for 7 (acid) or 14 days
(frozen)
Total P mg/l within 12 h Yes for 7 days
Ortho P mg/l within 0,5 h No
Sludge volume within 0,5 h No
Sludge content % within 0,5 h No
Floc size mm during coagulation No
Floc strength during coagulation No

Conservation either by adding 1 ml 4 M H2SO4 to 100 ml sample or by freezing.

16
Floc size determination

17
Protocol

Jar test protocol

time rpm Object: Date:

Fast mixing sec Sewage water:
Coagulation min
Sedimentation min Turbidity:
Phosphorus:
Temperature:
pH:

Equipment: Comments:

Turbidimeter:

Comments Product Nr. Dosage pH Turb. Phosphorus

FTU dilut. mg/l mg/l
mg/l mole/l l/l x analyse calc.
1
2
3
4
5
6

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Equipment

Kemira Flocculator 2000 incl. 6

mixers and one-liter glass beakers,
a manual and a CD-disc
Aluminium box
Price: EUR 430
Weigth: 12 kg
Size: 600 x 400 x 350 mm

Cardboard box (special made)

Price: EUR 50
Weight: 7 kg
Size: 470 x 400 x 300 mm

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Equipment

Micropipettes
5-40 l
40-200 l
200-1000 l
1-5 ml

Coagulants
PAX
PIX
ALG
AVR..

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Equipment

pH meter Sampler (syringe with tubing)

Filtering unit and vacuum pump Filter paper

21
Equipment

Turbidimeter Reagents for analyses

Spectrophotometer Reactor for boiling of samples

22
List of equipment
Aluminium or cardboard box
Kemira Flocculator 2000
6 one-litre glass beakers
6 plastic beakers 100-200 ml for samples
Coagulants
Micropipettes Finnpipette 5l - 5ml
pH meter WTW
pH electrode Hamilton
Buffer solutions pH 7 and 4
Sampler home made using a syringe of 60 ml
Turbidimeter Hach Lange 2100N (not portable) and 2100P (portable)
Spectrophotometer Hach Lange DR 2800
Reactor for boiling Hach Lange
Reagents for analyses Hach Lange
Filtering unit Nalgene
Vacuum pump Nalgene
Filter paper for sewage water Whatman GFC 1,2 m
Filter paper for raw water Sartorius cellulose nitrate 0,45m
HCl 0,5 M and NaOH 0,2 M for pH adjustment of raw water
H2SO4 4 M for conservation of samples

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Summary jar testing with coagulant
1. Understand the water treatment rapid mixing)
process what is used today, dosage,
mixing, retention times etc. 9. Slow mixing (2-20 minutes depending
on application)
2. Take out enough sample for the trial
10. Observe floc formation
3. Keep the water fresh
11. Messure pH
4. Analyse zero sample (at least pH
before starting) 12. Settling (5-20 min)

5. If pH near neutral OK without pH 13. Sample with syringe 3-5 cm below

adjustment (if not make titration curves surface
at different doses) 14. Analyze water un filtered and filtered
6. Use a flocculator for testing 1 liter
beakers
7. Start rapid mixing (10-30 sec)
8. Directly dose in vortex (if anionic
polymer is used dose in the end of the

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Thank you!