ME 1303 GAS DYNAMICS

AND JET PROPULSION

Presented by

G.Kumaresan

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 General flow classifications
1. Hydrodynamics
– Low speed, no density change
(incompressible)
e.g. water distribution network, hydraulics, lubrications

2. Gas Dynamics
– High speed, compressible flow (appreciable
density change)
e.g. flow in ram jet, high speed turbomachinery etc

3. Aerodynamics
– Flow pass aircraft, airfoil, drag, lift etc
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 Distinctions: Solid, Liquid, Gas
Solid : Stress proportional to strain

σ ∞ ε or σ = Eε Hooke’s law

Stress Strain Young’s modulus or Modulus of elasticity

Liquid : Stress proportional to rate of shear strain

∂u ∂u
τ∞ τ =µ Newton’s Law of viscosity
∂y ∂y

Shear stress Fluid viscosity Velocity gradient

qSolid is elastic ( return to original shape when stress is

removed; fluid will not recover)
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 Compressibility
What is Compressible Flow??

A compressible flow is a flow in which the fluid

density ρ varies significantly within the flow field.
Therefore, ρ (x,y,z) must now be treated as a field
variable rather than simply a constant. Typically,
significant density variations start to appear when
the flow mach number exceeds 0.3 or so. The
effects become especially large when the mach
number approaches and exceeds unity.

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 Compressibility
Behavior of a moving Lagrangian control volume

For compressible flow, Bernoulli

eqn. is no longer valid

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 Compressible flow
Why Compressible flow is important??
Compressible flow appears in many natural
and many technological processes. It deals
more than air, including steam and natural
gas, nitrogen and helium, etc.

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 Compressible flow
How do we define flow as compressible or
Incompressible??

Mach Number, M (u/a)

M < 0.3 : Incompressible
M > 0.3 : Compressible

u – fluid velocity ; a – sound velocity

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 Compressible flow
When is compressible flow important??
When a fluid moves at high speed, density changes
become significant

Incompressible Compressible
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 Compressible flow – Equations & variables
The following table compares the variables and
equations which come into play in the two cases.

Incompressible Flow Compressible Flow

Variables: V ,p V , p, ρ, T

Equations: Mass, momentum , Mass, momentum, energy, state

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 Continuum
The concept of continuum is a kind of idealization of
the continuous description of matter where the
properties of the matter are considered as
continuous functions of space variables.

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 Cont..
There are 2 factors which are important in
determining the validity of the continuum
model.

(i) Distance between molecules

(molecular mean free path)
(ii) Elapsed time between collisions
( this time must be small)

Note : The mean free path of atmospheric

air is 50-70 nm
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 Knudsen number
A dimensionless parameter known as Knudsen number
( K n =λ / L ) describes the degree of departure from
continuum.
where λ – molecular mean free path
L – characteristic length

* A gas may be assumed to continuum if

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 Cont..
Usually when Kn > 0.01, the concept of
continuum does not hold good.
Beyond this critical range of Knudsen number,
the flows are known as

slip flow (0.01 < Kn < 0.1),

transition flow (0.1 < Kn < 10) and
free-molecule flow (Kn > 10).

However, for the flow regimes considered in

this course , Kn is always less than 0.01 and it is
usual to say that the fluid is a continuum.
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 The Perfect Gas
A perfect gas should be thermally as well as
calorically perfect.

Thermally Perfect Gas Calorically Perfect Gas

u = u (T) , h = h (T) Cv = Cons = Cv (T)

Cp = Cons = Cp (T)

Equation of state

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 Limitations on Air as a Perfect Gas
1) When the temperature is less than 500 K, air can be
treated as a perfect gas and γ = 1.4

2) When the temperature lies between 500 K and 2000 K,

air
is only thermally perfect and calorically imperfect.

3) For temperature more than 2000 K, air becomes both

thermally and calorically imperfect.

According to kinetic theory

Cp n+2
γ = =
Cv n
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 Laws of Thermodynamics- Review
ØFirst Law of Thermodynamics

The first law deals with conservation of energy, and it

can be expressed in many equivalent ways. Heat and
work are two extreme types of energy in transit.

For a closed system that executes a complete cycle,

Q - Heat transferred into the system

W - Work transferred from the system
For a closed system that executes a process,
Q = W + ΔE
E- Total Energy of the system
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 Cont..

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 Compressibility
Attributes of Compressible Flow

§Information propagates in the direction that depend

on local Mach number
§Density can no longer be regarded as constant.
Bernoulli’s principle doesn’t hold for compressible
flow.
§Coupling between Internal energy and Kinetic energy
can no longer be ignored.
§Regions of mixed flow type including subsonic, sonic
and supersonic can be present.

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 Stagnation concept
The Stagnation state must be reached
(i) without any energy exchange ( Q = W = 0 ) and
(ii) without losses
1 1
H 1 + mgZ 1 + mc 1 + Q = H 2 + mgZ 2 + mc 22 + w s ;
2
2 2
In terms of specific values
1 1
h 1 + gZ 1 + c12 + q = h2 + gZ 2 + c 22 + w s
2 2

1 2
h0 = h + c
2

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 Mollier diagram – Total and static state

Physical system

Thermodynamic state plot

The stagnation state is a theoretical state. This state is

very useful in simplifying the solution and treatment of
the flow.
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 Stagnation Properties
Total enthalpy (h0 ) h0 = h+1/2 C2

Total Temperature (T0)

1 2 1 2 c2
h0 = h + c ⇒ C pT0 = C pT + c ⇒ T0 = T +
2 2 2C p

Static temperature Velocity temperature (or)

Dynamic temperature
Stagnation velocity of sound
(a0)

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 Cont..

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