Magnetism

South magnetic pole

Permanent magnets
A magnet has two poles, a north pole
and a south pole
The earths magnetic north pole is near
its south geographic pole
Magnetic monopoles do not exist.
 The magnetic field

A magnetic field exists in the region around a magnet.

The magnetic field is a vector (has both magnitude and
direction.)
The direction of the magnetic field at any point in
space is the direction indicated by the north pole of a
small compass needle placed at that point.
 What Produces a Magnetic Field?
Permanent magnets (electrons have an intrinsic magnetic
field around them) The magnetic fields of the electrons in
certain materials add together to give a net magnetic field
around the material.

A material with little or no A permanent magnet has

magnetization has randomly magnetic domains oriented
oriented magnetic domains in the same direction

Moving charged particles (e.g. beam of electrons, current)

 Magnetic force on an electric charge

The magnitude of the force is

proportional to charge, the
charges speed, and the
magnitude of the magnetic
field
When the charge is moving
in a direction parallel to the
field, there is no force
The force is perpendicular to
both the velocity and field
vectors
The force on a moving
positive charge is opposite
that of a moving negative
charge
 Magnetic force on a Charged Particle
When a charge is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences
a magnetic force if two conditions are met:

1. The charge must be moving. No magnetic force acts on a

stationary charge.
2. The velocity of the moving charge must have a
component that is perpendicular to the direction of the
field.
Magnetic force on a Charged Particle

FB qv B
Right-Hand Rule:
The force acting on a charged particle
moving through a magnetic field is always
perpendicular to the velocity of the particle
and the magnetic field direction.

SI Unit of Magnetic Field:

 Check Your Understanding
Two particles, having the same charge but different velocities,
are moving in a constant magnetic field. Which particle, if
either, experiences the greater magnetic force?
(a) Particle 1 experiences the greater force, because it is
moving perpendicular to the magnetic field.
(b) Particle 2 experiences the greater force, because it has the
greater speed.
(c) Particle 2 experiences the greater force, because a
component of its velocity is parallel to the magnetic field.
(d) Both particles experience the same magnetic force,
because the component of each velocity that is perpendicular
to the magnetic field is the same.
 Example 1: Magnetic Forces on Charged
Particles
A proton moves at a speed of 5.0106 m/s along the +x-axis
and encounters a magnetic field whose magnitude is 0.40 T
directed at an angle of =30.0 with respect to the protons
velocity. Find (a) the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
force on the proton and (b) the acceleration of the proton. The
mass of a proton is 1.67x10-27 kg.

(a) Magnitude: FB = qvBsinq

= (1.602x10-19)(5.0x106)(0.40)sin30 = 1.6x10-13 N
Directed 90 to both v and B following the right-hand rule.

(b) a = FB/m = 1.6x10-13 / 1.67x10-27 = 9.6x107 m/s2.

 Sample Problem 1:
Each of the labeled points at the corners of the cube in the
figure represents a charge of magnitude q=1.0nC moving
with a velocity in the specified direction with magnitude
v=3.0x105m/s. A magnetic field directed along the +x-axis
has magnitude 0.80T. Find the magnitude and direction of
the force on each charge and indicate the direction on the
diagram. y

+
B
+
x

z -
 Magnetic field lines

The lines originate from the north pole and end on the south
pole; they never start or stop anywhere and always go
around in closed loops.
The magnetic field at any point is tangent to the magnetic
field line at that point.
The strength of the field is proportional to the number of
lines per unit area that passes through a surface oriented
perpendicular to the lines.
The magnetic field lines never intersect.
Magnetic field lines
Magnetic Flux

Magnetic flux through a flat

surface:

B B A

SI unit: 1 Tm2 = 1 Wb

Gausss Law for magnetic

fields: total magnetic flux
through any closed surface:
B B dA 0
 Example 2:
The magnetic field in a certain region of space is 0.385 T,
directed along the +x-axis. In the shaded volume shown,
calculate the net magnetic flux through the enclosing surface
by finding the flux through each surface.
Surfaces at the top, bottom and
surface at x-y plane: B = 0 since
y their area vectors are perpendicular
to B.

Surface at y-z plane:

40 cm 30 cm
Front rectangular surface:

30 cm Net magnetic flux = 0.

z
x
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

Force on each charge:

Fi qvd B
Total number of charges in
wire segment:
N nAl
Total force on wire segment:
F (nAl )(qvd B) (nqvd A)(lB )
IlB
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

In general, the magnetic

force on a current-carrying
conductor is given by

F Il B
F IlB sin

where l is a length vector along the wire in the

direction of the current.
 Check Your Understanding
A current-carrying wire is placed in the same
magnetic field B in four different orientations
(see figure). Rank the orientations according to
the magnitude of the magnetic force exerted on
the wire in decreasing order.

1. B and D
2. A
3. C
 Example 3:
A horizontal rod 0.200m long is mounted on a balance
and carries a current. At the location of the rod there is a
uniform horizontal magnetic field with magnitude 0.087T
directed perpendicular to the rod. The magnetic force on
the rod is measured by the balance to be 0.22N. How
much current is in the rod?

Answer:

I = F / LBsin = (0.22) / (0.2)(0.087)sin90 = 12.6 A

 Check your Understanding

Four particles follow the paths shown in the figure as they

pass through a magnetic field. What are the charges of
each particle?

+ -

-
 Example 5: Magnetic force on a wire
A straight, horizontal wire carries a current of 28A directed out
of the page. If the wires linear mass density is 46.6g/cm, what
are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field required
to float the wire (i.e., to balance its weight)?

Answer:
To balance the wire, the magnetic force must be equal to the
wires weight:
IlB mg
So the magnitude of the magnetic field is
(m / l ) g (46.6 103 kg/m)(9.8m/s 2 )
B 1.6 102 T
I 28A
directed to the right
 Force and Torque on a Current Loop

Fnet 0
F IbB sin(90 ) b
net 2 F sin
IbB cos 2
F IaB ( IaB)(b sin )
IAB sin
b
F sin
b 2
F sin
2
zero net
torque
F IaB

F IbB sin(90 )
IbB cos
 Force and Torque on a Current Loop

Magnetic dipole moment:

IA
where A is the area
vector normal to the loop

Torque on current carrying loop:

B The torque tends to rotate the

loop in the direction of
B sin decreasing to align with B
 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
Torque on a solenoid:

NIAB sin

where N is the
number of turns
 Example 6: The Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop

A 22cm by 35cm rectangular loop

of wire carrying a current of
1.40A is oriented with its plane
perpendicular to a uniform 1.50T
magnetic field. Calculate the net
force and net torque on the loop.

Answer:

Net force is zero.

Net torque is zero.
Example 7: The Torque on a Current-Carrying Solenoid

A solenoid has a loop area of 2.0104 m2, consists of 100

loops or turns, and has a current of 0.045 A. The coil is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.15 T. (a)
Determine the magnetic moment of the solenoid. (b) Find
the maximum torque that the magnetic field can exert on the
coil.

(a) Magnetic moment:

total NIA 100(0.045A)(2.0 104 m2 )=0.9 103A m2

(b) Maximum torque (when = 90):
max total B sin 90 (0.9 103A m 2 )(0.15T)
0.135 103 N m
 The Direct-Current (DC) Motor

aligns with B: aligned with B: aligns with B:

rotor turns ccw rotor still turns ccw rotor turns ccw
because of inertia
 Useful equations associated to the electric motor

P Vab I (power input)

Vab Ir (terminal voltage)

Pdissipated I r2
(power dissipated)

Poutput Pinput Pdissipated (power output)

Vab Ir (terminal voltage)

Poutput
e (efficiency)
Pinput
Example: A dc motor its rotor and field coils connected
in series has an internal resistance of 2.0 . When
running at full load on a 120-V line, it draws a current of
4.0 A. (a.) What is the emf in the rotor? (b.) What is the
powered delivered to the motor? (c.) What is the rate of
dissipation of energy in the resistance of the motor? (d)
What is the mechanical power developed? (e.) What is
the efficiency of the motor (d.) What happens if the
machine the motor is driving jams and the rotor
suddenly stops turning?