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DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
An Introduction to
Modern Methods and
Applications
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DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
An Introduction to
Modern Methods and
Applications
2nd Edition
James R. Brannan
ClemsonUniversity
William E. Boyce
RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
PUBLISHER LaurieRosatone
ACQUISITIONSEDITOR DavidDietz
ASSISTANTEDITOR JeffreyBenson
SENIOREDITORIAL ASSISTANT PamelaLashbrook
MARKETINGMANAGER SarahDavis
CREATIVEDIRECTOR HarryNolan
COVERDESIGN DianeGerard
COVERPHOTO JorgenSchytte/Photolibrary
SENIORPRODUCTIONEDITOR SujinHong
SENIORPHOTOEDITOR MaryAnnPrice
Thisbookwassetin10/12TimesbyAptara

,Inc.andprintedandboundbyDonnelley/VonHoffmann.The
coverwasprintedbyDonnelley/VonHoffmann.
Thisbookisprintedonacidfreepaper.

Foundedin1807,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.hasbeenavaluedsourceofknowledgeandunderstandingfor
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Copyright
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2007,2011JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyfo
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ISBN978-0-470-45824-2
ISBN978-1-118-01187-4(BRV)
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P R E F A C E
Thisisatextbookforarstcourseindifferentialequations.Thebookisintendedforscience
andengineeringmajorswhohavecompletedthecalculussequence,butnotnecessarilya
rstcourseinlinearalgebra.Itemphasizesasystemsapproachtothesubjectandintegrates
theuseofmoderncomputingtechnologyinthecontextofcontemporaryapplicationsfrom
engineeringandscience.
Differential equationsisanoldandvenerablesubjectthatwill alwaysplay acentral
roleindescribingphenomenathatchangeover time. Indeed, atleastonecourseindif-
ferential equations is part of thecurriculumof most engineering and
sciencestudents.
Our goal in writing this text is to providethesestudents with both an introduction
to,
and asurvey of, modern methods, applications, and theory of this beautiful and pow-
erful mathematical apparatus that is likely to servethemwell in their chosen eld
of
study. Thesubjectmatter ispresentedinamanner consistentwiththewaypractitioners
usedifferential equationsintheir work; technology isusedfreely, withmoreemphasis
onmethods, modeling, graphical representation, qualitativeconcepts, andgeometricin-
tuitionthanontheoretical issues. For example, someimportanttheoretical results,
such
astheoremsguaranteeingexistenceanduniquenessof solutionstoinitial valueproblems,
arenotproved. Nevertheless, theyarecarefullystated, illustratedbyexamples, andused
frequently.
Anystudentwhostudiesmajorportionsof thisbook,doesareasonablenumberof the
sectionexercises,andcompletessomeofthechapterprojectswillsurelydevelopanappre-
ciationforthepowerofdifferentialequationstoshedlightonissuesofsocietalimportance.
Inaddition, heorshewill acquireskillsinmodeling, analysis, andcomputersimulation
thatwillbeusefulinawidevarietyofsituations.Itisforsuchstudentsthatwehavewritten
thisbook.
New to This Edition
InRen
eDescartes
Discourse on the Method
,hereectedthatthereisseldomsomuch
perfectioninworkscomposedof many separateparts, uponwhichdifferent handshad
beenemployed, asinthosecompletedby asinglemaster. Thusitisobservablethatthe
buildingswhichasinglearchitecthasplannedandexecuted,aregenerallymoreelegantand
commodiousthanthosewhichseveralhaveattemptedtoimprove,bymakingoldwallsserve
forpurposesforwhichtheywerenotoriginallybuilt.InthefaceofDescartesobservations,
wepleadguiltytothefactthatmanyhandshavebeenemployedinthedevelopmentofthis
textbook.Inadditiontothethreeprincipalauthors(someofthewallsbuiltbyDickDiPrima
stillexist,andwebelievestillserveadmirablythepurposeforwhichtheywereintended),the
contentandmannerof presentationhasbeengreatlyinuencedbynumerouscolleagues,
teachers, reviewersandstudents. Furthermore, theseplayersstandontheshouldersof
giantswhohavecontributedtothedevelopmentandapplicationofdifferential equations
duringthelastthreehundredyears.
Computer technologyandnewapplicationsof importancetoengineersandscientists
continuetomakethesubjectofdifferentialequationsamovingtarget.Inaddition,ourideas
abouthow tobestteachthesubjectcontinuetoevolve. Inthissecondedition, wehave
followedthesamepedagogical principlesandpragmaticforcesthatguidedusinwriting
therstedition.Wehaveattemptedtoimprovetheexpositioninresponsetocommentsand
opinionsofstudentsandusersoftherstedition.Ourbookoffersanalternativechoiceto
vii