Nov. 3, 1942.

H_ v_ PUTMAN 2,300,964
MAGNETIC CORE STRUCTURE

ATTO
 Nov. 3, 1942. H_ v, PUTMAN 2,300,964
MAGNETIC CORE STRUCTURE

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WITNESSES: INVENTOR
Hen/y 1./Puf/nan
. BY , i E
ATTORNEY
 Patented Nov. 3, 1942
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
2.300.964
MAGNETIC CORE STRUCTURE
Henry V. Putman, Sharon, Pas, assignorto West
inghouse Electric a Manufacturing Company,
_East Pittsburgh, `Pa.,
vania
Application January 29, 1941, Serial N0. 376,406
6Claims. (Ci~ 175-356)
My invention relates to magnetic core struc
tures for use in electrical induction apparatus
such as transformers.
In electrical induction apparatus, such as dis
tribution or power transformers, it has been the
usual practice to employ a core structure of mag
netic material formed of a stack of layers of thin
sheets or laminations of magnetic material such,
for example, as hot-rolled silicon steel. A por
tion of the magnetic structure is employed as a
winding leg about which the copper circuit con
ducting windings of the transformer are wound.
In order to keep the cost of the transformers as
low as possible, it is desirable that the length
of the mean turn of the current carrying con
ductor about the winding leg ~be as small as
practicably consistent with permissible losses and
power performance of the transformer.
The smaller the cross-section of the magnetic
material the greater will be the flux density nec
essary to develop a> given electromotive force and
the greater will be the exciting current flowing
in the primary winding. The permissible excit
ing current for a given size of transformer has
been a factor in limiting the permissible reduc
tion in the cross-section of the magnetic mate
rial.
The exciting current is made up of two com
ponents or parts, namely, the magnetizing cur
rent that is necessary to force the lines of mag
netic flux through the iron circuit of the core,
and the iron loss current necessary to supply
losses of energy in the iron core structure, such
as those due to hysteresis and eddy current losses.
The component of magnetizing current is con
trolled very largely by the permeability of the
material used in the core structure, and the watts
loss component of current is controlled by the
iron loss characteristic of the material.
The magnetic iron or steel usually employed in
transformer core structures is a high grade hot
rolled silicon steel having a value of permeabil
ity and watts loss per cubic volume of substan
tially constant value, whether the lines of mag
netizing flux pass through the steel in the direc
tion of rolling, or pass in other directions up to
a considerable departure from the direction of
rolling. More expensive steels, such as Hipersil,
have been developed having much higher per
meability and much lower losses in the direction
of rolling. In such material the permeability
varies considerably as the direction of the lines
of magnetizing force vary from the direction of
rolling of the material and is the highest in the
direction of rolling. The watts loss per cubic 55
2,300,964
a corporation of Pennsyl
volume or per cubic weight of the material like
wise varies markedly as the direction of mag
netizing flux varies from the direction of rolling
of the material and is lowest in the direction
of rolling.
The permeability of the new steel in the direc
tion of rolling is considerably higher at operating
densities (say 13 to 15 kilogausses per square
centimeter) than the permeability of commercial
grades vof hot-rolled silicon steel at the same
densities. Likewise the watts loss per unit volume
or unit weight at operating densities when mag
netized in the direction of rolling is lower than
for commercial grades of hot-rolled silicon steel
at the same density.
It will be seen, therefore, that if a transformer
core is formed of sheet steel having a preferred
or greater permeability and a preferred or lesser
watts loss per unit volume when the flow of flux
is through the steel in the direction of rolling
than when it is through the material in other
directions and the sheets are so arranged that
the lines of magnetic flux pass through the steel
in the direction of rolling, a higher permeability
and lower watts loss will result, permitting the
use of higher flux densities than are pennissible
with the usual grade of silicon steel, and a re
duction of the cross-section of the magnetic ma
terial otherwise required.
Magnetic cores have been built with a high
grade steel having a preferred permeability and
low watts loss in the direction of rolling in which
the core structure is formed by winding a rib
bon of the steel to form loops in which the lines
of magnetic force travel in the direction of the
ribbon. There are, however, certain applications
in which it is desirable to form the core from
stacks of sheets of laminated material, particu
larly in the larger sizes of core structures in
which the continuous ribbon loops are not so
readily adaptable.
It is an object of the invention to provide an
electrical induction apparatus having a core
structure made up of stacked sheets of steel hav
ing a preferred permeability or easiest magneti
zation in the direction of rolling so positioned
that the lines of magnetization correspond sub
stantially to the direction of rolling of the ma
terial.
It is a further object of my invention to pro
vide a core structure of the above indicated char
acter employing combination butt and lap joints
adjacent the corners of a rectangular core struc
ture in which the meeting edges are cut at an
angle to the direction of the sheets to effect a
2 2,800,964.
high permeability of the core structure as a a layer of the core material are cut on a diagonal
whole. and as low an iron loss as possible. or at a 45 angle to the direction of the sheets.
Other objects and advantages of the invention In this core the flux will tend to follow the di
will be apparent from the following description rection of easiest magnetization, as shown by the
of certain embodiments thereof, reference being arrow lines II, although this may not be the
had to the accompanying drawings, in which: shortest path around the corner. By following
Figures l and 2 illustrate the manner in which this path of easiest magnetization or least re
magnetic flux passes through core members of sistance, the lines of flux avoid the necessity of
different designs; passing crosswlse to the direction of rolling near
Figs. 3 to 7, inclusive, illustrate parts of the 10 the ends of the sheets of each lamination.
core structures of single phase transformer cores The merit of the construction in which the ad
organized in accordance with the invention; joining edges of the laminations are cut at a
Figs. 8 to 12, inclusive, illustrate parts of a diagonal to the direction of the sheet after the
three-phase core structure; and principle illustrated in Fig. 2, as compared to the
Figs. 13 and 14 show curves illustrating the 15 conventional butt and lap joint illustrated in
comparative losses in two types of structures. Fig. l, is readily shown by reference to the curves
Fig. 1 illustrates a conventional arrangement in Figs. 13 and 14. In Fig. 13, the values for
of the laminatlons or sheet steel punchings com true watts loss are plotted as abscissa for vary
monly used in a core structure built from high ing flux densities, plotted as ordinates and in
grade hot-rolled silicon steel comprising in each 20 dicated as kilogausses per square centimeter.
layer of the core structure four punchings I, 2, Curve I shows these values as obtained from
I and l, arranged in the same plane, the punch tests on a core having anglar cut joints cor
ings I and 3 being alike and the punchings 2 responding to the principle illustrated in Fig. 2,
and I being alike. The several punchings are and curve II shows the values obtained from
rectangular in shape, the punching I extending tests on a core having the butt and lap joint de-
from Ia to la', the punching 2 extending from sign shown in Fig. 1, the two cores being iden
2a to 2a', the punching 3 extending from 3a to tical constructions, except for the different man
la', and the punching 4 extending from 4a to ner of making the joints. These cores were of
la', so that one end of each of the four punch the same identical material, that is, the new
ings is adjacent the side of its adjoining punch 30 steel above referred to having the easiest mag
ing. In this form of construction, position of netization in the direction of rolling, which is
the four punchings will be shifted in the adja the direction of the sheets or laminations as as
cent layer to provide an overlap between the sembled in the core. It will be noted, for ex
punchings in the adjacent layers so that the ample, that, at a flux density of 15 kilogausses
punching I will extend from Ib to Ib', the per square centimeter, the core loss lfor the an
punching 2 from 2b to 2b', the punching 3 from gular cut joint construction shown in Fig. 2 is
3b to 3b', and the punching 4 from 4b to 4b', 156 watts, and for the construction shown in
4the punchings in the second described layer Fig. l the core loss is 212 Watts, so that the
forming the same general pattern as those in Fig. 2 construction has a watts loss that is TS1/2%
the ?rst described layer but with the positions 40 of that for the Fig. 1 construction.
of the adjoining edges shifted from the full line Fig. 14 shows two curves, III and IV, similar to
locations Ia, 2a, 3a and la to the dotted line po~ Fig. 13, except that the abscissa represents ap
sitions Ib', 2b', 3b and 4b. parent watts, including both the power and re
In the structure shown in Fig. 1, the core legs active losses in the core, or the exciting volt
2 and l may be winding legs of the core struc ampere characteristic of the steel. The apparent
ture about which the primary and secondary watts is considerably larger than the true watts
windings of the transformer are placed and the because the wattless component of exciting cur~
connecting portions I and 3 form the yokes con rent is relatively large. The wattless component
necting the winding legs to complete the mag is also more sensitive to differences in flux den
netic circuit of the core structure. In this struc sity. In Fig. 14 the curve III represents the volt~
ture the lines of magnetic iiux pass lengthwise ampere characteristic of the core having the
through the straight lportions of the legs and diagonal or angular cut joints as in Fig. 2, and
yoke, and flow about the corners of the structure the curve IV shows the volt-ampere characteristic
something after the fashion indicated by the ar of a similar core except built with the lapped
rowed lines 8, so that near the ends of the I-plate construction shown in Fig. l, the two
punchings the flux must pass sidewise of the curves being for the same two cores as are repre
members across the grain of the steel. This con sented by the curves in Fig. 13. It will be noted
struction is entirely satisfactory for cores ern from Fig. 14 that at a flux density of 15 kilo
ploying conventional hot-rolled steel where the gausses the apparent watts for the I-plate design
permeability is not much different at right-angles 60 of Fig. 1 is 2120 and the apparent watts for the
to the direction of rolling from the permeability Fig. 2 angular cut joint design is 660 or 31% oi'
in the direction of rolling, but experience has the apparent watts for the Fig. 1 construction.
shown'that it is unsuited to the use of the new This principle is made use of in the practical
type steel having a much greater preferred per core structures shown in the following figures
meability and lower watts loss when the lines of 6." and the punchings are so arranged that the ad-~
magnetic flux pass through the material in the joining edges in different layers are so shifted as
direction of rolling than when these lines of flux to form a combination butt and lap joint having
pass through the material in other directions. a lower joint reluctance than if all the layers
'For such new type steel, in order to make efcient _ were built as in Fig. 2 in which the diagonal lines
use of the properties of the material, it is neces forming the junctions between the layers would
sary to employ a construction in which the lines be superimposed upon each other.
of flux follow the direction of rolling, or easiest Referring to the core structure shown in Fig. 3
magnetization, at all points. In Fig. 2 of the comprising four punchings I4, I5, I6 and Il in
drawings it will be noted that the adjoining edges each layer of the core, the punchings I 4 and Il
of the several sheets 1. 8, 9 and III comprising are alike and are shown in detail in Fig. 5, and
 2,300,964 3
the punchings Il 1nd I1 are alike and are shown
in detail in Fig. 4. Thearrangement oi' the four in which the lamination I5 is in its higher posi
tion and vice versa.
members oi' the core structure, that is, the two Fig. 6 shows an arrangement of laminations 24,
winding leg members made up from stacks of
laminations I5 and I1, and the yoke members 2B, 29 and 21 which is, in general, similar to that
made up from stacks of laminations I4 and Il, shown in Fig. 3 and in which punchings 2B and
form a window having a width W and a height L. 21 correspond to that outlined in Fig. 4. and the
punchings 24 and 29 correspond to that out
The width oi' the laminations I4 and I9 is slightly lined in Fig. '1. The punching shown in Fig. 7
greater than that of the laminations I5 and I1, diilers from that shown in Fig. 5 in that the inner
the latter being indicated by the dimension N and edges of the punchings 24 and 29 are of a length
the former by the dimension N-I-n. The inner W corresponding to the full width of the window
edge of punchings I4 and I6, that is indicated and extend at right angles for a dimension n so
in Fig. 5 as W-m, is likewise less than thewidth that the sloping portion p is the same at both
o! the window, the dimension m corresponding ends of the punching corresponding to the di
to the amount that the inner end of the diagonal mension p of the diagonal edge of the punching
edge of the punching shown in Fig. 5 is oil'set shown in Fig. 4. With this arrangement of the
from the adjacent window corner as indicated in upper and lower punchings which are used to
Fig. 3. It will also be noted that the inner edge build up the yoke portions of the core the small
oi' the punchings I5 and I1 is somewhat longer voids represented by the triangles I9, 22, 23 in
than the length of the window as indicated in 20 Fig. 3 are done away with and the core struc
Fig. 4 by the dimension L-I-n. Referring to the ture presents a smooth inner surface about the
layer represented by full line positions of the comers of the window.
punchings I4, Il, I6 and I1 in Fig. 3, it will be It will be noted that the constructions shown
noted that the adjoining edges between lamina- in Figs. 3 and 6 are such that although the aci
tions I8 and I1 extend i'rom a point I 9 that is jacent edges of the sheets in the several punch
offset from the outer corner of the core member ings of adjacent layers or laminations of the
by the dimension n to the point I9 corresponding structure are staggered so as to provide the butt
to the corner of the window, and that at the op and lap joints at the corners of the structure,
posite end of the punching I8 the adjoining edges the inner and outer edges of the layers oi punch
between laminations I 5 and I6 extend from the 30 ings are in alignment, that is, the inner edges of
point 2| at the outer corner of the core struc the punchings forming the window of the struc
ture to a point 22 that is offset from the inner ture line up with the corresponding edges of the
corner of the window by the dimension m. It adjacent layers of the magnetic material,` and
will also be noted that the diagonally opposite the outer edges of the several laminations cor
corners are alike, that is to say, that in the upper respondingly align so as to make a compact
right and lower left corner of the structure as structure having the minimum dimensions for
shown in Fig. 3, the junction between the adja the given amount of material used. This con
cent edges of the laminations shown in full lines struction makes it possible to tap or block the
extends outwardly from the corner of the window core, that is, to apply pressure to the edges of
to a point oil'set from the outer comer of the 40 the sheets in the stack in order to get the edges
structure, while in the lower right and upper lei't of all of the sheets lined up.
corners of the structure the adjoining edges of It will also be noted that the yoke members y
the laminations extend from the outer corner of above and below the windows as shown in Fig.
the structure to a point oil'set from the inner 8 have a width of N-I-n, whereas the vertical or
corner of the window. It will also be noted that winding leg members of the core have a width
in the adjacent layer in which the adjoining N so that the yoke members are widened with
edges between the laminations in the same layer respect to the winding leg members, that is, have
are indicated in dotted lines, the locations of the a' greater cross-section than the winding leg
adjoining edges are reversed so that at each cor members so that the flux density therein is less.
ner where the junction of one layer starts out This widening can be increased as desired by
wardly from the corner of the window, the junc changing the angle of cut between the adjacent
tion of the next layer starts inwardly from the members of the sheets from that of 45, as
outer corner of the structure. In effecting this shown, without introducing any cross flux. The`
reversal in the location of the adjoining edges flux will therefore follow the lines of easiest
between the laminations of a layer, the punchings magnetization as shown by the arrowed lines II
I4, I6, as shown in Fig. 5, will be turned end for in Fig. 2.
end so that the offset portion shown by the di It will also be noted that by cutting the adjoin
mension n at the lower lei't of Fig. 5 will, in an ing edges of the sheets of magnetic material to
adjacent layer of laminations, be at the lower provide the angular cut joints shown in Figs. 2,
right in Fig. 3 and will likewise alternate from 60 3 and 6, the reluctance of the joint between ad
the upper right to upper left position for the jacent sheets will be lowered because the length
lamination I4. The punchings I 5 and I1 are of the adjoining edges is increased by the ratio
alike at both ends and are shifted lengthwise in
adjacent layers an amount indicated by the di of the \/2 to 1 with respect to the right-angle
mension n, so that for the punching I5, for ex cuts shown in Fig. 1. This increase in the length
ample, in the first described layer represented in of the adjoining edges between adjacent mem
full lines in Fig. 3, this member will extend from bers causes the flux density at the joint to be
points I9 and I9 at the upper end to the points correspondingly reduced. This decrease in the
2| and 23 at the lower end, while in the second reluctance oi the air gap in the diagonal butt
described layer of laminations indicated in dotted and lapped joint shown in Figs. 3 and 6 greatly
lines it will extend from the points 2I and 23 at increases the efficiency of the core at the gap
the upper end to points I8 and I9 at the lower over that of a core having the conventional butt
and lapped joints shown in Fig. i.
end. The successive layers of the lamination I1
In Fig. 8 an arrangement of punchings is
vary in the same manner as for IB, the lamina
illustrated for building up a core having three
tion I1 being in its lower position in the layer 75 legs such as might be used in a three-phase
 4 2,300,664
transformer. The central leg 32 is built up from window and at the bottom of the right window.
punchings having the outline shown in Fig. 9 In the layer of laminations having their adjoin
and the outer legs 33 and 3l from punchings ing edges shown in dotted lines, the positions ot
having the outline shown in Fig. 10, while the the several punchings are shifted from the full
yoke members 35, 33, 3l and 33 are built up or line positions, the punching in the ieg 33 being
punchings shaped as shown in Figs. il and 12. shown in the upper position and the punching in
The outer leg members 33 and 34 alternately the leg 34 being shown in its lower position, while
change their position in different layers of the in the middle leg 32 the position of the punching
core structure in the same manner as the two is reversed so that the end points 43, as shown
outer leg punchings I6 and I1 in Fig. 3 extend 10 in Fig. 9, occupy the positions Il as shown in Fig.
Ing from points 2l and 23 at the top to points 8, and the corners I2 are in the upper left and
Il and I3 at the bottom in one layer, as shown lower right corners of the punching as viewed in
in full lines for the member 3|, and from the Fig. 8. Likewise the positions of the punchings
points I3 and I9 at the top to points 2I and 23 shown in Figs. 11 and 12 are reversed, the punch
at the bottom as shown in dotted lines for the 15 ing of Fig. 11 being shown in dotted lines below
member 3l in Fig. 8. 'I'he outer edges of the the right-hand window and above the left-hand
member`> 32, like the inner edges of the members window, and the punching of Fig. 12 being shown
33 and 3l are longer than the windows in the in dotted lines below the left-hand window and
' core structure by the dimension n, the corner 42 above the right-hand window. This arrange
on one edge being advanced by the dimension n 20 ment of the alternate layers oi' punchings used
lengthwise beyond the corner II on the opposite to build up the core structure provides an ar
side. The slopes of the edges from the corners rangement in which the several sheets or lami
3| and I2 to the points I3 at the ends of the nations employed are so positioned in the struc
members 32 are at an angle of 45 degrees to the ture that the lines of magnetic ilux extend
direction o! the member 32. By placing the lengthwise of the members up to the adjoining
members 32 in the core so as to alternately vary edge ci' the next adjacent member in the same
the side that is uppermost, the end point 43 layer of punchings comprising the core, and the
varies its position from point 43 to point M as adjoining edges of the punchings in adjacent
shown in Fig. 8 and the points II and 42 shift layers are ofl'set fromeach other to provide a di
sides. The point Il lcoincides with the corner 30 agonal overlap adjacent the corners oi' the win
of the window and the point I2 is a distance n dows in a manner similar to the arrangements
vertically distant therefrom. Two diil'erent shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
shaped punchings are required for the yoke It will be apparent to those skilled in the art
pieces as shown in Fig. 11 and 12, the two mem that many modiilcations in the detailed ar
bers alternating from side to side.. For example, 35 rangements oi the parts of the structure may be
the member in Fig. 11 is shown in full lines at made within the spirit of my invention and I do
31, and 36 in Fig. 8, and the member shown in not wish to be limited otherwise than by the
Fig. 12 is shown inv iull lines at 35 and 38 in Fig. scope of the appended claims.
8. In the adjacent layer positions, the relative I claim as my invention: -
positions of the members are reversed so that 40 l. In an electrical apparatus, a substantially
the member in Fig. 11 is at 35 and 3B as shown rectangular magnetic core structure built up
in dotted lines and the member in Fig. 12 is at from layers of sheets of magnetic material
31 and 36 as shown in dotted lines. It will be formed of steel having preferred greater perme
noted that In Fig. 12 the punching on its inner ability and lower watts loss in the direction of
side is the same length W as the width of the rolling than in other directions and so positioned
windows, and the edges adjoining adjacent in the structure that the direction of magneti
punchings in the same layer extend outwardly zation is substantially coincident with the direc
from the inner corner oi the window to a point tion of rolling.I each layer comprising a plurality
onset from the corner of the punching or core of sheets having adjoining edges adjacent the
structure by the dimension n. I'he punching corners of the core structure and arranged about
shown in Fig. 11 has a dimension on its inner ' a substantially rectangular window, the junctions
edge of W-2m, so that when placed in position of all adjoining edges at the outer corners of the
as shown in the full lines in Fig. 8 as yoke mem magnetic core extending along continuous
bers 31 and 36, both inner corners are oIIset straight lines at angles oblique to the direction
irom the corners ot the window by the dimen oi' rolling so that substantially all iiux in each
sion 1n, and the edge adjoining the adjacent sheet passes between junctions at opposite ends
outer leg punching in the same layer extends of each sheet in a continuous straight path along
from its offset point to the outer corner of the the direction of rolling, the line of junction be
core structure. tween said adjoining edges of the sheets of mag
In the full outline of the sheets shown in Fig. 60 netic material of one layer at any corner of the
8, the outer leg member 33 is shown in its lower window extending outwardly from the inner
position extending from the points I8 and I9 at angle of the window. and the line of junction be
the top to points 2I and 23 at the bottom, while tween the adjoining edges of any adjacent layer
the leg 3l is in its upper position extending from at the same corner extending outwardly :from a
points 2i and 23 at the top to points I9 and I8 point offset from the inner angle of the window
at the bottom, and the center leg member 32 is at an angle to provide an overlap of substan
in a position in which the corners 42 are at the tially constant width between the adjacent junc~
upper right and lower left of the member, as tion lines of said adjacent layers.
viewed in Figs. 8 and 9, and the corners 4I are 2. In an electrical apparatus, a substantially
at the upper left and lower right as viewed in 70 rectangular magnetic core structure built up
these figures. Also the punching shown in Fig. from layers of sheets ' of magnetic material
l1 is shown in the full line position in Fig. 8 formed of steel having preferred magnetic prop
as at the bottom of the left window and at the erties in the direction of rolling and so positioned
top of the right window, while the punching in the structure that the direction of magnetiza
shown in Fig. 12 is shown at the top of the left 75 tion is substantially coincident with the direc
 2,300,964 5
tion of rolling. each layer comprising a plurality the sheets in the several layers having their inner
of sheets having adjoining edges adjacent the and outer lineal edges in alignment and the junc
corners of the core structure and arranged about tions of all adjoining edges between the sheets at
a substantially rectangular window, the junc substantially 45 to the lineal edges of the mem
tions of all adjoining edges at the outer corners bers so that substantially all flux in each sheet
of the magnetic core extending along continuous passes between junctions vat opposite ends of each
straight lines at angles oblique tothe direction sheet along a continuous straight path in the di
of rolling so that substantially all flux in each rection of rolling, the junctions of all the adjoin
sheet passes between junctions at opposite ends ing edges of said sheet members in a given layer
of each sheet in a continuous straight path along being oiset from, and parallel to, the junctions
the direction of rolling, the line of junction be of the adjoining edges of the sheet members in
tween said adjoining edges of the sheets of one an adjacent layer at the corresponding corners of
layer at a pair of alternate corners of the core the core to provide an overlap of substantially
extending from the inner angle of the window, constant width between the adjacent junction
the line of junction between the adjoining edges ' lines of the adjacent layers, said yoke members
of said layer at the other pair of alternate cor 15 being of a dilerent width than the leg members,
ners of the core extending from a point offset the members of the greater width having the
from the inner angle of the window, the sheets ends adjoining adjacent members in the same
in any adjacent layer being> so arranged that layer offset dierently at the opposite ends there
the points vfrom which the lines of junction ex of with respect to the corners of the structure.
tend are the reverse of those of the first-named 5. In an electrical apparatus, a magnetic core
layer, the junction lines inthe several adjacent structure built up from a plurality of layers of
layers at any one corner of the core extending sheets of magnetic material formed of steel hav
in parallel directions to provide an overlap of ing preferredrmagnetic properties in the` direc
substantially constant width between the junc tion of rolling and so positioned in the structure
tion lines of the adjacent layers. _' 25 that the direction of magnetization is substan
3. In an' electrical apparatus, a magnetic core
structure built up from layers of sheets of mag
tially coincident with the direction of rolling, said
core structure comprising three winding leg mem
netic material formed of steel having preferred bers and yoke members connecting the ends of
magnetic properties in the direction of rolling
and so positioned in the structure that the di 30 the leg members to form a substantially rectan
rection of magnetization is substantially coinci gular core having two substantially rectangular
dent with the direction of rolling, each layer windows, the junctions of all adjoining edges be
comprising a plurality of sheets arranged to'form tween the sheets of the leg and yoke members in
any layer at the outer corners of the core ex
a substantially rectangular window, the junctions tending along continuous straight lines at ob
of all adjoining edges of any of the sheets in any 35 lique angles to the direction of the sheets so that
layer extending along continuous straight lines substantially all iux in each sheet passes be
at angles oblique to the direction of rolling so tween junctions at opposite ends of each sheet
that substantially all flux in each sheet passes in a continuous straight path along the direction
between junctions at opposite ends of each sheet of rolling, the line of junction between the ad
in a continuous straight path along the direction 40 joining edges of the sheets of one layer at a cor'-'
of rolling, the sheets on two opposite sides of responding end of both windows extending out
said window being of a diierent width than the wardly from the inner angles of the windows
sheets on the other two opposite sides of- the and the line of junction between the adjoining
window, the lines of junction between the ad edges of the sheets of the same layer at the other
joining edges of the sheets comprising one layer 45
being arranged at two diagonally opposite cor ends of the windows extending outwardly from
ners of the window to extend from points olset
points olset along the yoke from the inner
from the outer corners of the structure along
angles of the windows, the lines vof junction be~
tween the adjoining edges of the sheets in differ
continuous straight lines to the inner corners of ent layers at any corner extending in parallel
the windows, and the lines of junction between 50 lines outwardly from the corner, the positions
the adjoining edges of the sheets at the two re of the parallel lines being reversed in adjacent
maining diagonally opposite corners in the same layers to provide an overlap of substantially con
layer extending from the outer corners of the stant width between the adjacent junction lilies-
structure along continuous straight lines to points of the adjacent layers.
offset from the corners of the Window, the loca 55
6. In an electrical apparatus, a magnetic core
tion of the lines of junction between all adjoin structure built up from a plurality of layers of
ing edges being reversed in adjacent layers be sheets of magnetic material formed of steel hav
tween the two sets of diagonally opposite corners ing preferred magnetic properties in the direc
to provide an overlap of substantially constant tion of rolling and so positioned in the structure
width between the adjacent lines of junction of 60 that the direction of magnetization is substan
the adjacent layers.
4. In an electrical apparatus, a magnetic core
tially coincident with the direction of rolling,
said core structure comprising three leg mem
structure comprising leg members and yoke mem bers and yoke members connecting the ends of
bers at angles of substantially 90 to each other
65 the leg members to iorm a substantially rectan
to form a closed magnetic circuit about a rectan gular core having two substantially rectangular
gular window, the leg and yoke members being windows, the junctions oi' all adjoining edges be
built up of layers of sheet members formed of tween the sheets forming the leg and yoke mem~
steel having preferred magnetic properties in bers in any layer at the outer corners of the core
the direction of rolling and so positioned in the extending along continuous straight lines at ob
structure that the direction of magnetization is lique angles to the direction of the sheets so that
substantially coincident with the direction of substantially all iiux in each sheet passes be
rolling, each layer comprising a plurality of tween junctions at opposite ends of each sheet in
sheets having adjoining edges between leg and a continuous straight path along the direction o1'
yoke members adjacent the corners of the corel 75 rolling, the lines of junction between all the ad
 2,300,064
Joining edges of the sheets adjacent the cor
ners ot the window extending at the same angle
to the direction of the sheets, all the several
sheets forming the leg members oi' the core hav
ing the edges of the sheets outlining the window
oi' the same length as each other and of a greater
length than the length of the window. certain of
the sheets forming the yoke portion oi.' _the core
having the inner edges outlining the window cor
responding in length to the width of the window 10
and certain of the sheets forming the yoke por
tion o! the core having their inner edges o! a
length less than the width of the window. the
sheets in adjacent layers of the yoke portion hav~
ing diierent lengths of the inner edges so that
the junction lines in the several adjacent layers
at any one corner of the core extend in parallel
directions to provide an overlap of substantially
constant width between the Junction lines oi the
adjacent layers.
HENRY V. PU'IMAN.