Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TAXATION
VER. 2010.08.12
copyrighted 2010
How to use the BAR STAR NOTES. The BAR STAR NOTES in the form of
questions and answers as well as textual discussion were specially prepared by Prof.
Domondon for the exclusive use of Bar Reviewees who attended the 2010 Wrap-
Up Lectures on TAXATION conducted by Primus Information, Center, Inc., and the Bar
Reviewees of various law schools and Review Centers where he was invited to lecture
on Taxation. Included in the presentation are doctrines contained in Supreme Court
decisions up to April 2010.
The purpose of the BAR STAR NOTES is to provide the Bar Reviewee with a
handy review material which serves as memory-joggers for the September 12, 2010 Bar
Examinations in Taxation. The author tries to second guess what would be included in
the Bar Exams using statistical analysis. The actual Bar questions may not be formulated
in the same manner as the BAR STAR NOTES. However, the doctrines tested in the
Bar would in all probability be included in these Notes.
If pressed for time, the author suggests that the reader should focus his attention
on the following:
Nice to know
Should know
Must know and master
It is further suggested that the reader should merely browse those without stars.
The BAR STAR NOTES in TAXATION is the 4th in the series of Bar Star Notes
the author has prepared for all the eight Bar subjects. The other Bar Star Notes
may be availed of by enrolling in the 2010 Wrap-Up lectures conducted by PRIMUS
INFORMATION CENTER, INC.Please feel free to call Baby, Tel. No. 816-07-68 or 817-
84-49; Leon, Mobile No. 0917-793-6169; Atty. Celia, Mobile No. 0917-790-8406, or
Venny, Mobile No. 0917-337-6479.
WARNING:
These materials are copyrighted and/or based on the writers books on Taxation
and future revisions. It is prohibited to reproduce any part of these Notes in any form or
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying without the written
permission of the author. These materials are authorized for the use only of PRIMUS
Reviewees and others who attended the authors lectures on Taxation. Unauthorized
users shall not be prosecuted but SHALL BE SUBJECT TO THE LAW
OF KARMASUCH THAT THEY WILL NEVER PASS THE BAR OR WOULD BE
UNHAPPY IN LIFE for stealing the intellectual property of the author.
TAXATION, IN GENERAL
12. What are the three basic principles of a sound tax system? Explain
each briefly. SUGGESTED ANSWER: The canons of
a sound tax system, also known as the characteristics or, principles of a sound tax
system, are used as a criteria in order to determine whether a tax system is able to meet
the purposes or objectives of taxation. They are:
a. Fiscal adequacy.
b. Administrative feasibility.
c. Theoretical justice.
INHERENT LIMITATIONS
5. Only those directly affected have locus standi to impugn the alleged
encroachment by the executive department into the legislative domain of
Congress.
a. Only those who shall be directly affected by such executive encroachment,
such as for example employees who would find themselves subject to disciplinary powers
that may be imposed under the questioned Executive Order as they have a direct and
specific interest in raising the substantive issue therein (Automotive Industry Workers
Alliance (AIWA),etc., et al., v. Romulo, etc. ,et al., G. R. No. 157509, January 18, 2005)
or employees who are going to be demoted, transferred or otherwise affected by any
personnel action subject o the rule on exhaustion of administrative remedies.
b. Moreover, and if at all, only Congress, can claim any injury from the alleged
executive encroachment of the legislative function to amend, modify and/or repeal laws.
(Automotive Industry Workers Alliance (AIWA),etc., et al., supra, citing Gonzales v.
Narvasa, G. R. No. 140835, August 14,2000, 337 SCRA 733, 741)
6. Locus standi being merely a matter of procedure, have been waived in
certain instances where a party who is not personally injured may be allowed to
bring suit. The following are examples of instances where suits have been brought by
parties who have not have been personally injured by the operation of a law or any other
government act but by concerned citizens, taxpayers or voters who actually sue in the
public interest:
a. Taxpayers suits to question contracts entered into by the national
government or government-owned or controlled corporations allegedly in contravention of
the law.
b. A taxpayer is allowed to sue where there is a claim that public funds are
illegally disbursed, or that public money is being deflected to any improper purpose, or that
there is a wastage of public funds through the enforcement of an invalid or unconstitutional
law. (Abaya v. Ebdane, G. R. No. 167919, February 14, 2007)
7. The VAT law provides that, the President, upon the recommendation of
the Secretary of Finance, shall, effective January 1, 2006, raise the rate of value-
added tax to twelve percent (12%) after any of the following conditions have been
satisfied. (i) value-added tax collection as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of the previous year exceeds two and four-fifth percent (2 4/5%) or (ii) national
government deficit as a percentage of GDP of the previous year exceeds one and
one-half percent (1 %).
Was there an invalid delegation of legislative power ?
SUGGESTED ANSWER: No. There is no undue delegation of legislative power
but only of the discretion as to the execution of the law. This is constitutionally permissible.
Congress does not abdicate its functions or unduly delegate power when it describes
what job must be done, who must do it, and what is the scope of his authority. In the above
case the Secretary of Finance becomes merely the agent of the legislative department, to
determine and declare the even upon which its expressed will takes place. The President
cannot set aside the findings of the Secretary of Finance, who is not under the conditions
acting as the execute alter ego or subordinate. . [Abakada Guro Party List (etc.) v. Ermita,
etc., et al., G. R. No. 168056, September 1, 2005 and companion cases citing various
cases]]
10. Taxing power of the local government is limited. The taxing power of
local governments is limited in the sense that Congress can enact legislation granting tax
exemptions.
While the system of local government taxation has changed with the onset of the
1987 Constitution, the power of local government units to tax is still limited.
While the power to tax by local governments may be exercised by local legislative
bodies, no longer merely by virtue of a valid delegation as before, but pursuant to direct
authority conferred by Section 5, Article X of the Constitution, the basic doctrine on local
taxation remains essentially the same, the power to tax is [still] primarily vested in the
Congress. (Quezon City, et al., v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, G. R. No.
166408, October 6, 2008 citing City Government of Quezon City, et al. v. Bayan
Telecommunications, Inc., G.R. No. 162015, March 6, 2006, 484 SCRA 169 in turn
referring to Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority, v. Marcos, G.R. No.
120082, September 11, 1996, 261 SCRA 667, 680)
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS
10. The strict scrutiny (or compelling interest) test used in order to
determine the validity of the classification. Government regulation that intentionally
discriminates against a suspect class such as racial or ethnic minorities, is subject to
strict scrutiny and considered to violate the equal protection clause unless found
necessary to promote a compelling state interest.
A classification is necessary when it is narrowly drawn so that no alternative, less
burdensome means is available to accomplish the state interest.
Thus, it was held that denial of free public education to the children of illegal aliens
imposes an enormous and lasting burden based on a status over which the children have
no control is violative of equal protection because there is no showing that such denial
furthers a substantial state goal. (Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202)
11. The intermediate level of scrutiny (or quasi-suspect class) test used
in order to determine the validity of he classification. Classification based on gender
or legitimacy are not suspect, but neither are they judged by the traditional or rational
basis test.
Intentional discriminations against members of a quasi-suspect class violate
equal protection unless they are substantially related to important government
objectives. (Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190)
Thus, a state law granting a property tax exemption to widows, but not widowers,
has been held valid for it furthers the state policy of cushioning the financial impact of
spousal loss upon the sex for whom that loss usually imposes a heavier burden. (Kahn
v. Shevin, 416 U.S. 351)
12. Equality and uniformity of taxation may mean the same as equal
protection. In such a case, the terms would mean that all subjects and objects of taxation
which are similarly situated shall be subject to the same burdens and granted the same
privileges without any discrimination whatsoever.
13. It is inherent in the power to tax that the State be free to select the
subjects of taxation, and it has been repeatedly held that, "inequalities which result from
a singling out of one particular class of taxation, or exemption, infringe no constitutional
limitation." (Commissioner of Internal Revenue, et al., v. Santos, et al., 277 SCRA 617)
9. Benjie is a law-abiding citizen who pays his real estate taxes
promptly. Due to a series of typhoons and adverse economic conditions, an
ordinance is passed by Soliman City granting a 50% discount for payment of
unpaid real estate taxes for the preceding year and the condonation of all penalties
on fines resulting from the late payment.
Arguing that the ordinance rewards delinquent tax payers and discriminates
against prompt ones, Benjie demands that he be refunded an amount equivalent to
one-half of the real property taxes he paid. The municipal attorney rendered an
opinion that Benjie cannot be reimbursed because the ordinance did not provide
for such reimbursement. Benjie files suit to declare the ordinance void on the
ground that it is a class legislation. Will his suit prosper ? Explain your answer
briefly.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: No. There is no class legislation because there is no
violation of the equal protection suit. There is a valid classification between those who
already paid their taxes and those who have not. Furthermore, the taxing authority has
the prerogative to select the subjects and objects of taxation, including granting a 50%
discount in the payment of unpaid real estate taxes, and the condonation of all penalties
on fines resulting from late payment.
10. The rewards law to tax collectors does not violate equal
protection. The equal protection clause recognizes a valid classification, that is, a
classification that has a reasonable foundation or rational basis and not arbitrary. With
respect to RA 9335, its expressed public policy is the optimization of the revenue-
generation capability and collection of the BIR and the BOC. Since the subject of the law
is the revenue- generation capability and collection of the BIR and the BOC, the incentives
and/or sanctions provided in the law should logically pertain to the said agencies.
Moreover, the law concerns only the BIR and the BOC because they have the common
distinct primary function of generating revenues for the national government through the
collection of taxes, customs duties, fees and charges.
Indubitably, such substantial distinction is germane and intimately related to the
purpose of the law. Hence, the classification and treatment accorded to the BIR and the
BOC under RA 9335 fully satisfy the demands of equal protection. (ABAKADA Guro
Party List, etc., v. Purisima, etc., et al., G. R. No. 166715, August 14, 2008)
11. The prosecution of one guilty person while others equally guilty are
not prosecuted, however, is not, by itself, a denial of the equal protection of the
laws. Where the official action purports to be in conformity to the statutory classification,
an erroneous or mistaken performance of the statutory duty, although a violation of the
statute, is not without more a denial of the equal protection of the laws.
The unlawful administration by officers of a statute fair on its face, resulting in its
unequal application to those who are entitled to be treated alike, is not a denial of equal
protection unless there is shown to be present in it an element of intentional or purposeful
discrimination. This may appear on the face of the action taken with respect to a particular
class or person, or it may only be shown by extrinsic evidence showing a discriminatory
design over another not to be inferred from the action itself.
(Santos v. People, et al, G. R. No. 173176, August 26, 2008)
14. A lawful tax on a new subject, or an increased tax on an old one, does
not interfere with a contract or impairs its obligation, within the meaning of the
constitution. (Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, et al., and companion cases, 235 SCRA
630)
18. The primary reason for the withdrawal of tax exemption privileges granted
to government owned and controlled corporations and all other units of government
was that such privilege resulted to serious tax base erosion and distortions in the tax
treatment of similarly situated enterprises, hence resulting in the need for these entities to
share in the requirements of development, fiscal or otherwise, by paying the taxes and
other charges due them. (Philippine Ports Authority v. City of Iloilo, G. R. No. 109791, July
14, 2003)
20. In lieu of all taxes in the franchise of ABS-CBN does not exempt it
from local franchise taxes. It does not expressly provide what kind of taxes ABS-CBN is
exempted from. It is not clear whether the exemption would include both local, whether
municipal, city or provincial, and national tax. Whether the in lieu of all taxes provision
would include exemption from local tax is not unequivocal.
The right to exemption from local franchise tax must be clearly established and
cannot be made out of inference or implications but must be laid beyond reasonable
doubt. Verily, the uncertainty in the in lieu of all taxes provision should be construed
against ABS-CBN. ABS-CBN has the burden to prove that it is in fact covered by the
exemption so claimed but has failed to do so. (Quezon City, et al., v. ABS-CBN
Broadcasting Corporation, G. R. No. 166408, October 6, 2008)
NOTES AND COMMENTS: This is practically the same holding in an earlier
case involving another telecommunications company Smart Communications, Inc. v.
The City of Davao, etc., et al., G. R. No. 155491, September 16, 2008. The author opines
that since practically all franchises granted to telecommunications companies are
similarly worded that the above doctrine finds application to the others.)
21. In lieu of all taxes refers to national internal revenue taxes and not
to local taxes. The in lieu of all taxes clause applies only to national internal revenue
taxes and not to local taxes. As appropriately pointed out in the separate opinion of Justice
Antonio T. Carpio in a similar case involving a demand for exemption from local franchise
taxes:
[T]he "in lieu of all taxes" clause in Smart's franchise refers only to taxes, other
than income tax, imposed under the National Internal Revenue Code. The "in lieu of all
taxes" clause does not apply to local taxes. The proviso in the first paragraph of Section
9 of Smart's franchise states that the grantee shall "continue to be liable for income taxes
payable under Title II of the National Internal Revenue Code." Also, the second paragraph
of Section 9 speaks of tax returns filed and taxes paid to the "Commissioner of Internal
Revenue or his duly authorized representative in accordance with the National Internal
Revenue Code." Moreover, the same paragraph declares that the tax returns "shall be
subject to audit by the Bureau of Internal Revenue." Nothing is mentioned in Section 9
about local taxes. The clear intent is for the "in lieu of all taxes" clause to apply only to
taxes under the National Internal Revenue Code and not to local taxes. Even with respect
to national internal revenue taxes, the "in lieu of all taxes" clause does not apply to income
tax.
If Congress intended the "in lieu of all taxes" clause in Smart's franchise to also
apply to local taxes, Congress would have expressly mentioned the exemption from
municipal and provincial taxes. Congress could have used the language in Section 9(b)
of Clavecilla's old franchise, as follows:
x x x in lieu of any and all taxes of any kind, nature or description levied,
established or collected by any authority whatsoever, municipal, provincial or national,
from which the grantee is hereby expressly exempted, x x x. (Emphasis supplied).
However, Congress did not expressly exempt Smart from local taxes. Congress
used the "in lieu of all taxes" clause only in reference to national internal revenue taxes.
The only interpretation, under the rule on strict construction of tax exemptions, is that the
"in lieu of all taxes" clause in Smart's franchise refers only to national and not to local
taxes. [Smart Communications, Inc. v. The City of Davao, etc., et al., G. R. No. 155491,
September 16, 2008 citing Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, Inc. v. City of
Davao, 447 Phil. 571, 594 (2003)]
NOTES AND COMMENTS: The author opines that the above finds application to
all telecommunications companies.
22. The in lieu of all taxes clause in the franchise of ABS-CBN has
become functus officio with the abolition of the franchise tax on broadcasting
companies with yearly gross receipts exceeding Ten Million Pesos. The clause in
lieu of all taxes does not pertain to VAT or any other tax. It cannot apply when what is
paid is a tax other than a franchise tax. Since the franchise tax on the broadcasting
companies with yearly gross receipts exceeding ten million pesos has been abolished,
the in lieu of all taxes clause has now become functus officio, rendered inoperative.
(Quezon City, et al., v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, G. R. No. 166408, October
6, 2008)
NOTES AND COMMENTS: This is practically the same holding in an earlier
case involving another telecommunications company. Smart Communications, Inc. v.
The City of Davao, etc., et al., G. R. No. 155491, September 16, 2008. The author opines
that since practically all franchises granted to telecommunications companies are
similarly worded that the above doctrine finds application to the others.)
23. Double taxation in its generic sense, this means taxing the same
subject or object twice during the same taxable period. In its particular sense, it may
mean direct duplicate taxation, which is prohibited under the constitution because it violates
the concept of equal protection, uniformity and equitableness of taxation. Indirect duplicate
taxation is not anathematized by the above constitutional limitations.
26. When an item of income is taxed in the Philippines and the same
income is taxed in another country, this would be known as international juridical
double taxation which is the imposition of comparable taxes in two or more states on the
same taxpayer in respect of the same subject matter and for identical
grounds. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., et al.,G.R. No.
127105, June 25, 1999)
28. Tax credit generally refers to an amount that is subtracted directly from
ones total tax liability, an allowance against the tax itself, or a deduction from what is
owned.
A tax credit reduces the tax due, including whenever applicable the income tax
that is determined after applying the corresponding tax rates to taxable
income. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Central Luzon Drug Corporation, G. R. No.
159647, April 15, 2005)
29. A tax deduction is defined as a subtraction fro income for tax purposes, or
an amount that is allowed by law to reduce income prior to the application of the tax rate to
compute the amount of tax which is due.
A tax deduction reduces the income that is subject to tax in order to arrive at taxable
income. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Central Luzon Drug Corporation, G. R. No.
159647, April 15, 2005)
30. The petitioners allege that the R-VAT law is constitutional because the
Bicameral Conference Committed has exceeded its authority in including provisions
which were never included in the versions of both the House and Senate such as
inserting the stand-by authority to the President to increase the VAT from 10% to
12%; deleting entirely the no pass-on provisions found in both the House and Senate
Bills; inserting the provision imposing a 70% limit on the amount of input tax to be
credited against the output tax; and including the amendments introduced only by
Senate Bill No. 1950 regarding other kinds of taxes in addition to the value-added
tax. Thus, there was a violation of the constitutional mandate that revenue bills shall
originate exclusively from the House of Representatives.
Are the contentions of such weight as to constitute grave abuse of discretion
which may invalidate the law ? Explain briefly.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: No. There was no grave abuse of discretion because all
the changes and modifications made by the Bicameral Conference Committee were
germane to subjects of the provisions referred to it for reconciliation.
The Bicameral Conference Committee merely exercised the judicially recognized
long-standing legislative practice of giving said conference committee ample latitude for
compromising differences between the Senate and the House. [Abakada Guro Party List
(etc.) v. Ermita, etc., et al., G. R. No. 168056, September 1, 2005 and companion cases]
31. The VAT while regressive is NOT violative of the mandate to evolve a
progressive system of taxation. Do you agree ? The mandate to Congress is not to
prescribe but to evolve a progressive system of taxation. Otherwise, sales taxes which
perhaps are the oldest form of indirect taxes, would have been prohibited with the
proclamation of the constitutional provision. Sales taxes are also regressive. . [Abakada
Guro Party List (etc.) v. Ermita, etc., et al., G. R. No. 168056, September 1, 2005 and
companion cases citing Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, et al., G. R. No. 115455, August
25, 1994, 235 SCRA 630]
OTHER CONCEPTS
9. Rationale for strict interpretation of tax exemption laws. The basis for
the rule on strict construction to statutory provisions granting tax exemptions or
deductions is to minimize differential treatment and foster impartiality, fairness and
equality of treatment among taxpayers. (Quezon City, et al., v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting
Corporation, G. R. No. 166408, October 6, 2008) He who claims an exemption from his
share of common burden must justify his claim that the legislature intended to exempt
him by unmistakable terms. For exemptions from taxation are not favored in law, nor are
they presumed. They must be expressed in the clearest and most unambiguous language
and not left to mere implications. It has been held that exemptions are never presumed
the burden is on the claimant to establish clearly his right to exemption and cannot be
made out of inference or implications but must be laid beyond reasonable doubt. In other
words, since taxation is the rule and exemption the exception, the intention to make an
exemption ought to be expressed in clear and unambiguous terms. (Quezon City,
supra citing Agpalo, R.E., Statutory Construction, 2003 ed., p. 302)
10. Why are tax exemptions are strictly construed against the taxpayer
and liberally in favor of the State ?
SUGGESTED ANSWER: Taxes are necessary for the continued existence of the
State.
12. But note Nestle Phil. v. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. No. 134114, July
6, 2001 which held that in order for the rule on solutio indebeti to apply it is an essential
condition that the petitioner must first show that its payment of the customs duties was in
excess of what was required by the law at the time the subject 16 importations of milk and
milk products were made. Unless shown otherwise, the disputable presumption of
regularity of performance of duty lies in favor of the Collector of Customs.
13. Strict interpretation of a tax refund that partakes of the nature of a
tax does not apply to tax refund based on erroneous payment or where there is no
law that authorizes collection of the tax. There is parity between tax refund and tax
exemption only when the former is based either on a tax exemption statute or a tax refund
statute. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Fortune Tobacco Corporation, G. R. Nos.
167274-75, July 21, 2008)
Tax refunds (or tax credits), on the other hand, are not founded principally on
legislative grace but on the legal principle which underlies all quasi-contracts abhorring a
persons unjust enrichment at the expense of another. [Commissioner,
supra citing Ramie Textiles, Inc. v. Hon. Mathay, Sr., 178 Phil. 482 (1979); Puyat & Sons
v. City of Manila, et al., 117 Phil. 985 (1963)]
The dynamic of erroneous payment of tax fits to a tee the prototypic quasi-
contract, solutio indebiti,which covers not only mistake in fact but also mistake in law.
(Commissioner, supra citing CIVIL CODE,Arts. 2142, 2154 and 2155)
The Government is not exempt from the application of solutio indebiti.
(Commissioner, supraciting Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Firemans Fund
Insurance Co., G.R. No. L-30644, 9 March 1987, 148 SCRA 315, 324-325; Ramie
Textiles, Inc. v. Mathay, supra; Gonzales Puyat & Sons v. City of Manila, supra)
Indeed, the taxpayer expects fair dealing from the Government, and the latter has
the duty to refund without any unreasonable delay what it has erroneously collected.
(Commissioner, supra citingCommissioner of Internal Revenue v. Tokyo Shipping Co.,
supra at 338) If the State expects its taxpayers to observe fairness and honesty in paying
their taxes, it must hold itself against the same standard in refunding excess (or
erroneous) payments of such taxes. It should not unjustly enrich itself at the expense of
taxpayers. [Commissioner, supra citing AB Leasing and Finance Corporation
v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 453 Phil. 297 in turn citing BPI-Family Savings
Bank, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 330 SCRA 507, 510, 518 (2000)] And so, given its
essence, a claim for tax refund necessitates only preponderance of evidence for its
approbation like in any other ordinary civil case. (Commissioner, supra)
14. Tax refunds premised upon a tax exemption strictly construed, Tax
exemption is a result of legislative grace. And he who claims an exemption from the
burden of taxation must justify his claim by showing that the legislature intended to exempt
him by words too plain to be mistaken. [Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Fortune
Tobacco Corporation, G. R. Nos. 167274-75, July 21, 2008 citing Surigao Consolidated
Mining Co. Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Court of Tax Appeals, 119 Phil.
33, 37 (1963)]
The rule is that tax exemptions must be strictly construed such that the exemption
will not be held to be conferred unless the terms under which it is granted clearly and
distinctly show that such was the intention. [Commissioner, supra citing Phil. Acetylene
Co. v. Commission of Internal Revenue, et al., 127 Phil. 461, 472 (1967); Manila Electric
Company v. Vera, G.R. No. L-29987, 22 October 1975, 67 SCRA 351, 357-358; Surigao
Consolidated Mining Co. Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, supra]
A claim for tax refund may be based on statutes granting tax exemption or tax
refund. In such case, the rule of strict interpretation against the taxpayer is applicable as
the claim for refund partakes of the nature of an exemption, a legislative grace, which
cannot be allowed unless granted in the most explicit and categorical language. The
taxpayer must show that the legislature intended to exempt him from the tax by words too
plain to be mistaken. [Commissioner, supra with a note to see Surigao Consolidated
Mining Co. Inc. v. CIR, supra at 732-733; Philex Mining Corp. v. Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, 365 Phil. 572, 579 (1999); Davao Gulf Lumber Corp. v. Commissioner
of Internal Revenue, 354 Phil. 891-892 (1998); . Commissioner of Internal Revenue v.
Tokyo Shipping Co., Ltd., 314 Phil. 220, 228 (1995)]
19. Tax avoidance is the use of legally permissible means to reduce the tax
while tax evasion is the use of illegal means to escape the payment of taxes.