Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. M. B. Lal
&
Ashok Gupta
Publishers
Publishers
UPKAR PRAKASHAN
(An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company)
Branch Offices
4845, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, 1-8-1/B, R.R. Complex (Near Sundaraiah Park,
New Delhi110 002 Adjacent to Manasa Enclave Gate), Bagh Lingampally,
Phone : 01123251844/66 Hyderabad500 044 (A.P.), Phone : 04066753330
The publishers have taken all possible precautions in publishing this book, yet if
any mistake has crept in, the publishers shall not be responsible for the same.
This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form by
Photographic, Mechanical, or any other method, for any use, without written
permission from the Publishers.
Only the courts at Agra shall have the jurisdiction for any legal dispute.
ISBN : 978-93-5013-190-9
Price : 60/-
( Sixty Only)
Code No. 995
22. Of three buildings, which is the lowest ? II. The third Saturday of that
Statement I. All buildings follow the month fell on 17th.
rules formed by the 29. Is Shridar capable to get entrance in a
corporation. company ?
II. Of these two buildings have Statement I. Company does not permit
similar height. the entrance of any un-
23. What is the weight of a person ? known person.
Statement I. If the weight of this person II. All the workers are capable
is not included the average to get entrance.
weight of the group 30. What is the reason that most of the musicans
decreases 2 kg while their are muslims ?
average weight was 30 kg.
Statement I. Besides Muslim religion no
II. The weight of this person one of the other religions
and his friend is 87 kg. encouraged the fine art.
24. How many cubes of ice can pervade in a II. Muslim did not study in the
vessel whose capacity is 80 C.C. ? western style.
Statement I. The length, width and 31. Why did Indian Scientists not progress in any
height of ice cube is 1/2 cm. field ?
II. 640 cubes of ice occupy
Statement I. Indian Scientist did not get
320 C.C.
the facilities for advanced
25. What was the total sale of the company ? scientific experiments.
Statement I. The company sold 8000 II. Indian Scientist thinks that
piece to A @ 25/- per piece. the knowledge of western
II. This company does not scientific progress is
manufacture any other sufficient for the progress
product. of any country.
26. What is Rajus age ? 32. Does coffee drinking cause the headache ?
Statement I. Raju, Vimala and Kishore Statement I. The stimulating of pan-
belong to same age group. crease causes headache.
II. The sum of the age of II. Coffee contains caffein
Vimala, Kishore and which stimulates pancrease
Abhishek is 32 and much.
Abhisheks age is equal to
the sum of Vimala and Directions(Q. 3337) In the followings
Kishores age. each question followed by two statement I and II
are given. You have to ascertain that the
27. What is the quantity of the exported rose information given in the statement is sufficient or
apple of Jhandoba ? not. Read carefully both the statements and
Statement I. 80,000 ton of Jamun has answer
been exported to America (A) If the information given in statement I is
from Jhandoba which is sufficient to answer the question whereas the
10% of the total export of information given in statement II is not sufficient
Jamun. to answer the question.
II. The export of Jamun is (B) If the information given in the statement
125% against the targeted II is sufficient to answer the question whereas the
export 19 ton from information given in the statement I is not
Jhandoba. sufficient to answer the question.
28. Which will be 14th day of a month ? (C) If either the information given in the
Statement I. The last day of that month statement I or in II is not sufficient to answer the
is Wednesday. question.
6 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
(D) If both the information given in the II. The position of hours hand
statements I and II are not sufficient to answer the is on P at 7 P.M.
question. Direction(Q. 3842) In each of the follow-
(E) If both the information given in the ing given questions there is a question followed by
statement I and II are sufficient to answer the two statements I and II are given. You have to
question. find out that the information given in the
33. In which direction is Shashidhar facing ? statements is sufficient to answer or not. Read
both the statements.
Statement I. Early morning, Shashidhar
was standing on the ground Give Answer
in front of an effigy. The (A) If only statement I is sufficient to answer
shadow of the effigy was the question.
ap-pearing towards the right (B) If only Statement II is sufficient to answer
side of Shashidhar. the question.
II. Early morning Shashidhar (C) If either I or II alone is sufficient to
was standing on the ground, answer the question.
when he turned towards the (D) If both the Statements I and II are
left. The shadow was sufficient to answer the question.
appearing behind him. (E) If both the Statements I and II are not
sufficient to answer the question.
34. Who teaches History from P, Q, R, S & T ?
38. What is the meaning of come in a coded
Statement I. From them, each teaches language ?
only one subject Q teaches
Statement I. The meaning of pit na ja
Maths whereas T Teaches
is come and go in that
Science. P or R does not
coded language.
teach Geography. S or P
does not teach English. II. The meaning of na dik sa
is you may go in that
II. T and R are the teachers of coded language.
Science and English. P is
39. What does the relation P have with M ?
the teacher of Math.
Statement I. P is brother of K and T.
35. Facing towards the South, who is just left to
II. T is daughter of Q and
Ramakant in a row of the boys ?
sister of Ms daughter.
Statement I. Suresh is just right of 40. Who is the tallest amongst M, T, R, K and
Chandrakant and he is Q?
fourth to the left of
Statement I. T is taller than R, M and Q
Ramakant.
but shorter than K.
II. Suresh is third to the left of II. R is shorter than T and M
Ramakant and Naresh is but taller than Q.
second to the left of Suresh.
41. In which direction is D from P ?
36. Among the six friends A, B, C, D, E and F Statement I. S is in the South from P
who got the maximum marks ? which is in the West of D.
Statement I. B got fewer marks than A II. P and R is in a straight line
and F but not fewer than C, and R is in the South from
D and E. D.
II. F did not get more marks 42. In which month of the year Mohan was born ?
than B but not as A. Statement I. Mohan was born in the
37. What will the position of hours hand in the winter.
clock at 7.30 P.M. ? II. Mohan was born exactly
Statement I. English alphabets are after 14 month of his sister,
placed in the dial of clock birth and she was born in
in place of number. the month of October.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 7
36. (E) From Statement I, 38. (D) From Statement I and II,
A & F > B > C, D and E na go
From Statement II, From I, 9 Either pit or ja
A>F>B 39. (E) From the Statement II, T is Ms
From both the Statements I and II daughters sister means T is Ms daughter.
A > B > C, D and E From the Statement I,
Hence, it is clear with both the statements that P is Ts brother
A got maximum marks. P is Ms son.
37. (D) By placing letter in place of number in 40. (C) From Statement I, T is taller than R, M
the clock. and Q, but shorter than K.
1 A, 2 B, 3 C, 4 D, 5 E, 6 F, K is the tallest.
7 G, 8 , 9 , 10 J, 11 , From Statement II R, T and M are shorter
12 L than K but taller than Q. Hence, K is the
Hence, it is clear that the position of hand of tallest.
the clock between 7 and 8, or G and H, but
the G and H are imaginary letters, therefore, 41. (A) From the Statement I, S is in South of P
no inference can be drawn by the Statement I. and P is in West of D. Hence, D is East of P.
From Statement II. 42. (B) From Statement II, Mohan was born
7G exactly 14 month after his sisters birth and
But here, no letter is given for 8, hence we his sister was born in October. Hence, Mohan
cannot determine. was born in January.
Verification of the truth
2 of the Statement
In such type of test, a incident is given and it 2. A boy is sitting on the back-seat of the car.
is to be found that this incident occurs always or When the driver of the car starts it suddenly,
never. In some cases, any word or sentence is the boy bends towards the backside
given and then a question is asked. Which is the (A) Always (B) Generally
most important factor/element in that word or (C) Sometimes (D) Never
sentence ? The questions are based upon
Geographical, Scientific, Social, and Sports and 3. A lady in India can marry with the brother of
Games related information. deceased husband but no man can marry the
Example 1. A person is going towards North sister of deceased wife
in the night and he sees Dhruv Tara and sees it on (A) Always (B) Generally
his left side. Which of the following statements (C) Sometimes (D) Never
justify the fact ?
4. Yesterday I saw an ice-cube which had been
(A) Always (B) Sometimes melted in the heat of the hearth
(C) Generally (D) Never (A) Always (B) Sometimes
Answer with Explanation (D)Since, we (C) Generally (D) Never
know that Dhruv Tara always appears on North
and that person is also going towards North, 5. My 10 year niece is taller than my 12 year
clearly, he faces Dhruv Tara and it never appears son
on his right side. (A) Always (B) Generally
Example 2. Bewilderness always com- (C) Sometimes (D) Never
prises 6. A boy driving a bicycle put the brake
(A) Difficulty (B) Anxiety suddenly he bends forward
(C) Helpless state (D) Sharpness (A) Sometimes (B) Never
Answer with Explanation (B)Bewilderness (C) Generally (D) Always
always comprises mental tension and mental
7. Sun shines on the pole at midnight
tension causes anxiety.
(A) Never (B) Sometimes
Excercise1 (C) Always (D) Generally
DirectionIn each of the following questions,
many alternative answers are given for a statement. 8. High tides occurs on Maha-ashtami
Out of these alternatives only one answer verifies (A) Sometimes (B) Never
the statement. Find out the correct alternative. (C) Generally (D) Always
1. If we are going towards South in the morning, 9. The main work of Rajya is to formulate the
we will see the Sun rising on the left side law
(A) Always (A) Never
(B) Sometimes (B) Sometimes
(C) Generally (C) Always
(D) Never (D) Generally
10 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
10. Whenever the warm current and cold current 3. Justice is always related to
interact with each other, there is always a (A) Deceit (B) Generosity
fog (C) Just (D) Nobility
(A) Never (B) Sometimes
(C) Never (D) Always 4. A Tree always has
(A) Leaves (B) Flowers
11. An inferior egg always sinks in water
(C) Roots (D) Fruits
(A) Never (B) Sometimes
(C) Always (D) Generally 5. An animal always has
(A) Lungs (B) Skin
12. Ice-cube floats on water
(C) Brain (D) Heart
(A) Generally (B) Sometimes
(E) Life
(C) Never (D) Always
6. A car must have
Answers with Explanation
(A) Driver (B) Bonnet
1. (A) Sun rises in the East in the morning. If we
(C) Dicky (D) Bumper
go towards South direction in the morning,
we face towards South and our left hands (E) Wheels
position is on East direction. Hence, going 7. Run must have
towards Southwards Sun always appears (A) Umpire (B) Competitors
rising from our left side. (C) Spectators (D) Victory
2. (A) When car suddenly starts to move, the (E) Prize
person who is sitting on the back-seat always 8. A book always comprises
bends towards backward.
(A) Lessons (B) Pages
3. (C) There is no such type of custom, hence it (C) Figure (D) Content
may happen sometimes.
9. In a dispute there must be
4. (D) The piece of ice is placed near the (A) Hatred (B) Injustice
burning hearth it melts with the heat of the
hearth and it never happens that the ice had (C) Dissent (D) Excitement
melted and later we saw the piece of ice. 10. Bargaining always comprises
5. (C) Since, the age of a person does not (A) Generosity (B) Baseness
depend on his/her height, there are many (C) Give and take (D) Costliness
other factors which affect the height. 11. Bravery must have
6. (D) According to the rule of science, a cyclist (A) Courage (B) Intelligence
uses the brakes suddenly he always bend (C) Power (D) Experience
down towards the forward direction.
12. Astonishment always has
7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (C)
(A) Crowd (B) Surprise
11. (A) An inferior egg has low density therefore
(C) Wastage (D) Rustic
it sinks on the water.
12. (D) Ice is lighter than water hence the piece 13. Blameless always has
of ice always float on the water. (A) Punishment (B) Blame
Excercise2 (C) Prevention (D) Scold
1. Election must have 14. Mentality always has
(A) Procession (B) Speech (A) Cruelly (B) Perception vision
(C) Slogans (D) Candidates (C) Indifference (D) Impulse
2. Hills always comprise 15. A river must have
(A) Trees (B) Animals (A) Fish (B) Weeds
(C) Water (D) Height (C) Banks (D) Boats
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 11
12. (B) Astonishment and surprise are synonyms 23. (D) Farming is always done on the land.
to each other. 24. (E) A country should have area.
13. (B) The meaning of blameless is to free from 25. (C) Danger always comprises fear because of
blame. Hence, in blameless, there should insecurity.
always be blame.
26. (B) Management always gives improvement
14. (D) Impulse caues mentality. and for improvement, there should be some
15. (C) A river must have its bank. rules to follow.
16. (B) No factory can run without labour. 27. (A) Disclosure means to tell a mystery and
17. (B) Paragraph is a group of words. mystery means a hidden fact or point or topic.
Hence, for disclosure there should be a
18. (C) Every lady or woman is charming. mystery.
19. (E) It is not necessary that a husband must be
28. (D) For every singing , there should be some
taller and more handsome, bigger, more
words.
intelligent than his wife.
20. (D) The life of bulky person are always short 29. (A) A lotus flower always has petals.
because they are affected by various diseases. 30. (C ) Milk is always white.
21. (B) There must be a speaker in any debate. 31. (D) A camera must have lens.
22. (D) No college can run without a teacher. 32. (B) 33. (D) 34. (C)
3 Statement and Conclusion
In such type of test, a statement is given Conclusions
followed by its four conclusion. The candidate is (A) Recession causes unemployment
required to find out the correct conclusion, (B) The purchasing power of a person
whether it might be wrong. decreases on account of unemployment
ExampleStatementSome of the foot- (C) Unemployment causes recession
ball-players are not the teacher of the college. (D) The life of the people who live in the
Conclusion developed countries is better than that of
(A) No football player is a teacher of the less developed countries
college 3. StatementScientists are the biggest enemy
(B) Some teachers of the college may be of mankind.
football player
Conclusions
(C) Some players of the college, may be
(A) They have invented many harmful medi-
teacher
cines
(D) Shree Rajan who plays the chess, cannot
(B) They have invented many destructive
be teacher of the college
weapons
Answer with Explanation (B)If some (C) They were unable to prepare a healthy
teachers of the college are not football players the environment for all
remaining teachers of the college may be football-
(D) They are serving only for the interest rich
players. Hence, option (B) is correct answer.
nations
Exercise1 4. StatementThe family planning programme
Directions(Q. 15) A statement is given in in India has partly succeeded.
each of the following questions and it is followed Conclusions
by its four alternatives in which one alternative (A) The population growth rate in India is
either support or refute the statement. Find out the still very high
alternative from each question. (B) In rural areas, there is no arrangement for
1. StatementUnited States of America always proper health care
favour Israel. (C) The media of Telecommunication are not
Conclusions playing their roles to carry out the
(A) The headquarter of UNO is in United messages effectively
States of America (D) The criticism of limited family is
(B) Jewish Lobby in U.S.A. is very powerful restricted by our religious belief
(C) United States of America agreed to form 5. StatementIn Hindu Society there is a very
a committee to investigate the assassi- much prejudice against a female infant.
nation of 18 Palestinians by Israels Conclusions
soldiers (A) Males are physically stronger than
(D) Israel is capable to defend itself females
2. StatementIndustrial development promotes (B) Male infants are supposed to bring
the chances of employment. prosperity in the family
14 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
(C) Hindu Society is paternal in nature (C) Some of the students are those who have
(D) Various methods are being used to detest low standard
and abort a female infant in our society (D) All students are talented
6. StatementUsing too much time in T.V. 10. StatementMost of the pens of that shop are
viewing affects on eye-sight. Which of the costly.
following four alternatives is true ? Conclusions
Conclusions (A) There are no cheap pens in that shop
(A) T.V. viewing is a wastage of time and (B) Some pens are costly in that shop
energy as well and one can feel fatigue (C) Some pens are cheap in that shop
or tiredness if one watches for a longer
period (D) Camlin pens are costly in that shop
(B) If one watches T.V. in a bad posture, it 11. StatementIf a person is a rich, he is very
affects ones eye-sight influential.
(C) The persons who have problems with Conclusions
their eye-sight should not watch T.V. (A) John has much influence, therefore, he is
programmes rich
(D) 60% of the eyes problems are caused by (B) If a person is not rich, he has no
T.V. watching for a longer period influence
7. StatementTo succeed in examination one (C) Kasim is a rich so he is very influential
should work hard. Which of the given four person
conclusions is true ? (D) Poor persons have no influence
Conclusions 12. StatementSmokers are affected by cancer.
(A) Those who work hard always get success Conclusions
(B) Examination is closely related with hard (A) Many of the cancer patients are smokers
work (B) Smoking may cause cancer
(C) No one can get success without hard (C) Most of the smokers may be affected by
work cancer
(D) One who does hard work, always (D) Smoking always causes cancer
satisfies
Directions(Q. 810) In each of the follow- 13. StatementThe book which I read yester-
ing questions a statement is given and it is day, was the best.
followed by its four conclusions A, B, C and D. Conclusions
Find out the conclusion which is correctly derived (A) The other books which I read, were not
from the statement. excellent
8. StatementSoldiers serve their country. (B) The book which I read yesterday, was
Conclusions the best book among all the books that I
(A) Those who serve their country, are have ever read
soldiers (C) The book of yesterday was as good as
(B) Women do not serve their country other books
because they are not soldiers (D) The book of yesterday was excellent
(C) Generally, men serve their country
14. StatementSome leaders are corrupt as
(D) Some men, who are soldiers, serve their Nagesh.
country
Conclusions
9. StatementMost of the students are talented.
Conclusions (A) Nagesh is not corrupt
(A) Some students are talented (B) Leaders are not corrupt
(B) No students are there who are not (C) Nagesh never be a corrupt
talented (D) Some leaders are corrupt
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 15
15. StatementTelevision assures its viewers enemy of mankind because they have
that they may fall prey to some criminal invented deadly destructive weapons.
activity and simultaneously, it is urged T.V. 4. (A) The population growth in India is still
viewers that they should bear the happening very high. Hence, the statement that the
siliently. family planning programme in India has
The above-mentioned statement may furnish partly succeeded is true.
one of the following conclusions. 5. (B) It is prevalent in Hindu Society that male
Conclusions child extends the family and he enhances the
(A) People should not watch T.V. Pro- wealth and prosperity. Hence, second
gramme alternative confirms the statement.
(B) Television intesifies the insecurity feeling 6. (D) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (C)
among its viewers 10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (C) 13. (B)
(C) T.V. viewers are more prone to prey in 14. (D) 15. (C) 16. (B) 17. (A)
criminal activities in comparison to other Type II
people
In such type of questions, a statement is given
(D) T.V. viewing is responsible for enhancing followed by two conclusions. The candidate is
of criminal inclination required to deduce the conclusion based upon this
16. StatementIgnorance is much delighted. statement. If the conclusion (a) is correct, the
Conclusions answer will be (A) and the conclusion is (b) is
I. Knowledge is unnecessary. correct, the answer will be (B) If both the
II. Ignorant people are lucky. conclusions are correct, the answer will C and If
(a) is correct and (b) wrong and (b) is correct (a)
(A) Only I wrong, the answer will (D). If there is no
(B) Only II conclusion follows, the answer will be (E).
(C) Both I and II Example
(D) Neither I nor II StatementIf you are a refined artist, we
17. StatementFortune favours the brave. have a right job for you to prove your worth.
Conclusions Conclusions
I. The people who endanger themselves are (a) You are a refined artist.
more successful. (b) We a refined artist.
II. Coward can never be a lucky. (A) 1 (B) 2
(A) Only I (C) 3 (D) 4
(B) Only II (E) 5
(C) Both I & II Answer with Explanation (B)In the given
(D) Neither I nor II statement the word If is given which cannot
Answers with Explanation confirm that you are a refined artist. Hence, the
first conclusion can not be followed by the
1. (C) U.S.A. endorsed the formation of a
statement. But it is given in the statement, if you
committee for the investigation into the death
are a refined artist and we have a right job to
of 18 Palestines by the soldiers of Israel. It
prove your worth. It is clear that we have a
indicates that U.S.A. does not always favour
requirement of a refined artist. Thus, the second
Israel.
conclusion confirms the statement.
2. (D) The living standard of a person in a
country depends upon his employment. If a Exercise2
country is developing, the opportunities for Directions(Q. 115) In each of following
the employment will increase. Hence, the questions a statement is given followed by two
fourth alternative confirms the statement. conclusions.
3. (B) The second alternative confirms the Give answer
statement that the scientist are the biggest (A) If only conclusion I follows,
16 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
approach to avoid diabetes. So, conclusion II 15. (B) The cause of revolution cannot be
does not follow. However in the context of deduced from the statement. It, therefore I
the statement conclusion I follows as does not follow but the statement describes
excessive sugar is the most likely cause of that Industrial Revolution brought about
diabetes. modern age. It means that revolution
7. (A) It is clear that conclusion I follows overhauls society. Hence, conclusion II
directly from the statement. But, II is not follow.
related to the given statement and so it does 16. (D) J # P J > P, P @ B P < B,
not follow. B%HB<H
8. (E) Sunita has a very busy schedule. It J>P<B<H
denotes that she is an industrious but still she I. J @ B J < B (False)
spares time for rest. This shows that she is an II. J % H J < H (False)
organised person. Hence, both I and II follow. 17. (A) W @ V W < V, V # X
9. (B) The given statement talks of jade plants V > X, Y V Y > V
only and not all plants with thick leaves. It, W < V > X and V < Y
therefore I does not follow ? Also, since Jade
plants require little water, so they can be I. X % Y X < Y (True)
grown in the area where water is not in II. X $ W X = Y (False)
abundance. Hence, II follows. 18. (B) M $ K M = K,
10. (B) There is nothing mentioned about the K F K > F,
relation between political freedom and F%H F< H
democracy in the statement. Hence, I does not M=K>,F<H
follow. In case of conclusion II, it is directly I. M $ F M > F (False)
followed from the given statement. II. M # F M = K (True)
11. (E) With the given statement, previous 19. (E) T @ L T < L, L % N L < N, D N
experience is an essential condition for D > N, T < L < N < D.
candidates for outstanding candidates, this I. N # T N > T (True)
condition can be waived. It shows that some II. L % D L < D (True)
candidates will have previous experience 20. (D) N % R N < R, R @ K R < K, K # F
while some will not.
K>F
12. (E) Clearly, the information has been given N<R<K >F
before hand in order that the residents of that
I. R @ F R < F (False)
area can collect and store water on the
previous day and use less water on Friday. II. R # F R > F (False)
Thus, both I and II follow. 21. (B) H D H > D, D # R D
13. (E) It is clear from both the statements that > R, R @ L R < L
the government has taken the step to attract H>D>R<L
more tourists. Hence, both I and II follow. I. L @ H L < H (False)
14. (E) The new system provides the students the II. H # R H > R (True)
choice of dropping Science and Mathematics 22. (D) E H E > H,
so weak students of these subjects can also be K $ H K = H,
admitted. Hence, I follows. Also, it is K@MK<M
mentioned that the new system will come in
E>H=K<M
force from the forthcoming academic year. It
shows that this system was not prevalent I. E # K E > K (False)
earlier. Hence, II also follows. II. E $ M E = M (False)
4 Syllogism
The word Syllogism is originally a word the subject while maintaining the validity of the
given by the Greeks. The term Syllogism is used proposition A universal affirmative proposition is
to denote that form of reasoning where conclusion usually denoted by the letter A.
is drawn from two or more statements. Actually it ExampleAll boys are students.
is an inference or deduction of the given
statements. This is undoubtedly the most Students
important part of logical reasoning. Syllogism is an
indispen-sable feature of all competitive examina- Boys
tions and tests which determines the candidates
basic intelligence and aptitude. The questions on
logic are to be solved as per the information given
without any concern of the formal validity or truth From here, we conclude that in A type
of the statements i.e., conclusion should follow proposition, only subject is distributed and we
directly from the statement given. cannot say All students are boys.
In solving the questions of syllogism, some (2) Universal Negative PropositionThis
are of the opinion that Venn-diagram can be a type of proposition distributes both the subject and
great use and, no doubt, a few questions can be the predicate. It means an entire class of predicate
solved with the help of Venn-diagrams, but Venn- term is denied to the entire class of the subject
diagram alone does not help the students to solve term.
the various questions on syllogism. A universal negative proposition is usually
The problem of syllogism can be solved by denoted by the letter E.
using a little intelligence and common sense but ExampleNo man is intelligent.
we need to have, therefore, a definite and well-
defined method to tackle the problem.
PropositionAny statement is termed as the Man Intelligent
proposition. The proposition is a sentence that
makes a statement and gives a relation between
two terms. It comprises a subject, a predicate and We can conclude than Man and Intelligent
a copula. Subject is that which affirms or denies a have nothing in common and hence both subject
fact. The predicate is the part of the proposition and predicate are distributed.
denoting that which is affirmed or denied about (3) Particular Affirmative Proposition
the subject and copula is the part of the proposition This type of proposition distributes neither the
which establishes the relation between the subject subject nor the predicate. Particular affirmative
and the predicate. proposition is denoted by the letter I.
Propositions can be classified into four ExampleSome girls are students.
types
(1) Universal Affirmative Proposition
Girls Students
This type of proposition distributes only the
subject. The predicate is not interchangeable with
20 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
(B) ObversionIn obversion, the conclusion The inference can also be drawn from logic
is drawn from interchanging the quality of using Venn-diagram. But the important point is to
proposition i.e., affirmative to negative and be noted while drawing such inferences from the
negative to affirmative but its original meaning Venn diagrams that all possibilities of Venn-
remains the same. The subject of the given diagrams should be drawn.
statement remains the subject of the conclusion. (1) Universal Affirmative (A-type)
Example(i) StatementNo cow is pet. All S are P
(E-type) In A type of proposition, all S are contained
ConclusionAll cow are non-pet (A-type) in B. The circle representating S will be either
(C) ContrapositionIn contraposition, there inside or equal to circle representating B. Thus, in
will be double conversion. First to obverse and both the cases conclusions (some P are S) and
then to converse. (some S are P) are true. We can understand by
taking two sets in all possible ways.
Example(i) StatementNo women a r e
wise. (E-type) P
S SP
ConclusionAll women are non-wise. 1
1 4
(A-type, obversion) 2 2
5 3
ConclusionSome non-wise are women. 3
(I-type, conversion)
(D) Sub-alterationA proposition can be (i) S = (1, 2, 3) P = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
changed into sub-alternation by retaining the same (ii) S = (1, 2, 3) P = (1, 2, 3)
subject, same predicate and same quality but with The above two cases show all the possibilities
changed quantity of proposition. Thus, we can say of two different sets S and P which show the
that A-type will be changed into I-type and E-type relationship between each other as represented by
will be changed to O-type. the propositionAll S are P.
Examples(i) StatementAll goats are In both the cases we observe that set (1, 2, 3)
elephants. (A-type) is the part of Set A and Set B. Now, we can say
ConclusionSome goats are elephants. that inference (some S are P) is true from this
(I-type) relationship. In the same way set (1, 2, 3) is the
(ii) StatementNo ball is black. (E-type) part of set B and also of set A. Therefore, it is also
clear that inference (some P are S) is also true.
ConclusionSome ball are non-black.
(O-type) (2) Universal Negative (E-type)
We display in the below-mentioned table all No S is P
the possible valid immediate inference drawn In E-type of proposition, there is only one
from each type of proposition i.e., A. E. I. O. A possibility of Venn-diagram. This relationship can
study of the table given below can help the be shown by two sets S = (1, 2, 3) & P (4, 5, 6).
students to remember all the valid immediate With the help of these two sets we see that 1, 2,
inferences easily without going into details of and 3 is the part of set S but not of set P. Similarly
above rules. 4, 5, 6 is the part of set P but not set of S.
Immediate 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6
Type Proposition
Inference
A All S are P Some P are S S P
Some S are P Therefore, on the basis of E-type of
No P is A proposition we can draw following immediate
E No S is P Some S are not P inferences
Some P are not A (i) No P is S
I Some S are P Some P are S (ii) Some S are not P
O Some S are not P No inference (iii) Some P are not S
22 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
(3) Particular Affirmative (I-type) Set (2, 3) is the part of Set S but not set P,
Some S are P hence shows the relation representated by the
proposition Some S are not P.
In this proposition, some part of the circle
denoting S as indicated by the shaded area of S S
(representing same S lies within the circle 1 P
denoting P). Slightly more attention-seeking is the 4 2
representation for the O proposition some S are 5
not P. This proposition gives rise to many 3
possible representations of Venn-diagrams and (iii)
hence most of the inferences drawn therefrom are
invalid and doubtful. The verbal interpretation of (iii) S = (1, 2, 3, 4)
this figure would be there are some S that are P = (4, 5)
definitely not P while there may some S that Set (1, 2, 3) is the part of set S but not set P,
might be P or might not be P hence denotes proposition some S are not P.
S P
We can say on behalf of all possible combi-
nations showing relationship between S and P no
valid inference can be drawn. Some S are P is true
Some S are not P
from case (i) and (iii) but not true from case (ii)
[Some S are P] hence it is an invalid inference. Similarly, some P
S P are not S is true from case (i) and (ii) but not true
from case (iii) and hence it is also an invalid
Some S are not P inference.
[No S are P] The Hidden Proposition
(4) Particular Negative (OType) There are some other sentences which are not
Some S are Not P on the standard patterns. Therefore, we have to
find out the hidden proposition in such sentences.
This proposition give no clue whether the
remaining S are there in P or not and from this 1. Some A type propositions which do not begin
proposition no immediate inference can be drawn. with All.
We can deduce this proposition in the light of (A) All positive sentences which begin with
Venn-diagram representation. There may be three every, each any are A-type
possibilities. propositions.
1 3 5 Examples
2 4 6 (a) Every man loves his country.
(All men love their country)
S P
(i) (b) Each of them was present there.
(i) S = 1, 2, 3, 4 (All were present there)
B = 3, 4, 5, 6 (c) Any one can do this work.
Set (1, 2) is the part of Set S but not Set B, (All person can do this work)
hence this shows the relationship representated by (B) A positive sentence with a particular
the proposition Some S are not P. person as its subject is always an A-type
S P
proposition.
1 4 Examples
2 5 (a) He should be awarded a handsome prize.
3 6
(He who should be awarded a handsome
(ii)
prize.)
(ii) S = (1, 2, 3) (b) General Suharto is a controversial
P = (4, 5, 6) personality.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 23
3. (E) Or
Leaves Plants Trees Fruits Folders
Holes
Or Keys
Leaves Plants
Stands
Or
Fruits Trees Folders
Or
es
Ca
me
rs
Desks Tents
Ho
ls
5. (A)
Rivers
Books Dictionaries Files Papers Ponds
Dictionaries
Books
Or
Pens Rats
6. (E) Rains
Clouds 10. (D)
Rocks Forests Huts Walls Windows
St
on
Or
es
Windows
7. (D) Folders
Holes Forests Huts
Keys Stands
Walls
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 31
Or
Wheels
13. (C) Flowers
Cars Chairs
Goats Branches Roots
Spokes
Or None follows.
Or
14. (A) Paints Desks
Rings Tapes Trunks
Pots
Halls
Bangles
Only II follows.
17. (D)
Books Chairs Pictures Pencils
Or
Or
Paints
Books Chairs
Rings
Pots Bangles Pe
res
nc
ctu
ils
Pi
None follows.
32 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
Either I or II follows.
22. (E) Diamonds
Both follows.
Rings
19. (A) Houses Huts Beads Bangles
Buildings Towers
Or
Or Diamonds
Rings
Houses Huts
Beads Bangles
Buildings Towers
Or
Pl
Cards as
Or tic
s
Fruits Metals
Fl
Pots
ow
er
s
25. (B) Or
Pens
Rods
Or
29. (C) Bangles
s Computers
ine Tables Huts Rings
ch
Ma
Ph rs
o ne ul ato Or
s Calc
Tables
26. (D) Bowls Huts
Rings
Spoons Glasses Plates
Bangles
Spoons Stars
Glasses
Plates
31. (A) Doors Cages
27. (E) Parcels
Windows Buildings
Envelopes Packets Boxes
Or
Or
Doors Cages
es
Buildings
Packets
lop
Windows
ve
En
Boxes
32. (E) Poles
Parcels
Trees
28. (D)
Chairs Rooms
Toys Desks Pens Rods
34 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
18. Statements
All books are novels. Flowers
Leaves
Some novels are poems.
Some poems are stories.
No story is a movie. Fruits
Stems
Conclusions
I. Some books are poems. Branches
II. Some movies are novels.
III. No movie is a novel. Or
(A) Only I follows
(B) Only I and II follow Leaves
Stems Flowers
(C) Only either II or III follows
(D) None follows
(E) None of these
Br
Fruits
an
19. Statements
ch
es
Or Blades
Leopards Staplers
Tigers Keys
Erasers
Lions
W nts Sharpners
a
ol
ve eph
s El Only II follows.
6. (E)
Only III follows.
Flowers
3. (C) Leaves
Jackets
Fruits
Stems
Trousers
Branches
Raincoats
Caps Or
Um Stems Leaves
Flowers
br
ell
as
Br
Fruits
an
Suits Shirts
Computers
Fans Coolers Machines user
Tro
Only I and II follows.
Only I and either II or III follow. 8. (C)
5. (C) Novels
M
ov
ie
Blades Books
Novels
Staplers Books
Erasers s
Or em
Keys Po
Poems
Stories
Sharpners Stories Movie
Bldgs.
Towers
Cups Pillars
Bowls
Trays House
Plates Spoons
Or
Or
ns
Flats
oo
Sp
Bldgs.
House
Towers
Plates
Cups Pillars
Bowls
Trays
5 Statement and Argument
In such type of test, a statement is given which Example 3.
is followed by two arguments Candidates are StatementShould prohibition on alcohol
required to distinguish between these two be banned ?
arguments and find out which one is strong ? ArgumentYes, Prohibition on alcohol
A argument may be strong in the following should be banned.
conditions ExplanationThis argument is merely
(1) A strong argument should give the repetition of the statement. Hence, this is not a
realistic diagnosis of the situation strong argument.
described in the statement. Example 4.
(2) A strong argument should relate with the StatementShould luxary hotels be banned
statement and be supported up by the in India ?
facts or established notions. ArgumentYes, these are the places from
(3) A strong argument should be guazed by where international criminals operate.
the previous experiences and it can be ExplanationThe luxary hotels are symbol
predicted that the result will follow. of countrys standard and places for staying the
(4) A strong argument should not be mere affluent foreign tourists and it is not confirmed
reiteration of the situation given in the that the criminals always stay there. Hence, this is
statement. not a strong argument.
No argument should be based on emotion, Example 5.
feeling etc., because a weak argument is StatementShould State Government ban
very simple, superflous, ambiguous and on Lottery ?
long drawn one. ArgumentYes, to spend money aimlessly
is not a proper thing.
Example 1.
ExplanationIt is not clear that the money
StatementWill Suresh get second class in is being spent on lottery or on other things. Hence,
the examination ? it is not a strong argument.
ArgumentYes, he always stands second. Example 6.
ExplanationHe always stands second, it StatementShould we encourage compu-
does not mean that he will come second this year terization ?
also. Hence, we can say that this argument is not ArgumentYes, America is also doing this.
strong.
ExplanationAny argument cannot be taken
Example 2. with the context of a person, incident of a country
StatementAre human cultures developing or some examples. We cannot compare certain
into savage and unsound way ? qualities with the other country. Hence, it is not a
ArgumentYes, man is an uncivilized strong argument.
animal. Example 7.
ExplanationWe know that man is a social StatementWill the political activities go
animal while in this argument, it has been stated on this year ?
against the social belief. Hence, this is a weak ArgumentYes, many of the newspapers
argument. endorse the statement.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 39
II. No, teaching faculty will lose control II. Yes, it is a genuine demand of lakh of
over students. employees.
14. StatementShould we impart sex education 21. StatementShould there be a restriction on
in schools. number of one-day international cricket
Arguments match to be played by any country within a
I. Yes, all the progressive nations do so. calendar year ?
II. No, no we cannot impart it in co- Arguments
educational schools. I. No, each country should have the
15. StatementShould fashionable dresses be freedom to play as many matches as they
banned ? want.
Arguments II. Yes, otherwise the top ranking players
I. Yes, fashions keeps changing and hence will burn out in quick time.
consumption of cloth increases. 22. StatementShould there be only one type of
II. No, fashionable clothes are a persons schools upto matriculation in the entire
self-expression and therefore, his/her country ?
fundamental right. Arguments
16. StatementShould family planning be made I. Yes, this exists in some of the western
compulsory in India ? countries.
Arguments II. No, schools in rural and urban areas need
I. Yes, looking to the miserable conditions to be different.
in India, there is no other go. 23. StatementShould there be a complete ban
II. No, in India there are people of various on use of pesticides for maintaining fruit-
religions and family planning is against growing plants and trees ?
the tenets of some of the religions. Arguments
17. StatementShould there be a world govern- I. No, all these plants and trees will get
ment ? destroyed by the attacks of the pests
Arguments causing severe financial loss to the
I. Yes, it will help in eliminating tensions farmers.
among the nations. II. Yes, the hazardous chemicals used in the
II. No, then, only the developed countries pesticides find their way into the fruits
will dominate in the government. causing serious health hazard to all those
18. StatementShould we scrap the system of who consume these fruits.
formal education beyond graduation ? 24. StatementShould gambling be made
Arguments legally allowed in India ?
I. Yes, it will mean taking employment at Arguments
an early date. I. Yes, Government can earn huge amount
II. No, it will mean lack of depth of of money by imposing tax on the amount
knowledge. involved in gambling as people otherwise
19. StatementShould Central Government gamble illegally.
well equipped hospital for every sub-division II. No, people belonging to poorer sections
of every district ? of the society will spend their entire
Arguments earnings on gambling if it is made legal
I. Yes, health and well being of every which will lead them and their family to
citizen is the primary responsibility of starve.
the government.
II. No, it is not possible society must come 25. StatementShould all the small shops
forward to help the government. selling household commodities be closed
20. StatementShould the age of retirement in down in big cities in India ?
government services be increased in view of Arguments
longer life span in India ? I. No, all those people engaged in running
Arguments these small shops will be jobless and will
I. Yes, other countries have already taken be left with no earning to manage their
such decision. livelihood.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 41
II. Yes, people prefer to carry out all their II. No, the authorities do not have right to
purchases under one roof in big shopping impose such restrictions in a democratic
malls in the big cities and hence these country.
small shops may not get customers to 31. StatementShould all the villages in India
survive. be compulsory given training on use of
26. StatementShould there be a complete ban modern techniques of cultivation ?
on use of chemical pesticides in the Arguments
agricultural fields ? I. No, the training should be given on
Arguments selective basis depending upon the land
I. No, the crops will get damaged by the holding and crop pattern.
pests as almost each crop is attacked by II. Yes, this is the only way to improve the
pests during its life cycle. economic situation in the rural areas.
II. Yes, this pollutes environment and also 32. StatementShould day to day management
contaminates ground water, instead of all the government hospitals in the country
biological pesticides should be used. be handed over to the private companies on
27. StatementShould there be only one operate and maintain basis ?
entrance test for all the medical colleges-both Arguments
Govt. and private in India ? I. Yes, this will considerably improve the
Arguments quality of services of these hospitals
I. No, each college has unique requirement benefiting both the patient and the
and decisions on admissions should be private companies.
left to the concerned colleges. II. No, the poor people may not be able to
II. Yes, this will bring in uniformity in the afford high charges fixed by the private
standard of students at the time of companies and they will be deprived of
admissions and will reduce multiplicity. medical facilities.
28. StatementShould the maintenance of all 33. StatementShould the tuition fees in all
roads in the big cities be entrusted to private schoolsboth Govt. aided and unaided upto
companies ? class X be completely waived for all
Arguments children ?
I. Yes, this is the only way to ensure good Arguments
conditions of the roads throughout the I. Yes, this will improve the literacy rate in
year. our country.
II. No, the private companies are not II. No, particularly the unaided schools
capable of maintaining all the roads. should be allowed to charge tuition fees
29. StatementShould India stop exploring to meet the regular expenses.
presence of hydrocarbons in both onshore and 34. StatementShould there be no entertain-
offshore locations ? ment tax levied by the Govt. on the movie
Arguments shows in India ?
I. Yes, this leads to wastage of precious Arguments
resources as the hydrocarbon reserves are I. No, the Govt. must levy entertainment
scanty. tax on movie shows.
II. No, we must try to become less II. Yes, the common people should not be
dependent on foreign countries for our taxed for movie shows.
energy needs by exploring all possi- 35. StatementShould there be a complete ban
bilities. on registration of new vehicles in the big
30. StatementShould there be a complete ban cities in India ?
on sale of soft drinks within the premises of Arguments
all the schools in India ? I. Yes, this is the only way to reduce air
Arguments pollution and traffic congestion signifi-
I. Yes, this will considerably decrease the cantly in the big cities.
consumption of such drinks by the II. No, Govt. cannot put such restrictions as
school children as these contain harmful people can buy new vehicles as and
chemicals. when they need and can afford.
42 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
equipped hospitals in each and every area 28. (D) In argument I, it is not necessary that
would surely provide better health services to private companies are capable to do better
every citizen. So, argument I is valid and service throughout the year. In argument II,
strong. Also, it is not an impratical task and we cannot blame that these companies are not
can be achieved by the government. So, capable of maintaining all the roads.
argument II is vague. 29. (C)
20. (B) Clearly, the pursuance of a policy in India 30. (A) Argument I is strong because soft drinks
cannot be based on the pretext that it is contain some harmful chemicals which are
followed in other countries because each and harmful to school children. But II is not
every country has its own environment and strong because it is not the meaning of
situations. So, argument I is not clear. But democratic country that we cannot ban on
increasing the age of retirement is indeed a wrong things.
genuine demand of most of the employees to 31. (B) Argument I is not valid, because it
be self dependent throughout. So, argument II emphasizes on selection on the basis of land
is valid and strong. holding and crop pattern, which is not fair and
21. (B) Being an unlimited number of one-day justified. Argument II asserts the importance
international matches will be a cause of extra of training particularly in rural area.
labour, therefore, if any work is done beyond 32. (B) Argument I is not valid, because it is not
the limit be the cause of harmfulness. necessary that private companies will care for
Therefore, a limited number of matches will the service benefitting for the patients. On the
be significance of proper controlling, other hand, they will think over only for their
mentality and healthfulness. personal and monetary benefit. In argument
22. (D) Neither I nor II argument is strong. II, it is clearly given that the poor people may
23. (C) One of these two arguments will be strong not be able to afford high charges fixed by the
necessarily, because it is impossible to private companies and the poor people will
happen both together because these two not get proper medical facilities.
arguments are opposite to each other. 33. (C) The improvement in the literacy rate is
24. (E) Both the arguments are strong. Argument the first necessity of our country. Therefore,
I is therefore, strong because when the argument I is strong. The argument II is also
gambling will be legalized and tax will be strong because unaided schools are in need of
imposed and the Government revenue will income source to look after and manage the
increase, but II is therefore, strong, because school. Hence, either argument I or argument
the people of poorer section will gamble II is strong because these are opposite to each
beyond their earning limit. other.
25. (A) Only the argument I is strong, because if 34. (A) Argument I is strong and valid, if the
the shops are closed the people of poorer government pass the order to waive the
sections will get suffer and the effect of tuition fees on all the aided and un-aided
money centralization will be strong. school upto class, it will improve literacy rate
26. (E) I and II both arguments are strong, if there in India.
is no ban on the use of pesticides, the whole 35. (B) Argument I is not valid because gov-
crop will be damaged by pests and if there is ernment cannot ban on registration of new
ban on the use of pesticides then it will vehicles. One has right to purchase whatever
pollute the environment. one wants if one has able to purchase.
27. (B) Only argument II is strong because by Argument II is valid because it supports the
only one entrance test it will bring uniformity idea of the right of any person who lives in a
in the standard of students which is necessary. country.
6 Statement and Assumptions
An assumption is the hidden part of an Assumptions
argument and it is something taken for granted. It I. We will always have necessary funds in
means a fact that can be supposed as considering our account to settle the bills.
the contents of the given statement. In these II. We are capable of verifying and clearing
questions, a statement is followed by two or more the bills in less than three working days.
assumptions. The candidate is required to assess
SolutionSince, the statement says for
the given statement and decide which of the given
making all payment within three days, it is clear
assumptions is implicit in the statement ?
that the company has the necessary funds and the
DirectionIn each question below a state- bills can be verified and cleared within the
ment (or a passage) followed by assumptions stipulated period. So, both the assumptions I and
numbered I and II. An assumption is something II are implicit.
supposed or taken granted. Consider the statement
Example 3.
and decide which of the given assumptions is
implicit ? StatementThe patient condition would
improve after this operation.
Give Answer
Assumptions
(A) if only assumption I is implicit.
I. The patient can be operated upon this
(B) if only assumption II is implicit. condition.
(C) if either assumption I or II is implicit. II. The patient cannot be operated upon this
(D) if neither assumption I or II is implicit. condition.
(E) if both the assumptions are implicit. SolutionIt is very much clear in the
Example 1. statement that the patient is in a position to be
StatementThe Chairman and the Secretary operated upon. Hence, assumption I is implicit
of the Housing Society have requested society second assumption is contrast to the I assumption.
members to use water economically to help It will not implicit.
society to save water on tax. Example 4.
Assumptions StatementIt is desirable to put the child in
I. Majority of members of society are school at the age of 5 or so.
likely to follow the request. Assumptions
II. It is desirable to reduce expenditure I. At the age the child reaches appropriate
wherever possible. level of development and is ready to
SolutionIn assumption I, nothing about the learn.
society members to the societys request can be II. The schools do not admit children after
deduced from the statement. So, assumption I is six years of age.
not implicit. But from assumption II, if it is SolutionThe statement I talks of putting
possible the expenditure can be reduced. So, the child in school at the age of 5, it means that
assumption II is implicit. the child is mentally prepared for the same at this
Example 2. age. So, assumption I is implicit. But nothing
StatementWe must settle all the payment about admission after six years of age is said in
due to our suppliers within three working days. the statement. So, assumption II is not implicit.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 45
II. Special discount in the railway fare has It may be possible that opening a library in
been announced. Rambali is a wastage because there is already
24. StatementGovernment should deploy army a library there.
to rehabilitate the people displaced due to 12. (B) This statement says that a car is required
earthquake. for rent and it does not say that any vehicle is
Assumptions required. So, it cannot be assumed that any
I. Army can be used purposed other than vehicle is available for rent. But assumption II
war also. clearly implicit. Whenever any advertisement
II. Only army can rehabilitate the displaced is published, it is assumed that people will
victims of earth quake. respond to the advertisement.
25. StatementThe railway authorities have 13. (B) Since, A advises B to join institute X
decided to increase the freight charges by 10 to study computer, hence it is assumed that
per cent in view of the possibility of incurring institute X provides good coaching for
losses in the current financial year. computer. Secondly, it is also assumed that B
listens A advice.
Assumptions
I. The volume of freight during the 14. (A) In the statement, it is said like a mad man.
remaining period may remain same. It means not a mad man. Hence, assumption
I is implicit.
II. The amount so obtained may set off a
part or total of the estimated deficit. 15. (B) It is not given in the statement, an
individual always aspires to be a professional
26. StatementThe government has decided to but we can deduce that the a person desires
reduce the custom duty on computer those things which are hard earned.
peripherals.
16. (D) From the statement, both the assumptions
Assumptions are not implicit.
I. The domestic price of computer
17. (E) Both the assumptions are implicit. There
peripherals may go in near future.
is a section of people who can be benefitted
II. The domestic manufactures may oppose by such type of service. This type of
the decision. advertisement has been given by the bank
27. StatementHelping the poor is the real because now-a-days banking has become
service to the humanity. competitive.
Assumptions 18. (A) The word quickly shows in the statement
I. Poor people are in need of help from that normally, it takes more time to reach
others. Lucknow to Kanpur and the cab-drivers
II. If we do not help poor, we will not be promises to save the time. Assumption II does
called human being. not implicit in the statement.
28. StatementThe police in India have to cope 19. (A) It is very much implied in the statement
with tremendous stress and strain, while that the patient is in a position to be operated
maintaining security and order. soon. Hence, assumption I is implicit.
Assumptions 10. (D) Neither of the assumptions is implicit in
I. In other countries the police do not have the statement as there may various reasons for
to undergo stress and strain while doing importing sugar.
their duties. 11. (A) Assumption I says that Indian
II. The police are expected to do their duties unemployed youths need monetary support is
without stress and strain. solid reason for providing allowance to all
unemployed youths. However, assumption II
Answers with Explanation that government has sufficient funds does not
11. (D) None is implicit in the statements. The valid deduction. Hence, only assumption I is
statement only says that opening a library implicit.
would be wastage but it does not mention 12. (B) Since, the Chakka jam call was accepted
why ? Assumptions I and II are only guessess. by and large by the entire state. It means that
48 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
people are convinced about the reasons are similar, that is why the same solution has
behind the Chakka jam strike call. Hence, been recommended for their problems.
assumption I is implicit. However, it is not Secondly, it assumed in the context of the
necessary that people will support the main statement that monetary incentives have
opposition party in future without knowing universal appeal.
any strong and valid reason. 20. (A) The school requires more teachers. It is
13. (E) In the letter, specific instruction has been assumed in the context of statement that
given in writing to prevent chance of claim of teachers are available but it is not clear that
reimbursement of travelling expenses present staff of teachers of that school is not
Moreover, it can also be assumed that good. Therefore, only assumption I is
instruction has been given because expenses implicit.
are paid by other organisation. Therefore, 21. (A) It is assumed that detergents generally
both the assumptions are implicit. help to clear grease and dirts, that is why it
14. (B) It is not necessary that every company has has been recommended in the statement.
a lawyer. Hence, assumption I is not implicit. Hence, assumption I is implicit.
As it is advised in the statement that for any 22. (B) The statement is based on the assumption
difficulty about the case, consult companys that the lucrative offers of any organisation
lawyer. It is, therefore assumed that tempt the scientists to migrate abroad. Hence,
companys lawyer has been thoroughly assumption II is implicit.
briefed about the case. Therefore, assumption
23. (A) It has been assumed that the government
II is implicit.
is making efforts to boost the tourism in J&K
15. (D) The statement explains that an executive during last couple of years due to some
should be task oriented as well as people reasons. Therefore, assumption I is implicit.
oriented. It is based upon the assumptions
that some executives are task oriented while 24. (A) It is given in the statement that army
some are people-oriented. Therefore, none of should be deployed to rehabilitate people. It
the assumptions follows. means that army can be used for purposes
other than war. Hence, assumption I is
16. (A) It can be assumed that the person implict.
instructed is capable of reading the book.
However, we cannot say anything about the 25. (B) Nothing is said about volume of freight
other sources of information. Hence, the during the remaining period. So, assumption I
information I is implicit. is not implicit in the statement. Secondly, it is
given in the statement that fare has been
17. (B) We cannot say that Anthony is not from increased in view of the possibility of
the same city. However, it is assumed that incurring losses. Hence, assumption II is
unless invited, Anthony will not attend the implicit.
party as invitation has been emphasised in the
statement. Therefore, only assumption II is 26. (D) None of the assumption is implicit in the
implicit. statement.
18. (D) None of the assumptions is implicit 27. (A) The statement tells that the poor are in
because they are not related with the need of help from others which is a quality of
statement. being of a good human being. Assumption I is
implicit.
19. (E) It is clear that the reasons given for
workers dissatisfaction in both the companies 28. (D) None of the assumptions is implicit.
7 Passage
In such type of questions, a passage is given and in the third if step, we see if some key words
which is usually a part of report or an economic justify the given inference.
essay or any other similar thought-provoking topic Example of PassageThe immediate
or subject some inferences are given followed by challenge is on the food front. Shortfalls in
the passage. Generally, there are five inferences production have been allowed to affect supplies
the candidate is asked to decide whether the a and hence prices. The Government is planning to
given inference follows or not in the context of the focus on investment in irrigation and even revival
passage. of agricultural extension system what is probably
The pattern of the passage is given below : needed is a fresh dose of Green Revolution
strategy. It appears that the Green Revolution
DirectionsGiven below a passage followed
instruments to encourage farmers to invest are no
by five inferences based on it. The candidate has
longer effective. The Green Revolution strategy
to examine the passage carefully and then decide
was based on the state taking out the risk of
the validity of the each inference.
collapse in prices. Farmers were offered
Mark Answer remunerative prices and a guaranteed procurement
(A) if the inference is definitely true i.e., of their produce in case the open market could not
it properly follows from the statement of absorb it. Farmers could then borrow from banks,
facts given. acquire the Green Revolution Technology and
(B) if the inference is probably true though produce as much as they could. The pressure on
not definitely true in the light of the the food subsidy was manageable as long as there
facts given. was a food shortage. Prices in the open market
(C) if the data are inadequate i.e., from the then tended to be above the procurement prices.
facts given you cannot say whether the But with the food surpluses the situation has
inference is likely to be true or false. changed. The situation was unsustainable not
(D) if the inference is probably false though merely because of the magnitude of this subsidy.
not definitely false in the light of the It was also inefficient. It meant farmers were
facts given. being led to produce crops based just on the prices
(E) if the inference is definitely false i.e., it Government fixed and not in relation to any real
cannot possibly be drawn from the facts demand. In these circumstances, the Government
given or it contradicts the given facts. was reluctant to keep increasing procurement
prices at the pace that used to be the norm in
We can solve the passage in three steps
earlier years.
(i) Directly follows from the given passage. 1. The Government is planning to make crucial
(ii) Can be inferred from the given passage. changes in the Green Revolution strategies.
(iii) Can be inferred with the help of some 2. The Government is no longer in a position to
key words in the given passage. provide subsidy to farmers.
In the first step try the easy questions where 3. As the open market prices are lower, all the
an inference is more or less a restatement of some burden of procurement of crops in on the
thing which is already stated in the passage. In the Government.
second step we check if the inference can be 4. Demand is much higher than the quantity of
derived from the facts mentioned in the passage crops produced by the farmers.
50 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
5. The farmers tend to produce the crops as per and biotech manufacturers and their shareholders.
their convenience and not consonant with the However, companies and their investors may risk
demand. value destruction if they acquire rights to a drug
that suddenly poses unanticipated safety risks for
Answers with Explanation patients. Similarly, safety related compliance
1. (B) The statement is probably true though not violations committed by an acquired company
definitely true in the light of the facts given as could significantly impair the ultimate value of the
according to the passage. The Government is transaction and the reputation of the acquirer. The
planning to focus on investment in irrigation pace of deal making between pharma and biotech
and revival of agriculture extension which companies continued to accelerate in 2006,
is probably needed in green revolution increasing 17% to about $ 18 billion. Pharma
strategies. companies were typically the buyers, and the
2. (C) Nothing is said about it in the passage so premiums they paid increased substantially as
the data are inadequate. competition intensified, to secure access to novel
3. (A) The given statement is definitely true as it drugs and biologics. The stakes increase everyday
is given in the passage that the farmers were as competition pushes up prices and drives deal-
offered remunerative prices and a guaranteed making to earlier development stages with greater
procurement of their produce in case the open uncertainty and less time to complete thorough
market could not absorb it. due diligence
1. Acquisitions of biotech companies was
4. (E) The given statement is definitely true
preferred among pharmaceutical companies in
because it is mentioned in the passage that the
the recent past.
farmer were being led to produce crops based
just on the prices government fixed and not in 2. Biotech companies are not capable to acquire
relation to any real demand. pharmaceutical companies.
3. Pharmaceutical companies at times may incur
5. (A)
loss after acquisition of biotech companies.
Exercise 4. Safety related issues are prime concerns for
Directions(Q. 15) Below given a passage the pharmaceutical companies while negotiat-
followed by several possible inferences which can ing acquisitions of biotech companies.
be drawn from the facts stated in the passage. You 5. Stiff competitions among the prospective
have to examine each inference separately in the buyers have resulted into erosion of value of
context of the passage and decide upon its degree the biotech companies.
of truth or falsity.
Directions(Q. 610) Below is given a
Mark Answer passage followed by several possible inferences
(A) if the inference is definitely true, i.e., it which can be drawn from the facts stated in the
properly follows from the statement of passage. You have to examine each inference
facts given. separately in the context of the passage and decide
(B) if the inference is probably true though upon its degree of truth or falsity.
not definitely true in the light of the Mark Answer
facts given. (A) if the inference is definitely true, i.e., it
(C) if the data are inadequate, i.e., from the properly follows from the statement of
facts given you cannot say whether the facts given.
inference is likely to be true or false. (B) if the inference is probably true though
(D) if the inference is probably false, not definitely true in the light of the
though not definitely false in the light facts given.
of the facts given. (C) if the data are inadequate, i.e., from the
(E) if the inference is definitely false, i.e., it facts given you cannot say whether the
cannot possibly be drawn from the facts inference is likely to be true or false.
given or it contradicts the given facts. (D) if the inference is probably false,
Growth through acquisitions and alliances has though not definitely false in the light
become a critical part of creating value for pharma of the facts given.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 51
(E) If the inference is definitely false i.e., it (D) if the inference is probably false,
cannot possibly be drawn from the facts though not definitely false in the light
given or it contradicts the given facts. of the facts given.
The latest data to show that the overall power (E) if the inference is definitely false, i.e.,
situation has gotten worse, with the ratio for peak- it cannot possibly be drawn from the
load shortages now the highest in a decade. In facts given or it contradicts the given
absolute terms, the power deficit has hit record facts.
levels and seems almost certain to further The main benefit to the economy from an
deteriorate without real reforms on the ground. active stock market is the ready availability of risk
Even as aggregate technical and commercial capital for investment in equities through the
losses in the power system remain much high at primary market. For that risk capital be readily
over a third of total generation, pan-India capacity available. Investors need to have an easy exit
addition is now well below target. A shortage of route. A liquid secondary market provides an easy
equipment and skills is blamed for the marked exit route through the active involvement of
slow down in augmenting power capacity. But the buyers and sellers. It does not matter whether
dearth of resources can only be relative. In fact, these buyers and sellers have short or long term
the real bane of the sector is continuing revenue investment horizons. Liquidity in the market is
leakage in the state power utilities and enhanced by leveraged players who either borrow
unacceptably high aggregate technical and to play the market or achieve a similar result
commercial losses, much of it plain theft of through futures contracts whose economic value
electricity. Given the preponderance of state includes financing costs. Short sellers confer a
utilities in power supply, the fact that they remain similar benefit by borrowing stock or achieving
very much in red does affect investor comfort and the same result through futures contracts.
return funds flow.
11. Nature of activity of the longterm players in
6. Indian power generation is largely controlled
the secondary market has significant effect on
by private sector.
the health of stock market.
7. Reforms in power sector in India has not yet
attained its desired level. 12. Players in the primary market generally
borrow funds and earn money by quick
8. Indian power sector is yet to attain status
disposal in the secondary market.
comparable to developed countries.
9. Power theft is one of the major components of 13. Active secondary market provides liquidity to
revenue losses in power sector. the transactions in primary market.
10. Aggregate technical and commercial loss is 14. Passive stock market enhances availability of
much less than thirty per cent of the total capital.
power generation. 15. Only short term buyers or sellers provide
Directions(Q. 1115) Below is given a effective exit route to the primary market.
passage followed by several possible inferences Answers with Explanation
which can be drawn from the facts stated in the
passage. You have to examine each inference 1. (A) The inference is definitely true because
separately in the context of the passage and decide according to the given passage The pace of
upon its degree of truth of falsity. deal making between pharma and biotech in
Now, mark your answer as 2006 is increasing accelerately.
(A) if the inference is definitely true i.e., it 2. (C) According to the passage Pharma com-
properly follows from the statement of panies were typically the buyers out it is not
facts given. necessary that Biotech companies are not
(B) if the inference is probably true capable to acquire pharmaceutical companies.
though not definitely true in the light of Hence, data is inadequate.
the facts given. 3. (A) The inference is definitely true as it is
(C) if the data are inadequate, i.e., from clearly mentioned in the passage. However,
the facts given you cannot say whether companies and their investor may risk value
the inference is likely to be true or false. destruction if they acquire rights to a drug
52 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
thatsuddenly poses unanticipated safety risks 10. (E) Given in the passage aggregate technical
for patients. and commercial losses in the power system
4. (B) remain much high at over a third of total
5. (E) The inference is definitely false as it is generation and the inference contradicts the
given in the passage that competition pushes given facts. Hence, definitely false.
up prices. 11. (B) Because the role of long term players has
6. (C) In this passage, nothing is mentioned significant effect on the health of stock
regarding Indian power generation. Hence, market and this inference can be probably
data are inadequate. true. We can only infer in the light of the facts
7. (B) As the whole passage narrates for the given.
power situation, it can be inferred that 12. (C) No data are given in the passage.
reforms in power sector in India has not yet 13. (D)
attained its desired level. Hence, the inference 14. (A)
is probably true.
15. (E) It contradicts the statement in the passage.
8. (C) The statement says that a liquid secondary
9. (A) Given in the passage much of it plain market provides an easy exit route through
theft of electricity. Hence, definitely true. the active involvement of buyers and sellers.
8 Statement and Course of Action
In many of the competitive examinations this II. The banks should advise their customers
type of questions has become a regular feature. In to be more careful in dealing with the
such type of questions, a situation is presented and plastic money.
some courses of action are suggested in the SolutionThe course of action I follows
context of the situation. because according to the statement, an increased
To solve this type of questions, students are number of credit/debit and forgery have been
advised to keep in mind various points. recorded recently. Hence, the banks should
(A) Correct course of action should either make stricter verification to ensure the access
lessen the problem or improve the to credit/debit by the authorised person.
situation created by the problem. Simultaneously the banks should advise their
(B) Course of action should be feasible and customers to be more careful in dealing with the
should relate with the practical aspect of plastic money. Hence, both I and II courses of
life. action follow. Therefore, our answer is (E).
(C) Decide quickly whether the problem Example 2.
involves a problem solution relationship StatementDrinking and rave parties have
or a fact improvement relationship. become fashion among the present college
(D) Simple problem must have simple course youth which divert from their studies.
of action and not a complex one which Courses of Action
may create more problem than to solve I. The State Government should make it a
or reduce it. rule to disallow the students from entering
DirectionIn each question below is given a Pubs and Bars.
statement followed by two courses of action II. The parents as well as the colleges should
numbered I and II. The candidates is required to impose strict discipline among the college
grasp the statement analyse the problem and then going youth.
decide which of courses of action logically follow.
SolutionIn order to stop the present college
Give Answer
youth from drinking and attending the rave parties
(A) if only I follows. the State Government, the parents as well as the
(B) if only II follows. college should impose strict discipline among
(C) if either I or II follows. them. Hence, I and II both follow. Therefore, our
(D) if neither I nor II follows. answer is (E).
(E) if both I and II follow. Example 3.
Example 1. StatementIncreasing competition on
StatementAn increased number of credit/ various fronts is putting children and youth
debit card forgery cases have been recorded under tremendous pressure leading them to
recently. take extremely drastic steps.
Courses of Action Courses of Action
I. The banks should make stricter verifica- I. Children and youth alongwith their
tion to ensure the access to credit/debit parents should be counselled for facing
card by the authorized person. the competition in right spirit.
54 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
II. Parents and teachers should be advised 3. StatementPeople in the locality were
not to bring pressure on children. agitated as more than thirty people died in a
building collapse.
SolutionIncreasing competition on various
fronts is putting children and youth under Courses of Action
tremendous pressure leading them to take I. Government should immediately
extremely drastic steps. In order to avoid, children announce compensations for the affected
alongwith their parents should be counselled for families.
facing the competition in right spirit. Hence, I II. Authorities should take a stringent action
action follows II is not proper. Therefore, our against builders tending to compromise
answer is (A). over quality of material used.
4. StatementWith the onset of monsoon all
Exercise the hospitals are getting increased number of
Directions(Q. 15) In each question below patients due to various epidemics.
is given a statement followed by two courses of Courses of Action
action numbered I and II. A course of action is a I. Civic authorities should educate the
step or administrative decision to be taken for public the need for observing minimum
improvement, follow-up or further action in required hygiene.
regard to the problem, policy, etc. On the basis of II. Civic authorities should make arrange-
the information given in the statement, you have ments to equip the hospitals with
to assume everything in the statement to be true, required medicines and other facilities.
then decide which of the suggested courses of 5. StatementMore number of students
action logically follow(s) for pursuing. passing SSC examination has resulted into
Give Answer frustration among children for not getting
(A) if only I follows. admissions into colleges of their choice.
(B) if only II follows. Courses of Action
(C) if either I or II follows. I. Government should permit the colleges
to increase the number of seats.
(D) if neither I nor II follows.
II. Children and their parents should be
(E) if both I and II follow. counselled for being flexible on the
1. StatementMisuse of subsidies offered to choice of college.
the farmers was observed and brought to the Directions(Q. 610) In each questions
notice of the concerned authorities. below is given a statement followed by two
Courses of Action courses of action numbered I and II. A course of
I. Government should issue orders to the action is a step or administrative decision to be
concerned officials to be stricter and taken for improvement, follow-up or further
more careful while verifying the required action in regard to the problem, policy, etc. On the
documents while granting subsidy. basis of the information given in the statement,
you have to assume everything in the statement to
II. Government should take stringent action be true, then decide which of the suggested
against those making false claim of courses of action logically follow(s) for pursuing.
subsidy. Give Answer
2. StatementExpensive clothes and accesso- (A) if only I follows.
ries are becoming a growing need among (B) if only II follows.
college going teenage children of middle-
(C) if either I or II follows.
income group.
(D) if neither I nor II follows.
Courses of Action (E) if both I and II follow.
I. Colleges should introduce a dress code. 6. StatementThe local college principal has
II. Children should be counseled empha- ordered that all the students must strictly
sizing the importance of many other adhere to the dress code stipulated by the
things. college authority in the admission brochure.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 55
enquiry, it is possible to give the peace to the 22. (E) Both I and II follow. If the Government
mob. If the policeforce is used to disturb the make some employment plans for the people
mob, in such a position the mob may be more below the poverty line then their poverty can
infuriated of which result will not be good. be removed. If the people in the high income
19. (C) Either course of action I or II follows. If group, help with money volunteerly to plans
the cost are to be increased in the domestic made by Government, it be helpful in the
retail market, then it is not good to provide development of the poor.
subsidy to the oil marketing companies and if 23. (E) Both the actions follow. By strict control
the subsidy is to be provided to the marketing on immigrants, we should focus and observe
companies then the price should be remain each and every immigrant across the State.
constant in the retail market. Commuters should not be allowed to carry
baggage in shared public transport, because it
20. (A) The course of action I follows, because is be possible that they carry some bombastic
when the students were caught red handed things.
while using unfair means in the examinations 24. (E) Both I and II follow. The I.Q. of all
i.e., the students are in blame. Keeping the students are different. Hence, parents and
education level in view they should be teachers should not pressure on children for
punished by an education means, so that all high achievement otherwise the students
other students will change their mind not to commit suicide due to fear of failure. Besides
do so. The second course of action is not so school authorities should appoint counsellers
proper. for regular counselling of students.
21. (A) Only (I) follows because Road 25. (A) Only I follows. If the verification of
Development authorities are made by the identity of the concerning man is done
State Government to take care regular up- correctly then false claims can be ruled out. II
keeping of the roads. But II does not follow does not follow because there is no use to
because it is not possible to use public deploy more number of officials to handle the
transport to go everywhere. situation.
9 Decision Making
This chapter deals with questions in which (a) At (II) above but has secured at least 50
you have to decide upon the course of action to be per cent marks in post graduation and at
taken upon a candidate who has applied for a least 65 per cent marks in the selection
vacancy or allotment or membership to an process, the case is to be referred to
institution. It is an indispensable process in ones Executive Director.
personal and official life. A decision is the final (b) At (III) above but has at least twelve
outcome of the process of evaluating and years post qualification work experience
analysing the given data. Systematic analysis of out of which at least eight years as
facts and figures reduces the chances of Senior Manager-HR in an organization,
inaccuracy and ensures speedy decision-making. the case is to be referred to Chairman.
Students are required to match personal data of a In each question below details of one
candidate with the conditions given to select candidate are given. You have to take one of the
him/her to the job or admission. The decision courses of action based on the information
about each candidate has to be made from provided and the conditions and sub-conditions
amongst the five choices named (a), (b), (c), (d) given above and mark the number of that course
(e) which state the cources of action to be taken as of action as your answer. You are not to assume
per the candidates potentials. anything other than the information provided in
Example each question. All these cases are given to you as
Directions(Q. 110) Study the following on 1.5.2010.
information carefully and answer the questions Mark Answer
given below (A) If the candidate is to be selected
Following are the conditions for selecting (B) If the candidate is not to be selected
Assistant General Manager-HR in an organization. (C) If the data provided are not adequate to
The candidate must take a decision
I. Be at least 40 years and not more than 50 (D) If the case is to be referred to Executive
years old as on 1.5.2010. Director
II. Be post graduate in Personnel Manage- (E) If the case is to be referred to Chairman.
ment/HR with at least 60 per cent marks.
1. Pranab Ghosh was born on 8th March 1968.
III. Have post qualification work experience He has been working for the past eighteen
of at least fifteen years out of which at years in an organization out of which last
least five years as Senior Manager-HR in seven years as Senior Manager-HR after
an organization. completing his post graduation in HR with 68
IV. Have successfully implemented HR per cent marks. He had successfully
system in his/her organization some time implemented HR System last year in his
during the past three years. organization. He has secured 50 per cent
V. Have secured at least 45 per cent marks marks in the selection process.
in the selection process. 2. Sheetal Jha has been working in an organi-
In the case of a candidate who satisfies all the zation for the past twenty years out of which
conditions except at ten years as Senior Manager-HR after
60 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
completing her post-graduation in Personnel per cent marks. He has secured 60 per cent
Management with 70 per cent marks. She was marks in the selection process. He was born
born on 2nd December 1965. She has secured on August 16, 1965. He has successfully
45 per cent marks in the selection process. implemented HR-System in his organization
3. Prabir Sengupta was born on 8th May 1963. in past three years.
He has secured 65 per cent marks in the 9. Suneeta Govil was born on April 5, 1964. She
selection process. He has been working for has been working for the past seventeen years
the past fifteen years in an organization out of out of which nine years as Senior Manager-
which twelve years as Senior Manager-HR HR in an organization . She has secured 48
after completing his post graduation in HR per cent marks in the selection process. She
with 55 per cent marks. He has successfully has also secured 69 per cent marks in post
implemented HR system in his organization graduation in Personnel Management. She
during the last two years. has successfully implemented HR-System in
4. Shailesh Kumar has been working in an her organization last year.
organization for the past thirteen years out of 10. Mohit Saxena was born on July 27, 1963. He
which nine years as Senior Manager-HR after has been working for the past thirteen years
completing his Post graduation in HR with 68 out of which nine years as Senior Manager-
per cent marks. He was born on September HR after completing his post graduation in
15, 1968. He has secured 48 per cent marks in HR with 67 per cent marks. He has secured
the selection process. He has successfully 49 per cent marks in the Selection process. He
implemented HR-System in his organization has successfully implemented HR-System in
two years back. his organization during the past three years.
5. Navin Chopra was born on 12 June, 1967. He
has been working for the past sixteen years Answers with Explanation
out of which seven years as Senior Manager- 1. (A) Pranab Ghosh fulfils all the conditions so
HR after completing his post graduation in he is to be selected.
Personnel Management with 75 per cent 2. (C) Nothing is said for Sheetal Jha about the
marks. He has secured 44 per cent marks in condition IV. So the data provided are not
the selection process. He has successfully adequate to take a decision.
implemented HR-System in his organization 3. (D) Prabir Sengupta does not satisfy the
last year. condition II but he fulfils the condition (a).
6. Meera Kulkarni has been working for the past So his case is t o be referred to Executive
seventeen years out of which eight years as Director.
Senior Manager-HR after completing her post 4. (E) Shailesh Kumar does not satisfy the
graduation in Personnel Management with 66 condition III but he fulfils the condition (b).
per cent marks. She has successfully So his case is to be referred to Chairman.
implemented HR-System in her organization 5. (B) Navin Chopra does not satisfy the
during the last two years. She has secured 49 condition V. Hence he is not to be selected.
per cent marks in the selection process. She
was born on December 14, 1971. 6. (B) Meera Kulkarni is younger than 40 years.
Hence she is not to be selected.
7. Akash Shastri was born on April 12, 1967. He
has been working for the past sixteen years 7. (D) Akash Shastri does not satisfy the
out of which six years as Senior Manager-HR condition II but he fulfils the condition (a). So
in an organization after completing his post his case is to be referred to Executive
graduation in HR with 58 per cent marks. He Director.
has successfully implemented HR-System in 8. (A) Shekhar Jena fulfils all the conditions so
his organization last year. He has secured 65 he is to be selected.
per cent marks in the selection process. 9. (A) Suneeta Govil fulfills all the conditions so
8. Shekhar Jena has been working for the past she is to be selected.
fifteen years out of which last seven years as 10. (E) Mohit Saxena does not satisfy the condi-
Senior Manager-HR in an organization after tion III but he fulfils the condition (b). So his
completing his post graduation in HR with 68 case is to be referred to Chairman.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 61
(ii) clear the selection test with atleast 50% marks in the selection test and 52% marks in
marks. interview. He is willing to work in rural area.
(iii) secure atleast 45% marks in the 22. Nikhil, a young boy of 22 years has just
interview. passed B.Sc. Agriculture with 78% marks. He
(iv) be born on or after 1.11.1975 but not is a resident of a village in rural area of
after 1.11.1984.
Maharashtra state and would like to live in
(v) be willing to work in rural area.
rural area in future as well. He cleared the
If the candidate satisfies all of the above
selection test with 66% marks and the
mentioned conditions except
interview with 58% marks.
(a) at (i) above but has passed post 23. Raj Barua is working as an Agriculture
graduation in Agriculture, the case may Officer for past three years after completing
be referred to the Vice-President. B.Sc. Agriculture with 62% marks at the age
(b) at (iii) above but has secured 60% or of 23 years. He has cleared the selection test
more marks in selection test and has with 48% marks and interview with 47%
secured at least 40% marks in interview, marks. He is willing to work in rural area.
the case may be referred to the Chief 24. Avinash is 24 years of age and has passed
General Manager. graduation and post graduation in Agriculture
In each question below, detailed information with 67% and 69% marks respectively. He
of one candidate is provided. You have to read the has secured 70% marks in the selection test
information provided carefully and decide which and 42% marks in interview.
of the following courses of actions you will adopt 25. Ramesh is an Agri Graduate with 60% marks
as regarding status of the candidate based on the and has just completed post-graduation in
conditions stated above. You are not to assume Agriculture with 56% marks. He has secured
anything other than the information provided in with 62% and 58% marks in the selection test
each question. All these case are given as on and interview. His date of birth is 26.4.1982.
1.11.2005. Study the information of candidate in He has no problem in working in urban or
each question and decide the course of action. rural area.
Give Answer 26. Rajesh is an Agriculture graduate with 75%
(A) if the candidate is to be selected. marks passed out in 1996 at the age of 22
(B) if the case is to be referred to the Vice- years. Thereafter, he is working for last 7
years as Agriculture Assistant. He has secured
President. more than 55% marks in selection test as well
(C) if the case is to be referred to the Chief as interview. He prefers to work in rural area.
General Manager. Directions(Q. 2736) Following are the
(D) if the candidate is not to be selected. criteria laid down for the selection of Jr.
(E) if the information in the question is not Executives in an Organisation.
adequate to take the deicsion. The candidate must
19. Sahil has passed B.Sc. Agriculture in 2003 at (i) have scored atleast 70% marks in SSC
the age of 21 years with 68% marks. He is examination.
doing post-graduation in Agriculture and will (ii) have obtained graduation degree in any
complete in May 2006. He has secured 58% discipline with atleast 65% marks and
marks in selection test and has secured 50% first class.
marks in the interview. He is willing to work (iii) have cleared the selection test with at
in rural area. least 55% marks.
(iv) have cleared the interview with atleast
20. Milind is an Agriculture Graduate with 70% 50% marks.
marks. His date of birth is 11.7.1984. He (v) be not less than 21 years of age and not
scored 68% marks in the selection test and more than 28 years of age as on
42%, marks in the interview. He is willing to 1.9.2008.
work in rural area. (vi) have completed atleast a certificate /
21. Pravin is a post-graduate in Agriculture with diploma course in Computers.
58% marks. He is working for last 2 years However, if a candidate statisfies all the
after completing post-graduation at the age of above mentioned criteria except
25 years. He had scored 56% marks at (a) at (ii) above, but has completed post-
graduation in Agriculture. He secured 60% graduation in any discipline; the case
64 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
may be referred to the Vice-President of interview with 61% marks. He has compe-
the company. leted 23 years of age on 21.2.2008.
(b) at (iii) above, but has secured atleast 31. Ankita is a Commerce Graduate passed in
50% marks in the selection test and first class with 68% marks. She has completed
atleast 60% marks in the interview, the a two years diploma course in Computers after
case may be referred to the General graduation. Her SSC score was 85%. She has
Manager (Recruitment) of the company. cleared the selection test with 64% marks and
In each of the questions below, information of interview with 58% marks. Her date of birth
one candidate is given. You have to take one of is 27.8.1985.
the following five decisions based on the informa- 32. Manisha has scored 73% marks in SSC and
tion provided and the criteria and conditions given 62% marks in graduation. After graduation
above. You are not to assume anything other than she is working in a private firm. She has
the information provided in each question. All cleared the selection test with 58% marks and
these cases are given to you as on 1.09.2008. You interview with 62% marks. Her date of birth
have to indicate your decision by marking answers is 11.5.1983. She has completed a certificate
to each question as follows. course in Computers.
Mark Answer 33. Nikita is a graduate in Engineering passed in
(A) if the candidate is to be selected. first class wtih 72% marks. She has cleared
(B) if the candidate is not to be selected. the selection test and interview with 63% and
(C) if the data are inadequate to take a 65% marks respectively. She has done one
decision. year diploma course in Computers. Her date
(D) if the case is to be referred to the Vice of birth is 16.7.1984.
President of the company. 34. Jyotika Basu is B.Sc. passed out in 2004 in
(E) if the case is to be referred to the General first class with 68% marks. She scored 67%
Manager (Recruitment) of the company. marks in SSC. She is pursuing M.Sc. at
27. Shamika is a Science Graduate passed in first present. She has cleared the selection test and
class with 69% marks. She had passed SSC interview with 56% and 53% marks
exam securing 83% marks. She has cleared respectively. She has completed a certificate
the selection test with 53% marks and course in Computers. Her date of birth is
interview with 63% marks. Her date of birth 15.5.1985.
is 1.8.1983. She has completed a six months 35. Nandan Savla is a B.Com. passed in first
certificate course in computers. class with 66% marks. He had secured 75%
28. Vivek is presently pursuing post-graduation marks in HSC. He has completed 25 years of
in Economics. He has passed graduation in age of July 25, 2008. He has cleared the
first class with 72% marks. He had scored selection test and interview each with 56%
78% marks in SSC. His date of birth is marks. He has completed one year certificate
21.8.1985. He has secured 58% marks in the course in Computers in grade A.
selection test and 62% marks in interview. He 36. Rajesh Chavan is an Arts Graduate passed in
has passed a 6 months diploma course in first class with 61% marks. He has also
Computers. completed M.A. in English with 62% marks.
29. Abhijit is a graduate with 60% marks and a His SSC score was 78%. He has cleared the
post-graduate with 65% marks. He has selection test with 56% and interview with
completed one year diploma course in 54% marks. His date of birth is 25.3.1984. He
Computers. He had scored 85% marks in has completed a diploma course in Computers.
SSC. He has cleared the selection test and Answers with Explanation
interview with 58% and 56% marks 1. (D) Ms. Suneeta fulfils all the conditions.
respectively. His date of birth is 17.5.1986. Hence, she is to be selected.
30. Sujay Chaudhary has passed SSC with 2. (A) Rakesh Rao fulfils all the conditions
distinction and 81% marks and B. Com. in except (iv) but he has been working as a
first class with 68% marks. He has completed software manager for the last 6 years so
a certificate course in Computers. He has according to (b) his case is to be referred to
cleared the selection test with 51% marks and V.P.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 65
3. (A) Ram Kumar fulfils all the conditions within two months. Therefore, his case is to
except (iv) but he has been working as a be referred to the Vice-Principal.
software manager for the last 6 years so 19. (A) Sahil satisfies all the conditions, hence he
according to (b) his case is to be referred to is to be selected.
V.P. 20. (C) Milind does not satisfy the condition (iii).
4. (C) Since the marks obtained by Nishant in But according to (b) his case is to referred to
graduation are not given. So, the data are not the Chief-General Manager.
sufficient to take a decision. 21. (B) Pravin does not satisfy the condition (i)
5. (E) Kalyani is a Telecommunication Engineer. but according to (a) his case is to be referred
Hence, she is not to be selected. to the Vice-President.
6. (C) The marks of graduation are not given. 22. (A) Nikhil satisfies all the conditions so he is
So, data are inadequate to take the decision. to be selected.
7. (D) Abhijit fulfils all the conditions. Hence, 23. (D) Raj Barua does not satisfy the conditions
he is to be selected. (i) and (ii). So, he is not to be selected.
8. (D) Girdhar fulfils all the conditions. Hence, 24. (E) Information in the question is not
he is to be selected. adequate to take decision.
9. (E) Nikita does not fulfil the condition V. 25. (B) Ramesh does not satisfy the condition (i)
Hence, she is not to be selected. but according to (a) his case is to be referred
10. (D) Mr. Rajan does not fulfil the condition (i) to the Vice-President.
But he passed the Electronics Engineering 26. (D) Rajesh does not satisfy the condition (iv)
more than 65%. Hence, according to (a) his so he is not to be selected.
case is to be referred to G.M. 27. (E) Shamika does not fulfil the condition (iii).
11. (A) Anirban Mandal satisfies all the Hence, according to (b) her case is to referred
conditions except (V). But he can pay 60% of to the General Manager (Recruitment officer
the annual fee, but he will he pay the rest is of the company).
unknown. Therefore, the given data are not 28. (A) Vivek fulfils all the conditions. So he is
sufficient to take a decision. to be selected.
12. (C) Arvind Gogoi does not satisfy the 29. (D) Abhijit does not fulfil the condition (ii)
condition (iii), but he has secured 75 per cent but he has completed post-graduation. Hence,
marks in XII Std. final examination. his case will be referred to the Vice President.
Therefore, his case is to be referred to the 30. (E) Sujay Chaudhary does not fulfil the
principal. condition (iii). But he has secured more than
13. (B) Malini Sawant satisfies all of the given 50% marks in selection and more than 60% in
conditions. Therefore, she is to be admitted. interview. So, his case is to be referred to the
14. (E) Shikha Gupta does not fulfil the condition General Manager.
(v), but she can pay 60 per cent of the annual 31. (A) Ankita fulfils all the conditions. So, she is
fee and she can also pay the rest fee within six to be selected.
months. Therefore, her case should be 32. (B) Manisha does not fulfil the condition (ii)
referred to the Vice-Principal. and she has not completed Post-graduation.
15. (A) Samir Malhotra has not shown the marks Hence, she is not to be selected.
of XII Std. final examination. Therefore, the 33. (C) Nothing is said about Nikitas S.S.C.
provided data are not adequate to take a Hence, the data is inadequate to take a
decision. decision.
16. (B) Joseph DSilva satisfies all the given 34. (B) Jyotika Basu does not fulfil the condition
conditions. Therefore, he is to be admitted. (i). She is not to be selected.
17. (D) The age of Sudha Ghosal is less than 35. (C) Nothing is said about S.S.C. of Nandan
required age. Therefore, she is not to be Savla. Hence, the data is adequate to take a
admitted. decision.
18. (E) Mohan Awasthi satisfies all the conditions 36. (D) Rajesh Chavan does not fulfil the
except (v) and he can pay more than 60 per condition (ii). But he has completed post-
cent of annual fee at the time of admission graduation. So, his case is to be referred to the
and he can pay the rest amount of annual fee Vice President.
10 Cause and Effect
This types of question are frequently asked (E) If both the statements I and II are effects
these days usually. In such type of questions the of some common cause.
candidates are asked to determine whether a given 1. I. This year, the cut off percentage for
event is the cause or the effect of some other admission to junior colleges have
event. These questions are to ascertain the increased over the last year.
analytical and logical reasoning ability of the II. This year performance of students in Xth
aspirants. final exam was considerably higher than
Relation between cause and effectEvery that of the previous year.
event hapens because it has a cause behind it. This 2. I. The conditions of most of the national
cause is the condition under which any event highways are very bad.
happens. II. Govt. has now sanctioned a huge amount
In our day to day life we may come across of money to maintain the national
many situations which are more subjective and highways.
require an initiative skill. It is not necessary all the
time can a cause be so scientifically accurate and 3. I. Many students of the local school have
precise. Thus, we can say that a necessary failed in English Language paper in the
condition for the occurrence of a specific event is annual examination.
a circumstance in whose absence for event can not II. Many students of the local school have
occur or a necessary candition for occurrence of a failed in Mathematics paper in the annual
specific event is a circumstance in whose presence examination.
the event must occur. 4. I. Rain and thunder showers bashed the
city during the past three days.
Example
II. Many people stayed indoor during the
Directions(Q. 15) Below in each question past three days.
is given two statements I and II. These statements 5. I. There has been a considerable increase in
may be either independent causes or may be the sale of fat free food articles.
effects of independent causes or a common cause.
One of these statements may be the effect of the II. Now, people have become more
other statement. Read both the statements and conscious about their health condition
decide which of the following answer choices and food habits.
correctly depicts the relationship between these Answers with Explanation
two statements. 1. (D) Both the statements are effects of
Mark Answer independent causes they do not have any
(A) If statement I is the cause and statement relation between them.
II is its effect. 2. (A) In the I statement, the cause is given and
(B) If statement II is the cause and statement in II statement, the effect it is given.
I is effect. 3. (E) There may be a common cause for both
(C) If both the statements I and II are the statements.
independent causes. 4. (A) II is effect of the I statement. It is only
(D) If both the statements I and II are effects reason that many people stayed indoor during
of independent causes. the past three days.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 67
(B) The Govt. has increased its tax for peak 2. (D) Both the statements (A) and (B) are
time flights. effects of some independent causes because
(C) The aircrafts are routinely put on hold the shops and offices in the locality were
over the airports while landing during closed due to other causes.
peak time causing extra fuel consump- 3. (E) Both the statements (A) and (B) are
tion. effects of some common causes because the
(D) The airlines companies can now charge urge of government for the enroll and the
unlimited additional charge for peak time decision to increase tuition fee, together are
flights. the effects of common causes.
(E) None of these 4. (B) Statement (B) is cause and statement (A)
4. CauseThe cement manufacturing com- is its effects because on account of snapping
panies have increased the price of cement by of overhead electrical wire there was a result
about fifteen per cent with immediate effect. of disruption of train services.
Which of the following is/are possible 5. (C) These both statements are independent
effects(s) of the above cause ? causes.
(1) Govt. will direct the cement manufac- 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (D) 9. (E) 10. (B)
turing companies to reduce the price 11. (D) Both the statement I and II are effects of
increase to five per cent. independent causes. Because spreading
(2) The prices of residential flats and malaria or to be suffering from malaria may
commercial companies will see an because mosquitoes and dirtiness. But the
upward trend. decision of private medical practitioners to
(3) The construction companies may stop all close the clinics may be other causes.
on going construction projects with 12. (B) Because due to hike of taxes last year the
immediate effect. State Government has announced special tax
(A) Only (2) (B) Only (1) package for the new industries to be set up in
(C) Only (3) (D) Only (2) and (3) the state.
(E) None of these 13. (B) The transportation get effect due to the
5. EffectThere has been unprecedented flood created by incessant rains in the most
increase in the number of institutions training rural part of the state, therefore, on account of
spoken phonetic English in all the major cities this, it is possible to increase the vegetable
of India during the last few years. prices in the local market.
Which of the following can be a probable 14. (A) Statement I is the cause and statement II
cause of the above effect ? is its effect.
(A) Many parents want their children to 15. (B)
speak fluent English. Answers with Explanation
(B) Various activities being outsourced to Type II
India by many European and North
American countries. 1. (C) Only III follows. After finding the cause
(C) English is no longer being taught in the of the sickness, necessary action should be
schools and colleges in India. taken.
(D) India has highest number of English 2. (E) To improve the standard in English
speaking educated youth compared to Language, all the courses of action are
any other country. necessary.
(E) None of these 3. (D) In order to save the people from getting
drowned all the courses of action are
Answers with Explanation necessary.
Type I 4. (A) Such institutes should immediately be
1. (B) Statement (B) is the cause and statement derecognised by the university. Hence, I
(A) is its effect because the people course of action follows.
participated in the dinner on account of the 5. (B) Only II follows because providing relief
invitation. supplies to the affected areas is necessary.
11 Data Sufficiency
In this type of a question followed by two or 1. Among M, N, T, Q and D, who is the
more information is given. Questions are designed youngest ?
to test candidates ability to relate given I. T and D are younger than M.
information with that of required one based on the II. Q is older than T, but younger than D
question asked. The questions consist of any topic and N.
such Coding-Decoding, Puzzle Test, Blood 2. How is steel written in a code language ?
Relations, Mathematical calculation etc. The I. steel container more costly is written as
candidates is required to find out which of the ho na pa da in that code language.
given statements is/are sufficient to answer the II. buy more steel vessels is written as na
given question. Sometimes single information ka ta da in that code language.
is sufficient to answer the question though
3. How many sons does K have ?
other information may also include relevant
information. In such case that triangle information I. M and T are brothers of D.
is our answer. Sometimes single information is not II. D is the only daughter of N and K.
sufficient to answer the question a combination of 4. How is M related to P ?
information, which can help to answer the I. Ms sister is married to R.
question, will be one answer. II. Rs brother is married to Ps sister.
Example 5. Who among Naveen, Mohan, Prakash and
Directions(Q. 15) Each of the questions Kishore reached office first ?
below consists of a question and two statements I. Mohan reached office before Naveen and
numbered I and II given below it. You have to Kishore, but was not the first to each
decide whether the data provided in the statements office.
are sufficient to answer the question. Read both II. Kishore reached office after Mohan, but
the statements and give the answer before Naveen.
(A) If the data in statement I alone are sufficient Answers with Explanation
to answer the question, while the data in
1. (C) According to the question,
statement II alone are not sufficient to answer
From statement I.
the question.
M > T/D (i)
(B) If the data in statement II alone are sufficient and from statement II
to answer the question, while the data in
D/N > Q> T (ii)
statement I alone are not sufficient to answer
the question. Data given in both the staements
(C) If the data either in statement I alone or in I and II together are not sufficient to answer
statement II alone are sufficient to answer the the question.
question. 2. (D) According to the question,
(D) If the data given in both the statements I and From statement I.
II together are not sufficient to answer the steel container more costly ho na pa da.
question, and From II.
(E) If the data in both the statements I and II Buy more steel vessels na ka ta da.
together are necessary to answer the From both I and II.
question. steel more na da
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 71
Therefore, data in both the statement I and II (C) If the data either in statement I alone or in
together are not sufficient to answer the statement II alone is sufficient to answer the
question. question.
(D) If the data in both the statement I and II
3. (E) According to question, together are not sufficient to answer the
rother T question.
Brother M B (E) If the data in both the statements I and II
D
together are necessary to answer the
ter
Da
gh
question.
ug
u
ht e
Da
1. How is M related to F ?
r
K N Statements
Husband I. F is sister of N who is mother of R.
Wife II. M has brothers of which son is R.
K has two sons M and T. Therefore, to 2. On which date in March was Pravins fathers
answer the question data given in both the birthday ?
statements I and II together are necessary. Statements
4. (E) According to the question, I. Pravin correctly remembers that his
Husband fathers birthday is after 14th but before
Sister RB 19th March.
M ro
th II. Pravins sister correctly remembers that
er
their fathers birthday is after 17th but
before 21st March.
d 3. Among M, N, T, R and D each having
P ban
Sister Hus different age who is the yongest ?
Statements
Therefore, M is the brother of P, Hence, I. N is younger than only D among them.
data in both the statements, I and II are II. T is older than R and younger than M.
necessary to answer the question. 4. Village D is which direction of village H ?
5. (A) According to the question, Statements
From statement I. I. Village H is to the South of village A
which is to the South-East of village D.
Prakash > Mohan > Naveen > Kishore
II. Village M is to the East of village D and
Therefore, data in statement I alone are to the North-East of village H.
sufficient to answer the question.
5. How is food written in a code language ?
While the data in statement II alone are not
Statements
sufficient to answer the question.
I. Always eat good food is written as ha
Exercise na pa ta in that code language.
Directions(Q. 12) In the following II. Enjoy eating good food is written as ni
questions each of the questions below consists of a ha ja pa in that code language.
question and two statements numbered I and II 6. F is in which direction with respect to M ?
given below it. You have to decide whether the Statements
data provided in the statements are sufficient to I. F is to the West of Q which is to the
answer the question. Read both the statements and West of M.
give answer II. M is to the East of Q, F, M and Q are on
(A) If the data in statement I alone is sufficient to the straight line.
answer the question, while the data in 7. What is Samirs rank from the top in the class
statement II alone is not sufficient to answer of 30 students ?
the question. Statements
(B) If the data in statement II alone is sufficient I. Sudhir, who is four ranks above Samir, is
to answer the question, while the data in fifteenth in rank from the bottom.
statement I alone is not sufficient to answer II. Samir is three ranks below Neeta who is
the question. eighteenth from the bottom.
72 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
8. In the code language what is the code for II. come home later is written as pa ta ho
fat ? in that code language.
Statements 17. What is Samirs rank from the top in class of
I. In the code language she is fat is 40 students ?
written as he ra ca. Statements
II. In the same code language fat boy is I. Nikhil who is five ranks below Samir is
written as ra ka. tenth from the bottom.
9. How many children are there in the group ? II. Suresh who is six ranks above Samir is
Statements twentieth from the top.
I. Sangita has scored more marks than 12 18. Who among P, Q, R, T and W is the oldest ?
children in the group. Statements
II. Reena has scored less than Sangita. I. R and T are older than P and W.
10. Who among L, N, F, G and Q was the first to II. Q is older than P but younger than R.
reach the college ? 19. What is Ts position with respect to W when
Statements T, W, R, J and M are sitting around a circle
facing at the center ?
I. F reached before L and G but not before
Q who was not the first to reach. Statements
I. R is second to the left of M and second
II. N reached before F and G and L reached
to the right of W.
after F.
II. J is not an immediate neighbour of M.
11. How is Nikhil related to Rama ?
20. How is come written in a code language ?
Statements
Statements
I. Nikhil is the only grandson of Ramas I. come and go is written as pit ka ja in
father-in-law. that code language.
II. Rama has no siblings. II. go and tell is written as ja ma ka in
12. What is the value of 36$48? that code language.
Statements 21. How is P related to N ?
I. P$Q means divide P by Q. Statements
II. AB means multiply A by B. I. Ps mother is sister of Ns father.
13. On which day of the week was Joseph born ? II. Ns uncle is grandfather of Ps brother.
Statements 22. On which day of the week did Mohan visit
I. Josephs birthday was one day after his Bangalore ?
sisters birthday. Statements
II. Joseph was born on the third day of the I. Mohan took leave on Wednesday.
week. II. Mohan visited his brother on Friday the
14. M, P, D, K and R are sitting around a circle previous day of his visit to Bangalore.
facing at the centre. Who is to the immediate 23. What is the code for health in that code
right of P ? language.
Statements Statements
I. D is sitting between M and R. I. In the code language go for walk is
II. K is not to the immediate left of R. written as he ta ja.
15. How is D related to M ? II. In the same code language morning
Statements walk improves health is written as pa ra
I. D has two sisters K and N. ta ko.
II. Ks father is brother of M. 24. How is Shubhada related to Ravindra ?
16. How is go written in a certain code lan- Statements
guage ? I. Shubhadas mother is the only daughter
Statements of Ravindras father.
I. go home now is written as ja ho na in II. Shubhada is the only grand-daughter of
that code langauge. Ravindras father.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 73
13. (B) From II Joseph was born on Tuesday 21. (C) From I,
because third day of the week is P Mother
Tuesday.
14. (D) Sister
15. (D) From I and II, Father
D
r
ste
Si
Si N
st e
r
K Father N P is cousin of N.
Fa
From II,
th
er
M
Brother Uncle
N
As D may be female or male.
Grandfather
Hence, the relation between D and M cannot
be known.
16. (D) From I, P Brother
go home now ja ho na P is niece or nephew of N.
From II, 22. (B) From II, Mohan visited his brother on
come home later pa ta ho Friday. Previous day of his visit to Bangalore.
go ja or na Thus, Mohan visited Bangalore as Saturday.
17. (C) +9 23. (D) From I and II
Samir Nihil ta walk
From I, rank of Samir from the top The data in both I and II are not sufficient
= 40 14 = 26th to answer the question.
From II, Samir rank from the top 24. (C) From I Shubhada is the niece of Ravindra.
= 6 + 19 + 1 From II Shubhada is the daughter or niece of
= 26th Ravindra.
19 + 25. (C) From I M L N
Suresh Samir
W E
18. (D) From I, (R, T) > (P, W)
From II, R > Q>P S
H
19. (E)
R From II L
T J
H J
H is in South-West with respect to L.
Right
Left
1. Classification or Categorization
In this type of test, the questions are asked Example 2. Six students P, Q, R, S, T and U
based upon the given data belonging to different are studying different subjects for their Master
groups or possessing different qualities. You Degree. The subjects are English, History,
would be supposed to analyse these data by Philosophy, Physics, Statistics and Mathematics.
placing the different items or concepts in different 1. In these students, two live in hostel, two are
categories with the help of given information. paying guests and remaining two are living in
These problems can be easily solved by their home.
constructing a proper table or chart.
2. R is not a paying guest and study
Example 1. Six friends P, Q, R, S, T and U Philosophy.
are the members of a club. They play Football,
Cricket, Tennis, Basketball, Badmintion and 3. The students who are studying History and
Volleyball. Statistics are not paying guests.
1. T, who is taller than P and S, plays football. 4. T and S study Mathematics and Statistics
2. The tallest member plays basketball. respectively.
3. The shortest member plays volleyball. 5. U and S live in the hostel.
4. Q and S neither play volleyball nor play 6. T is a paying guest and Q lives in his home.
basketball. Find out who is in study of English ?
5. R plays volleyball. (A) S (B) T
6. According to height T is in between Q, who
(C) U (D) R
plays football, and P is shorter than T.
Who plays Basketball ? (E) None of these
(A) Q (B) R Answer with ExplanationWriting the
(C) S (D) U information on a chart.
(E) None of these Name of Subjects Residence
Answer with ExplanationWriting these the students
information on a chart. P English Paying guest
Member Name of the game Height Q History or Statistics Home
P Shorter than T R Philosophy Home
Q Football Taller than T S Physics Hostel
R Volleyball Shortest T Mathematics Paying guest
S Shorter than T U Statistics or History Hostel
T Tennis Shorter than U From the above chart it is clear that P studies
U Basketball Tallest English which is not given in options.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 77
Poonam
Nisha
The following chart can well elaborate the 3. How many male members are in the group ?
professions and their relations. (A) More than three
P Q R S T U (B) Two
(C) Three
House Law- Student Doctor Tech- Student/ (D) Cannot be determined
wife yer /Engi- nician Engi-
neer neer
(E) None of these
(1) Couple P + Q 4. Who is the lawyer in the group ?
(2) Couple S + T (A) C
Answers (B) F
(C) B
1. (D) P is the grand mother of R.
(D) Cannot be determined
2. (E) P is the houswife
(E) None of these
3. (C) R may be brother or Sister of U
4. (D) Since, the sex of R and U is not given so 5. Who is married to Doctor ?
the set of three females cannot be determined. (A) B
5. (B) The grand daughter is a student. (B) D
Exercise (C) F
(D) Cannot be determined
Directions(Q. 1-5) Read carefully the
following information for answering the given (E) None of these
questions. Directions(Q. 6-10) P, Q, R, S, T, V and
(i) A, B, C, D, E and F are the six members W are the members of a family. In this family
of a group. In this group, there are two there are three ladies and four gents. In this group
married couples. two members are managers, two lawyers one
(ii) There are two teachers, one doctor, one teacher, one engineer and one doctor. Neither of
lawyer and two engineers. Both the the ladies is a teacher or an engineer. R is a lawyer
teachers are of same sex. who is married with P, the teacher. Engineer V is
(iii) A and C are in the same profession. married to S who is neither lawyer nor doctor.
Now, two ladies have same profession. W, who is
(iv) Doctor is married to teacher. One
a manager and his sister is Q.
engineer is married to female lawyer.
(v) A is an engineer. E is a male teacher. 6. What is the profession of T ?
Both are unmarried. (A) Manager
(vi) F is the husband of B. (B) Lawyer
1. Which of the following is a pair of two (C) Manager or Lawyer
married couples ? (D) Data inadequate
(A) CD, FB (E) None of these
(B) CB, DF
7. What is the profession of Q ?
(C) ED, CB
(A) Doctor
(D) Cannot be determined
(B) Manager
(E) None of these
(C) Lawyer
2. What is the profession of B ?
(D) Data inadequate
(A) Lawyer
(E) None of these
(B) Doctor
(C) Teacher 8. Which of the following is a group of males ?
(D) Cannot be determined (A) PQVW
(E) None of these (B) TVSW
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 81
K (M) E (F)
I (M) 13. (C) Gaurav is sitting between Rohit and
H (F)
Manish.
M = Male 14. (A) Gaurav is not at equal distance from
F = Female Rohit and Pritam or Amit and Kamala or
Manish and Pritam.
L (M) G (F)
15. (D) Gaurav is three places left or four places
J (M) F (M) right of Priya.
E is seated opposite F. Since G is between F 16. (D) The angle between Gaurav and Manish in
and I. So G is a female member. clockwise direction is 30.
5. (E) 6. (C) 17. (D) Clearly, all the statements follow the
7. (B) The three lady members are E, H and G. diagram above mentioned.
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 85
2. (C) W visits between 2 to 3 P.M. and R visits Directions(Q. 5-9) Read the following
between 3 P.M. to 4 P.M. Hence, the visits of information carefully and answer the questions
R is over at 4 P.M. that follow.
Six lectures A, B, C, D, E and F are to be
3. (C) Clearly T visits either second or fourth.
organised in a span of seven days from Sunday to
The time of visit on Saturday will be either
Saturday. Only one lecture on each day in
930 A.M. or 1030 A.M. It means that Ts
accordance with the following
visit will be over at either 10 A.M. to 11 A.M.
(i) A should not be organised on Thursday.
4. (B) As mentioned the time of lunch break is (ii) C should be organised immediately after
over and doctor W visits at 145 P.M., Doctor F.
R will visit at 230 P.M., Doctor will visit at (iii) There should be a gap of two days
315 P.M. and U will visit at 4 P.M. between E and D.
Exercise (iv) One day there will be no lecture (Friday
is not that day), just before that day D
1. Five boys took part in a race. Raj finished will be organised.
before Mohit but behind Gaurav. Ashish
(v) B should be organised on Tuesday and
finished before Sanchit but behind Mohit.
should not be followed by D.
Who won the race ?
5. On which day there is no lecture ?
(A) Raj (B) Gaurav
(A) Monday
(C) Mohit (D) Ashish
(B) Friday
Directions(Q. 2-4) Read the following (C) Sunday
information carefully and answer the questions (D) Cannot be determined
that follow (E) None of these
Five plays A, B, C, D and E are to be staged
6. How many lectures are organised between C
from Monday to Friday of a week. On each day,
and D ?
only one play will be staged. D or E should not be
either the first or last to be staged. E should be (A) None (B) One
immediately followed by C. B should be staged (C) Two (D) Three
immediately after D. One play is staged between (E) None of these
A and B. 7. Which day will the lecture F be organised ?
2. Which is the first play to be staged ? (A) Thursday (B) Friday
(A) A (C) Saturday (D) Sunday
(B) B (E) None of these
(C) C 8. Which of the following is the last lecture in
(D) Cannot be determined the series ?
(E) None of these (A) A
(B) B
3. Which of the following is the correct (C) C
sequence of staging all the plays ? (D) Cannot be determined
(A) ADBCE (B) AECDB (E) None of these
(C) BDAEC (D) DBECA
9. Which of the following informations is not
(E) None of these required in finding the complete sequence of
4. Which play was staged on Wednesday ? organisation of lectures ?
(A) A (A) (i) only
(B) B (B) (ii) only
(C) Either B or C (C) (i) and (ii) only
(D) Cannot be determined (D) (v) only
(E) None of these (E) All are required
88 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
Answers with Explanation Sunday. There is a gap of two days between D and
E. So E will be organised on Wednesday because
1. (B) The order is Gaurav, Raj, Mohit, Ashish,
A cannot be organised on Thursday and C should
Sanchit. Hence, Gaurav won the race.
be organised immediately after. Clearly F and C
For Question No. 2 to 4. will be organised on Thursday and Friday
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday respectively. Hence, A will be organised on
A D B E C
Saturday. So, the correct sequence is
Sun- Mon- Tues- Wednes Thurs- Fri- Satur
2. (A) A is the first play to be staged. day day day -day day day -day
3. (E) The proper sequence is ADBEC. D B E F C A
4. (B) B was staged on Wednesday.
5. (A) No lecture on Monday.
For Question No. 5 to 9.
6. (C) There are three lectures between C and D
From the statement, B is organised on i.e., B.E.F.
Tuesday. B can not be followed by D. It means
there are two days before B in which any lecture 7. (A) F is organised on Thursday.
can be possible but D is followed by the day with 8. (A) A is the last lecture.
no lecture. It is clear that D will be organised on 9. (E) All the statements are required.
S and A have to be together. So, QSCE is At an electric Data Processing Unit five out of
wrong. Now, the team combination will be the eight program sets P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W
SACE are to be operated daily. On any one day except
3. (C) If D is selected Q cannot be selected. for the first day of the month only three of the
therefore PQBC and PQCE are not correct. S program sets must be the ones that were operated
and A have to be always together. on the previous day. The program operating must
Therefore, PSCE is wrong. also satisfy the following conditions.
4. (D) If A and C are the members, S and E have (i) If program P is to be operated on a day,
to be selected. Therefore, option (D) PQE is V cannot be operated on that day.
not the correct combination. (ii) If Q is to be operated on a day, T must
5. (A) be one of the programs to be operated
after Q.
Exercise (iii) If R is to be operated on a day, V must
Directions(Q. 1-5) Read the following be one of the programs to be operated
information carefully and answer the questions after R.
given below it. (iv) The last program to be operated on any
Eight students A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are day must be either S or U.
planning to enjoy car racing. There are only two 4. Which of the following could be the set of
cars and following are the conditions. program to be operated on the first day of the
(i) One car can accommodate maximum month ?
five and minimum four students. (A) V Q R T S (B) U Q S T W
(ii) A will sit in the same car in which D is (C) T U R V S (D) Q S R V U
sitting but H is not in the same car. (E) P R V S U
(iii) B and C cannot sit in the same car in 5. Which of the following is true of any days a
which D is sitting. valid program set operation ?
(iv) F will sit in the car of four people only (A) P cannot be operated at third place
along with A and E but certainly not (B) Q cannot be operated at third place
with G. (C) R cannot be operated at fourth place
1. If H and G are sitting in the same car, who are (D) T cannot be operated at third place
other two students sitting in the same car ? (E) U cannot be operated at fourth place
(A) B and C (B) C and D
6. If R is operated at third place in a sequence,
(C) B and D (D) E and B which of the following cannot be the second
(E) None of these program in that sequence ?
2. If E and A are sitting in the same car, which (A) Q (B) S
of the following statements is true ? (C) T (D) U
(A) Five students are sitting in the same car (E) W
(B) B is sitting in the same car 7. If the program sets R and W are to be
(C) F is not sitting in the same car operated on the first day which of the
(D) G is not sitting in the same car following could be the other programs on that
day ?
(E) None of these
(A) P, T, V (B) Q, V, S
3. Which of the following statements is super- (C) Q, T, V (D) T, S, U
fluous for the above sitting arrangements ? (E) T, S, V
(A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) 8. If the program sets operated on a day is P, Q,
(C) Only (iii) (D) Only (iv) W, T, U each of the following could be the
(E) None of these next days program set except.
Directions(Q. 4-8) Study the following (A) W, T, U, V, S (B) W, T, S, P, U
information carefully and answer the questions (C) W, R, V, T, U (D) Q, T, V, W, S
that follow. (E) Q, R, V, T, U
90 | Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability
7. Jumbled Problems
Example I 1. What is the colour of Kapils shirt ?
Direction(Q. 1-3) Read the following (A) White (B) Green
information carefully and answer the questions (C) Blue (D) Data inadequate
mentioned below. (E) None of these
(i) Five friends Amar, Kapil, Sarvesh, Rohan
2. Who likes reading ?
and Nagesh put on five shirts of different
colours i.e., Red, Yellow, Blue, White and (A) Rohan (B) Amar
Green, while they were going to attend a (C) Kapil (D) Data inadequate
party. These colours are not in order. (E) None of these
(ii) They have different hobbies as Reading, 3. Which is the following combination of
Playing, Outing, Singing and Writing. Person-Colour-Hobby is correct ?
(iii) Kapil, who likes singing, does not wear (A) Rohan - Blue - Reading
yellow shirt. Sarvesh wears red shirt and he
(B) Nagesh - White - Playing
does not like reading or writing. Nagesh
likes playing and he does not wear blue or (C) Amar - Yellow - Writing
yellow shirt. Amar likes writing and Rohan (D) Nagesh - Green - Playing
does not wear yellow or green shirt. (E) None of these
Reading Playing Outing Singing Writing Red Yellow Blue White Green
Amar
Kapil
Sarvesh
Rohan
Nagesh
Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability | 91
1. (D) The colour of Kapils shirt may be either 1. Who is doctor among these friends ?
Blue or White or Green. Hence, data are (A) Data inadequate
inadequate.
(B) Neha
2. (A) Rohans hobby is reading.
(C) Yogita
3. (C) The combination Amar-yellow-writing is
(D) Smita
correct.
(E) None of these
Example II
2. What is the hobby of Yogita ?
Directions(Q. 1-4) Read the following
(A) Drama (B) Reading
information carefully and answer the questions.
(C) Dancing (D) Singing
Neha, Charulata, Vaidehi, Yogita and Smita
(E) None of these
are five friends. They have five different occupa-
tionsDoctor, Lawyer, Architect, Beautician and 3. What is the occupation of Vaidehi ?
Computer Engineer. All the five friends have (A) Doctor
different hobbiesDrama, Reading, Dancing, (B) Computer Engineer
Cooking and Singing (It is not necessary that the
name of the persons, their hobbies and occupa- (C) Architect
tions are in same order.) (D) Data insufficient
Neha is a lawyer whose hobby is cooking. (E) None of these
Vaidehi is neither a doctor nor a beautician. She 4. Who likes Singing ?
likes dancing. Yogita is neither a architect nor a (A) Charulata (B) Vaidehi
doctor. She does not like drama nor sing a song.
Charulata is a Computer engineer who does not (C) Yogita (D) Neha
like Drama. (E) None of these
(i) Seven friends P, Q, R, S, T, U and W have 18. R has specialization in which of the
gathered at Mumbai airport. Five of them following fields ?
are scheduled to go to five different places (A) Finance
Delhi, Chennai, Lucknow, Banglore and
Calcutta. (B) Marketing
(ii) Five of them are executives, each speciali- (C) Either marketing or Finance
sing in Administration, Human Resource (D) None of these
Management, Marketing, System and (E) Cannot be determined
Finance.
19. Who is going to fly Banglore ?
(iii) T, an executive, is going to Chennai and
neither is from Finance nor Marketing. (A) Data inadequate
(iv) W is a System Specialist and is leaving for (B) R
Delhi. U is an executive but is not going to (C) S
one of the five places. (D) P
(v) Q is an executive from HRM but has come
(E) None of these
to the airport to see his friends.
(vi) P is an executive but not from Marketing Answers with Explanation
and is flying to one of the destinations but For Question No. 1 to 5.
not to Banglore or Calcutta.
16. The one who is going to fly Chennai is Employee Shift Holiday
(A) Not an Executive I II III
(B) From Administration P Monday
(C) From Management
(D) From Finance Q Tuesday
(E) None of these R Wednesday
17. Who among the following specializes in S Sunday
Marketing ?
T Thursday
(A) S
(B) P V Friday
(C) U Z Saturday
(D) Data inadequate
(E) None of these 1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (C)
A B C D E
Profession Factory owner Lawyer Doctor Cloth Merchant Engineer
Religion Hindu Sikh Christian Hindu Muslim
Locality Q S P S R
Age ranking in descending order 5 1 3 2 4
Executives in
Finance HRM Administration Not confirmed System
their specialized
16. (B)
17. (D) Data inadequate.
18. (A) None of these
19. (A) Data inadequate.