Qualitative Analysis Guide Sheet PDF

Mwl. Swai W.J-0758-705 156 (weraswai@yahoo.com )|Ngara-Kagera-Advanced Level Chemistry.
2017
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GUIDE

SHEET
FOR ADVANCED LEVEL
SECONDARY SCHOOL
EDUCATION.
CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS.
Mwl Swai W.J

2017.
Ngara-Kagera.
Maleko Printing Unit (0685 340 297) Qualitative Analysis Guide SHEET-Chemistry Practicals.
Mwl. Swai W.J-0758-705 156 (weraswai@yahoo.com )|Ngara-Kagera-Advanced Level Chemistry. 2017
INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS.

The purpose of QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS is to determine the composition of a compound or mixture of
compounds. Thus, qualitative analysis is concerned with determination of elements/ions present in a given
unknown sample.
RECORDING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.
The recorded results should appear in tabular form where three columns showing the brief explanation of the
experimental procedure, observations made, and inferences must appear.
The report should be in the following table:
S/N EXPERINMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
OBSERVATIONS:
When doing experiments, leave the chemicals to stand for few minutes as some changes may take a little time to
be seen. For example, most precipitates form instantly, but others takes a minute or two. Thus observations are
generally changes which can be seen when a chemical substance is subjected to an experiment (test). These
include:
Colour change.
Precipitates formed.
Gelatinous change of liquid substances.
Gases evolved.
Light or Noise produced.
INNFERENCE:
Inferences are essentials in experimental procedure as they explain about the identity of unknown chemical
substances. Usually inferences must be specific. For example a common mistake of making deduction is to
write Sodium, Na. Does this mean Sodium ions (Na+) are present or absent? Students should remember to
write specific inference. Students also should remember that not all experiments will give a visible change.
Sometimes if there is no change, it can help to make an inference about the absence of a certain ions. For
example if a Barium Nitrate solution added to an unknown substance and there is no reaction, this implies that
SULPHATES IONS are absent because the presence of Sulphate ions is shown by formation white precipitate.
CONCLUTION:
Before proceeding to the next test, observation and inferences of the earlier experiment must be written. After
all experiment you may be asked to make conclusions about the chemical ions or nature of the chemical
substances found in the sample. This can be obtained by combining to gather all inferences made earlier in the
successive tests.
STUDY:
The scope of this study will involve examination/ determination of;
A. ANIONS (ACIDIC RADICALS).
Investigation of the following anions is to be discussed; Sulphates (SO42-), Carbonates (CO32-),
Bicarbonates (HCO3-), Nitrates (NO3-), Nitrites (NO2-), Chlorides (Cl-), Chromate (CrO42-), Dichromate
(Cr2O72-), Oxalate (C2O42-), Acetate (CH3COO-) etc.
B. CATIONS (BASIC/METALLIC RADICALS)
Investigation of the following Cations is to be discussed; Silver (Ag+), Lead (Pb2+), Aluminum (Al3+),
Copper (Cu2+), Cadmium (Cd2+), Bismuth (Bi3+), Antimony (Sb3+), Tin (Sn2+), Iron (Fe3+), Chromium
(Cr3+), Zinc (Zn2+), Manganese (Mn2+), Nickel (Ni2+), Cobalt (Co2+), Barium (Ba2+), Calcium (Ca2+),
Strontium (Sr2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Ammonium (NH4+) etc.
In this course of analysis of the sample, the following four (4) major steps should be considered;
I. Preliminary test: This involves, Appearance of your sample (form, colour, smell and acidity),
Solubility of a substance in water, Action of heat on solid sample and Flame test.
II. Test for anions: This involves, Addition of Concentrated H2SO4 and Dilute H2SO4 to the sample
provided.
III. Test for Cations: This involves addition of dilute NaOH or Na2CO3 or NH4OH to the solution sample
provided.
IV. Group Separation and Confirmatory test: This scheme is limited to the following Cations and is
confined to one cation per analytical group. Before separating ions to groups, dissolve the sample in
distilled water. Group separation always plays a great role to the confirmation of Cations.
NOTE: If the sample does not dissolve in water, try solvents in the following order until a proper solvent
is obtained. This is important that, a salt is completely dissolved and no solid remain in the solution.
1. Cold, then hot distilled water.
2. Cold, then hot dilute HCl.
3. Conc. HCl.
4. Cold, then hot dilute HNO3.
5. Conc. HNO3.
6. Aqua Regia ( A mixture of 3 parts conc. HCl and 1 part Conc. HNO3)
ANALYTICAL GROUP IONS OF SOLUTION PRECIPITATED

Group I Ag+, Pb2+
Group IIa Cu2+, Cd2+, Bi2+
Group IIb Sd3+, Sn2+
Group III Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+
Group IV Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+
Group V Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+
Group VI Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+
I. PRELIMINARY TEST.
S/N TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
(a) APPEARANCE Coloured salts Transition metals or Lead
present.
White/ colourless Transition metals absent
Black Oxides or Sulphides
present
Blue, blue-green or green. Cu2+ present
Pale green Fe2+ present
Violet (Dark pink) Co2+ present
Light pink Mn2+ present
Dark blue/green Mn6+ present
Purple Mn7+ present
Green Ni2+ present
Orange/Yellow Cr4+ present
Dark green Cr3+ present
Yellow Fe3+ present
(b) FLAME TEST. Crimson/ blood red Sr2+present
Break red (Orange) Ca2+ present
Bright/Golden Yellow Na+ present
Pale green Ba2+ present
Lilac (purple/violet) K+ present
Blue Pb2+ present
Blue/Green Cu2+ present
Yellow sparks Fe2+ present
(c) SMELL Solid sample gives chocking smell NH4+ may be present
of Ammonia gas (urine smell)
Smell of rotten egg S2- may be present
(d) TEXTURE/FORMS Crystalline Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, or
Hydrated salts may be
present.
Powder CO32-, HCO3- or
Anhydrous salts may be
present.
Deliquescent Crystalline salts NO3-, CL- may be present
(e) SOLUBILITY OF Soluble in distilled water Ammonia salts (NH4+),
SOLID SAMPLE NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-
may be present
Insoluble in distilled water CO32-, PbCl2, PbSO4 may
be present.
Slightly soluble in distilled water CaSO4 may be present
Soluble in hot water PbCl2 may be present
(f) ACTION OF HEAT EVOLUTION OF GAS SUSPECTION

NH3 Probably NH4+ present
Colourless, chocking smell
Turn red litmus blue

Forms white dense fumes
with HCl
HCl Probably Cl- present
Colourless, pungent smell
Turn blue litmus red
Forms white dense fumes
with NH3
NO2 -Redish brown/brown Probably NO3 present
-
vapour
H2S Probably S2- present
Colourless, smell like rotten
eggs
Turn blue litmus paper red
Turn Lead Acetate paper
black
CO Probably C2O42- present
(Heat a small amount of Colourless, Odorless
the sample in clean and Neutral to litmus
dry test tube) Glowing splint burn with a
blue flame
CO2 Probably CO32-, HCO3-
Colourless may be present
Turn lime water milky
SO2 Probably SO2-, S2O32-, or
Colourless, pungent smell SO42- present
Decolorize KMnO4 or turn
Orange K2Cr2O7 green
H2 Probably HCOO- present
Colourless, Odorless
Neutral to litmus
Glowing splint burn with a
pop sound
Cl2 -Greenish yellow gases Cl present
-
turn damp blue litmus paper

red and bleach it.
HBr/Br2 Probably Br- present
Redish brown vapour
Condenses to red liquid
I2 - Violet vapour Probably I- present
SUBLIMATE SUSPECTION
White Probably NH4+ present
Grey Probably Hg2+ present
Black/ purple Probably I- present

COLOUR CHANGE OF SUSPECTION
THE SOLID SAMPLE
Red to blue Probably Co2+ present
Green to yellow Probably Ni+ present
Blue to white the black Probably Cu2+ present
Green to white then red Probably Fe2+ present
Yellow when hot and white when Probably Zn2+, Sn2+ or
cold Sb+ present
Yellow when hot and brown when Probably Hg+ or Pb3+
cold present
Red when hot and brown when cold Probably Pb2+ present
Redish brown when hot and pale Probably Fe3+ present
yellow when cold
Cracking sound with brown gas Probably Pb(NO3)2
present
With no gas Probably Alkali metal
halides present
Evolution of water vapour forming Hydrated salts may be
droplets on cooler part of the test present.
tube which turns white anhydrous
CuSO4 blue
II. TEST FOR ANIONS
(a) ACTION OF DILUTE CO2 gas evolved Probably CO32- or HCO3-
H2SO4 present
NO2 gas evolved Probably NO3- present
Cl2 gas evolved CLO- present
SO2 gas evolved Probably SO32- present
H2S gas evolved Probably S2- present
SO2 gas evolved (with Probably S2O3 may be
2-
yellow ppt) present

(Add a little amount of
dilute H2SO4 to small HI/I2 gas evolved Probably I- present
amount of the sample in CO (only) evolved Probably HCOO- present
CO and CO2 evolved (Turn Probably C2O4 present
2-
the test tube. If no
reaction warm gently) lime water milk and burn
with blue flame)
No gas evolved but solid Probably O
2-
or OH-
dissolves present
Colour changes from yellow Probably Cr2O4 present
2-
to orange
NO2 -Redish brown gas Probably NO3 present
-
(b) ACTION OF CONC.
H2SO4 evolved
CO Colourless and burn Probably C2O42- or
-
with blue flame HCOO present

-
HCl Forms white dense Probably Cl present
fumes in contact with
aquous ammonia
CO2 gas evolved Probably CO32- or HCO3-
present
Br2/ HBr reddish brown Probably Br present
-
(Add conc. H2SO4 to a gas

small amount of the Turn blue litmus red then
sample. If no reaction bleached
warm gently) I2 Turn starch/ iodine Probably I present
-
paper blue black

Bleaches blue litmus paper
i. CH3COOH evolved Probably CH3COO-
present
(c) If there is no results Probably SO42-, CrO42- or
from (a) and (b) above ----- PO43- present
III. TEST FOR CATIONS
(a) PRIMARY TEST White ppt insoluble in excess Probably Bi3+ present
NaOH and turn yellow on heating
White ppt rapidly turn brown and Probably Mn2+ present
insoluble in excess NaOH solution
White ppt (with no change) Probably Mg2+, Ca2+,
insoluble in excess NaOH Ba2+, or Cd2+ present
Light-blue ppt insoluble in excess Probably Co2+ present
pink on heating
i. Action of NaOH Pale-blue ppt insoluble in excess Probably Cu2+ present
solution (To a NaOH and turn black on heating
solution of Yellow ppt insoluble in excess Probably Hg2+ present
sample, add NaOH turn red on heating
NaOH drop wise/ Light-green ppt insoluble in excess Probably Ni2+ present
slowly until in NaOH and unaffected by heat
excess) Brown ppt insoluble in excess Probably Fe3+ present
NaOH
Dark/ black ppt insoluble in excess Probably Ag+ present
NaOH
Grey-green ppt soluble in excess Probably Cr3+ present
NaOH to give a green solution
Dirty-green ppt insoluble in excess Probably Fe2+ present
NaOH (PPT may turn to brown
when exposed to air due to
atmospheric oxidation)
White ppt soluble in excess Probably Al3+, Pb2+,
Zn2+, or Sn2+ present
No ppt formed and no gas evolved Probably Na+ or K+
present
NH3 gas evolved which turn red NH4+ present, Confirmed
litmus blue
ii. Action of NH4OH White ppt soluble in excess and Probably Zn2+ or Cd2+
solution. (To a form a colourless solution present
sample solution, White ppt insoluble in excess Probably Pb2+, Al3+, or
add NH4OH Mg2+ present
slowly until in Dark-brown ppt soluble in excess Probably Ag+ present
excess) to give a colourless solution
Pale-blue ppt soluble in excess to Probably Cu2+ present
give a deep blue solution
Grey-green ppt insoluble in excess Probably Cr3+ present
Brown ppt insoluble in excess Probably Fe3+ present
Dirty green ppt insoluble in excess Probably Fe2+ present
White ppt turning brown insoluble Probably Mn2+ present
in excess
No apparent change Probably Na+, K+, Ca2+,
Ba2+ or NH4+ present
iii. Action of Na2CO3 White ppt insoluble in excess Probably Pb2+, Zn2+,
solution. (To a Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cd2+
sample solution present
add Na2CO3 White ppt soluble in excess Probably Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+
solution slowly present
until excess) White ppt darken on heating Probably Ag+ present
White ppt turn brown on heating Probably Mn2+ present
Light-blue ppt turn black on Probably Cu2+ present
heating
Red-brown ppt with effervescence Probably Fe3+ present
and evolution of CO2 gas
Effervescence and CO2 evolved Probably R-CHOOH
turning lime water milky present
NH3 gas evolved and no ppt Probably NH4+ present

formed
Dirty (mud) green ppt Probably Fe2+ or Cr3+
present
Light-green ppt turn black on Probably Ni2+ present
heating
No apparent change Probably Na+ or K+

present
(b) GROUP SEPARATION The entire solution obtained, will undergo the following
tests for Cations. Proceed in proper order as follows.
TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCES

GROUP I Ppt is formed. Filter and proceed to Probably Ag+, Pb2+ Hg+
Add dilute HCl to the the confirmatory test for group I present
solution. Cations.
No ppt is formed or further Cations No group I Cations is
separation is necessary, proceeds to present
group II separation.
GROUP II Ppt is formed. filter and proceeds to Cu2+ (blue), Cd2+
Add H2S solution or pass the confirmatory test for group II (yellow), Bi2+ (brown),
H2S gas to the filtrate or Cations Hg2+ (black), Sb3+
solution from group I (orange), Sn4+ (yellow),
Sn2+ (dirty brown)
probably present
No ppt is formed or further Cations No group II Cations is
separations necessary, proceeds to present.
group III separation
GROUP III Ppt is formed. Filter and proceed to Probably Fe3+ (brown),
Add few drops of conc. the confirmatory test for group II Al3+ (white) or Cr3+
HNO3 and warm. Then Cations (green blue) present
add NH4Cl and NaOH to No ppt is formed or further Cations No group III Cations is
the filtrate or solution separation is necessary, proceed to present.
from group II group IV separation
GROUP IV Ppt is formed. filter and proceeds to Probably Co2+ (black),
Add H2S solution or pass the confirmatory test for group IV Ni2+ (black), Zn2+
H2S gas to the filtrate or Cations (white), Mn2+ (light-
solution from group III brown) is present.
No ppt is formed or further Cations No group IV Cations is
group V separation
GROUP V Ppt is formed. filter and proceeds to Probably Ba2+, Ca2+, or
Add (NH4)2CO3 solution the confirmatory test for group V Sr2+ present.
to the filtrate or solution Cations
from group IV No ppt is formed or further Cations No group V cation
group VI separation
GROUP VI No ppt is formed in group V or Probably Na+, K+, Mg2+
previously group; evaporate the (distinguished by flame
remaining solution to dryness. A test) or NH4+ present.
white residue remains.
1.(a) Add a small amount Ppt soluble in water. Pb2+ (Do confirmatory
of water to the pp then test for Pb2+)
heat Ppt insoluble in water Ag+ or Hg2+ present
(b) Add NH4OH solution Ppt insoluble in NH4OH Ag+ (proceed to the
confirmatory test for
Ag+)
Ppt insoluble in water Probably Hg2+ (proceed
to the confirmatory test
for Hg2+)
2.(a) To confirm Pb2+ Yellow ppt is formed Pb2+ confirmed
i. Add KI solution
ii. Add K2Cr2O7 Yellow ppt turn orange on heating Pb2+ confirmed
(b) To confirm Ag+ Red ppt is formed Ag+ confirmed
i. To a neutral
solution add
K2CrO4
ii. Add HCl and The ppt darkens Ag+ confirmed
allow to stand on
light
(c) To confirm Hg2+ Grey ppt is formed Hg2+ confirmed.
i. Add SnCl2
GROUP II ANALYSIS.
It is very important to separate group II Cations into sub-group (ie IIa and IIb) so as to simplify the
confirmatory test. To separate into sub groups, wash the ppt formed in group separation with
NaOH solution.
1. a) Add ammonium Ppt soluble in ammonium sulphide Group IIa Cations is
Sulphide slowly to solution present. (Cu2+, Cd2+, Bi2+
the ppt or Hg2+)
Ppt insoluble in ammonium Group IIb is present (Sb3+
sulphide solution. or Sn2+)
SUB-GROUP IIa ANALYSIS.
1. a) Warm the ppt with Black ppt is formed. Filter out the Hg2+(proceed to the
water, then add ppt confirmatory test of
conc. HNO3 Hg2+)
b) To the filter or White ppt is formed, filter out the Pb2+ (proceed to the
solution from (a) ppt confirmatory test of Pb2+)
add dilute H2SO4
c) To the filtrate or Blue solution Cu2+ (proceed to the
solution from (b) confirmatory test of
above add NH4OH Cu2+)
solution White ppt Bi3+ (proceed to the
confirmatory test of Bi3+)
d) To the solution Yellow ppt Cd2+ (proceed to the
from (c) above confirmatory test of
add H2S solution Cd2+)
or gas.
2. a) To confirm Cu2+ Blue ppt dissolved to give blue Cu2+ confirmed
i. Add excess solution.
NH4OH to the
solution of ppt
from group
separation. OR
ii. To the solution Brown-red gelatinous ppt Cu 2+ confirmed.
add excess
Ferrocynide
b) To confirm Cd2+ Yellow ppt Cd2+ confirmed

To the solution of
ppt from group
separation add
H2S solution or
gas
c) To confirm Bi3+
To a solution of
ppt from a group White ppt is formed, then dissolved
separation, add in HCl. Then when dilute with
excess NH4OH excess water ppt reforms.
when add dilute Bi3+ confirmed.
HCl slowly to
dissolved dilute
the solution in
excess water.
SUB GROUP IIb ANALYSIS
Divide the solution from group II analysis.
a) Acidify the first White ppt formed Sn2+ (proceed to
2+
portion with dilute confirmatory test of Sn
HCl No ppt formed Sb3+ (proceed to
3+
confirmatory test of Sb )
b) To the second
portion confirm
Sn2+
i. Add NaOH, then Black ppt formed Sn2+ confirmed
AgNO3
ii. To sample
solution add dil. Sn2+ confirmed.
Sulphiric acid then Blue ppt formed
Ammonium
Molybdate VI
c) To the third
portion confirm
Sb3+
i. To a sample
solution add a A blue colour is obtained Sb3+ confirmed
minute crystal of
sodium nitrite
(NaNO2). Then
add a drop of
Rhodamine-B
reagent
(C28H31ClN2O3)
GROUP III ANALYSIS.
1 a) Wash ppt with hot A solution is forms without ppt Cr3+ or Al3+ (proceed
water, then add next step
NaOH followed Brown ppt Fe3+ (proceed to the

by H2O2 and boil confirmatory test of Fe3+)
b) Divide the solution from part (a) above into 2 parts
i. To the first part Yellow ppt is formed. Cr3+ (proceed to the
add dilute confirmatory test of Cr3+)
Ethanoic acid and
few drops of Lead
Acetate.
ii. To the second part White ppt formed (which absorbs Al3+ (proceed to the
add dilute HCl, litmus colour) confirmatory test of Al3+)
then 1 drop of
Litmus solution.
Add NH4OH until
alkaline.
2 To confirm Fe3+
i. Dissolve ppt in Dark blue ppt is formed Fe3+ confirmed
HCl and add few
drops of
Ferrocyanide
K4 [Fe(CN)6]
ii. To a sample
solution add few
drops of Very deep blood coloration Fe3+ confirmed
Ammonium or
Potassium
Thiocyanate
iii. Add Potassium
Ferricyanide to the Brown / green colouration but no
sample solution ppt Fe3+ confirmed
2+
3 To confirm Fe
i. To a sample
solution and few Deep blue ppt is formed Fe2+ confirmed
drops of
Potassium
Ferricyanide
ii. Add Potassium
Ferrocyanide Pale blue ppt Fe2+ confirmed
iii. Add few drops of Green ppt formed turning brown Fe2+ confirmed
NaOH solution
slowly.
4. To confirm Al3+
i. To a solution for Red ppt is formed Al3+ confirmed
ppt add Aluminon
followed by dilute
NH4OH until
alkaline
ii. Add Sodium White ppt soluble in excess Al3+ confirmed

Carbonate to a Na2CO3 solution formed
solution
iii. To a sample
solution add 1
drop of litmus Blue lake
solution and then Al3+ confirmed
dil. HCl, then dil.
Ammonia solution
until just alkaline.
5. To confirm Cr3+
i. To the solution
ppt add excess
NaOH, H2O2 and Blue coloured solution Cr3+ confirmed
dil. H2SO4
followed by Ether
(Amyl alcohol)
ii. To a sample
solution add few
drops of Glacial A deep violet colouration is formed Cr3+ confirmed
Acetic Acid and
then excess
Ethanol
GROUP IV ANALYSIS
1 Wash the ppt with hot water and then divide them in to two parts
a) To the first part, A clear solution is formed Mn2+ or Zn2+ (proceed to
add dilute HCl step b
Black residue is formed Ni2+ or Co2+ (proceed
step (c)
b) To the solution White pp which turn brown on the Mn2+ (proceed to the
from (a) above exposure of air confirmatory test of
add excess NaOH Mn2+)
solution White pp soluble in excess NaOH Zn2+ (proceed to the
confirmatory test of Zn2+)
c) To the residue Greenish yellow solution with Ni2+ (proceed to the
from (b) above deposited yellow crystals confirmatory test of Ni2+)
add conc. HCl and
K2CrO4 crystals.
Heat until all have Co2+ (proceed to the
dissolved and Pink solution depositing blue confirmatory test of
evaporation nearly crystals Co2+)
to dryness
2. To confirm Mn2+
i. To the sample add White ppt which darkness on Mn2+ confirmed
NaOH Soln exposure to air
ii. To the sample

solution add
mixture of Sodium Pink colour develop on a brown ppt Mn2+ confirmed
Bismuthate V and
Sulphuric Acid
iii. To a sample
solution add A white or off-white ppt is formed
Potassium which is insoluble in aquous Mn2+ confirmed.
Ferrocyanide ammonia
3. To confirm Zn2+
i. To the sample Yellow ppt formed Zn2+ confirmed
solution add
Potassium
Ferricyanide
ii. To the sample White ppt soluble in excess Zn2+ confirmed
solution add
NaOH solution
iii. To the sample
solution add
Potassium A yellowish white ppt is formed Zn2+ confirmed
Ferrocyanide which is soluble in Aquous
followed by Ammonia
aquous Ammonia
4. To confirm Ni2+
i. To the sample Green ppt soluble in excess to give
solution add deep blue solution Ni2+ confirmed
excess NH4OH
ii. To a sample
solution add dilute
Ammonia solution Red ppt formed Ni2+ confirmed
until just alkaline
then add Dimethyl
Glyoxime
iii. To the sample Greenish yellow ppt formed which
solution add is soluble in aquous Ammonia but Ni2+ confirmed
Potassium insoluble in acids
Ferricyanide
5. To confirm Co2+
i. To the pink
solution add Red ppt Co2+ confirmed
Potassium
Ferricyanide
ii. To the sample
solution add few
drops of Conc. Blue upper layer formed Co2+ confirmed
HCl, followed by
Ammonia
Thiocyanide, (Occasionally pinkish purple)
finally add little
Pentanol then
shake gently
iii. To the sample
solution add Conc.
Solution of Co2+ confirmed
Potassium Nitrate Yellow ppt formed
III (Nitrite)
GROUP V ANALYSIS
1. Wash the ppt with hot water. Dissolve it in minimum amount of dilute CH3COOH. Divide
the solution in to three portions.
a) To the first part
add K2CrO4 Ba2+ (proceed to the
solution. Leave it Yellow ppt formed confirmatory test of Ba2+)
to stand for times.
b) To the second part
add CaSO4 Sr2+ ((proceed to the
solution. Leave it White ppt formed confirmatory test of Sr2+)
to stand for some
times.
c) To the third part Ca2+ (proceed to the
add NH4OH and White ppt formed confirmatory test of Ca2+)
Ammonia Oxalate
solution
2 To confirm Ba2+
i. To the sample Pale-yellow ppt Ba2+ confirmed
solution add
K2CrO4
ii. Flame test Pale green Ba2+ confirmed
iii. To the sample
solution add dil.
NaOH followed White ppt soluble in ethanoic acid Ba2+ confirmed
by Ammonium
Ethanedioate and
finally Ethanoic
acid
iv. To the sample Pale yellow ppt
solution add Ba2+ confirmed
Potassium
Chromate VI
solution
2. To confirm Sr2+
Use flame test for Crimson (blood red) flame Sr2+ confirmed
2+
confirmation of Sr
3. To confirm Ca2+
i. Use flame test Brick red flame Ca2+ confirmed.
ii. To a sample White ppt insoluble in dilute HNO3 Ca2+ confirmed.
solution add or dilute HCl
Ammonium
Oxalate
iii. To a sample White ppt in excess of the reagent Ca2+ confirmed
solution add are formed (the test is sensitive in
Potassium the presence of NH4Cl)
Ferrocyanide
GROUP VI ANALYSIS
1 To the sample solution add amount of Oxalate, filter out and discard the ppt. divide the
filter into two portions.
a) To the first White ppt Mg2+ (proceed to the
portion add confirmatory test of
NH4OH and Mg2+)
disodium
Phosphate, leave it
to stand for some
times.
To the second part Purple or lilac flame K+ (proceed to the
evaporate and perform the confirmatory test of K+)
flame test. Golden yellow flame Na+ (proceed to the
confirmatory test of Na+)
+
2 To confirm K
i. Use flame test Purple or lilac flame K+ confirmed
ii. To the sample Yellow ppt K+ confirmed
solution add
Sodium
Hexanitritocobalta
te (III)
3 To confirm Na+
i. Use flame test Golden yellow flame Na+ confirmed
ii. To the solution Yellow ppt Na+ confirmed
add Zinc
Uranylethanoate
4 To confirm Mg2+
i. To a sample
solution add dilute
HCl, 1 drop of Blue solution Mg2+ confirmed
Magneson and 2
drops of NaOH
ii. To a solution add
Ammonia solution White ppt Mg2+ confirmed
followed by solid
Ammonia
Chloride and
finally Disodium
Phosphate (V)
5 To confirm NH4+
i. To a sample White fumes with HCl NH4+ Confirmed
solution add
NaOH the heat
ii. To the sample A brown ppt or yellow colouration NH4+ Confirmed
solution add
Nesslers reagent
(mixture of
Hg2Cl2 and KI)
CONFIRMATORY TEST OF ANIONS.
1 To confirm SO42-
i. Add dil. HCl White ppt insoluble in Conc. HCl SO42- Confirmed
followed by BaCl2
ii. Add dil. HNO3 White ppt SO42- Confirmed
followed by
Barium Nitrate V
iii. Add dil. HNO3 White ppt SO42- Confirmed
followed by Lead
Acetate/Lead
Nitrate solution
2 To confirm CO32- or HCO3-
i. Add MgSO4 White ppt formed CO32- Confirmed
solution A white ppt formed only after HCO3-, Confirmed
warming
ii. To the sample A white ppt is firmed which CO32- Confirmed
solution add CaCl2 dissolve in dil. HCl
or BaCl2 followed
by dil. HCl
3 To confirm NO3-
i. Add FeSO4 A brown ring appear between the NO3- confirmed
followed by conc. liquid layers
H2SO4 down side
of the test tube.
ii. Add Aluminum A gas which turn blue litmus red NO3- Confirmed
powder or
Devaders Alloy
followed by dil.
NaOH then warm
4 To confirm CrO42-
i. Add BaCl2 soln. Yellow ppt formed CrO42-, Confirmed
ii. Add AgNO3 Red ppt formed CrO42-, confirmed
solution
6 To confirm Cr2O72-
i. Add BaCl2, A yellow ppt which is soluble in CrO72-, confirmed

followed by dilute dilute HCl but insoluble in
HCl CH3COOH is formed
7 To confirm Cl-, Br- & I-
i. To a sample White ppt soluble in Ammonia Cl-, confirmed
solution add NH4OH solution
AgNO3 slowly Cream colour ppt, sparingly soluble Br-, confirmed
followed by dilute in NH4OH solution
HNO3 Yellow ppt insoluble in NH4OH I- Confirmed
solution
ii. To a sample A greenish yellow gas which Cl- Confirmed
solution add bleaches moist blue litmus paper
Manganese IV A violet vapour forming a black I- confirmed
followed by Conc. sublimate
H2SO4 then warm
iii. To the sample A dense blood-red colouration Cl- Confirmed
solution add forms
Potassium
Dichromate and
Conc. H2SO4 and
warm
iv. Heat the solid A brown gas evolved Br- confirmed
sample with Conc.
H2SO4 in a test
tube
v. To the solid White ppt is formed which dissolve Br- confirmed
sample add Lead on heating and precipitate on
II Ethanoate cooling.
solution A yellow ppt is formed which is I- Confirmed
insoluble in excess solution
8 To confirm C2O42-
i. Add conc. H2SO4 Solution colour disappear C2O42- Confirmed
then KMnO4
ii. Add BaCl2 or White ppt soluble in acid or C2O42- Confirmed
BaNO3 solution NH4OH
iii. Add Ca(NO3)2 A yellow ppt is formed which is C2O42- Confirmed
solution insoluble in excess solution
9. To confirm SO32-
i. To the sample White ppt soluble in dilute HCl SO32-, Confirmed
solution add BaCl2
followed by H2O2
then dilute HCl
solution
ii. To the sample
solution add few
drops of Solution decolorized SO32- Confirmed
Potassium
Manganese VII
immediately add
dil. H2SO4
10 To confirm CH3COO-
i. To a sample Deep red colouration which
solution add FeCl3 disappear on adding dil. HCl is CH3COO- Confirmed
followed by dil. formed
HCl
11 To confirm HCOO-
ii. To a sample Red colouration HCOO- Confirmed
solution add FeCl3
iii. To a sample White ppt turning black on HCOO- Confirmed.
solution add warming
AgNO3 solution
Prepared by;
Mwl. Swai W.J
Phone: 0758 705 156
Email: weraswai@yahoo.com
School: Murusagamba High School-Ngara-Kagera-Tanzania.
2017

Qualitative Analysis Guide Sheet PDF

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Mwl. Swai W.J-0758-705 156 (weraswai@yahoo.com )|Ngara-Kagera-Advanced Level Chemistry.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GUIDE

Mwl Swai W.J

INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS.

S/N EXPERINMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES

ANALYTICAL GROUP IONS OF SOLUTION PRECIPITATED

(f) ACTION OF HEAT EVOLUTION OF GAS SUSPECTION

Turn red litmus blue

turn damp blue litmus paper

Black/ purple Probably I- present

yellow ppt) present

(Add conc. H2SO4 to a gas

paper blue black

NH3 gas evolved and no ppt Probably NH4+ present

No apparent change Probably Na+ or K+

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCES

b) To confirm Cd2+ Yellow ppt Cd2+ confirmed

NaOH followed Brown ppt Fe3+ (proceed to the

ii. Add Sodium White ppt soluble in excess Al3+ confirmed

ii. To the sample

i. Add BaCl2, A yellow ppt which is soluble in CrO72-, confirmed

Mwl. Swai W.J

Phone: 0758 705 156

School: Murusagamba High School-Ngara-Kagera-Tanzania.

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