Paper Number :4

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 Contents
Problem description.
Previous efforts.
Proposed solution.
Smart economic dispatch model
Valve point effect
CEED formulation
Problem constraints
Price penalty factor
Solution algorithms
Simulations and results
Conclusions

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 Problem description
The of combined economic and emission dispatch (CEED) is a
very important issue to minimize the production cost of electrical
power in conjunction with reducing the emissions of the power
plants, while meeting the system constraints.
Valves of the steam turbine are opened and closed sequentially
during the operation of a thermal unit in order to response to
any load demand.
This effect is called Valve point effect loading, and it has to be
considered in the formulation of the CEED problem formulation
and its solution.
Comparative study for different optimization techniques with
and without considering the valve point effect, is needed to find
out the faster and most reliable technique to solve CEED.

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 Previous efforts
Classical optimization methods
Lagrange method
Dynamic programming Linear programming
Lambda iteration Newton raphson
Drawbacks of classical methods:
They need derivative information of the objective function
Large computational time and for non-linear complex problem
Linear programming suffers from certain limitation as it
requires piecewise linear cost approximation
Newton based methods struggle with handling large numbers
of inequality constraints
In short, all these techniques suffer from very slow
convergence rate, and inability to give global solution
to nonlinear ED problem. 4
 Previous efforts
Metaheuristic optimization methods (Inspired by physics or biology)
Evolutionary programming (EP) Simulated annealing (SA)
Tabu search (TS) Genetic algorithm (GA)
Differential evolution (DE) Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Artificial neural network (ANN)
Drawbacks of some of the Metaheuristic methods:
EP method has rather slow convergence to a near optimum
TS is complicated in determining efficacious memory
structures and starters
GA sometimes has not the ability to provide the best offspring,
leading to slow convergence near global optimum
DE computing process can be trapped into local optima
ANN has excessive numerical iterations

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 Proposed solution
Based on the literature review of the Metaheuristic methods , the
following methods are selected in this paper for the solution of the
CEED problem with the valve point effect:
Simulated annealing (SA)
It was applied with good results to many power system
optimization problems
A promising method for solving non-convex problems
Has the advantage over other methods of avoiding to be
trapped in local minima
Relatively easy to code, even for complex problems

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 Proposed solution
Based on the literature review of the Metaheuristic methods , the
following methods are selected in this paper for the solution of the
CEED problem with the valve point effect:
Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
It is widely applied for power systems optimization problems
It is less complex, fast convergence, and free from derivative
algorithm
It has flexible and balanced mechanism to adapt the abilities
of global and local search

Both SA and PSO have been used previously for the

solution of the ED problem but without considering the
valve point loading effect, which is taken into
consideration in this paper comparatively with the
Lagranges classical method . 7
 Smart economic dispatch model
Solution method model has
3 optimization techniques

Environment monitoring
system: compares the
measured emissions
with maximum allowable,
if it is higher, the
Generator set point
adjustment controller
GSAC adjusts the output
of the thermal plants.

Predicted load curve

Thermal power plants are
based on consumer data
controlled by local control
centre to start, stop, and
monitor
 Valve point effect
The thermal power plants consists of many components, and for
the purposes of simplification it can be presented as in Fig.2.
The valve point effect is considered when the fuel
cost vs. power production curve is not linear, but
rather it consists of ripples.
The ripples are resulted from the sharp
increase in losses due to the wire drawing
effect which occurs when each steam
admission valve starts to open.

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 CEED formulation
The main objective of CEED is to minimize the fuel cost and the
emissions simultaneously, to ensure optimal generated power
while satisfying equality and inequality constraints.
The amount of pollutants is converted into emission cost in the
objective function by using price penalty factor (PPF).
The multi-objective CEED problem is formulated as:

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 CEED formulation
The CEED problem without valve point effect is determined by
the following objective function:

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 CEED formulation
The CEED problem with valve point effect is determined by the
following objective function:

Owing to valve point effect exhibited by multi-valve steam

turbines, the cost function is non-convex.
Maclaurin sine series expansion approximation was previously
used by neglecting higher order terms.
This approximation led to a noticeable decrease in the accuracy
of the solution.

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 CEED formulation
In this paper a proposed new modelling approach is presented
for the valve point effect by converting the sine equation into a
second order equation using curve fitting technique as follows:

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 Problem constraints
1- Power balance constraints : the total generation must supply the
demand

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 Problem constraints
2- Power generation limits

3- Emission constraints

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 Price penalty factor (PPF)
PPF is used to convert a multi-objective (in this paper bi-
objective) function into a single objective function.
PPF is the ratio of fuel cost fi to the emission cost Ei for each
generation unit.
PPF has different calculation formulas for the CEED problem:

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 Solution algorithms
A- Classical method (Lagranges method)
Lagrange function based on Lagrange multiplier

The CEED problem is solved to minimizing L according to Pi,

and maximizing L according to under the predetermined
constraints.
According to Eq. 7, Lagrange function will be in the following
form:

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 Solution algorithms
A- Simulated annealing (SA) algorithm
SA simulates the physical solid annealing process to determine
the global or near global optimal solution of combinatorial
optimization problem involving non-linear objective functions
and complex constraints.

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Solution algorithms (SA)

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 Solution algorithms
A- Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm
PSO simulates the movement of bird or fish folks. PSO
initiated with a population called swarm of random particles
and then searches for optima by updating generations. Each
PSO particle represents a feasible solution to the optimization
problem. Each particle is associated with a velocity.

Each particle is updated by two best values: 1- the best solution

it has achieved so far (Pbest). 2- he global best value obtained so
far by any particle in the population (gbest).

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Solution algorithms (PSO)

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 Simulations and results
The test system is the IEEE 30 bus system, with 6 generators,
and 41 transmission lines with 4 tap changers.

The problem was solved for

different types of PPF and
different load values (light = 125
MW, medium = 200 MW, and
heavy = 250 MW )

The 3 optimization methods are

applied.

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Simulations and results

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Simulations and results

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Simulations and results

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 Simulations and results
(Valve point effect)

Lagrange's method

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 Simulations and results
(Valve point effect)

SA

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 Simulations and results
(Valve point effect)

PSO

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 Simulations and results
The optimal values of the power generated from each unit
when applying the three studied methods with the best PPF for
250 MW are as follows:

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 Conclusions

A comparison study between the three optimization methods is

presented.
The comparison proves that the type of the PPF has a major
effect on both the total cost, and the power losses.

The min/max PPF is better than other types for most cases.

For different dispatch types, both total cost and total losses are
increased when considering valve point loading effect.

This means that for accurate calculations it is important to

include this effect in the mathematical formulation of the
problem.

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