K N F E n g i n e e r i n g M a t h e m a t i c s I

Prepared by
MISS NOR AZALINA ROSLI
1 Basic Definition, Domain & Range

2 Operations on Functions

3 Inverse Functions

4 Composite Functions

5 Linear and Quadratic Functions

6 Polynomial, Factorization and Rational Function

 Functionis a relation between two sets (A & B),
where it assigns exactly one element set A to
each element in set B.

A D
B E
C F
A B
A
M C
B A
N D
C B
G E
D
A B A B
Example :

y = 4x + 1 y as function of x

Otherwise, we can write it as

y = f(x) f(x) as a function of x
Where f(x)=4x+1

In most cases, the relationship is usually using

the relationship between y and x. x and y may
represent numerical quantities, but f stand for a
relationship between x & y.
 Definition
Domain: The domain of a function is the set of
all possible input values (usually x), which allows
the function formula to work.

Definition
Range: The range is the set of all possible
output values (usually y), which result from using
the function formula.
 Example :

Find the domain of function f defined by

f (x) = 1 / ( x - 1)
 Solution:
x can take any real number except 1 since x = 1
would make the division by zero is not allowed in
mathematics. Hence the domain in interval
notation is given by (- , 1) U (1 , +).
 Example :

Find the domain of function f defined by

f x 2x 8
 Solution:

The expression defining function f contains a

square root. The expression under the radical
has to satisfy the condition 2x - 8 >= 0 for
the function to take real values.
Solve the above linear inequality x >= 4.
The domain, in interval notation, is given by
[4 , +).
 Example :

Find the domain and range for the function

f(x) = x2 + 2.
 Solution:

f(x) = x2 + 2 is defined for all real values of

x. Hence, the domain of f(x) is "all real
numbers".
Since x2 is never negative, x2 + 2 is never
less than 2
Hence, the range of f(x) is "all real numbers
f(x) 2".
 Wecan see that x takes any value in the
graph, but the resulting y values are greater
than or equal to 2.
 Functions can be added, subtracted,
multiplied or divided. In general, the
definition
Example :
f(x) = x, g(x) = x2
Find;
f(x) + g(x)
(f-g)(x)
(f.g)(x)
(f/g)(x)
 Solution:
(i) f(x) + g(x) = x + x2
(ii) (f g) (x) = f(x) g(x)
= x x2
(iii) (f.g) (x) = f(x) . g(x)
= x . x2
= x3
f f x x 1
(iv) ( x)
g g x x2 x
 Example :
2
For f x x 2
x and g x
x 3
, find each
value.

(a) f g 2

(b) g (3)
2
Solution
a) ( f 2 2
g )(2) (2 2)
2 3
2
6
5
28
5
Solution
b) 2 2
g (3) [ ]2
3 3
1 2
( )
3
1
9
 Inverse function of a function,f is a reverse
operations carried out by f
x y f (x)
f

x f 1 ( y) 1
y
f

*** Do not be confused

f -1(x) => inverse function
[ f(x) ]-1 => means 1/ f(x
 Example :
f(x) = 5x + 6
Let f(x) = y
y = 5x + 6

What is the function form in terms of x?

 Solution:

y = 5x + 6
x=y-6
5
f -1(x) = x - 6
5
 Example :
1
Given that f(x) = (4x -3). Find
5
f-1 (x)
Solution:
1
Let y = (4x -3) Express x in term of y
5

5y = 4x-3
4x = (5y+3)
1
f -1(x) = (5x +3)
4
Example :

The function f is defined by;

8
f x
x 2

1
find f x
 Solution:
8
y
x 2
8
x 2
y
8
x 2
y

Therefore, 1 8 2x
f x
x
 Composite functions are what you get when you
take the output of one function and use it for
the input of the next one.
f(g(x)) or (fg)(x). DO NOT get confused with
(f.g)(x)
Assume that f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1
f( g(x) ) = (g(x))2
= (x+1)2
for all x such that x is in the domain of g and
g(x) is the domain of f.
 Example :
Find f (g(x)) if;

f(x) = x2+3 g(x)= x

 Solution

f(g(x)) = (g(x))2 + 3
= ( x )2 + 3
= x+3
 Example :

f(x) = x2 + 2x
g(x) = x -1

Find f (g(x)) and g(f(x))

 Solution:
f(g(x)) =(x 1)2 + 2(x -1)
=x2 2x + 1 + 2x 2
=x2 1

g (f(x)) = ( x2 + 2x) 1
= x2 + 2x 1
Example :
Here are two simple functions, lets
find f (g(x)) if

f(x) = 2x + 5, g(x) = 3x2 & x=5

Answer:
This means find f (g(5) )
Since g(x) = 3x2, then
g(5) = 3(5)2
= 75
Now find f(75)
so f(75) = 2(75) + 5
= 155
So f(g (5)) = 155
 Example :

6x
Let f x 2
and g x 3x
x 9
find

(i) f g x
(ii) f g 12
 Answer

( f g )(x) f ( g ( x))

f ( 3x )

6 3x
2
(3x) 9

2 3x
x 3
 Answer

f g 12 f g 12

f 36

f 6
6 6
62 9
4
3
 For linear, It is a usual case where
y = mx + c
Where y = value at y coordinate
x = value at x coordinate
m = slope of a line
y2 y1
m
x2 x1
c = y intercept (the place where the
graph crosses the y-axis)
 Example : Find the slope of the line, m
through points (4,3) and (2,5)
 Answer:
y2 y1
m
x2 x1

5 3
m
2 4

m 1
 Example : Find an equation of the
line through the points (3,1) and
(4,-1)
 Answer :
y2 y1
m
x2 x1

1 1
m
4 3

m 2
From equation,
y yo
m
x xo
m( x x0 ) y y0
2x 6 y 1
y 2x 7
 Example : Find an equation of the
line parallel to y=3x-2 and through
the point (-1,3)
 Answer :
It is easy to read the slope of the
line from the equation where m=3
y yo
m
x xo
m( x x0 ) y y0

3[ x ( 1)] y 3
3x 3 y 3
y 3x 6
 Example : Find an equation of the
line perpendicular to y=-2x+4 and
intersecting the line at the point
(1,2)
 Solution:
The slope, m1 is -2. The slope of
the perpendicular line, m2 can be
obtained from m1m2=-1
m2=-1/-2
=1/2
 y yo
m
x xo

m( x x0 ) y y0
1
( x 1) y 2
2
1
y ( x 1) 2
2
 Example : Find the intersections at
y1=x2-x-5 and y2=x+3
 Solution:

At intersection, y1=y2
x2-x-5 = x+3
x2-2x-8 = 0
(x+2) (x-4)=0
x=-2, x=4

When x=-2, y1=1

x=4, y2=7
 The general quadratic function has the form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
where a, b and c are constants and a0

a > 0 (minimum value)

a < 0 (maximum value)

 Example :
Given x2+1 = A(x-1)+B(x+2)+C(x2+2) for
all values of x. Find A, B and C.
 Solution :

x2+1 = Ax-A+Bx+2B+Cx2+2C
X2 = Cx2
C = 1(1)

0 = Ax + Bx
A+B=0
A = -B................................(2)
 1 = -A +2B +2C . (3)
Substitute (1) and (2) into (3)
1 = -(-B) +2B +2(1)
3B = -1
1
B= 3
Since A = -B
A= 1
3
1 1
** Therefore, A = B= 3
C=1
3
Apolynomial is any function that can be
written in the form.
f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + . + a1x + a0

Where
a0, a1, a2, .., an are real numbers (the
coefficients of the polynomial) with an 0
n 0 is an integer (the degree of the
polynomial)
Sample of polynomial

f(x) = 2 (polynomial of degree 0 or constant)

f(x) = 3x + 2 (polynomial of degree 1 or linear
polynomial)
f(x) = 5x2 2x + 1 (polynomial of degree 2 or quadratic
polynomial)
f(x) = x3 -2x + 1 (polynomial of degree 3 or cubic
polynomial)
f(x) = -6x4 + 12x2 3x + 13 (polynomial of degree 4 or quartic
polynomial)
f(x) = 2x5 6x4 8x2 + x 3 (polynomial of degree 5 or quintic
polynomial)
 Factorizationis the opposite process to
expand brackets. The usually process
includes changing a long expression
without any brackets to a shorter
expression that includes the use of
bracket.
Example :Finding the intercepts of a
Graph

Find all x & y intercepts of y = x2 - 4x + 3

 Solution :
Tofind the y-intercept, recall that we set x = 0
to obtain
y=00+3=3
The graph crosses the y-axis at y = 3.

Similarly,to find the x-intercepts, we solve the

eq. f(x) = 0.
0 = x2 4x + 3
= (x 1)(x 3)
x-intercepts are x = 1 & x = 3.
!!! Zeros are the value of x when y=0, from factorizations
 Ifthe equation cannot be factorized, the
most reliable method of determines the
roots of quadratic equation is to use the
formula.

b b2 4ac
x
2a
Example :
Find the zeros of f(x) = x2 5x -12
 Answer:

( 5) ( 5) 2 4(1)( 12)
x
2(1)

x 6.772 & 1.772

 Any function that can be written in the form
p ( x)
f ( x)
q ( x)
Where p(x) & q(x) are polynomials, with q(x) 0
A rational function is known as a proper function
fraction if the degree of P(x) is less than the
degree of Q(x).
Degree 1
4x 1
2 x 2 5x 3
Degree 2
Proper rational function can be expressed in partial
fractions

mx A B
ax2 bx c x x

mx A B C
ax3 bx2 cx d x x x
 Example:

Degree 1
4x 1
2
2 x 5x 3
Degree 2
 Solution :
1. Factorise the denominator
4x 1 4x 1
2 x2 5x 3 (2 x 1)( x 3)

2. Express in partial fraction form

4x 1 A B
(2 x 1)( x 3) (2 x 1) ( x 3)

3. Place RHS over the same denominator

4x 1 A( x 3) B(2 x 1)
(2 x 1)(x 3) (2 x 1)(x 3)
4. Equate numerators
4x + 1 = A(x + 3) + B(2x - 1)
= Ax + 3A +2Bx B
= (A+2B) x + 3A B

5. Equate coefficients

A+ 2B = 4 (1)
3A - B = 1 (2)
From (2) B= 3A 1 (3)
 Substitute (3) into (1)

A+2(3A-1)=4
A=6/7

4
Then from (2) B=1
7
 Example: Express as partial fractions

1
(x 1)( x 2)
 Solution:
1 A B
(x 1)( x 2) (x 1) (x 2)

1 Ax 2A Bx B
Ax Bx 0
A B
2A B 1
2( B) B 1
3B 1
1 1
B A
3 3
 Forthe function that cannot be factorized, it
is known as irreducible factor

mx Ax B C
(ax2 bx c)( x d ) ax2 bx c x d
 Example: Express as a partial form

1
( x 1)( x 2 2 x 2)
 Solution:
1 Ax B C
( x 1)( x 2 2 x 2) ( x 2 2 x 2) ( x 1)
Ax 2 Ax Bx B Cx 2 2Cx 2C 1

Ax 2 Cx 2 0 B 2C 1
Ax Bx 2Cx 0
A C ( C) x Bx 2Cx 0 ( C) 2C 1
B C 0 C 1
B C

***A=-1, B=-1 & C=1

 A rational function is said to be an improper
fraction if the degree of P(x) is greater than or
equal to the degree of Q(x).
Degree 2
3 2
3x 10x x 14
x 2
Degree 1
 Example (improper):
Degree 2
3 2
3x 10x x 14
x 2
Degree 1
Division of polynomials
Carrying out the division of polynomials is no
different, in principle, to numerical division.
Examine the steps taken in the following example
3x 2 4x 7
x 2 3x3 10 x 2 x 14
3 x3 6 x 2
4x2 x therefore
4 x2 8x (3x3 10x 2 x 14)
7 x 14 3x 2 4x 7
( x 2)
7 x 14
Example:
12x 2 13x 9
4x 7
 Solution:
3x 2
4 x 7 12 x 2 13 x 9
12 x 2 21x
8x 9
8 x 14
5

*** 5
3x 2
4x 7
1 Circular /Trigonometric Function

2 Inverse Circular Function

3 Logarithmic Function

4 Exponential Function

5 Hyperbolic Functions

6 Engineering Application
Revision: Convert the given radians measure
to degree
3
(a) (b)
4 5

Revision: Convert the given degrees measure

to radians

(c) 180 (d) 40

If we have
c b c
sin cos tan
a a b
 Sine Rule
a b c
sin a sin b sin c

Cosine rule

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
 Area of Triangle

B 1
bc sin A
Area ABC =
2
c 1
a = ac sin B
2
1
= ab sin C
2
A C
b
 consider
o Usually we denote the angle
in radian and 180o=

o The length of the arc is

define as r

The arc of a circle o The area of a circle = r 2

1 2
o The area of the sector is r
2

o The circumference of a circle

is 2 r
 The Sine Function

The graph replicates

every 2 . It is periodic
with a period equal to 2
radians.

It range is such that

-1 sin x 1

sin (-x) = - sin (x)

 The Cosine Function

It is periodic with a period

equal to 2 radians.

It range is such that

-1 cos x 1

cos(-x) = cos (x)

The Tangent function

tan (-x) = - tan (x)

sin x
tan x = cos x
 Also, remember
 Also, remember

60
2 2
1 1
45
45 30

1 3

Sin Cos Tan

30 1 3 1
2 2 2

45 1 1
1
2 2

60 3 1
3
2 2
Example :

Find all solutions of:

(a) 2 sin x 1 = 0

(b) cos2 x 3 cos x + 2 = 0

 (a) 2 sin x 1 = 0
2 sin x = 1
sin x = 1/2
5 5
x , , 2 , 2 ,......
6 6 6 6

(b) cos2 x 3 cos x + 2 = 0

(cos x 1)(cos x 2) = 0
cos x = 1 cos x = 2

Since -1 cos x 1 for all x, cos x = 2 has no solution.

cos x = 1, x = 0, 2 or x = 2n for any integer n.
 Example:

Sketch using the same set of axes the graphs of

the function

a) y 2 sin x
b) y sin x
1
c) y sin x
2
 Example:

Sketch using the same set of axes the graphs of

the function

a) y sin 2x
b) y sin x
1
c) y sin x
2
Other circular function

Secant sec 1
cos
cosecant cosec 1
sin

cotangentcot 1 cos x
tan sin x
 The following is the trigonometric identities

2 2
cos x sin x 1
2 2
1 tan x sec x
2 2
1 cot x cos ec x
 The formulae (identities) that you must be able to
use are:
sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos(A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos(A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
Double Angle formulae

By letting B=A, the previous formulae become

what are known as the Double Angle Formulae.

sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A

2 2
cos 2 A cos A sin A
2
cos 2 A 1 2 sin A
cos 2 A 2 cos2 A 1
 Sum and Product Identities
1 1
sin A sin B 2 sin ( A B) cos ( A B)
2 2
1 1
sin A sin B 2 sin ( A B) cos ( A B)
2 2
1 1
cos A cos B 2 cos ( A B) cos ( A B)
2 2
1 1
cos A cos B 2 sin ( A B) sin ( A B)
2 2
 Sum and Product Identities

1
sin A cos B [sin( A B) sin( A B)]
2
1
cos A sin B [sin( A B) sin( A B)]
2
1
cos A cos B [cos( A B) cos(A B)]
2
1
sin A sin B [cos( A B) cos(A B)]
2
Solve 2 cos x
2 + 3 sin x = 3
Using cos2x + sin2x = 1
Cos2x = 1 sin2 x
Thus
2(1 sin2 x) + 3 sin x = 3
2 sin2x 3sin x + 1 = 0

Quadratic function
Let sin x =
2
2 3 1 0
 c) factorize (2 1)( 1) 0
1
, 1
2

d) We know that sin x

1
sin x = & sin x = 1
2
 e) if sin x = 1
2
x=
5
,
6 6
f) if sin x = 1

x=
2
if sin x = 1

5
g) Three solutions , , or in degree 30o,90o, 150o
6 6 2
Example :

Prove that

1) sin( A B ) sin( A B ) 2 sin A cos B

2 ) cos 2 cos 2 sin2

 Solution

a) sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B

sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B

sin( A B ) sin( A B )
sin A cos B cos A sin B sin A cos B cos A sin B
2 sin A cos B
 Solution

b)
cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
cos 2 cos 2 sin2
Example :

4 sin x + 3 cos x = 5 sin (x + )

estimate the value
Solution:
From the identities,
sin(a b) sin a cosb sin b cos a
RHS
sin( x ) 5(sin x cos sin cos x)
5 sin x cos 5 sin cos x
*** 4 sin x 3 cos x 5 sin x cos 5 sin cos x
Equating the term

4 sin x 5 sin x cos 3 cos x 5 sin cos x

4 5 cos 3 5 sin
4 3
cos sin
5 5
1 4 1 3
cos sin
5 5
Example :

Express y 4 sin 3t 3 cos3t in the form of

y Asin(3t a)
Solution :
From the identities, sin( x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
Asin(3t a) A[sin 3t cos a cos3t sin a]
Asin(3t a) Asin 3t cos a A cos3t sin a
4 sin 3t 3 cos3t Asin 3t cos a A cos3t sin a

4 sin 3t Asin 3t cos a 3 cos3t A cos3t sin a

4 Acos a 1 3 Asin a 2
Find a by dividing 2 & 1
3 A sin a
4 A cos a
3
tan a
4
1 3
a tan ( )
4

a 0.64radian
Find A by squaring 1 & 2

1 4 Acos a 2 3 Asin a
42 A2 cos2 a 32 A2 sin2 a
16 A2 cos2 a 9 A2 sin2 a
A2 cos2 a 16 0 A2 sin2 a 9 0
Add (1) + (2)

A2 cos2 a 16 A2 sin2 a 9 0
A2 cos2 a A2 sin2 a 25
 A2 (cos2 a sin 2 a ) 25
A2 (1) 25
A 5

*** y 4sin 3t 3cos3t

Asin(3t a)
5sin 3t 0.64
 x = sin y
y = arcsin (x) or
y = sin-1 (x)

x= tan (y)
y = arctan (x)
y = tan-1(x)

x= cos (y)
y = arccos (x)
y = cos-1(x)
 Example :

Evaluate

1
1
a) sin ( )
2

1
b) cos 1 ( )
2
 Solution : + +
180-30

a) sin ( 1 ) 30
1 30

-30
2
5
180+30 - -
( , )
6 6

6
is the only value of the function that lies
within the define range [ , ]
2 2
 Solution : - +
180-60

b) cos ( 1 ) 60
1 60

-60
2
180+60 - +
2 5
( , ) 360-60
3 3

2
3
is the only value of the function that lies
within the define range [0, ]
Function of the type f ( x) a x where a is a positive constant
(and x ) is the independent variable as usual) are called
exponential functions.

Index rules/ Rules of exponents for any real number

m n m n
a a a
am
am n

an
m n
a a mn
m
ab a mb m
 a m am
( )
b bm

ao 1
n 1 1
a or an
an a n
1
n n
a a
m
a n
(n a ) m

ab a b ***remember a b a b
 a a
b b
n n
ab an b
n
n
a a
n
b b
a a a
Logarithmic rules
the logarithm function with base b, written
logb x, is defined by

y = logb x if & only if x = by.

That is, the logarithm logb x gives the exponent

to which you must raise the base b to get the
given number x.
 Usually abbreviate log10 x as log x
loge x as ln x
If y = ex then ln y = x, which implies that
ln ex = x and eln y = y
Example :

log10 10 = 1 (since 101 = 10)

log10 100= 2 (since 102 = 100)
log10 1000 = 3 (since 103 = 1000)
loga a 1

loga 1 0 (The logarithm to any base of 1 equal zero)

loga m loga n loga (mn)

m
loga m loga n loga ( )
n
loga m p p loga m
1 1
loga loga m loga m
m
 logb m
loga m
logb a

logm m 1
loga m
logm a logm a
Example : Determine

1
1) log
10

2) log 0.001

3) ln e3
Solutions :

1
1) log log10 1
10
1

1
2) log 0.001 log
1000
3
log10
3
Solutions :

3) ln e3 3
loge (e )
3 loge e
3
Example : Solving an exponential equation

x 4
Solve e 7 for x.
Solution :
x 4
e 7
ln( e x 4 ) ln 7
( x 4 ) ln e ln 7
x 4 ln 7
x ln 7 4
Example : Simplifying Logarithmic Expressions

Write each as a single logarithm

(a) log 2 27 x
log 2 3x

(b)
1
ln 8 3ln
2
Solution:
First, note that there is more than one order in
which to work each problem.

(a) log2 27 log2 3

x x

log2 33 x log2 3 x
3x log2 3 x log2 3
2 x log2 3
log2 32 x
(b) ln 8 3 ln 1
2

ln 23 3 ln 2 1

3 ln 2 ( 3 ln 2)

6 ln 2
ln 26
ln 64
Example : Use the rules of logarithms to
x3 y 4
expand the expression ln
z5
Solution:
x3 y 4
ln z5

ln x 3 y 4 ln z 5

ln x 3 ln( y 4 ) ln z 5
3 ln x 4 ln y 5 ln z
 There are two special combinations of
exponential functions, called the hyperbolic
sine and hyperbolic cosine.
The hyperbolic function is denoted as sinh(x)
while hyperbolic cosine denoted by cosh(x).

ex e x
ex e x
sinh x cosh x
2 2
sinh x
tanh x
cosh x
Example : Computing values of hyperbolic
Function. Compute f(0), f(1) and f(-1), and
determine how f(x) and f(x) compare for each
function:

(a) f x sinh x

(b) f x cosh x
Solution:

(a) For x=0, we have sinh 0 e0 e 0

1 1
0
2 2
Note: sinh 0 sin 0 0
e1 e 1
For x=1, we have sinh1 1.18
2
1
e e1
For x=-1, we have sinh 1 1.18
2

Note: sinh x sinh x

 e0 e 0
1 1
(b) For x=0, we have cosh 0 1
2 2

Note: cosh 0 cos0 1

e1 e 1
For x=1, we have cosh1 1.54
2
e 1 e1
For x=1, we have cosh 1 1.54
2

Note: cosh( x) cos x

Example : Solve the equation

5 cosh x 3sinh x 4
Solution :
5 cosh x 3sinh x 4
5 x 3 x
(e e x) (e e x) 4
2 2
5 x 5 x 3 x 3 x
e e e e 4
2 2 2 2
8 x 2 x
e e 4
2 2
4e x e x 4 0
 x 1
4e 4 0
x
e
4e 2 x 1 4e x 0
( 2e x 1)2 0
1
ex
2
1 1
x ln ln 2
2
ln 2
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