6/19/2015

Outline

1. Road Cross Section

2. Pedestrian & Bicycle Facilities
Geometric Design - 2 3. Highway Capacity
4. Service Flow Rate

P. R.D. Fernando
Chartered Engineer
B.Sc.(Hons), M.Eng. C.Eng., MIE(SL)

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Road Cross section

Road Cross section

1. Carriageway - CW
2. Shoulder (Hard & soft) - SW
3. Center Median - CM
4. Platform (CW+SW + CM)
5. Cross-fall (Pavement & Shoulder)
6. Drain
7. Cut Slope (1:4 H:V) & Fill Slope (1:1.5 V:H)
8. ROW (total clear width used for the road including the
reservation for utility and any widening in future.)

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Road Cross Section

Cross sectional Elements

CARRIAGEWAY
The surface of the road on which the vehicles are expected to
run
It can be single lane, two lanes, four lanes or multi lanes.
A traffic lane is demarcated by lane markings for the use of a
single line of traffic.
The desirable lane width is 3.7m
The absolute minimum lane width is 3.1m
SHOULDERS
To accommodate vehicles to stand or for emergency
situations.
As Pedestrians walkway
For motorists, better utilization of road capacity.
3.0m width is desirable while 1.8m minimum width.

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CENTRE MEDIN
Generally use for 4 lane or multi-lane roads.
To avoid conflicts of opposing traffic.
Refuge for pedestrians.
Enhance the safety on road.
DRAINS
To discharge of storm water in efficiency.
Runoff (m3 / sec) will decide the size of drain.
The minimum 0.6m width will be preferable for cleaning
purpose.
The cross section will be rectangular or trapezoidal.
Lead away drains to discharge the side drains water to natural
streams or low land areas.

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RSERVATION Crossfall

For road widening & utility services. To remove the road surface water.
To avoid disturbing the existing road. Excessive crossfalls will make driving uncomfortable.
Services will be water, electricity etc; Recommended crossfalls;
Concrete - 2.0%
Asphalt paving - 2.5%
Bitumen seals - 3.0%
Gravel roads - 4.0%

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Bicycle Road Sidewalk

Sidewalk must have sufficient width for safe and comfortable

Bicycle-pedestrian
Bicycle exclusive Road shared path
travel.
Bicycle-vehicle
shared path
Sidewalk must have enough widths for street utilities, views,
harmony with environment, service of surroundings
Minimum effective width is 2.0m
Especially, in high density urban areas, it has another purpose
to extend sight distances

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Topography
Flat Terrain Road Capacity
Any combination of geometry features permitting heavy vehicles to maintain
appropriately the same speed as passenger car. (grades of no more than 3%).
Road capacity is maximum rate of
traffic flow that can be accommodated
Rolling Terrain along road segment at Level of Service
Any combination of geometry features that causes heavy vehicles to reduce - E.
their speed substantially below those of passenger cars. (grades between 3 -
8%). Define in passenger car unit / hour
(pcu / hr).
Mountainous Terrain
Any combination of geometry features that causes heavy vehicles to operate at Ideal capacity of 2-lane road
their limiting speed on the given grade for significant distance. (grades of more 2800 pcph.
than 8%)
Ideal capacity of multi lane road
2000 pcphpl.

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Definitions
Definitions
Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)
Annual traffic average on daily basis.
Both directions Design Hourly Volume(DHV)
Basis of Highway planning Basis of highway design (design calculations)
Unit is Vehicles / day Expected hourly volume at peak hour in target design year

Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Generally, 30~50th largest hourly volume among 1 year (30th highest is

Weakly traffic average on daily basis. most common)

Both directions
Basis of Highway planning K factor (design hour factor)
Unit is Vehicles / day Ratio between DHV and AADT
Target year of highway planning K
DHV
AADT
Up to 20 years from the year of design to the year of service open
Different by highway locations and functions In Sri Lanka 30th highest volume is around 10% of the AADT. Hence for
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convenient Sri Lanka use K = 10% of AADT.

Definitions
Example
Directional Distribution Factor (D)
In Sri Lankan road has AADT of 25500, what is the DHV? The percentage of the design hourly
volume that is in the predominant
direction of travel.
Factor reflecting proportion of peak
hour traffic travelling in the peak direction.

Directional Design Hourly Volume (DDHV)

DDHV is Directional Design Hourly Volume and it is determined by the
application of D factor to DHV.
DDHV = D * DHV

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DDHV = D * K * AADT 20

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Traffic Composition
Mix of Vehicle Traffic is characterized by a variety of transport modes.

For the purposes of Capacity design, the volume of current

traffic needs to be classified in terms of vehicle type. (Manual
Classified Count Survey MCC)

The composition of traffic is required to convert traffic volumes

from vehicles into Passenger Car Units (PCU), for the design of
lane width and for capacity analysis.

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Equivalent Passenger Car Unit PCU for Two Lane two way Roads

The equivalent number of passenger car that will produce

Vehicle Type PCU Factor
the same effect as that is produce by the particular type of
Passenger Car 1.0
vehicle.
Motor Cycle 0.4
Heavier and slower vehicles like trucks and buses occupy Three Wheeler 0.8
more road space. Small Bus 1.8
Concept is adopted in traffic analysis to take into account Large Bus 2.4
the effect of different traffic mix. Heavy Truck 3.8
Truck Tailer 6.0

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Example
DESIGN VEHICLES
A road has following traffic composition within the day and
calculate the PCU value for that road. The geometric features of the road are related directly with the
dimension of the design vehicle. Vehicle width, Length, Height,
Vehicle Type Number and Minimum turning radius
Passenger Car 450
Motor Cycle 800 Passenger Car [P]
Three Wheeler 1200 Single Unit Bus [BUS]
Small Bus 20 Single Unit Truck [SU]
Large Bus 50
Comb. Truck Intermediate Semi trailer [WB-12]
Heavy Truck 80
Comb. Truck Large (Semi trailer) [WB-15]
Truck Trailer 10
Comb. Truck Large (Full trailer) [WB-18]

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Design Speed
Volume / Capacity Ratio
Design Speed is the maximum safe speed that can be
maintained over a specified section of highway.
The choice of design speed will be depended on v/c ratio is a measure of sufficiency
The surrounding terrain and the functional class of the of existing or proposed road capacity.
highway (Primary).
traffic volume and composition, cost of ROW and v/c = flow (volume)
aesthetic considerations. capacity

v/c ratio > 1 indicates that the road

facility may have capacity problem

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Level of Service (LOS) LOS & v/c

Divide in to 6 grade (A F)
Describing the operation conditions on the road facility.
Road Class Design Speed Design Level of Volume
Qualitative measure of speed, degree of freedom to (kmph) Service Capacity Ratio
travel, traffic interruption, comfort and safety. (v/c)

A 70 or more LOS C 0.6 0.8

B 60 or more LOS D 0.8 0.9

C, D, E 50 or more LOS E > 0.9

(Source: Geometric Design Standard of Roads, Road Development Authority 1998)

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Concept of LOS Level of Service

LOS - A

LOS - B

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Level of Service Example Assessment of Road Adequacy

LOS - B

LOS - E

LOS - C
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Basic Definition Basic Definition

Hourly Volume (V) Service Flow

The actual highest traffic volume on roadway in a 24 hour period (i.e The actual rate of flow for the peak 15 min period expanded to an hourly
peak hour volume). Unit veh. / hr. volume and expressed in vehicles per hour. Service flow is denoted SF and
defined as.
Peak Hour Factor V
The ratio of peak hour volume (V) to the maximum 15-min rate of flow SF
PHF
(V15) expanded to an hourly volume.

V SF V15 * 4
PHF
V15 * 4

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Service Flow Rate (SFR)

Example

Two roads both of having peak hour volume of 2000 veh/hr. The first road has
The Service Flow Rate is the maximum hourly rate of a
1000 vehicles arriving in the highest 15-min interval, and the second road has lane or roadway under prevailing roadway, traffic and
600 vehicle arriving in the highest 15-min interval. Determine the PHF for control conditions while maintaining a designated Level
both roads. Of Service.

SFR for 2 lane roads

SFi = 2800 * (v/c)i * fd * fw * fg * fHV

SFR for multi Lane road

SFi = MSFi * N * fw * fg * fHV * fE
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Service Flow Rate (SFR) SFR

1
f HV
{1 PHV (E HV 1)} Where,
Sfi = Total service flow rate in both directions for prevailing roadway and Traffic
SFR for 2 lane roads conditions, for level of service i, in vph
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SFi = 2800 * (v/c)i * fd * fw * fg * fHV fg
1 PP I P (v/c)i = Ratio of flow rate to ideal capacity for level of service i,

I P 0.02 ( E E O ) Fd = Adjustment factor for directional distribution of traffic,

fw= Adjustment factor for narrow lanes and restricted shoulder width,
E HV 1 (0. 25 PT / HV )( E 1)
fg = Adjustment factor for the operational effects of grades on passenger cars.

fHV= Adjustment factor for heavy vehicles in the upgrade traffic stream.
SFR for multi Lane road
SFi = MSFi * N * fw * fg * fHV * fE PP = Proportion of passenger cars in the upgrade traffic stream, expressed as a
decimal.
MSFi C j * (v / c) i
IP = Impedance factor for passenger cars.

PHV = Total proportion of heavy vehicles in the upgrade traffic stream. 40

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SFR cont..
Example

EHV= Passenger car equivalent for specific mix on heavy vehicles present in the upgrade traffic 1. A two lane highway has following parameters and calculate the service
stream flow of the road at capacity.
E = base passenger car equivalent for a given percent of grade and a given speed selected. fd = 0.83
fw= 0.88
E0 = base passenger car equivalent for zero percent grade and a given upgrade speed selected
fHV= 0.916
PT/HV = Proportion of trucks among heavy vehicles

N = No of lanes in one direction

MSFi = maximum service flow rate in one direction

Cj = Capacity per lane for multilane highway with design speed j

fE = Adjustment factor for the development environment and type of multilane (fE = 1.0 divided
highway)

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Example Safety

1. A two lane B class highway has following parameters and it will plan Safety is a major goal of road design irrespective of
to keep the road as LOS D. Construction work will be completed in
2018. assume growth traffic rate is 4% until completion of the project whatever design standard is adopted. To enhance
road and this value is 6% after completion of the project. How long road safety on rehabilitation road project;
will last LOS D ?
fd = 1.0 Provide adequate sight distance on HA & VA.
fw= 0.81 Improve the improper curves and grades.
fHV= 0.84
Propose suitable advance signs or lane markings.
AADT in 2015 = 4500 veh/hr

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Geometric Design Standard of Roads Highway Capacity Manual

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Geometric Design Standard of Roads Highway Capacity Manual

Publication Publication
Transportation Research Board(TRB)
Road Development Authority (RDA)
Contents
Contents Quality of service in a variety of road and the procedure for
Quality of service in a variety of road and the procedure calculating the capacity, guidelines, concepts, etc
for calculating the capacity, guidelines, concepts, etc Highways, Roads, Roundabout, Signal and non-signal
History intersections, Rural roads, Public transit, Pedestrian,
bicycle, etc
1998: First publication(RDA) History
1950: First publication(The U.S. Bureau of Public Road)
1965: Second publication (Highway Research Board, TRB)
1985: Third publication (1994, 1997)
2000: Fourth publication (HCM 2000)
2010: Fifth publication

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