Professional Documents
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1. Distinguish between compressible fluid and incompressible fluid flow. (Nov/ Dec-
2006)
Ans: Density is constant for incompressible fluid flow and it is variable for
incompressible fluid flow. The compressibility factor is one for incompressible fluid and
is less than one for compressible fluid. Examples are incompressible fluid - water, oil and
compressible fluid air, hydrogen.
2. Define velocity of sound. What is the velocity of sound in air at 27oC? (May 2009)
Ans: The velocity of sound is defined as the velocity at which pressure waves are
transmitted through the medium. The velocity of sound in air is calculated by
a RT .
The velocity of sound in air at 27oc, a 1.4 287 300 347.2 m/s
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Ans: The stagnation velocity of sound is defined as the sonic velocity corresponding to
stagnation conditions of a gas. The stagnation velocity of sound a0 RT0 substituting
,
R=Cp (-1)/ and simplifying 0 a 1 h0
11. Define impulse function and write the impulse function in terms of Mach number. .
(May/June-2013)
Ans: The sum of pressure force (PA) and inertia force (AC2) is known as impulse
function (F) which is an important parameter in calculating the thrust in jet engine and
rocket engine.
F PA AC 2
F PA 1 M 2
Ans: Incompressible flow (I): If the Mach number is very low (M<<1), the velocity of fluid
is much lower than velocity of sound. Here the effect of compressibility is negligible and the
Subsonic flow (II): If the Mach number is less than unity (M<1), the velocity of fluid is
Transonic flow (III): For Mach number slightly higher than and lower than sonic condition
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Supersonic flow (IV): The region in which Mach number is greater than unity, the flow is
Hypersonic flow (V): The region with higher Mach number (M>5) is known as hypersonic
flow. In this region of hypersonic flow, the velocity of fluid is far greater than velocity of
sound.
14. An air jet ( = 1.4 & R = 287J/kg K) at 400 K is at sonic state. Determine its velocity
(Nov/ Dec-2006)
Soln: M = c/a at sonic velocity M = 1
c = M x a = 1 x RT = 1x 1.4 x 287 x 400 =
3
v. The specific heat and molecular weight of the fluid remain constant
vi. The flow is steady and one dimensional
vii. Wall friction is the sole driving potential in the flow and the effect of body forces
are neglected.
2. Sketch the Fanno line in T-S plane and explain the significance of it. (Nov/Dec-2006)
Ans: Figure 3. From the figure, it should be noted that F is the point where the Mach
number is unity and the flow is chocking. The specific entropy at this point is maximum.
The upper branch (AC) of the curve is for subsonic flow (M<1) and the lower branch (BC) is
for supersonic flow (M>1). The successive state points cannot lie along the branches of the
curve; because it violates the second law of thermodynamics (i.e) decrease in entropy. The
successive state points may lie only in the direction of arrow shown in the figure, (i.e) either
A to C for subsonic flow or B to C for supersonic flow. The limiting state for both the cases
is C, where the specific entropy is maximum.
6. Discuss the effect of friction in constant area duct if the flow initially (i)
subsonic (ii) supersonic
Variation of flow parameters in Fanno flow
Properties Initially Subsonic Initially Supersonic
M Increases Decreases
C Increases Decreases
Decreases Increases
T Decreases Increases
To Constant Constant
P Decreases Increases
Po Decreases Decreases
F Decreases Decreases
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4fLmax/D Decreases Decreases
9. State the two governing equations used in plotting Rayleigh line (Nov/Dec-2005
Ans: Continuity equation
m
G C
A
Momentum equation
G2
P constant
11. How the flow properties changes due to heating in Rayleigh flow, when the flow is
initially subsonic? (Nov/Dec-2006)
Ans:
Property Subsonic flow (M<1)
Heating Cooling
M Increases Decreases
T0 Increases Decreases
P0 Decreases Increases
P Decreases Increases
c Increases Decreases
T Increases for M<1/ Decreases for M<1/
Decreases for M>1/ Increases for M>1/
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12. How the flow properties changes due to heating in Rayleigh flow, when the flow is
initially supersonic? (Nov/Dec-2006)
Ans:
Property Supersonic flow (M>1)
Heating Cooling
M Decreases Increases
T0 Increases Decreases
P0 Decreases Increases
P Increases Decreases
C Decreases Increases
T Increases Decreases
14. What are the assumption made for the isothermal flow?
Ans: The various assumptions made for the analysis of isothermal flow are
a. The static temperature remain constant
b. The driving potential are friction and heat transfer
c. The fluid viscosity remain constant
d. The friction factor remain constant along the duct
e. The flow is steady and one dimensional
f. The fluid properties remain constant and it behaves as perfect gas
14 .Explain the difference between Fanno flow and isothermal flow. (Nov/Dec-2009)
Ans:
Isothermal flow Fanno flow
Static temperature is constant Static temperature is not constant
Heat transfer occurs No heat transfer
Flow occurs in a long ducts where Long ducts are not required
sufficient time is required for heat
transfer
Write the expression for Mach number downstream of the normal shock
Ans:
2
M x2
1
M y2
2
M x2 1
1
3. Write the expressions for change in static pressure, static temperature, density, and
stagnation pressure across a normal shock in terms of upstream Mach number.
(May/June-2013)
Ans:
Py 2 1
Static pressure ratio: M x2
Px 1 1
1 2 2
1 M x M x2 1
Ty 2 1
Static temperature ratio:
Tx 1 2 M 2
2 1
x
1 2
y Mx
2
Density ratio:
x 1 1 M 2
x
2
1 2 1 1
Mx
2 2 1 1
Stagnation pressure ratio: Mx
2
1 1
Mx
2 1 1
2
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8. Define the term: Strength of shock wave. (Nov/Dec-03, May/June-2004)
Ans: Strength of the shock wave is defined as the ratio of the increase in static pressure
across the shock to the upstream static pressure.
Py Px
Px
9. What do you understand by strong and weak waves? Which one is preferred? (Nov/Dec-
2008)
Ans: Based on the pressure rise across the shock wave, it is classified as strong and weak
waves. The pressure rise is higher for strong waves and low for weak waves. The strong
shock waves are preferred in the air propulsion application
11. What are the differences between oblique and normal shocks? (Nov/Dec-2006)
Ans:
Normal Shock Oblique shock
The shock wave are right angles to the The shock waves are inclined at an
direction of flow angle to the direction of flow
May be treated as one dimensional Oblique shock is normally not one
analysis dimensional analysis
6. Give the difference between turbo jet and ram jet engines. .(Apr/May-2006)
Ans:
Turbo Jet Engine Ram Jet Engine
Compressor and turbine are used Compressor and turbine are not used but
diffuser and nozzle are used
Lower thrust per unit weight Higher thrust per unit weight
Design and Construction is complicated Design and construction is easy
No launching machine is required Launching machine is required
7. Give the difference between ram jet and pulse jet engines. .(Apr/May-2004)
Ans:
Pulse Jet Engine Ram Jet Engine
Mechanical valve arrangements are Works without the aid of any
used in combustion chamber mechanical device and needs no moving
parts
The stagnation temperature at diffuser Ram jet engine works at supersonic
exit is comparatively less speed, the stagnation temperature is
very high
Vibration occurs due to valve No vibration occurs
arrangement
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Ans: When an aircraft flies with high velocity, the incoming air is compressed to high
pressure without external work at the expense of velocity energy is known as ram effect.
11. Define Thrust specific fuel consumption , specific thrust and specific impulse
May/June-2013
Ans:
Thrust specific fuel consumption is defined as the amount of fuel consumed to produce
unit thrust.
Specific thrust is defined as the thrust produced per unit flow rate through the propulsion
system.
Specific impulse is defined as the thrust produced per unit weight flow rate through the
propulsive system.
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14. Distinguish between air breathing engine and rocket engine?(May/June-
09,Nov/Dec-08
Air breathing engine Rocket engine
Altitude limitation No altitude limitation, it can work in
space
Thrust decreases with altitude Thrust improves slightly with altitude
Rate of climb decreases with Rate of climb increases with altitude
altitude
Flight speed is less than the jet Flight speed is not limited, can be
velocity greater than jet velocity
Engine drag increases with flight Engine has no ram drag; thrust is
speed constant with speed
Ans:
i. Based on source of energy: chemical rocket, solar rocket, nuclear rocket, and
electrical rocket.
ii. Based on propellant used: liquid propellant rocket and solid propellant rocket
iii. Based on application: space rocket, military rocket, weather rocket, booster rocket
and retrorockets.
iv. Based on number of stages: single stage rocket and multistage rocket
v. Based on size: short range small rocket, long range small rocket and long range
large rocket
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4. What are the types of solid propellants? Give examples. .(May/June-2010)
Ans: Solid propellants are two types, heterogeneous or composite propellants and homogeneous
mixture of organic substances.
Heterogeneous propellants: Ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium percolate, and
potassium percolate as oxidizer and polymers, plastics and PVC as fuel.
Homogeneous propellants: Nitroglycerine and nitro cellulose
7. What are the advantages of solid propellant rockets over liquid propellant rockets? List any
two.(Nov/dec-2005)
a. Ans: I) Liquid propellant can be reused or recharged. Hence it is economical
b. ii) Increase or decrease of speed is possible when it is in operation.
c. iii) Specific impulse is very high.
d. iv) Storing and transportation is easy as the fuel and oxidizer are kept separately.
8. Compare the propulsive efficiency of jet engine with that of rocket engine.( Nov/Dec-2006)
Ans: Propulsive efficiency of jet engine: The ratio of propulsive power or thrust power to the
power output of the engine for same jet engine and rocket engine.
in all directions. The propellant grain burns only at some surfaces while other surfaces are prevented
from burning.
9. What is a Bypass engine and define bypass ratio?(Nov/Dec-2007)
Ans: Bypass engine
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The atmospheric air enters the turbofan engine is divided into two streams namely primary air and bye
pass air. The primary air flows through the components of turbojet engine. The bye pass air flows
11. List out any two uses of solid propellant rocket systems. (Nov/Dec-2009)
Ans: i) Solid fuels and oxidizers are used in rocket engines
a. ii) Burning in the combustion chamber is uncontrolled rate
b. iii) Generally stored in combustion chamber.
12. Give any two advantages and disadvantages of rockets compared to air breathing engines.
(Nov/Dec-2009)
a. Ans: Altitude limitation
b. Flight speed is less than the jet velocity
c. Engine drag increases with flight speed
d. Thrust decreases with altitude
13. Why ram jet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine? .(Nov/Dec-2011)
Ans: In general, the speed of a ram jet engine is supersonic is very high. At this flight speed the
contribution of the compressor to the static pressure rise is insignificant. Hence, ram jet engine does not
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1. What are the types of liquid propellants? Give examples.
Ans:
i. Storable propellants (e.g.) monomethyl hydrazine and unsymmetrical
dimeylhydrazine
ii. Cryogenic propellants (e.g.) liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, liquid fluorine and
liquid ammonia.
2.What is monopropellant? Give examples. .(May/June-2004,13)
Ans: Monopropellant contains both fuel and oxidizer in single chemical. (e.g.) hydrogen
peroxide, hydrazine, nitroglycerine and nitro methane
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