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I. INTRODUCTION
ITH the proliferation of nonlinear loads such as diode/ voltage regulator is usually a PI regulator. The output of the reg-
W thyristor rectifiers, nonsinusoidal currents degrade
power quality in power transmission/distribution systems [1].
ulator is multiplied by phase-lock-loop output
fundamental active current reference
to produce
for dc-link voltage
Traditionally, passive filters have been used to eliminate the regulation. The reference of the current controller can be
harmonic distortion and compensate the reactive power, but obtained by adding to , which controls the voltage source
passive filters are bulky, de-tune with age and can resonate power converter to generate the compensation current using
with the supply impedance. As active power filters (APF) pulse-width modulation (PWM) with symmetrical triangular
are powerful tools for the compensation not only of current carriers.
harmonics produced by distorting loads, but also of reactive Lots of studies have been pursued on SAPF. But in most
power and unbalance of nonlinear and fluctuating loads [2], studies, the supply voltage is considered as a sinusoidal vari-
and APF can be smaller, more versatile, better damped, they able with constant amplitude. However, in some system such as
are studied widely, and great developments have taken place in small rating stand-alone power system, the supply-voltage fluc-
theory and application of APF [3]. tuation is very serious. Is there any influence of supply-voltage
The shunt APF (SAPF) is used most widely to eliminate the fluctuation on the SAPF? By now, few papers have discussed
current distortion [4]. Fig. 1 shows the topology of load-current this problem. In this paper, influence of supply-voltage fluctua-
detection type SAPF. Here, denotes the dc-link voltage tion on dc-link voltage of SAPF and on performance of SAPF is
regulator, and represents the equivalent resistance of the in- discussed in detail. Then an easily implemented method of elim-
verter loss, the inductance loss, and the circuit loss. inating the fluctuation is proposed. Experiments are also carried
In Fig. 1, the harmonic component of load current is out to demonstrate the proposed method.
obtained through the reference identifier using the current-de-
tection algorithm mentioned in literature [5], and the dc-link
II. INFLUENCE OF SUPPLY-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
Manuscript received March 28, 2006; revised August 11, 2006. Paper no. ON DC-LINK VOLTAGE OF SAPF
TPWRD-00162-2006.
The authors are with the State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and The power converter used in the SAPF is usually a voltage-
Power Equipment, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China (e-mail: wlh@mail.
xjtu.edu.cn; zffz@mail.xjtu.edu.cn). source PWM converter. Therefore, to get better performance of
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899786 SAPF, the dc-link voltage should be maintained at a constant
0885-8977/$25.00 2007 IEEE
1744 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 3, JULY 2007
where
(5)
The dc-side instantaneous power of SAPF is 3) Three-phase instantaneous power of harmonics can be ex-
pressed as (6). Here, assuming that the load is a three-phase
diode with a resistor on dc-side, the harmonic current can
be written as
According to the instantaneous power balance of SAPF ac-side
and dc-side , the following equation can be ob-
tained:
(1)
(6)
In this paper, the influence of amplitude fluctuation of supply- It can be seen that instantaneous power of harmonics fluc-
voltage is discussed, so the supply voltage can be represented as tuates with times of fundamental frequency. However,
the average value in one fundamental cycle is zero. To sim-
plify the analysis, it can be neglected.
(2) 4) Three-phase instantaneous power consumed on is
(7)
The output current of SAPF includes the compensation cur-
5) Three-phase instantaneous power consumed on is
rent and the active component of fundamental current for
dc-link voltage regulation, and the compensation current can
be written as the sum of the reactive component of fundamental
current and the harmonic current . Then the output current (8)
of SAPF can be represented as follows:
From the items 1) 5), the instantaneous power balance of
SAPF in (1) can be obtained as follows:
(3)
(9)
LONGHUI et al.: STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLY-VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ON SHUNT APF 1745
Assuming the parameters under some steady state are , , The output of Fig. 3 can be written as
, , when added small-signal, they can be represented as
(10)
(16)
Then (9) can be written as
In (16), it can be seen that both the amplitude fluctuation of
the supply voltage and the fluctuation of the compensation
current can cause the fluctuation of SAPF dc-link voltage.
If the dc-link voltage is too low, the output voltage of PWM
converter will not be high enough to ensure the current tracking
result. If the dc-link voltage is too high, it will threaten the safe
(11) operation of the system considering the safe voltage limitation of
semiconductor. At the same time if dc-link voltage is too high, it
In the steady state, the real power injected into the SAPF is will cause the ripple of SAPF output current increase, and then
equal to the power loss of SAPF. Then in steady state, the equa- EMI problem will become serious. So the fluctuation of dc-link
tion of system power balance can be expressed as voltage caused by supply-voltage fluctuation or the compensa-
tion current fluctuation will depress the performance of SAPF.
(12) Take the 50 kVA SAPF as an example, the dc-link capacitor
is 3900 , the dc-link voltage reference is set at 750 V and
If the items above the second order are neglected in (11), the the system efficiency is 95%. When the amplitude of the supply
small-signal equation can be obtained as voltage rises by 30%, within one fundamental cycle the dc-link
voltage may rise by 611 V. In this case, to ensure the safe operation
of the system, the protecting cell of SAPF will cut off the SAPF.
Moreover, the fluctuation of supply voltage will make an im-
(13) pact on the load current. Therefore, the compensation current of
SAPF will fluctuate.
After Laplace transforming, the small-signal model at some
balance point can be obtained, as (14) shows III. PROPOSED FEEDFORWARD CONTROL METHOD
From the analysis above, to achieve high and stable perfor-
mance of SAPF, the fluctuation of the dc-link voltage caused by
(14) supply-voltage fluctuation should be eliminated. In traditional
design of the dc-link voltage regulator as mentioned in liter-
The small-signal model of dc-link control loop in Fig. 2 can ature [7], the supply-voltage fluctuation is not taken into ac-
be written as count. Under the condition of supply-voltage fluctuation, the
regulator should be redesigned. This makes many troubles in
(15) practice. In this paper, an easily implemented feedforward con-
trol method of supply-voltage and compensation current is pre-
where is the value of in the small-signal model. sented, with which redesign of traditional dc-link voltage regu-
Then the small-signal model of the closed-loop control of lator is needless.
SAPF dc-link voltage can be obtained as Fig. 3 shows, where The proposed control method is shown in Fig. 4, where
, , and are the supply-voltage feedforward con-
, . In most cases, is a PI troller and the compensation current feedforward controller,
controller, then . respectively.
1746 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 3, JULY 2007
(17)
When ,
, (17) can be written as:
(18) Fig. 6. Comparison of the closed-loop transfer functions with P and PI current
regulator.
Fig. 9. Experiment result without feedforward control (1:U 100 V/div; 2:I Fig. 10. Experiment result with feedforward control (1:U 100 V/div; 2:I
1 V/div; 3:U 75 V/div; 4:I 50 A/div; t: 20 ms/div). (a) Sudden decrease of 1 V/div; 3:U 75 V/div; 4:I 50 A/div; t: 20 ms/div). (a) Sudden decrease of
supply voltage. (b) Sudden increase of supply voltage. supply voltage. (b) Sudden increase of supply voltage.
VI. CONCLUSION
In traditional studies on SAPF, the supply voltage is consid-
ered as a sinusoidal variable with constant amplitude. In this
paper, the influence of supply-voltage fluctuation on SAPF is
discussed. Experiments are also carried out. From the analysis
and the experimental results, the following can be concluded.
1) Both the amplitude fluctuation of the supply voltage and
Fig. 11. Performance of SAPF with the proposed feedforward control (1:U
the fluctuation of the compensation current can cause the 200 V/div; 2:I 50 A/div; 3:U 150 V/div; 4:I 25 A/div; t: 40 ms/div).
fluctuation of SAPF dc-link voltage, and then depress the
performance of SAPF. The proposed feedforward control
Maybe there are other influences of supply voltage fluctuation
method of supply voltage and compensation current can
on SAPF. This will be studied in future works.
eliminate this influence. The proposed method can be im-
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