WEEK 1 (April 12, 2017) WEEK 2 (APRIL 26, 2017)

Symbol for Philosophy Faculty Authority - power

Philosophy Greek philos- Love and Sophia - wisdom Faculties of Man 1. Senses Object: What is good
It is a science that deals with the study of the process governing 2. Intellect Object: What is true
thought/reason and conduct Senses Sight, Touch, Smells, Taste, Hear
Philosophy of Man study of man and its philosophy in life LATIN PHRASE: Nihil est in intellectu nisi prius in sensu
Branch of Philosophy 1. Epistemology English Translation Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses
2. Ethics For communication Main purposed of Logic
3. Aesthetic Language A set of symbols by which things, ideas, and thoughts or feelings
4. Metaphysics are communicated to others. It is generally accepted and is
5. Logic mainly used for communication purposes
Epistemology Studies the nature of human knowledge Words Not generally accepted
Ethics Morality; study of standards of right and wrong General Features of Language 1. Written Language
1. Act 2. Spoken Language
2. Motive Written Language Makes use of visual (physical) patterns
3. Circumstance Spoken Language Makes use of sound patterns
Act There is a movement of body Elements of Language 1. Symbol
Motive intention 2. Referent
Circumstance event; answers WH-Questions; Gravity of action may depend on 3. Reference
this 4. Subject
Metaphysics Nature of being and beings Symbol That which signifies a thing
Aesthetic Beauty A word, name, or phrase that is used to signify something
Elements of Beauty 1. One E.g. Table
2. True Referent Actual material object referred to; that which is being signified;
3. Good That which is symbolized or denoted
One complete in aspect E.g. The object table itself
True It exist Reference Essence meaning ; the association that the language user
Good Desirable makes between the symbol and the referent
Vicious Cycle No end; A repeating situation or condition in which one problem E.g. meaning or signification existing between the symbol or the
causes another problem word table
E.g. Q1: Who created you? Q2: Who created your mother? etc Subject The one who uses symbol; individual who uses the symbol for
Logic It is the science and art of critical/correct thinking whom a certain word or symbol means this particular thing
Greek : logos - reason E.g. Teacher
Critical thinking It employs reason in the fulfillment of absolute truth All symbols are words
Logic as Science It is a systematized body of logical truths and principles But not all words are symbols
governing correct thinking All true are valid Mercedes is the name of my dog.
Logic as an art It aims to develop the habit of thinking effectively But not all valid are true Mercedes is a car.
Human being -> Wisdom -> Wise Man -> Truth Therefore, my dog is a car.
Synderesis Innate ability of the human mind to realize the basic principles of Both premises are true but
ethics and morals; mans ability to determine what is right or
wrong Even if the premises are true, the conclusion may turn out to be
Capacity to Think What makes a man different from other beings? either true or false.
3 Souls (Aristotle) 1. Vegetative Soul
2. Sensitive Soul Note: An argument is valid if and only if the truth of its premises
3. Rational Soul entails the truth of its conclusion
Vegetative Soul Nourish themselves but does not move or feel
A valid argument must have a true conclusion only if all of the
Sensitive Soul Nourish and feel
premises are true. So it is possible for a valid argument to have
Rational Soul Possess both V&S souls; grow feel and think
a false conclusion as long as at least one premise is false.
Human-being Has the highest soul
Sentence Pattern in Logic 1. Subject
Body and soul Two important components present in human body
2. Copula serve as a Linking Verb
3. Predicate

Prepared by: ANGELO M. MOLINA

 WEEK 3 (MAY 03, 2017) Phantasm Product of Senses
Judgment An act of the mind pronouncing the agreement or disagreement Sensible image of a thing
of ideas among themselves You can depict and imagine the picture
It is the simplest act in which we can attain truth by which the E.g. Knowledge of definite sticky things: Jam, Glue, Leche Flan,
mind affirms or denies something Syrup
An act of the intellect affirming or denying one idea of another Intellect Removes the particularity of mind
Example1: My feet are hurting. - I affirm the agreement Disregarding the Physical Characteristics or Accidental Features
between the ideas my feet and hurt in my thought. E.g. Jam, Glue, Leche Flan, Syrup
Example2: The sky is not dark. - I deny the agreement (affirm Idea Product of Intellect
the disagreement) between the ideas sky and dark in my Intellectual representation or image of a thing
thought. E.g. My idea of a jam
Form What makes a thing as it is
Both judgments will be true, if they are really as stated; Another term for essence
otherwise, they are false. Quiddity
E.g. What is the form of the key? To unlock
Its structural part is subject term and predicate term Quiddity Whatness of the thing
Attribute that which is affirmed or denied of the other The inherent nature or essence of someone or something
Subject that to which it is said to belong or not to belong Term E.g. writing or saying J A M
Choices/Options Element of judgment Predicability E.g. Strawberry JAM, Ube JAM, Pineapple JAM
Decision End-product of Judgment Reasoning
Judgment become decision when you already chose Particular Specific
Evidence Basis of Judgment Universal General
PROPOSITION A judgment expressed in a sentence; Can be evaluate as true or Inductive Reasoning Reasons from particular to universal, which means an individual
false who uses this kind of reasoning often begins with detailed
Expressed by a Declarative Sentence measures/observations
4 Kinds of Sentences 1. Declarative Observations Pattern Tentative Hypothesis Theory
2. Interrogative Deductive Reasoning Reasons from universal to particular instance
3. Imperative It supposes that if something is true in a class in general, such
4. Exclamatory true is valid to all legitimate members of that class
Declarative States a fact Theory Hypothesis Observation Confirmation
Interrogative Ask a question 1. Super being
Imperative Make a request or gives a command 2. Object
Exclamatory Expresses a strong feeling 3. Human being
Categorical Proposition It has a subject-predicate relationship Super Being Creator; Omnipotent; God; omniscient all knowing
Elements of Proposition 1. Subject Object Omniscience
2. Copula Human Being Can be creator e.g. Craftsmen, sculptor
3. Predicate omniscience State of knowing everything
Subject The thing signified, the one spoken of Truth When things conform with your intellect or what you wanted
Copula It is where the Judgment lies. It links the subject and predicate SB
Affirmative: Is, am, are Negative: is not, am not, are not
E.g. All men are rational OBJ
Balls are round.
Predicate What is affirmed or denied of the subject HB
EXAMPLE OF SCP All boys are future men Formal Truth OBJ
All Quantifier
Boys Subject HB
Are Copula Human being conform with the Object created by the Supreme
Future Men - Predicate being
Epistemology Philosophy of knowledge Human being cannot change the form of the object as long as he
Imagination Process or power of forming pictures in the material organic is the creator
faculty of things not present to the senses Ontological Truth SB
E.g. I Imagine a sticky object

Prepared by: ANGELO M. MOLINA

 OBJ WEEK 4 (MAY 17, 2017)
The object conform with the Supreme being Logic Course Synthesis Summary of overall discussion from beginning to end
The object conform with the mind of the creator Components of Logic Course 1. Summary of topics from start to beginning
Conformity of things with the divine mind Synthesis 2. Learning
Formal False Truth Human being does not conform with the Object created by the 3. Lessons/Importance/Conclusion
Supreme being Format 5 pages
Ontological False Truth The object does not conform with the Supreme being Short bond paper
Table Name Section Single space or 1 spacing
Formal Truth: Pinatungan ng gamit instead na inupuan Synthesis Date Margin 1 inch each
Ontological Truth: Dahil napatungan na siya ng gamit, naserve na Title Font Times New Roman
din yung purpose niya base sa pagkakacreate ng creator Font Size 12
Properties of Ideas 1. Connotation Deadline Tuesday night Next Week (May 23, 2017)
2. Denotation Judgment State of mind
Connotation Essential quality elements possessed in common by individuals It is express in Judgment
denoted by a term Proposition Expression of Judgment
-Words that have denotative meanings can be found in All propositions are sentences, but Propositions are expressed in the form of sentences thus all
dictionaries not all sentences are propositions. propositions are sentences. But not all sentences are propositions
-Words = universally understood and established in the culture as because Proposition must contain a judgment which is found in
a whole the copula, and that is not always the case with sentences
-Relatively stable because there are sentences that does not contain a copula. A
Denotation Application of the term to its referent good example of this is the Interrogative sentence. It does not
Subjective interpretation of meaning have a copula since it is only use to ask question therefore there
-Has emotive significance is no judgment into it.
-Connotative meaning = unique for individual Commonality
-Connotative words = unstable
Terms Figure of the subject (speech or writing) S P
Note: When you are defining a word, you must not repeat the word
being defined to its own definition. Determinants of Proposition 1. SQuantity Universal; Particular
Connotation Mother female, child 2. Quality Affirmative; Negative
Denotation Mrs. Dela Cruz Universal Proposition If the subject is a universal term applied distributively to each and
Mrs. Santos all of the class.
When the connotation increases, Example: All , Every , No
the denotation decreases, vice Connotation1: Mother Particular Proposition When the subject is a universal term used partly and
versa Denotation1: Mrs. Cruz, Mrs. Santos, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Alvarez indeterminately.
Connotation2: Filipino Mother Some , Not all , Few
Denotation2: Mrs. Cruz, Mrs. Santos, Mrs. Alvarez Affirmative Proposition The predicate is always affirmed of its subject
Connotation3: Beautiful Filipino Mother Copula: are is
Denotation3: Mrs. Cruz Negative Proposition The predicate is always denied/negated of its subject
Copula: are not is not Quantifier: no
RELATION BETWEEN QUALITY AND A proposition Universal Affirmative
QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION All ___ are __.

E proposition Universal Negative

No ___are _.

I proposition Particular Affirmative

Some ___ are ___.

O proposition Particular Negative

Some ___ are not ___.
A Universal Affirmative All Filipinos are Asians

Prepared by: ANGELO M. MOLINA


E proposition Universal Negative
I proposition Particular
Affirmative
O proposition Particular
Negative
The Game of Proposition
Round table
Proposition:
Table is round
If A is true, E is?
If A is false, E is?
If E is true, A is?
If E is false, A is?
If A is true, O is?
It is not possible for O proposition to be true when the A
proposition is true because if we give some emphasis on the
quantifier All in A proposition it only means that the tables are
No Atis is Santol. all round therefore it is false to say that some tables are round
If A is false, O is? All tables are round - False
Some tables are not round - Doubtful
If it is false that all tables are not round then we can
Some flowers are sampaguitas.
conclude that: Some tables are round and Some tables are not
round. Or No table is round So having those possibilities, it is
doubtful to say that Some tables are not round.
Some tamaraws are not wild. If O is true, A is? Some tables are not round True
All tables are round - Doubtful
If it is true that Some tables are not round then we can
conclude that: All tables are round or Some tables are not
round. So having those possibilities, it is doubtful to say that All
tables are round.
A Proposition - All tables are round
E Proposition - No table is round
I Proposition Some tables are round
O Proposition - Some tables are not round
All tables are round - True
No table is round - False
It is not possible for E proposition to be true when the A
proposition is true because if we give some emphasis on the
quantifier All in A proposition it only means that the tables are
all round therefore it is false to say that no table is round.
All tables are round - False
No table is round - Doubtful
If it is false that All tables are round then we can conclude
that: No table is round or Some tables are round and Some
tables are not round. So having those possibilities, it is doubtful
to say that No table is round.
No table is round - True
All tables are round Doubtful
If it is true that No table is round then we can conclude that:
All tables are round or Some tables are round and Some tables
are not round. So having those possibilities, it is doubtful to say
that All tables are round.
No table is round - False
All tables are round Doubtful
If it is false that No table is round then we can conclude
that: All tables are round or Some tables are not round. So
having those possibilities, it is doubtful to say that All tables are
round.
All tables are round - True
Some tables are not round - False
Prepared by: ANGELO M. MOLINA