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0020-7713/89/020199-06$02.OO/O
Copyright 0 1989, International Union of Microbiological Societies
A new moderately thermophilic clostridium, Clostridium thermobutyricum, was isolated from cellulolytic
enrichment cultures inoculated with horse manure. This organism forms subterminal spores, and the
sporangium is not swollen. From glucose, the organism produces butyrate, CO,, and H, and minor amounts
of acetate and lactate. Yeast extract is required for good growth. The temperature range for growth is between
26 and 61.5OC. The pH range is between 5.8 and 9.0. The guanine-plus-cytosine content is 37 mol%. The type
strain is C. thermobutyricum JW171K (= DSM 4928).
During the enrichment and isolation of cellulolytic ther- of MgCl, 6H,O, 0.05 g of CaCl,, 5 ml of a trace element
mophilic anaerobes, butyrate frequently is encountered as a solution (7), 0.5 ml of a vitamin solution (modified Wolfe
fermentation product. For more than two decades, it was solution [7]) 0.2 g of Na,S 9H20, 0.2 g of cysteic acid, 3 g
thought that butyrate was an end product of the cellulose of yeast extract, and either 10 g of filter paper (Kimwipes;
degrader Clostridium thermocellum (4, 7, 12). However, Kimberly Clarke C o p , Roswell, Ga.) (during early enrich-
when pure cultures were finally obtained, it was found that ment) or 5 g of glucose (during purification). The medium
the butyrate was formed by contaminating organisms. Thus, was prepared by using the Hungate technique as described
pure cultures of the known cellulolytic thermophilic previously (11) with an argon atmosphere. After the medium
clostridia, C. thermocellum and Clostridium stercorarium, was autoclaved, the pH was adjusted with anaerobic sterile
do not produce butyrate. In 1949, Enobo (5) described NaOH or HC1 to pH 8.4 to 8.6 for enrichment with cellulose.
another thermophilic cellulose degrader, which he named For pure cultures, the pH was adjusted to pH 8.0. The pH
Clostridium thermocelulaseum. From his cellulolytic en-
was adjusted periodically during growth. Several serial dilu-
richment culture he also isolated a butyrate-forming glyco- tions were used for enrichment cultures containing glucose
lytic organism (5). Unfortunately, neither of his cultures is as the carbon and energy source. The final isolation of the
extant. The pH optimum of the cellulolytic strain of Enebo pure culture was done by repeated isolations of single
was above pH 8.0. We tried to isolate such an organism by colonies, using the agar shake roll tube method (11) in
using various soil and compost samples as inocula. Only the medium supplemented with 2.2% (wthol) agar (Difco Lab-
sample from horse manure produced an enrichment culture oratories, Detroit, Mich.). Growth was followed by measur-
which degraded cellulose quickly and formed butyrate as the ing the increase in optical density at 600 nm with an
major product. After several dilution steps, the enrichment Ultrospec 4050 spectrophotometer (Pharmacia LKB Bio-
culture contained two organisms. One was a cellulolytic technology Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) or a Spectronic 21 colo-
clostridium which produced the drumstick type of spo- rimeter (Bausch & Lomb, Inc., Rochester, N.Y.).
rangium typical of C . thermocellum. The second clostridium Electron microscopy. Cells were negatively stained with
formed central to subterminal spores with little or no swell- uranyl acetate by using the method of Valentine et al. (15)
ing of the cells. We present here a formal description of this and Beuscher et al. (1). Ultrathin sectioning was done as
organism, a new Clostridium species that produces butyric described by Kellenberger et al. (9). After dehydration, the
acid as the major fermentation product under moderately fixed cells were embedded in the low-viscosity medium of
thermophilic growth conditions. Spun- (14). Sections were collected on carbon-coated Form-
var-copper grids and poststained with uranyl acetate (6) and
MATERIALS AND METHODS lead citrate (16). Electron micrographs were taken with a
Isolation and culture conditions. Samples (2 to 10 g, wet Philips model EM 301 electron microscope.
weight) of horse manure from a manure pile at the University Fermentation products. Volatile and nonvolatile fatty ac-
of Georgia horse stable and from private horse stables were ids, alcohols, H,, CO,, and glucose were analyzed by using
inoculated into 50-ml portions of reduced medium in 150-ml gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatog-
serum bottles (Wheaton 400 brand borosilicate glass; Fisher raphy or both, as described previously (2).
Scientific Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.). These enrichment cultures Growth studies. Substrate utilization was analyzed at 57C
were incubated at 59 to 60C. The medium contained (per by using the medium described above supplemented with
liter of distilled water) 0.9 g of KH,PO,, 3.6 g of 0.3% yeast extract and substituting different substrates for
Na,PO, . 7H20, 0.5 g of NH,Cl, 0.5 g of (NH,),SO,, 0.18 g glucose. Optical densities were followed, and pH changes
were monitored. Growth in mineral medium (see above)
* Corresponding author. containing 0.3% yeast extract was used as a control, and the
t Present address: Department of Agricultural Engineering, data were corrected by subtracting the value for this back-
Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77840. ground growth. The control cultures (four duplicates) grew
$ Present address: Fachbereich Biology, University of Regens- to optical densities at 600 nm between 0.18 and 0.2, causing
burg, Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany. pH changes of 0.5 to 0.6. Substrate utilization was assumed
199
FIG. 2. (A) Ultrathin section of a cell from the stationary growth phase with a subterminal spore and surrounding cell inclusions. (B)
Negative staining of a vegetative cell with flagella (2% uranyl acetate). (C) Close-up of flagella. Bars represent 0.5 km.
ary cells (Fig. 1C).When sporulation occurs in mid-loga- subterminal, with little or no distension of the cells. In
rithmic phase, the spore-containing cells are only slightly micrographs of ultrathin sections of sporulated cells, the
larger than the other cells. spores usually are surrounded by inclusion bodies, which are
Sporulation. Sporulation apparently is initiated at pH assumed to be P-hydroxybutyrate granules (Fig. 2A). These
values below 6.2. The spores are central to subterminal. granules also are seen in stationary-phase cells that do not
More pronounced swelling is observed during early enrich- sporulate.
ment when the spores are found more in the central parts of Flagella. Although the cells are peritrichous (Fig. 2B), they
the cells. After 3 years of subculturing on medium containing do not exhibit pronounced motility. However, a tumbling
glucose plus yeast extract, the predominant spore position is motion beyond Brownian movement is observed during the
2-o
1.5 i
1
5 6 7 8 9 10
PH
FIG. 4. Effect of pH on doubling times (td) during growth in
pH-controlled semicontinous cultures. See Materials and Methcods
for details.
An-Ident System (API Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y .) droxybutyrate, valerate, and propionate. These trace prod-
is used for characterization, positive results are obtained at ucts also are found when cells are grown with carbohydrates
30 and 45C for L-glucosidase and arginine aminopeptidase. or pyruvate. In the presence of 2% yeast extract, traces of
At both temperatures, the phosphatase reaction and gelatin pyruvate also are frequently observed.
hydrolysis give weak positive reactions. All of the following Growth on pyruvate in the presence of 0.3% yeast extract
reactions are negative: ammonia production from arginine; can be represented by the following equation (Table 1): 3
casein hydrolysis; nitrate reduction; denitrification; indole pyruvate -+1.0 butyrate + 3.0 CO, + 1.0 H, + 1.0 acetate.
production; N-acetylglucosaminidase; L-arabinosidase; beta- Susceptibility to antibiotics. C. thermobutyricum is not
glucosidase; L-fucosidase; L-galactosidase; beta-galactosi- susceptible to cycloheximide, amphotericin B, actinomycin
dase; pyroglutamic acid arylamidase; indoxyl acetate reac- D, and novobiocin at concentrations of 100 pg/ml of culture,
tion; leucine, proline, tyrosine, alanine, histidine, phenyl- but is susceptible to a variety of other antibiotics at concen-
alanine, and glycine aminopeptidases; and formate-plus- trations of 5 pg/ml of culture (Table 2).
fumarate utilization. Volatile fatty acids are not formed from Maintenance. Viable stock cultures are prepared by mixing
valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine (0.1 to 0.3%, 1volume of a logarithmically grown culture with 1volume of
wt/vol; tested separately). However, 10 pmol of propionate anaerobic glycerol and storing the mixture in 5-ml serum vials
per ml of culture is formed from 0.3% (wt/vol) threonine. closed with black butyl rubber stoppers at -18 or -75C.
Fermentation balance. The fermentation during growth on After more than 2 years of storage, the inoculation of 0.2 ml
glucose in the presence of yeast extract can be represented of stock culture into 10 ml of fresh medium yields a turbid,
by the following equation: glucose -+ 0.85 butyrate + 1.8 actively growing culture in less than 8 h. Sporulated cultures
CO, + 1.9 H, + 0.2 lactate + 0.1 acetate. Variations occur, can be kept at 4C.They can be easily reactivated after 25
especially with respect to the amount of acetate formed. months by subjecting them to heat shock for 1 min at 100C.
When no acetate is produced, the molar yield of butyrate Habitat. Type strain JW171K (= DSM 4928) was isolated
increases to 0.9 mol of butyrate per mol of glucose. In some from horse manure compost containing straw and wood
experiments, up to 0.2 mol of acetate per mol of glucose is shavings. Similar strains, (strains JW172 and JW173) were
produced, and the butyrate yield deceases to 0.7 mol of isolated at 55C and pH 8.4 from other horse manure piles
butyrate per rnol of glucose. Yeast extract has some influ- near Athens, Ga. However, these strains have not been
ence on the fermentation balance (Table 1). In the absence of characterized in detail. They grow at 60C but not at 65C
glucose but in the presence of 0.3% (wt/vol) yeast extract, and produce butyrate as the major fermentation product
1.7 pmol of butyrate, 5.6 pmol of H,, and 5.0 pmol of CO, from glucose. No other morphologically similar strains have
are formed per ml of culture, along with traces of cx-hy- been detected in enrichment cultures, under the same con-
ditions, from various soil samples from near Athens, Ga., ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
and from salt marshes near Sapolo Island, Ga. We are indebted to W. B. Whitman and M. Mesbah for help with
Type strain. Type strain JW171K has been deposited with the G + C determinations and N. Weiss for the cell wall analysis. We
the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen as strain also thank H. Morgan for helpful discussions during the isolation of
under DSM 4928. Its description is identical to the descrip- the organism and W. B. Whitman for help in editing the manuscript.
tion given above for the species, and its G + C content is 37.0 This work was supported by grant DE-FG09-86ER13614 from the
Department of Energy to J.W.
2 0.1 mol% (as determined by a chemical method [17]).
Key differential tests. C . thermobutyricum is a thermophile LITERATURE CITED
and is differentiated from mesophilic clostridia by growth at 1. Beuscher, N., F. Mayer, and G. Gottschalk. 1974. Citrate lyase
temperatures above 55C. Although several of the thermo- from Rhodopseudornonas gelatinosa: purification, electron mi-
philic species have G + C contents in the range of the G + C croscopy and subunit structure. Arch. Microbiol. 100:307-328.
content of this species (37 mol%), none of them produces 2. Carreira, L. H., J. Wiegel, and L. G. Ljungdahl. 1983. Produc-
butyric acid (C. thermocellum, 38 to 40 mol%; Clostridium tion of ethanol from biopolymers by anaerobic, thermophilic,
thermohydrosulfuricum, 35 to 37 mol%; Clostridium thermo- and extreme thermophilic bacteria. I. Regulation of carbohy-
sulfurigenes, 33 mol%; Clostridium stercorarium, 39 mol%). drate utilization in mutants of Therrnoanaerobacterethanolicus.
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Among the validly published thermophilic clostridia, Clos- 3. Cato, E. P., W. L. George, and S. M. Finegold. 1986. Genus
tridium thermosaccharolyticum (G+C content, 29 to 32 Clostridiurn Prazmowski 1880,23AL,p. 1141-1200. In P. H. A.
mol%) is the only species that produces butyrate as a major Sneath, h. S. Mair, M. E. Sharpe, and J. G. Holt (ed.),
product. However, this organism can shift totally to ethanol Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 2. The Wil-
formation, as reported by Landhuyt et al. (lo), and also iams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
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unpublished data), properties which we have not observed philic anaerobic and cellulolytic bacteria. Top. Enzyme Fer-
for C. thermobutyricum. Thus, ethanol formation can be ment. Biotechnol. 7:156-195.
used as a differential test. Furthermore, the spore morphol- 5. Enebo, L. 1949. Symbiosis in thermophilic cellulose fermenta-
ogy differs markedly. C. thermosaccharolyticum forms a tion. Nature (London) 1635305.
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drumstick type of sporangium with distinct elongated thin double-staining ultrathin sections using uranyl and lead salts. J.
cells, and the vegatative cells have a rectangular protein Cell Biol. 25157-161.
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regular surface pattern and forms subterminal spores that zation of Clostridiurn therrnocellurn JW 20. Appl. Environ.
cause only a slight swelling. C . thermosaccharolytricum also Microbiol. 54:204-211.
differs with respect to pectin fermentation. 8. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1985. Valida-
The combination of formation of butyrate as the major tion of the publication of new names and new combinations
fermentation product from glucose and a G+C content of 37 previously effectively published outside the IJSB. List no. 17.
mol% further distinguish C. thermobutyricum from other Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol, 35224225.
9. Kellenberger, E., A. Ryter., and J. Sechaud. 1958. Electron
mesophilic species. Among clostridia, the formation of bu- microscope study of DNA-containing plasma. 11. Vegetative
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species of Clostridium, nearly one-half produce butyrate as a nucleoids in different physiological states. J. Biophys. Biochem.
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medium, but only 20 form butyrate as the main product. 10. Landhuyt, S. L., M. Lu, and E. J. Hsu. 1983. Transformation
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content of 42 mol%, is a mesophile, utilizes cellulose, xylan, Premachandran. 1986. Isolation and characterization of 22
and starch, and forms formate as its main product. Further- mesophilic methanococci. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 7:235-240.
more, we found no indication that our strain is a thermo- 18. Wiegel, J. 1981. Distinction between the Gram reaction and the
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forming clostridia (3). Therefore, we conclude that we are type using the reaction between polymyxin B and lipopolysac-
justified in placing our strains in the new species C. ther- charides of the outer cell wall of whole bacteria. J. Gen.
mobutyricum. Microbiol. 128:2261-2270.