Fiat printed 1959, This pression 1988 A rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced of tananited any frm ot by any mean electronic or mechanivalyineloding Bhotnconys resrding, or aay information storage fd rereval syste, without peruion i writing ror the publishes This volume is published inthe USA. by David MeKay Company tne, 350 Thitd Avenue, ‘New York, No. 10017 "rt ly The Canon Po i ray So” INTRODUCTION ‘Tora is a member ofthe Turkic branch ofthe Altai Family of| languages, spoken by some ity million people, from the south feast of Burope to the upper reaches of the Venisel and the borders of China, ‘The languages ofthis branch do not differ among them selves anything lke as much as the languages of ou branch of the Indo-European family. English, Dutch and Norwegian are all Germanie, but this fct would be small comfort to the Londoner who suddenly found himself in Amsterdam or Oslo. “On the ther hand, anyone who has mastered the contents of this book ‘would find Title difficaliy in making himeell understood in Aadrianople, in the Turkishespeaking parts of Cyprus, in Chinese Turkestan oe Samarkand, “Those who require & knowledge of Turkish for commercial, military, diplomatic r scholarly purposes will nesd no persuasion toavaken thei interest, But thete tsa reason of anther sort for learning the language. The steveture of Tuskish is simple and Togical (it has only one anomalous vert and only one itegular noun); it is, moreover, quite different from the structure of the Indo-European and Semitic languages. Anyone who is seeking 4 new fore of intellectual stimuli wil find ita velteshing change to sce how Turkish-speakers clothe the ordinary human thoughts and feelings in @ completely new garb, Take lor example this fentence: *'The book which I have bought for you ison the table The shape of this sentence remains the same in French, Germany, Spanish, Greck and even Arabic. ut in Turkish i becomes *Yourfor buy-insthe-past-pertaining:to-me book, table's surlace= hereoknt ig” Turkish is an agulutinating language. A Turkish word con: sists of an unchanging root and one oF more sufies, each adding fone idea to that of the root. For instance, nga in Latin mean * the tongues linguarin “ofthe tongues", and itis not possible 10 say which of the added leters carries the idea of plurality and Which the meaning “of. Nor i a knowledge ‘of thir form Jinguarun of any assistance if we wish to translate * ofthe tongue” irgue) on * ofthe seas” (meri). Ta Turkish, on che other hand,we add -ter to indicate the plural and sin to expres “of, So, given that ‘tongue’ is di and “sea is dris, We ean at omee translate *of the tongue’ (dla), “the tongues” il), “of the fongues” (lenin), * of the seas (initern) and 30.00. ‘The saree Principle is followed throughout the language, so that if one opens 8 Turkih book at random one will sec words like: dBuortale ‘with our clothes" geemipecett, “we should have been unable: te sgome"s hirmetsclilerin, “to their lack of respects Although the hoginner may require several months of practice before he cos agglutinate frecly in conversation, he will ind ample compere ton in the ease with which the sifixes enable him to build new Words from the roots he already knows Until 1926, Turkish was written in the Arabic script, which was inadequate to convey the sounds of Turkish, Thus the Arabic ssquivalens ofthe letiersévr stood for no fever than seven cone pletely diferent words, now written fi, later, gar sch ick, rik and korin, “The need fora reform had long been dicased, bak '€ took the enlightened despotism of Mustafa Kemal to introduce {he Latin alphabot to Tuckey and to outlaw the old Arabic script {fom public life. AC the same time, official support wat givee to the move to rid the language of the ‘numerous Arabic sant Persian words which ithad adopted over a period of centuria art to replace them by * genuine Turkish’ words, some reaunested fom old texts, some imported from other Turkic languages, some constructed on the analogy of existing words, but a great many simply takea into the written language fromthe spoke langage, cis easy to poke fu at this policy, but in favour of it moe be said that the immense gulf which existed in the Ottoman Empire, between the language of the educated few and the language of tae people, is intolerable in a democratic country. The language feform has done much to unite the Turks linguistically. Nedhigg 1 to be gained by adopting the oxtich-attitude gad sayin {Olu (school ) is a ridiculous hybrid, out of the Turkish ole, “to read”, by the French éole. We shail ignore it and continue to use the’ good old Ottoman ward mektop” Turk chitdven nowadays don't go to matsp they go to abu Hagopian’s Ottoman-Turkisk Conseraton-Granmar, published in 007, devoted 215 pages to Turkish and 161 pages to Arabic and Persian, ‘The student of modern ‘Turkish has ho more heed to learn Arabic and Persian than the foreigner studying English has to learn Latin and Greek, ‘The aim of this book ie to present a picture of the Turkish Fanguage asi is now generally spoken in Istanbul and written by the best contemporary Turkish stylists. For the most part the * pen of the janissary’s aunt type of sentence has heen Recents nearly all the examples have Been chosen from modern Tuskah books and newspapers 1. is not pasible in a book of thie size to give exhaustive words lst, nor indeed is i desirable, because very ew poopie eee capable of learning a language by memorizing i advance all the ypords they are likely to need. An appendix of military terns has, However, been included, much of the information in which s nek {o be found in any other work. There is also a Int of eaentgl xerbs which the reader will need to know, whether his business ay Turkey conceens tobacco, Hittite tomb, microflms of leche manuscripts o airfields -My thanks are due to four people who were ungradging oftheir help and encouragement to mein the writngof this books tay wile, whose idea it was, to my fiend and teacher Me, Falta Lecturer in Turkish atthe School of Oriental and Affcan seadigy in the University of London, who read the work in prool aval made some valuable suggestions for its improvement, aed ay Mr. G. G, Arthur of H, M. Foreign Service and Major eA. Halliday, Royal Hampshire Regiment who both antsted greatly in the preparation ofthe Appendix, 1 should like also to pay teibute tothe skill and care shown by the salf ofthe Engtish Universities Press Lid and their remote Messrs. Richard Clay and Company Lid, in dealing with a dis cult manuseript. OxfordCONTE! NTS: Tatroduction a0 The Alphabet “The Sounds of Turkish—Vowel Harmony Changes in Consonante—Accent and Stress—Punctuation 1. Gender—Indefinite Article--Ploral—The Cases ‘Worl Onder Verb Endings —The Verb tobe": Present Tense and Negative Personal Pronouns —Possssive Sufix The laterrogative Partile—Adjctives 3 Qualifying Nouns—Compound Nouns—The Verb: nfnitive-—List of Essential Verbs--Past Tenso—The Verb to be? Past Tense—The Verb: Negative: "To haves ayy, yak—The Sullixes land sz f. ‘The Verb: Present and Present-Past Tense ‘Numerals -DemonstrativesPostpositions Adverbs —Adverbs of Place—The Sufix -hi—Compari= ‘son of Adjectives and Avdverby Uses ofthe Ablative The Verb: Future and Future-Past Tenses—Come pound Verbe—"It's raining” 6 ‘The Verb: Aorist Tenses While "—* As soon at Ordinal Numerals Fractions Fwo each ~The Sulfixes i and -lik—Uses of the Dative Verbs, Transitive and Intrarsitive-Months of the Year Participles and Verbal Nouns—Use ofthe Paricples— Tnterrogatives-PosositionalExpresions—a— The Verb: Imperative 8. ‘The Verbal Nown—Uses of the Verbal Noun—In- efinite Pronouns and. Adjectives" Sell"— Telling the Time J 0 a15, Index of Sufixes o ‘The iis Foot of the Verb * to be ’—The omg Tense of Other Verbs—The Ploperitet Tense-—The Passive and the Reflexive Verb—Names of Materials Money, Weights and Measures" A glas of water” The Locative Case. ‘Vhe sik Past Partiiple—The Relative Partiiples— Negative Sentences Can "Adverbs of Place The Reciprocal or Co-operative Verb—The Causative Verb—Uses of denel™— Must —" Soanclso The Sultix -ip ei Uses of the Future Participle—" Too "Conditional Sentences ‘The Verb: Subjunctive—ti— Points of the Compass ‘Adverbial Forms of the Verb Adverbs of Time—The | Sulfic -esine—bir—The Third-Rerson Pasessive Suffix—Other Useful Ad verbs, Conjunctions and Particles—The Suffixes net and -dap—Diminutives~The Suffix i Modes of Address—The Arabic and Persian Element Formation of Verbs—Formation of Nouns and Ade jectives—Notes on Certain. Verbe—Grectings. avd Polite Expressions —Doublets Mow to Read Turkish—For Further Reading Poetic nd Conversational Word-Order~Slang-~ Summary ff Verbal Forme versie: Glossary of Military Tertms—Table of Ranks— ‘Mlitary Exeracte Key to Exercises a9 THE ALPHABET ‘The Turkish alphabet is made up of eight vowels and twenty fone consonants. “For quickness of relerence a rough guide to pronunciation is given against each letter. It is esential to Supplement these indications by reading ‘carefully the more detailed notes which fallow. a ele | Sin French ari, Norihera Englishman § ils Lie Prench oa t I 5 M 3 e s + als 2 ia Gera Kons, rene vi dee peOP [te | sein lon sos |i | in sl te ai Bog | cla sh ie a fg fn Gehman Pi, French ain volte oi Rec ¥y|s mine \2 ee | Ble Both * Tumgat ge (ale g") never seas atthe beginning ofa wordTHE SOUNDS OF TURKISH 1 The notes which follow are not intended to be an exhaustive sccount of Turkish phonetics, but o help the student t0 attain fan intelligible pronunciation without a native teacher. In this ‘connection, it worth remembering that there are regular short- ‘wave broadcasts in ‘Turkish, not only from Ankara but also from London and in the Voice of America prosrammes. ‘A minimum of phonetic symbols has len used in the descrip tioas of the sounds, so that the reader who knows nothing of phonetics will not be ata disadvantage. VOWELS a. Vows, Lexcrt Asa rule, Turkish vowels ate short; for example, i ordinarily has the sound heard in the English iv [i), not that heard. in machine [ih ‘The exceptions are: (1) short vowels are lengthened under certain conditions when followed by g ory (see §§ 194 33). (2) In Some Arabic and Porian loanswords ait original fons vowel is Fetained. Such vowels will be marked Tong in the Vocabularies thus: mahizebe, * war’ “See also § 64 CLassinicarion oF Vowsts ‘The differences between vowels are largely diferences in tongue-position. Phoneticians speak ‘of front or back vowel, the former pronounced with the aiiddle of the tongue raised towaris the highest part of the palate, the later with the back ofthe tongue raised towards the velun! (the soft back part of the palate). According to the amount of this raising of the tongue, vowels are described as high, higher-mid, lowersmid_or dow. Another distinction is beeween rounded and snreunded ‘vowels, depending on whether or not the sound is produced with rounded, protruded lips. ‘These terms must be kept in mind for when we ome to deal with Vowel Harmony (§ 36) 2 ea Generally represents the low, unrounded, back vowel [a], much the same at the « in the Freuch oir or the Northern vownts 15 English pronunciation of man, When long, it is pronounced like in father. Examples: jasat, ‘forbidden; adem, ‘man's il [axdil}, just Tn some words, mostly of non-Turksh origin, a represents the low, unrounded, font vowel [a], much as in ef Examples: eune [anc], ‘mother; iézim [lazeim), * neces. Usually the lower-mid front vowel [eJ, much as in the English Examples: eet ‘yeas bem, ‘1 Sometimes it represent the higher-mid front [e] (the French é), notably when lengthened, the revulting sound being the vowel of English ty, but without the final fide heard in this word, Examples: igze [tee], “maternal aunt’; sir [tesie] “effeet™, Gs The high, unrounded, intermediate vowel [7 which does not occur in English. Ifyou spread your lpr a8 af to say cary and then pronounce the frst syllable of the word cushion, you will be saying the ‘Turkish word fay, ‘winter’. Alternatively, try to pronounce the syllable dr, with the shortest posible vowel between the two consonants: the result should be very elose tothe Turkish de, is" Examples: kar, ‘woman's stim, ‘quays hapa, “at the gate The low, unrounded, fromt vowel asin pit or, when Fong, as in machin, Examples: ip, thread"; bir, ‘ones ine [ene], * needle Bo Usually represents the higher-mid rounded back vowel [ol like the French vax, a clipped version of the vowel-sound in the English moc, but without the final seglide lard in this word ‘Examples! on, “ten "sa * grass; oflan [oson},* boy» Jn words borrowed ‘fom ‘French and in Turkish words4 ronxtet botinning with » or 0 eeprewnts the lowersmid rounded back vowel (3) asin English fof or French, homme, Examples: nota (nakta),* point"; Landes (londra},* London oo ‘The lower-mid rounded front vowel [er]. The tongue-porition is the same a2 for (6] (9.5, but the lips are puckered. The sound is that of German @ in Konig, French ev in dw, Examples: dna, "lle"; andl, * duck Generally represents the high, rounded, back vowel [o] as in uh, with lips rounded and parted. Examples! upasim, * very Tong's aay * far In some words, particularly those heginning with ! or» followed by w the wis pronounced [u}, with the back of the tongue raised ‘even eloace towards the soft palate than for [p], and the lips only flightly parted, the resulting sound being similar to but shorter than the ain lum. Examples samara [mumara], ‘number"; auuut [nuts], *apeedh ‘The high rounded front vowel [y}, the German 4 in Fun, French ain ft. If you pronounce the English word ich with rosndel lips, you will be saying the Turkish word dp, * three". Examples? Ulin, * grapes "yi, “hundred 2. 644,00 (2) As willbe explained in § 18 and 23, the circumflex accent is written over a and 1 to indicate that & preceding g, or fis palatalized. (@) Used after these three consonants, the circumflex does not rnecesirily denote vowellength, Ekewhere it does. Some ‘writers use i overall long vowels in Arabic and Persian bortow- ings, but ordinarily it ir sed only where confusion might other- wite aris, Note especially thee three words? hala_[holo} paternal aunt's fil [haca:], yet"; ald [hala], "void () Te follows that wen itis necessary to diferentiate between long and short ¢ ater a on-palatalizod g or & the civeumafex cannot be sed. "Instead, the length of the ais shown by writing ietwioe? aati [Rost], “murderer, but Aa [kati] murder" consonants eo CONSONANTS, 15. bp ‘and its unvoiced equivalent p ate not so heavily aspirated as in English; ‘e they ae produced with les emission of breath than is heard, for example, in the fet syllable of poppyack. Examples: baba father; pacer, * market ue ‘Exactly like Blish jn jam. Examples: cf, pocket; Cane, ‘Java’. 15.6 ‘Exactly like chin chuch. Examples: elif, “hammer; acl, ‘child's Gini, churchill” 16. dt In English, dand its unvoiced equivalent ¢ are produced with the tongue touching the gums behind the top teeth. Tn Turkish these couronants are produced with the tongue touching the top teeth, and are more dstinee than their English equivalents Examples: dens, “sea; Turk, Turk’ rhe "The sounds off and its voiced equivalent v are weaker than in English, ‘The top front teeth lightly touch the ioner side of the lower lip. Some speakers pronounce o as weakly as the English t, particularly when it occurs between w and «2 pase, “nests ecu, "melon. Tasuly* chicken", i often seen written, TAUK ‘outside food-shops, an indication of how weak the » is in popular speech. 1B gt (1) Before or after a back vowel (a, 10, us @ and & have the sourids heard at the beginning of Eneish go and come respectively ‘Examples: gam, “gril”; Aid," hon-pecked husband (2) Before or after a front vowel (¢ 4,3 4), the sounds of g and ke are palatalized, that i, they are followed by a ysoundy like English p and e in angidor, cae, ‘Examples: gée [aor] “eye's hinek [Roarekt), "oar6 ronnie (3) In some words of Arabic and Persian origin, ¢ and & are ako palataized before a and u, which are then marked with a ‘Sreumflex accent 4,8 Examples: kdlip [loGtip), “secretary; meckir [mezk], * aforementioned"; gdiar’ (@avar)"talidel, Giaour. Die tinguish cartully between kar snow °, and fr [k?ar, * profit (4) There is one regrettable complication in Ar ings the letters, which according to the rule stated in section (2) ofthis paragraph should he pronouticed (Ki may represent (ki) 8 hala, "truth’, Under the invivence of the spelling, ‘Tarkish schoolchildren sometimes pronounce” this word. at [halvikat). To avoid confusion, some writers prefer the spelling hala 19.8 (1) When at the end of a word oF followed by a consonant, @ lengthens the preceding vowel. Examples: dag [a:}, "mountain; «fda (asda), ‘in the net ‘fee (ine), * needle (2) When preceded and followed by a back vowel (2,4 0) the preceding vowel is lengthened and the following vowel i lost Dt almost lot, except when one of the two vowels ist when both Srowels are generally pronounced distinely and the J may be heard as Cant []}. Examples: agur [vr], "luck"; dager, (dozn], ‘ofthe mountain snguh (sowsk} also [sock] and (souk), * cold". (3) When preceded and followed by a front vowel (4, j 3 0), 8 normally pronounced as a weale mound, asin the English ‘rine Examples: afr (dior), * other"; «der [oor i" (q) Ina few words, notably dirmel, "10 beat and domek,*to pratte’, the #is sometimes replaced by g in writing bat not in ‘Pronunciation. 20. A ‘Turkish is slays cleasly pronounced; it is not treated ike the English Ain hour, honour or date. There is one exception in the eommon mavculine name ‘aime the his not pronounced land there isa compensatory Tenglbening of the preceding vowel [ime:met ‘Remeniber to. pronounce separately each letter in the com consoxants Cy binations ily s# and thy ety, the PR in gph, ‘doubt*, and Cebhe, front is pronounced asin slap-heppy, not asin graphy the titin mith, * Yeeible"y asin ptsead, 0 a in ith ‘Asin French jour, English in fecwe, Occurs only in borrowed word Exaimp jeltin (a soe), * gelatine"; made, * good news”. ak See § 18 at 1) In Turkish, asin Engi £ hig two sounds dhe lear ef out tghonetie Ui) andthe "dark fot so Tn con Jinction ith oat vomels 35 clears with back vowels tis dark The datinetion comes automatically to Engin speakers samples’ (0) Clear f+ iy "ormate'y go deser"s_ al, sheeame™ | (Dark ts yah year"y hl, fm"; po," postage Wa) I. Arabi and other foreign borrowings however, the leat sound aff ean gcrur eve in corjunction with «and In sich ‘foc teunoraccnt is placa over these eters "The fncton of th ecent is the sane ar when ose afer g and {Sid}, shows thatthe consonant pressing te vowel 0 marked SP lied by s ysoumd we used this spaling devin Englsy we would wit fis iin, lity bt inate The Framand in Turksh i weaker than in these English examples, Saris perfectly audible. Nowe thac the sowel marked with Sirealce may be, bot isnot eceeriy, Tong (2) TEeamplns hl gave), coscade Lite [atin * Latins mal en," How am ‘Exactly as in English: anlamadon, *T have not understond ‘Much like Enatish m 10 which it bears the same relation as do ‘Turkish d and # to their English counterparts (616): ign, why?8 ronxist 26. p See § 13, ae “Turkish + is pronouneed with the tip of the tongue touching the Fidge of gum behind th top teeth, Tevenever tried. nike fur its pronounced seherever i occurs in writing: compare nln cer (kas) with Turkish Lar (hor. ats Always atin English thi, never asin thee Examples: scaly “hots als, “nation masa, "table wo.9 English sk in shall. Examples: singel, “lightning "; Sokspir,° Shakespeare go See § 16. bie See $17 my {Ina or after a consonant, like out» ne Earp: ed “oll dow “Asia (2) When precoded by a vowel inthe same syllable,» Joes snes ot consonnnal vale and forms igh Biamples! yoy thing” (2 $307 mp" mine (explosive she Tush word baroyed ear the Engl, ab ps ounead much the tm) bp tre (3) Bewotn vowel» fats far weaker sound than others cotnpare the Engl sng ih tat fe amples che epubie "tbe “fortunae (4) Wen y comes betwen a front vowel cd's cononant the vowel lnc Example [te thas”; bbe (bool * wth his father’ i ee 38 ‘As in English: ofr *vietory "5 zezle,* earthquake vows HARMONY 19 34. Tar Gtorran Sror "The sounds of Arabic include « glottal stop (‘hamza") and a throaty gulp ("ain"), These sounds, in Arabic words which have passed into Turkish, are pronounced alike asa glottal stop the sound heard in place of the # in the Cockney pronunciation fof bot or before the o in Indie Offer in the mouths of speakers Carelul to avoid the usual pronunciation Padre. The glotal Stop is also heard at the end of the lipped American No 2 the Sttempt to represent this abrupt closure of the breath has given Tee tothe spelling Nope Tn the new Turkish writing this sound is indicated by an apos- trophe: aval; "art". But the glottal stop does not come naturally to Turks, and consequently there i a growing tendency to omit ity both from speech and from writing: sanat, Te is retained when its omission would eanse confusion with a similar word; eg tn, of the wire’, but ti, * cursing $5. Dotmten Consonanrs ‘Doubled consonants represent not two reparate sounds bat one fon which the speaker dwells Tonger than he would on a. single Cononant. Compare the pound in lamp-pot. Distinguish Carchilly between, e.g, efy "his hand’, and eli *fity", and Femember that a black ace is not the same thing ai a black case See also § 45: VOWEL HARMONY 436. The principle of vovsel harmony pervades the whole of ‘Turkish grammar, and is largely responsible for the ‘musical quality which has caused the language to be described as * The Thelian af the East’ "For the purposes of vowel harmony, vowels are classified as back of front, high ot low, rounded or unrounded (§ 3), as shown inthe table’ Below. The finer distinctions are ignored. The eee ‘Unrownded Rownded High | Low | High Be. je fit se]student will find it usefal to eopy the table onto a card, to avoid Constantly having to tua back. gp. Gesenat. Law of Vowet, Hannony I the vowel of the fist syllable of a word is a back vowel, so 100, are the vowels of subsequent sylables. Tf the vowel of the fst syllable of a word is a font vowel, so, too, ate the vowels of subsequent syllables samples: (back) falilae, "industrious"; saleat, ‘swing "; “nine "5 dan, "ninety"; almaddar, * they didnot Decame (Front) pekingen, ‘shysgelincit, * poppy sekaen, "eighty" slnedier, they did not die Exceptions: (1) a small number of Turkish words among the rommonest being: ane, ‘mother’; hard, ‘brother "ema, apples ritman fat"; hong," which?” and snanm, ‘to believe (2), "The six invariable sulizes~da, or, ka, “ein, smirak and i, The last is only a partial exception, as it does change to 7d after (3) Compound words, ey bugin (By thie", and gin, * day"), ‘storay" The word sbir, the other isa good example of the force of vowel harmony. “It was once 0 bir," that one but the ‘rounded the i into a, while the # turned the e into the front & (G)_Arabie and other foreign borrowings. Frequently there ie ‘partial application ofthe principle even to these. For example, the English football term * penalty” appeats io Turkish not at enalti but as peal, the front i changing to back + under the Fnfuence of the preceding back a.. The French dpauete becomes jolt. "The standard Turkish for ‘bus? is ofbis, a. phonetic spelling of the French euobur, but in vulgar speech the pronum- lations cibus and even ofobes are heard, as the front i does not ‘come naturally after the «wo back o's, Similarly, the French pray, "steamship, hae become sapur, though the phonetic ‘Turkish spelling would be vapir, sstis, ‘eights 90. Soectat. Law or Vows, Hanwowr (1) Unrounded vowels are followed by unrounded vowels (2) Rounded vowels are followed by Tow unrounded or high rounded vowels 499. Combining the general and the special laws, we arrive at the Tollowing peated beers | Exception: @ may be followed by 1 if the intervening con sonant is 5, p.m or 9; for example, tap, *ttledeed "; avug ‘MNollow ofthe hand °s abut sebuk “nonsensical gamer, * rad Twill be seen that ¢ and occur as a rule only in’ the first syllable of Turkish words 40, Vownt Harwony oF Sorms Te follows that the ‘Turkish suffix, with the exceptions noted in §7(2),has a chameleonlike quality; its vowel changes according to the vowel of the preceding syllable. For example, the suffix tof the dative ease, denoting "to"; is the appropriate low vowel ‘Asie and do not occur in sulfies, the ehoic is between a (after back vowels) andl e (after ont vowels). Thus: fe, houses e,* to the house tobi, bun; lobe, to the Bus trian, forest; -orman-, to the forest pur, steamer; sapurc, to the steamer We therefore say that the dative sufi is ea. We may use instead the notation, meaning thatthe sufi is one of the two Tow, untounded vowels, er a. Similarly, we may say that the sufi of the genitive ease, denoting “of i int. that i iis one of the four high vowels plus n: n,m, amor in, ‘This sein of the house ‘abn, of the franc, of the forest apuran, of the steamer Note that this word must be spaled ae, Sufies are ever Iypltnated in Turks hyphens are tet ia ‘thia book only to make [ir the proctes of wordsbuidingIn the absence of any note to the contrary, it may be assumed ‘that any suffix containing an ef subject to die two-fold mutation, ‘while any containing an fs subject to the four-fold mutation. 41. Excepniowat, Vowst, Hanwony ‘There are a number of foreign borrowings, many of them nding in clear (See §23), whose last syllables contain an a, 0 fo 4, Yet which take front vowels in their sixes (although ‘nat all Turks are equally careful i this respec). Examples: ol, “rOle", rls, “of the role"; saa, * hour’, saakiy “of the hour's "mahal, “ produce’, maha, ‘of the produce ‘Rather than give rules for recognizing such words, it will be simpler to indicate them ia the Vocabularies ths? ral (ld); saat (ti); mahal). CHANGES IN CONSONANTS 42, Turkish words hardly ever end in the voiced consonants 5, 6, @ or g, and when these sounds occur at the end of foreign Borrowings they change to the corresponding unvoiced f, for &. ‘Thus the Arabic for‘ book', kta, becomes gp in Turkish: the masculine name Ahmad becomes’ Ahmet. The French garderabe ppears.as gardrep, “wardrobe, cloakroom’. ‘The Persian rang, “eolour’y appears as yeu. The English bridge (the card-game) appears ‘at br. An increasing number of writers, however, Beer the spellings kay ind et though this dos not sect the pronunciation. '43- When a suffi beginning with a vowel is added to some nouns of one syllable snd mot nouns of more than one sylable, ‘ending in pf, £0F &, the final consonant changes 10 5, 6d or B respectively. ‘Thus with the pasesive sux of the thied person S40): ‘tap, book; btab, his book bey, tee a, his toe fannut, pear} emad-y, his pear ‘al, Toots eae, Bis foot "Nouns whote final consonants are nt subject to this change will tee indicated in the Vocabularies thus: rou (ei), colour (lily meat "5 spt (fy * Basket. “This means thatthe fof reak becomes g (aot 2) before a sux CHANOES IN CONSONANTS 5 beginning with a voviel, while the of spet and of ef remains unchanged. "The change occurs less regularly in verbs. Consequenty, in the Vocabularies verbs which aze subject to this change will be fadicated, this: stmt (ed), "0 do". Verbs not specially noted fd not change the final consonant of their sem. "st. Hea suffix beginning with ed org is added to a word end ing in an unvoiced consonant (ff, hy hey 4 082), the initial, dor g of the sulfie is unwoiced, changing Wo 5, £ or kt For fexarple, the suffix -rt means is" Titab-ci itis his books, htop, it tthe book tarma-ndar, ite bis pears erm, itis the pear eer itis his Basket} sept, ithe basket lobar, it is is bus; ofbuitr, it isthe bus 45. Doubled consonants at the end of Arabic borrowings are edoced to single consonants in Turkish, "Thus the Arabic haga, Night, appears se hak, When followed, however, by a suff beginning with a vowel, the doubled consonant is preserved habit, «his right. Such words will be shown thus: ak. (hs) 146, Two consonants do nat come together at the begining of TTarkish words, and there isa tendency in speech and writing to separate two cononants at the beginning of foreign borrowings: So for" train we find fire at well as ten, for lub” Auli well Ss Map.” Silep, " cargo-boat i the German Schep. Sometimes instead, a vowel, usually i, is added before wo inital consonants: itinbog “small steamboat"; iutrin,* pound sterling") hd, * Slav” “7, Theve are some twenty common words of two syllables in which the vowel of the second syllable drops out when a sufix Beginning with a vowel is added: eg. iim, name’, times ‘his ame"; oly “son alu, "his son See the example yer in $65. Nouns of this type will be shown thus: ofe (x), som"; shir (ri), * city". 4B Arabic. borrowings originally ending in the letter ‘ain + This isa convenient bu not strictly correct way of describing the pcomenan Ry genet sen he word 8 fr exam, EPGr ong dir whic in certain ezcumtances changes to fy dy wc? HCE Necurater thous impossibly Tongewinded to say that the Feu forse deny voiced or unveed according to the nature fie preceding cotonant, lus a high vowel rounded or unrounde, helo font, according to the natare ofthe preceding vowel, pus 7™ ‘rorKisit (644) ae regarded as ending as a consonant. The possessive suifx of the third person ($43), ~, takes the form si after vowels, ca, gemisi, “his ship.’ But "his mosque? ix cam, "ik subjeet*f meno, * his square "is murobbo, ll these words originally ending in “ain (cami, mew’, murebba’). Alteady, however, a great many people say comii for his mosque "and its probable that this rule will not outlive the generation who ‘were brought up in the tine of the Arabie alphabet and remember the original spelling. ACCENT AND STRESS 49: The problem of socent and stress in Turkish isan involved cont, to give a fill account of which would result in something fesembling am opera-seore. ‘The simple rule is that the sess falls on the fast syllable but that there is a more obviows tonic Accent ic, a rise in the pitch of the voice, usvally on the last fyllable: compare the way swe say Really?" to expres increde lity, with the stress on the frst syllable but an untistakable rise in pitch om the last. It is this sc in pitch that will be referred tons the accent The chiet exception tothe rule is that place-names are handly ever accented on the last syllable. ‘The accented syllable of place-names and of other words not conforming to the rule will be shown thus: Pays; Iagilere, "England "; als, “only Unless otherwise indicated, if the accent comes" on the last syllable of @ word it remaing at the end, even if the word is lengthened by the addition of sixes: ard, "army; odunts, “our army"? erdenuzda, “in our army’ But in words where the accent ison a syllable other than the last it remains on that same syllable: Turkije, "Turkey"; Tusliede, in Turkey PUNCTUATION 50. Tt is umual to put a comma after the subject, especially wiien it comes at the beginning ofa long sentence. A comma is often found where we would use a semicolon. ‘Three dots (.».) fre used far more frequently than in English to show that a thought has not been completely expressed, ‘Reported speech is not always enclosed in quotation-marks, ‘and Turkish printers seem to prefer the Continental type of arrow-head quotation-marks. ‘The apostrophe, in addition to representing the glottal stop (§.4), iv also used to separate names, particulary foreign names, from ay grammatical endings that may be attached, t0 make it clear how much is name and how much is suffix. Thus Holiad’s, "10° Hollywood"; Hlonoleda, ‘in Honolulu"; Gandh’vin, *Gandli's "Stalin, * Stalin's “The most disconcerting trick of punctuation is the use of brackets round. booktitle, foreign ‘words or words specially emphasized, where we would use inverted commas or italics ‘Tank sayin (15,000) 1 gemipir, “The nurnber of tanks has passedLESSON ONE, 5 Genoa, “There is no distinction of gender in Turkish grammar, The pronoun of the third person, for example, 0 means "he", *she* frit” according to the context. To save space, the alternatives will not be noted every time. When, for instance, oli given as ‘meaning," he became", the reader must bear in mind that it may also mean "she beeame’ or "it became’. Similarly, jeri, "bit place", may alo be ‘her place oF * ts place 52. Tae Ispemre Aenict The indefinite article ‘a is the same as the word for “one ” Air, Bir es, "a bowse'"; bir gd, "an eye 53. Tite Puomat. Sorme "The sign of the plural is ~r/-lar added directly to the noun before any other sullix 2, house; ele, houses ft, lel; "tear, girls 18, 70} ley eyes ‘dma, apple; elnalar, apples In such expressions as ‘to write letters, to sell newspapers to smoke cigarettes’, the plural sufi isnot used, the moun in the singular denoting the las, as in "to hunt tiger"; " does the aby eat egg? not one egy or poral of exp, But eg general st. Tate Cases “There are five casesufixes which may be added to a Turkish noua oF pronoun to show is elation to the other words in the Sentenee, but the student ‘need not fear that he will have to raster a vast battery of declensions such av intimidate the beginner in German or Latin, At bas been briefly explained in the Introduction, the suffixes of Turkih are regular and, apart from the changes due to vowel harmony and consonant assimilation, invariable. The names of the cases familiar to students of Lesion one "7 European languages will be used inthis book, ith two excep tone? instead of nominative’ and “ accusative , we shall speak ‘of the “absolute ease” and the “definite objective eave” (the Tntter abbreviated to def. ob). 55, Tue Davivere Awnicue “Theres no word in Turkish corresponding tothe English the *, and only the context tells us whether oF not to insert * the” ip translating into English: 07 pahalvdr, tea is expensive {9 soguk-, the tea ia cold 96. Tue Ansouere Case AA distinetion is, however, made when a noun is used as the dizect object of a verb. When the noun i indefinite it emains inthe simple form 4p otk, we drank tea adam girdin, T save a man, edarlar gram, T saw men ‘Thissimple frm with no case-suffix, which may be either the sub Jector the indefinite object ofa verb, we shall all the absolute ease 57. Tue Darwers Osjecrive Case ‘When the object ofa verb is definite ie, when itis a proper name referring to 4 definite person, thing or place, or when the corresponding English word is preceded by *the’, by a demon srative adjective sich at this iat those ', or by a word denoting its possessor—'I lost my book”; “She met fer father'—s0 that ‘we have no doubt about which person, place or thing is meant, it takes the det. obj sulci (§ 40), sy sti, we drank the tea ‘adam gdm, Taw the man ‘adam girdim, Tsaw the roen ‘Atel’ gordi, T save Ahmet ‘tanbu'w gordi, Tsaw Istanbul ate gird, T save the eye TE the noun ends in a vowel, a9 is inserted as a buffer-tetter, (0 keep the sulfix distinct from the body ofthe word: Ankara gird, Lsaw Ankara Takes! flit, we dean the coffee2 rurtsit 8. Tue Gruenve Case "The genitive sufi, denoting * of is int, sol, road; soln, of the road ‘bon days gina, of the day ‘Atmel's, of Alet, Ahmet's ‘adamelarm, ofthe men, the men's With words ending in a vowel, is used as bulfer-letter before the genitive sul: ‘ora, money para-rn, of the money Ted cat keen, ofthe cat Saya, well; hugusmay, of the well itr, bridges Aap, of the bridge Notes Su, * water’, has an iteegular genitive sya (not mun), «of the water The reason for this unique exception i that (ld Turkish the word ended in w-sound and not in a vowel 59. Tue: Darivx: Case The suffix of the dative cate, denoting ‘to, for’, is e/a. As withthe det obj. case, the bufferletecry is used to separate the sfx from a word ending in a vowel ‘tanbu-, to Istanbul Anterasye, to Ankara ‘adams, t, for the man tedam-lam, to, forthe men pray, to the Bridge Aiprblere, 0 the bridges The dative isthe ease of the indirect object, ie, in‘ Lend me the book’, "Tell her the time, "Show him the way, “Give flog a bone , where we could insert to’ before "me", “her “ian” and * dog" all these words would be in the dative eave it “Turkish fo, Tue Locanve Case This ease denotes "in, on, at” and its sulle is wdefeda: dein the howe {tanbaeda, in Istanbul btobielorde, on the buses Iprnde, on, a the bridge Lesson one. 20 61. Tae Amtarve Case ‘The suffi of the ablative case, denoting ‘fom, out of”, is en don ‘eden, ftom the house Antarandan, fom Ankara Abma'en ($45 from Abnet Inerlrsdan, from the gels 62. Sommeany oF CAase-evoos In the following table, the bracketed letters are the buffer letters, occurring nly after words ending in a vowel sie oie on Ge | | Be | [eames mee | ee in |i te native ingon, at 1 | | | Alte rom | ae | For the circumstances in which the locative and ablative sulies begin with finetead of dy see § 44 65, Soe: Movers To illustrate the sound-changes explained in the previous chapter, the various eases of five nouns are heee tabulated, It ‘must be emphasized that there is no need forthe student to learn these models by heart, so long as be is acquainted with the Summary given in § 62 and the sound-changes "bridge ‘Alaslte «| Kiprd nie | bjective | bipriva Mabe ada | geht | Gentive | Koprunin | Kepesia | Rabin | adatin Seria | Dative | | Eapruye | Sopege™ | kita” | days | Sehre Frative ‘| Koprude | dopekte | tuto | Sada | Feurde | Rilaive | kepraden | kipekten | kitaptan | adadan | Sehrdense unwise 4, Some loan-words with an original long vowel in the last syllable retain it when a vowel is added, but shorten it otherwise. Tiere for reference isa list ofthe commonest of such words: eoap, answer fal (i, state, condition haya (ti) ile ison, necessity ‘mahi (u short), condemned smecah, wounded So hale “to the condition , has long a, while halde, in the condition’, has short aj. mucruhun, “of the wounded has the first w long’ meruhtan, “fom the wounded , has short, 5. Woxo OnDex (0) The subject of asenence sualy comes at the beginning, tne verb atthe end UR dee rece aninfite words “1 0 he Boy an apple gave but the apple toa boy gave” a) Engi prepoidoss*y,o rom, for” and so om are represented in Turkish by. ponpostions or sufi, chat by ‘Sbarate words or added sjlabic fling the word t0 which Ty Teg! ftom Antara or sie", bosoms" Ankarntom' mein" nilifving word precede the words they qualify: “that sn ha el mn ey ing a ‘Rah Cxpresions asta fom town’, bigger than you" from town; "than you" qually far" and "bigger sso the ‘Turkish tc “town irom far," yousban bigger (G) Expresions of tim precede expressions of place, jst after anSlagnn a the beginning of sentence, "The stent wil ind Ruefel to memorae he flowing model ofa common type of Turkish sentence? "Ahmet toda) towne mevto a sory (ld Lesson one 3 Vocabulary 1* Ahmet, Ahmet (male name) Angiliee, England ‘ld, took, bought Inanbal or Ltexbu, Istanbul “Aniora, Ankara (capital city of {lormerly Constantinople) Turkey) ake, coffe, eae dinsa, an ‘es, gic dager 49) tea ‘pr, bidge footy child cia, bus i, yeterday tera ony tint apple far a ty oy howse tren, tain fhe wot, a one Tebe or Take, Turkey Sirdin, Va steamer ‘yk, we drank wa Tea Exercise 1 (A) Transate into English (1) Xopeidens evlering reas paradan vaprda; otobislere, (a) Fede gay igik, (3) Kielar orduim; Klar: gordum. (4) Ahmet dun Ankara'ya iti (5) Din kopride Ahmed gordum. (6). Vapur, Ingiltere'den Turkiye'ye gitti. (7) Otobie Istanbul's git, (8) Kradan Jeahveyi aldim. (9) Vapurda bie gocuk gordum. (10) Goeuge bir elma verdimn, (11) Elmays bir gocuga verdits, (13) Gocuk sehre git (B) Trontte ino Turkish + (1) In the café; fiom the steamer; in England; to the bridge; from a child. (2) T took the money fiom Ahmet yesterday in the wain. (3) 1 gave the girls tex (q) T gave the ehildzen the apples. (3) ‘The steamer went from Istanbul to England. (6) 1 saw the girls yesterday in the bus, (7) We drank a cofiee on the steamer.” (8) The ehild went from the steamer to the tain. + This vocabulary contains all words used in Exercise 1. Subeee quent exerisey however, will we words whic have been ven dhe flu tere oy che nw etl of which wl be epeatedLESSON TWO 66, Vere Exposes "There are four sets of personal endings used with various parts of the Turkish verb. They are tabulated here for references fay Type Tnced be learned at this stage [ [ayer | type tt | Type nt | Typ | ‘and Person * The sea reo e ae «| nt | : ican Phar I | ates ale oF hLhrr—=—™=C“'C 2 There is no 1 Person of Type HL 6p, Tne Vena “to be: Perse Tease (a) The Type I endings form the present tense of the verb Sao be’. They are all suis, not independent words, and are subject to the fourfold vowel harmony, except of course for the ler-lar ofthe rl person plural. jam | a | os | aes | eae fecalS= ae pe ‘These endings are unaccented: ede-ys, we are in the house": Tihs, “Tan Turkish. Note that after @ vowel, 9 inserted before wim and ~z ; (2) In welten Turkish, dir) translates “is, are Ahmet Lesion two 33 odedir, “Ait at home"; joollar Anore'davdlar,* the childeen fre in Ankara’, Dut in the later example, ae the plurality of the subject is alzeady shown by the -ar of yocullar, is enough to ‘write gaollar Antara'davdi, We shall meet other examples of this tendeney towards economy in the use of aulixes. (3) In the spoken language ite not necessary to use di(l all in such sentences; the juxtaposition of subject and predicate is enough: lm evde; secular Ankorada, In epeech, Ahmet fedeir meane not "A. i at home’ but "A. must be at home’. But in statements of permanent validity, -dir(lr) is used in speech as well as in writing: Demir afd, “Iron is heavy’; Londra Ireiltere'dedir, "London is in England’ () Teds usta for an inanimate plural subject to take a singular verb; ice, in Turkish, people are, ching i. An animate plural Subject may also take a Singular verb i it represents a number of people acting ina body. “Note? "The ‘thou’ form is used like the French ty, when ad- ‘resting intimate friends, relations, children or animals. 1 is best avoided by beginner. 68, Tur Vern ‘to be": Neoanive ‘The negative of “to be’, with certain exceptions to be noted later, is expressed by the word dai, “not', with the Type T endings: ‘dail, T ara not ‘djl, thou art not ‘dsl, he is not Adis, we are not Aisin, you are not teilldita), they are not With the omission of -dir (67 (3))s ‘they are not” may be agile ‘ifil alo twanslates ‘not? without a verb: Abst dell Orhan siti (/ Nbmet not, Orhan went’), "It wasnt A. it was Q, who 9. The indefinite article bir i Jess frequent than its English ‘equivalent; for example, it is not necessary to use it in negative sentences: jocut dei,” hes not (a) child , or with nouns denoting ‘one's occupation, station in Ife or nationality: Ingen, "Tamm (an) Englishman”; askersiniz,* you are (a) soldier ‘The reason s that bir really means "one "y if he isnot of the las * child", i js superfiuous to say that he'is not one single member of that lass. So, 00, Teannot be more than one Englishman; you are3 rorkisit ‘obviously not more than one soldier. Compare the French vous bes sold, 70. Pensonat. Pronouns ben, 1 we sm, thou siz, you he, she, it Onder, they AAs verbeendings change according to the penon, these forms are used mainly for emphasis: ben lembul delim, siz embelsinis, "Pan not lazy, zou are lazy ‘OF these pronouns, only si is quite regular. The others show certain iregulariies, which are printed in capital letters in the following table 1 ace ne [Bice fee | Mga eee ote Otihee See [oftieneie, one (ome [fomce fiat | tohim ete the | a fthee iene | inhi ee, Ada | [om'ne | om thee tren | frombimy te, ofan | Ss me & hue ‘yon Bie foam them fom us Sieton | from you adn Te will he seen that “he? has an n before the ease-ulfises and before the -lar of the plural. "This n turns up in the declension of other pronouns, and is referred to as the" pronominal n”. “Tvland "we" have an m instead of the usual in the genitive “T" and * thou shift from the front to the back-vowel class in the dative, ‘meant ‘you’, singular and plurs ‘we’ is sometimes’colloquially used for “T°. "When more than fone perton is referred, these words may take the plural sul Bisley * wos tile, "you" 74, Posasive, Surmes ‘Possession or relationship‘ my fiend, their work, its develop- ‘meat is indicated by the following sullixes, which have slightly Lassox Two 35 different forms according to whether they follow a vowel or a ‘consonant. Note the unusual buffer-letter s of the ged:pervone Singular si. ‘Afer consonants | _ After vowels ay Doh ee cm Examples: {brainy my ove Iam, my father fan thy daughter ‘anes, thy mother Jak her arm fora, bis money ‘tomebi-inis, our car ‘rdi-mu, our array fpentlere, your childsen dart, Your room Aitkin, Beir shop Aedleri, Uheie eat Caseendings follow these suffixes: gittin-de, “in my eyes erdunazna, ‘10 our army"; jocllarnaendan, “from your children". ‘Ann (§70: "pronominal n") is inverted before any case endings that may be attached to the ‘his’ and their uliaee: Lolewnne, Sto her arm's parosedan, “from his money"; dikkdnderenda, ‘in their shop "5 fedilerinsin, “oftheir cat tile’ ean mean "hie houses? (erleri) or theie howe (eo). Further, when ori, ‘their’, is added to a plural noun, one ler ‘drops out, So eli can also mean‘ their houses Except in the absolute case, there it no distinction of spelling for pronunciation between the ‘thy? suffie and the ‘his! suffx {ollowing a consonant: eine, ‘10 thy house; eine, “to his Ihouse' hardinsin, ‘of thy” brother's) herdey-moin, “of her brother For the way in which these ambiguities are avoided, see $72 (9), (5)- ‘Note: su, "water, takes the form ay before sullixes begin ning with a vowel (f§ 58, Not) wpe, "its water", spun, “your water, but sari, “its waters, their water() 72. Tar Use oF mie Possesve Surmners (2) The function of the endings described in the previous paragraph isto show that the person or thing represented by the36 ronkist ‘word to which they are attached belongs to oF is connected with ome other person or thing: edast, "his room's. kapesy, “its ‘door zener, * my mistake "alton," their intelligence (a) tthe pensessor is expressed by a definite noun (§ 57) —~" the Director's room, the door of my house '—the posesing noun takes the genitive eniliog -int and” precedes the possesed noun (cf 565 (4)):, Midiesan dae; entre haps (*bthe-Dinector, hie room; ‘ofmy-house ittoor’). This construction will be refereed to a5 the Possessive Relationship. () The genitive cave of a personal pronoun may be used similarly, either to avoid ambiguity. or for emphasis: nim fevim, “my house "jemi ends, "i his house's seni eoinde, * thy house. 4) Buti the posesor is not definite, it remains in the absolute form: misfir adan, *guest-room” (which does not belong (9 any specific quest); e Aafan, “housedoor’. This construction will be referred to ar the Qualifying Relationship, (5) In such a phrase ae "the girl’ room’, theoretically * of theegrletheirroom’, Klaran odalar, the plurality of the pos esr is already shown by the lar of izlanm, so instead we find Ilan oda-n. (©. «- herroom"). Ch §67 (2). The gic! rooms’, however, must be hela odalan, (6) To the colloquial, the genitive forms of the pronouns of the fit and second perzons may be wsed instead of the possessive sulfixes: beim oda (Pome the room’), ‘my room's. bisim 4, our village’ seit ey "thy house"; scinfokak,* your street” ‘The literary forms would be (Bim) odam, (bizin) Livi, (seni) ‘in, (ssn) sakagore (§49)- ‘The. grd-person sulli, however, cannot be omitted: (ons) aidan, *his room; solatlon or onlar sokagt (See (5) above), hele street. Note? “own” is kendi: hand exim, ‘may own house; ken ‘dams, * your own room". 175, Tur Invennocarive Parrots (1) To turn any word into a question, we put mit after it “The main accent inthe sentence (except ss shown in §83 (1) falls fon the syllable before the m, which itself is never accented, ‘Conscer the following sentences: Bakon Ingilirese git. The Minister has gone to Bagland. Bakan Ingilteeve gti mi? Has the M. gone to Engiand? Bolan hrgiltreye i git? Has the M. gone to Bolan ms Ingilree gts? Hos the Minister gone to E (2) In interrogative sentences consisting of an adjective or noun and part of the verb “to be", such as "Are you tired?” “Is her husband English?” i i the tiredness or Englshness that js in question, not the person's existence, 90 the mi! follows the adjective or noun, not the ‘is? or “are: Yorgun musunue? Kosa gis mii? (3). del mi? (* Not?”) is usd like the French nest ee pas? to seck conlirmation ofa statement Vapursu gid, deil mi? We saw the steamer, didn't we? Giza, del mi? Pretty, ent she? Ankaroys git, dil nl He's gone to Ankara, hasn't he? Note: The word mudiy may be either the noun meaning * director, administrator" or the interrogative particle plus is” when fllowing and ord: Mudir irk madir? "Is the Director a "Turk?" Tn practice there is no likelihood of confusion, especialy in conversation, as ‘director’, like most nours, is accented 08 the last syllable, whereas neither mit nor dif are ever accented, 7 Aojecrives (1) Turkish adjectives are often wied as nouns: ge gallon ‘young children; bir gem, *a young person, youth"; gener “the young". Hata, “ills bir hate, “a'tick person, a patient (a) Where Englist has the indefinite article plus adjective plus noun: “a big house, an intelligent giel", Turkish as a rule Saye “big a house; intelligent a giel': bial bir ex, elt bir ez, less ‘commonly bir bgt, bir okt hi. (3) The attributive adjective always precedes its noun, as in English (‘Black cat") and never follows it as in French (chat reir). Vocabulary 2 dam, man taki, old (f things), former (of tiga, evening ‘people) farkado, fiend feet yes Saba, father Gala, Galata (business quarter uy ty ‘of tanbul) falghar, industrious aye, no {tka shop ‘utanon,eslway-station8 rorkisH js, work, job, matter, business pol, very Aaya, police-station "gare, cigarette ita, Book. stroma, cinema fomgu, neighbour sone, after(wards) Jat, box snd now rg (la), busy teak, far ruin, important pale (with dative), near (to) tomobit, motorcar tenis new Bxercise 2 (A) Translate ino Brglsh (3) Baba-nie istasyon-a gitti mi? (2) Arkadag-imucin dukkin-s Galata'da, karakol-a yalon. (3) Gnu otebitte degil, ren-de gérdim, (4) Sizin kutwnuz-dan degil,"kendi uturmdan bir sigara aldim. (5) Bu. kitab-t arkadag-iniz Ahmetten sldim, (6) Bu adam-in ev istasyondan teak defi, pek yakin-dir. (7) O, din aksam sinemacya git sonra bis atkadaslar-imtz-in evinde kahve igtik, (8) Yeni mudur galskan micdir?—Hayir, ek calshan degitdir, (9) Bv-leri Galata'da, desil mi?—Evet, kopranye yakin. (to) Kutwoyu bo sdanva verdim, degil mi? (11) Cocub, odasindad. Gocugun dasindadir, (12) Konnularin ever,“ Komsularin ev (B) Trantor nto Tarkvh (8) 1 bought this car from your father. es not very old, (2) ‘The former Director went 0 Ankara yesterday evening, didn’t he?” (3) My daughter hae {gone to our iiend’s shop... (3) The policestation is not far from ‘ur house, (5) This it not your money. (6) I saw the Director's aughter on the steamer this evening. (7) Your box is nov on the tain. (8) Her job ian" very important. (g) Your Iriend's father je a very industrious man, isn't he? (ao) Are you busy now ?—Yes, Tm very busy. LESSON THREE 25: Quatarvave Nowe (1) In English we can make one noun qualify another simply by patting the two nouns side by side: "hand-bag, pigskin, bombing-plane '. “The Turkish practice is to put the two word in the Qualifying Relationship ( 72 (¢)) and say “hand ite-baz, pig itskin, bombing itsplane": ef gant, de der, bmbord rman wat (tga, “aeroplane. -(}i'8 the hardest-worked suffix in the language, and its uses must be understood. Study carefully the follwing examples Gargomba gon (Wednesday iselay) Wednesday 953 tenet (1953 iteyear) the year 1953, Nisan as (Apri itsmonth) the month of April ley bai (word iets) soe fish dima agact apple it-tree) apple-teoe filet dondwma-s (teawberryitice) — strasberry-ice Jetak eden” (bed itsroom) bedroom ‘uifonrehberd (telephone itsquide) _telephone-directory Fahoefincones (coffee itecup) cofiee-eup harp sngin’ (ae erie) ‘warprofiteer ions ede (Cyprus iteisland) the island of Cyprus taba beldiesi (I toomuniipality) the muaicipalty of 1 Adanié akin” (Atantic ts-pact) the Atlantic Pact. (2) The plurals of such compounds are formed by inserting sler before the possesive ix: tin aloplan, *apple-teees"| hah Zenginlr, * war-profiters": yatatedelon,* bedrooms 1G) The "it suflix is dropped if a postestve suffix is wed to denote the possesior? jatak ada-m, “my bedroom; Jatak odant, “your bedroom’. It follows that yotok eda may can "his Dedeoom as well as * bedroom"; in the former event the device noted in § 72 (9) is employed oni yatak aden (4) There are a Tew expressions which are written and treated as ingle werds, although they were originally compounds of this ae rurnis kind. The two preceding sections of this paragraphs do not apply to them. The commonest are Binbop (thousand itehead) Major Tusban (hundred itehead) Captain Onbep (ten itrhead) Corporal yaar (aot is-cover) Footwear, shoes denial (gee § 78) submarine Examples: Binboplar “Majors; Tushayys, °c the Captain"; fovudior gahabut, “the child's shoes’; devizltda, "in the sub: Note Place-names consisting of two words in the Qualifying Relationship tend to lose the possessive -(6)i:Topkapr was once Tofetaien ( gun itegate); Bren is fst becoming Brea, 80 for’ at Bone may hear Ernkijunde or Eronijde "76. Tew be reealled that, when a noun represents the definite poseswor of anything, it takes the genitive sullx (§ 72. (2))5 fimae ders, * pigskin’, bat, domucim ders, “the skin of the (specifi) pig"y Au gy “wellvwater', but by Kowa sips, "the water of this well"; ofomobil wheeler,“ car-wheels', but clonal trl," the wheel ofthe car. Nevertheles, place tnames are generally left in the absolute form as qualifiers, ike the first elements in the examples in § 75, even when they might be regarded as possessing the following noun: Istanbul halt, * the people of .'; dnkore sinemalernde, "in the cinemas of A; ‘Tunije Bagbakons, "the Prime Miniser of Turkey The we of the genitive case is, however, obligatory i the place-name ix {cparated by another word from the noun it qualifies: tend Iijets, “Tstanbul Wife", but Atexbu'wesanat haya, “the artistic Iie of Istanbul’; Semertan! piniler, * Samarkand porcelain ‘bat Semertand'vs mai ple, *the ble porcelains of Samarkand 77, Where we wie an adjective of nationality" English history, ‘the Turkish Army, French literature —Turkish uses qualifying ‘noun, generally identieal with the noun denoting a person of the hationality concerned: nile tri ("Englishman hishistory"), Tink onde ("Turk hisarmy), Prausz edeiyata ("Freachinan hisliterature ‘Sometizaes, however, there are two diferent nouns, es bir Avril, an Annerican', but Ameilan ods, the A. Aray Lesson tHnee " 78. Courousp Novss "The marks of compound noun are thatthe elements compesing it are written at one word and do not both retain their primary meaning. Examples bu, thiss i, day huge, to-day diniz, seas alta, He-underside: doizalt, submarine Jhanan, lady ai, her-hand: hotnali,honey-suckle bap, heads. botan, minister: bqidatan, Prime Minister tata, blac el, wind: koray!, North-west wind dei, he said Kod, he puts deikods, gossip (noun) Note that compound nouns not containing a verb are accented fon the last syllable of their frst clement. 29. Tas Venn: Iernrrree "The infinitive of the English verb is the form ‘to see, to go, 0 want’, ete. ‘The Turkish equivalent ends in sme-mal: gurmah, Mo see) gilmeh, "to go"; anlanak, "to understand "; bulma, to find “That portion ofeach infinitive to which the -met mak is aided (gory gt ant, bu) is known as the stem, The infinitive i 4 nown, and may be the subject or object of a verb! ran aay seems cowardly; *T want fo 1g". So, Last or Esexniat Veaos ‘anak, 0 open sole 0 pall finak, to tke, buy, receive * —_fakmak, to go out, go up frlamak, to understand fone, to 39 ‘rama, to seek dinleme, 1 listen, listen to ‘mak, io throw tturak, 00 stand, top Galmat, to look (with dative: digmet, to feel, hear “at, after") tiger, to fal basaria, to begin (with dative) —digdnnel to think (about) betennol, to lke, approve of etmek (le § 49), to do belemeks to wait, await, expect gnc, 0 pas biakmal, to leave femal, to come Ire, 10 know, guess seek, to bring bulma, to Find imal, to.enter (with dative) saligea, to work, strive itmct (gid), 10 go 4 In ese of ambiguity, stn almak (to take by sale") i sed fr "10 bay