ISSN 2319-8885

Vol.03,Issue.12
June-2014,
Pages:2621-2630
www.semargroup.org,
www.ijsetr.com

Study on Analysis and Design of Football Stadium

THIN NWE AYE1, ZAW MIN HTUN2
1
Dept of Civil Engineering, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay,Myanmar, E-mail: thinnweaye23@gmail.com.
2
Dept of Civil Engineering, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar, E-mail: zawmin.t.2012@gmail.com.

Abstract: In this study, the main structural elements of the football stadium are presented, with particular emphasis on the steel
roof and its interaction with the underlying reinforced concrete structures. The proposed scheme comprised an ellipse shape
plan composed of twelve portions with expansion joints. The building is composed of special moment resisting framed. Dead
loads, live loads, impact loads, wind and seismic loadings data are considered based on UBC 97 (Uniform Building Code). ACI
318-99 code is used for R.C grandstand structure and AISC-LRFD 93 code is used for steel structures which is upper part as
elliptical steel roof. Wind velocity is taken as 80 mph in this study. In analysing the frames, 28 load combinations are used for
all steel members. The grandstand structure is made of reinforced concrete and the roof of structural steel using wide-flanged
W-sections and double angles. Structural steel used in the building is A572 Grade 65 steel. Necessary stability checks are
carried out.

Keywords: Cantilever Steel Roof, Football Stadium, Grandstand Structure.

I. INTRODUCTION Analysis of Building Structure). Stadiums are strongly

Nowadays, our country, Myanmar is building a new
modern developed nation. Development of countrys
infrastructure is of vital importance. Infrastructures such as
tall buildings, highways, long bridges, modern airports,
international standard sport complex, etc are needed.
International football stadiums are one of infrastructure. The
stadium building itself should be a memorable landmark
like many of the architectural achievements of previous
eras. Furthermore, people do all types of physical activities
to keep healthy or for enjoyment. Football is the most
popular sport in Myanmar, which has a population of over
60 millions. Therefore, international standard football
stadiums and modern sport complex are needed to construct
all over the country. Football stadiums are not only places of
emotion and fascination but also places where people
celebrate football. Today, football stadiums are being
designed to fulfill particularly stringent criteria in terms of
comfort, safety and security. In this study, the analysis and
design of football stadium with elliptical steel roof truss is
proposed.
To analyze and design of this study, the base building is
structured as a reinforced concrete frame. And the roof is
completely designed in steel. Reinforced concrete structure
and steel roof are combined as a modern structure. This
study is intended to understand the structural analysis and
design concepts of football stadium with elliptical steel roof
truss. The significant effects of wind and earthquake are
considered for the design of proposed stadium. The design
of the stadium is done with the aid of computer software
program named ETABS (Extended Three- Dimensional
differentiated in shape. The proposed stadium architecture
will be of ellipse in plane and of saddle in curved surface.
And its long axis of periphery projection line will be 365 m
and short axis of 315 m with a total building height of 22.1
m and total building area of 90300 m2. It houses seating for
30,000 spectators. For roof and facade envelope, colorful
steel plate and aluminum plate structure will be adopted.
Steel plate girder structure will be used for main part of
roofing in this study.
II. OVERVIEW OF STADIUM
Stadium is a vehicle for exploring and expressing the
ideas about the role of structure in architecture, and about an
architects realm of control in a building project. As the
ideas developed, the design of stadium tend to be much
better-looked than their 20th centuries predecessors.
International stadium should be completed the following
facilities. Modern stadium should be provided spacious and
high-quality dressing rooms and other facilities to ensure
that players and match officials can carry out their activities
in comfort and safety. The proposed stadium has 147 rooms.
A football stadium should be covered to protect spectators
from the rain and from the glare of strong sunlight. In those
parts of the world where relatively constant sunshine is
normal, the shade provided by a roof should be made
available to all spectators for at least a certain period of the
game. As for roof and facade envelope of proposed stadium,
colorful steel plate and aluminum plate structure will be
adopted. The shape and type of stadium varies according to
the community and types of matches will be held. In
proposed stadium, the grandstand structure is made of

Copyright @ 2014 SEMAR GROUPS TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.

 THIN NWE AYE, ZAW MIN HTUN
reinforced concrete and the roof of structural steel. The III. PREPARATION FOR DESIGN CALCULATION
stadium has the ability to host 30589 spectators, with its A. Structural Framing System
grandstands being completely covered. It has seating This structure is designed based on UBC - 97. It is
capacity of 29788 Nos in ordinary, 393 Nos in VIP, 408 located in Mandalay area which is UBC seismic zone 4. The
Nos in VVIP. This capacity also meets to hold the stadium has not only 863 ft of long axis of periphery line
international football matches. but also 700 ft of short axis. The grandstand has a total
building height of 22.1 m and total building area of
The stadium is designed to free from unobstructed and 90300m2. ETABS software is used to analyze the
complete view of the field of play using sightline quality. superstructure.
The standard formula for calculating the sightline is as
follows: B. Material Properties of Structure
D N R Material properties of structure are as follows:
C R (1) (2.1)
D T 1) Material Property of Concrete
Where, C is sightline, D is the horizontal distance from i. Analysis property data
each individual position to the point of focus (the edge of - Weight per unit volume of
the pitch), N is the riser height of each individual row of Concrete = 150 pcf
seats, R is the vertical height between the persons eye level - Modulus of elasticity, E s = 3605 ksi
and the point of focus (pitch level) and T is the depth of - Poisson's ratio = 0.2
each individual row of seats. Because the shape of the - Coefficient of thermal
stadium is a true ellipse, no row of seats is a straight line. expansion = 5.5x10-6in/in
The auditoriums are arranged as in bowl shape to free from per F
unobstructed and complete view of the field play using ii. Design property data
sightline quality. -Specified concrete compressive
strength, fc = 4 ksi
Modern football stadiums should be designed so that all -Bending reinforced yield stress, fy = 50 ksi
spectators are safe and comfortable, have a perfect view of -Shear reinforced yield stress, fys = 50 ksi
the pitch and have easy access to toilets and refreshment
facilities. Access and exit to and from the seats, both in 2) Material Property of Steel
normal and emergency situations are carefully planned in i. Analysis property data
this stadium All spectators should be seated. Seats must be -Modulus of elasticity, Es =29,000 ksi
individual, affixed to the structure and comfortably shaped, -Poissons ratio = 0.3
with backrests of a minimum height of one foot to provide ii. Design property data
support. Seats should be unbreakable, fireproof and capable -Minimum yield stress, Fy = 65 ksi
of withstanding the rigours of the prevailing climate without -Minimum tensile strength, Fu = 80 ksi
undue deterioration or loss of color. Seats for VIPs should
be wider and more comfortable and should be located at the C. Loading Consideration
centre of the field and separated from the rest of the seating Loads are forces tending to effect and produce
areas. To achieve reasonable leg-room, a minimum distance deformations, stresses or displacement in structure.
of 85cm from backrest to backrest is recommended. The Stadiums are subjected to several types of loads. They are
spectators should be able to find their way easily to their gravity loads and lateral loads. Gravity loads are caused by
seats. All seats should be numbered in a way that makes the gravitational pull of the earth and act in vertical
them clearly, easily and immediately identifiable. Spectators direction. Gravity loads are further classified as dead loads
should not have to stoop to look at obscure, faded and and live loads. The two primary lateral loads on stadiums
miniscule seat number plates while others wait behind them, are wind and earthquakes. Design load combinations are
impatient and frustrated. It is important that the whole entry also used.
process is not stressful or unnecessarily slow. When arriving Dead Loads: Dead loads consist of the weight of all
at an unfamiliar stadium with a ticket for, say, Sector A, material and fixed equipments incorporated into the
Row 11, Seat 9, the spectator should find the route to the building.
seat clearly marked and easily identifiable. Stadium must be -unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
provided sufficient toilet facilities consisting of a single WC
- 9 " thick brick wall weight = 100 pcf
and sink for both sexes.
- 4.5 " thick brick wall weight = 55 pcf
A. Objective of Study - superimposed dead load for finishing = 25 psf
The objectives of this study are as follows: -weight of aluminium and glass wall = 20 psf
To analyze and design the superstructure of football -weight of lift = 3 tons
stadium with cantilever elliptical steel roof truss.
Live loads: Live loads shall be the maximum loads
To realize the design concept for reinforced concrete
expected by the intended use or occupancy. They may be
frame football stadium.
fully or partially in place or not present at all.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 Study on Analysis and Design of Football Stadium
-live load of handrail and guards = 50 psf grandstand structure and (22) types of load combinations
-live load on public area = 100 psf according to AISC-LRFD (93) for cantilever steel roof.
-live load on office area = 50 psf
-live load on stores = 100 psf
-live load on lobbies and similar areas= 100 psf
-live load on stair case = 100 psf
-live load on landing = 100 psf
-live load on stages and platforms = 125 psf
-live load on lift = 100 psf
-live load on roof = 5 psf

Impact Load: Grandstands, stadiums, and similar

assembly structures may be subjected to loads caused by
crowds swaying in unison, jumping to its feet, or
stomping. Designers are cautioned that the possibility of
such loads should be considered.
-impact dead load on inclined auditorium = 60 psf
-impact live load on inclined auditorium = 90 psf
Figure 1. Typical Base Plan and Selected Symmetric
Wind Load: The determination of wind design force on a
Portions for whole Stadium.
structure is basically a dynamic problem because a building
will be continually affected by gusts and other aerodynamic
force. Required Data in designing for wind load:
- Exposure type = Type B
- Basic wind velocity = 80 mph
- Total height of building = 91 ft (up to top
of roof)
- Method used = Normal Force
Method
- Windward coefficient = 0.8
- Leeward coefficient = 0.5
- Importance Factor = 1.0

Earthquake Load: Nowadays, the structures are designed

to resist in an earthquake according to lateral force design.
Effects on earthquakes on structures are as follows:
Seismic importance factor, I
Seismic zone factor, Z Figure2. Three-Dimensional View of Football Stadium.
Soil profile types, S
Seismic source type
Near - source factors, Na and Nv
Seismic response coefficients, Ca and Cv
Response Modification Factor, R
- Seismic zone = zone (4)
- Seismic source type =A
- Soil profile type = SD
- Structural system = SMRF
- Seismic zone factor = 0.4
- Seismic importance factor, I = 1.0
- Response modification factor, R = 8.5
-Seismic response coefficient, Ca = 0.44 Na
-Seismic response coefficient, Cv =0.64 Nv
- CT value = 0.03

IV. ANALYSIS RESULTS OF FOOTBALL STADIUM

The design results of football stadium are carried out (18)
types of load combinations based on ACI (318-99) code for Figure3. 3D view of football stadium (portion 1= one
twelfth of all).
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 THIN NWE AYE, ZAW MIN HTUN
The proposed scheme comprised an ellipse shape plan
composed of twelve portions with expansion joints. There
are five portions for whole stadium to be symmetric. They
are portion 1, 2, 3 for other portion and VIP 1, 2 portions for
VIP portion. In this paper, the design results for portion
1(one-twelfth), portion 3 (one-twelfth) and VIP 1 portion
(one-twelfth) are carried out. Figure1 describes that typical
base plan and selected symmetric portions for whole
stadium with twelve expansion joints. Three-dimensional
view for whole structure analyzing by ETABS software is
illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure6. Main cantilever truss of portion1.

Figure7. Main cantilever truss of portion 3.

Figure4. 3D view of football stadium (portion 3= one
twelfth of all).
In Figure 3, 4 and 5, three-dimensional view of portion 1,
portion 3 and VIP 1 portion are described. Figure 6, 7 and
8show main cantilever truss of portion 1, portion 3 and VIP
1 portion. Sample roof trusses of portion1, portion 3 and
VIP 1 portion are described in figure 9, 10 and 11.

Figure8. Main cantilever truss of VIP 1 portion.

A. Modeling of the Structure

The proposed superstructure is designed as Special
Moment Resisting Frame.
Total height = 91 ft (up to top of roof)
Figure5. 3D view of football stadium (VIP 1 portion=
Length = major axis 863 ft
one twelfth of all).
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 Study on Analysis and Design of Football Stadium
minor axis 700 ft TABLE I: Design Result of Grandstand Structure
Shape of the structure = elliptical shape
Location = zone-4
Type = roofed stadium
(with cantilever roof truss)

Figure9. Sample roof truss of portion 1.

B. Design Results of Structure

The football stadium is constructed with concrete for
column(C), beam (B) and slabs. The cantilever steel roof is
built with wide-flanged W-sections and double angles for
top chords, bottom chords and truss. Wide-flanged W-
sections are the most commonly used sections. The wide-
flanged shape is designed by the nominal depth and weight
per foot.

TABLE II : Design Result of Steel Roof

Figure10. Sample roof truss of portion 3.

V. STABILITY CHECKING OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

According to UBC 97, checking for storey drift,
checking for P- effect, checking for overturning, checking
for sliding, checking for torsion are needed to be safe for the
structure. There are five portions to check stability of the
stadium. But stability checks of portion 1, portion 2 and
Figure 11. Sample roof truss of VIP 1 portion. VIP1 portion are described as sample in this study.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 THIN NWE AYE, ZAW MIN HTUN
A. Checking for storey drift
Story drift is lateral displacement of one level of
structure relative to the level below. In UBC-97, for
structure having a fundamental period of greater than 0.7
second, the calculated storey drift shall not exceed 0.020
times the storey height. The storey drift shall not exceed
0.025 times the storey height for structures having the
fundamental period of 0.7 second or lesser. These
limitations are to ensure a minimum level of stiffness so as
to control inelastic deformation and possible instability.
M= 0.7 R s (2)
Where,
M = Maximum displacement
R = Response modification factor= 8.5
s = Deformation
According to analysis results by ETABS software, the
value of storey drifts for proposed portions are within story
drifts limitation. Thus, the superstructure is stable.
B. Checking for P- Effect
According to UBC-97, the resulting member forces and
moments and storey drifts included by P- effects shall be
considered in the evaluation of overall structural frame
stability. In seismic zone 3 and 4, P- effects need not be
considered when the storey drift () is less than or equal to
0.02 hx/R. So, the proposed stadium is located in seismic
zone 4. The maximum drift ratio of stadium is satisfied with
the limitation, we can neglect P- effect.
E. Checking for torsion
Accidental torsion that occurs due to uncertainties in the
buildings mass and stiffness distribution must be added to
the calculated eccentricity. The torsional effect is checked
between the most two distant points in a structure. In this
stadium, the safety factors for X and Y-directions are 1.17
and 1.09 for portion1, and 1.2 and 1.05 for portion 3 and
1.185 and 1.134 for VIP1 portion. The torsional irregularity
can be neglected because the safety factors of stadium are
within the limit.
VI. COMPARISON OF STABILITY RESULTS
In this study, the design results for members are carried
out load combinations based on ACI 318-99 code. The
comparisons of structural performance results in response
spectrum analysis are graphically described.
A. Comparison of Storey Drift in X direction
This section discusses the relative story drift value for
response spectrum analysis and all these values are
graphically represented in Figure 12, 13 and 14. It can be
found that for portion 1, storey drift value for SPEC Y is
absolutely five times that of SPEC X. It can be found that
storey drift values of SPECY are increased about 44% than
that of SPECX in storey 1. But in storey 3, storey drift due
to SPECY is a slight drift than that of SPECX.

C. Checking for Overturning Moment

Every structure shall be designed to resist the
overturning effects caused by earthquake forces. The
distributed of earthquake forces over the height of a
structure causes to experience overturning moment. The
UBC-97 requires that every designed structure be able to
resist overturning effect included by earthquake forces.
Based on analysis result of stadium, the safety factor is not
only 30.25 for X- direction but also 14.01 for Y- direction
for portion 1. In portion 3, the safety factor of X- direction
is 20.72 and that of Y- direction is 12.56. For VIP1 portion,
factor of safety for both X and Y-directions are 8.18 and Figure12. Comparison of Storey Drift in X- direction in
14.25 respectively. So, the superstructure of stadium is able portion 1.
to resist overturning effect as the safety factors for X and Y
directions are greater than 1.5.

D. Checking for Sliding

Factor of safety for sliding is the ratio of the resistance
due to friction to sliding force. From UBC-97, the safety
factor of sliding must be greater than 1.5. For the proposed
stadium, the factors of safety for sliding in both X and Y-
directions are 4.23 and 4.43 in portion1. For portion 3,
safety factor for both X and Y-directions are 2.55 and 4.07
respectively. In VIP1 portion, factor of safety in X-
direction is 7.35 and that of Y- direction is 8.64. Thus, the
structure will be safe for sliding.

Figure 13.Comparison of Storey Drift in X- direction in

portion 3.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 Study on Analysis and Design of Football Stadium

Figure 14.Comparison of Storey Drift in X- direction in
VIP 1 portion.
In Figure 13, maximum storey drift ratio is found in
SPECY of storey 1 and minimum storey drift ratio is seen in
SPECX of storey 4.
B. Comparison of Storey Drift in Y direction
This section also discusses the relative storey drift
value for response spectrum analysis and all these values are
shown in figure 15, 16 and 17.
Figure 17.Comparasion of Storey Drift in Y- direction in
VIP 1 portion.
It can be seen that storey drift ratio was considered much
less about 5 times for SPECX than the SPECY in all stories.
According to Figure 16, storey drift ratio due to SPECY is
greater than absolutely 10 times that of SPECX in storey 2,
3 and 4. However, in storey 1, storey drift ratio in SPECX is
less than about 6 times of SPECY. Figure 17 can be seen
that the storey drift ratio of SPECY is increased over 70% of
that of SPECX in all stories.

C. Comparison of Storey Shear in X-direction

This section shows storey shear for three portions in
each storey level and shown in figure 18, 17 and 20. In
comparison of storey shear in X- direction, the storey shear
in SPECX is less than nearly 4 times than that of SPECY for
all stories.

Figure 15.Comparison of Storey Drift in Y- direction in

portion 1.

Figure18. Comparison of Storey Shear in X- direction in

portion 1.

In comparison of storey shear in X- direction, maximum

value of 715.64 kips is occurred at storey 1 in SPECX. The
figure shows storey shear values for response spectrum
Figure 16.Comparison of Story Drift in Y- direction in analysis. Maximum storey shear is occurred at storey 3 and
portion 3. approximately 1100 kips in SPECY.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 THIN NWE AYE, ZAW MIN HTUN

Figure19. Comparison of Story Shear in X- direction in

portion 3. Figure22.Comparison of Storey Shear in Y- direction in
portion 3.

Figure21 can be seen that maximum storey shear is

occurred in SPECY at storey 1 and minimum storey shear is
founded in SPECX at storey2. This figure shows
comparison of storey shear in response spectrum analysis
for portion 3. The values of storey shear for SPECY are
sharply increased than that for SPECX.

Figure20. Comparasion of Storey Shear in X- direction

in VIP 1 portion.

D. Comparison of Storey Shear in Y- direction

This section gives storey shear in each storey level for
three portions and shown in figure 21, 22 and 23.

Figure23. Comparison of Storey Shear in Y- direction in

VIP 1 portion.

It can be founded that the value of storey shear reached a

new peak of just over700 kips on SPECY of storey 3.

E. Comparison of Storey Moment in X- direction

This section discusses the storey moment value of three
portions and it is represented on figure 24, 25 and 26. In
comparison of storey moment in X- direction, storey
moment values of SPECY is 45243.39 kips-in and it is five
times larger that of SPECX. This figure shows storey
moment values for portion 3. Maximum value for SPECX
of 155637.608 kip-in is occurred at storey 1 and it is twice
Figure21. Comparison of Storey Shear in Y- direction in of SPECY. But storey moment of SPECX is four times
portion 1. greater that of SPECY at remain stories.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 Study on Analysis and Design of Football Stadium
In comparison of storey moment in X- direction in VIP1
portion, storey moment value of SPECY is increased
approximately 13 times that of SPECX.

F. Comparison of Storey Moment in Y- direction

Figure24. Comparison of Storey Moment in X- direction

in portion 1.

Figure27. Comparison of Storey Moment in Y- direction

in portion 1.

This section represents the storey moment value for

response spectrum analysis for each storey and it is shown
in figure 27, 28 and 29. This figure can be founded that
storey moment of SPECX is decreased about 5 times that of
SPECY. We can be seen in this figure 28 that the values of
storey moment of SPECX are increased significantly to each
store at 15 times that of SPECY. In figure 29, storey
moment in SPECY has almost 15 times as many as storey
moment in SPECX for all stories.
Figure25. Comparison of Storey Moment in X-
direction in portion 3.

Figure26. Comparison of Storey Moment in X- direction Figure28. Comparison of Storey Moment in Y- direction
in VIP 1 portion. in portion 3.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621
 THIN NWE AYE, ZAW MIN HTUN
Figure29. Comparison of Storey Moment in Y- direction
in VIP 1 portion.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Firstly, the author thanks her parents for educating her
from her childhood till now. The author is very thankful to,
Dr. Myint Thein, Rector, Mandalay Technological
University and Dr. Kyaw Moe Aung, Associate Professor
and Head of Civil Engineering Department, Mandalay
Technological University, for her kind advice and
permission to carry out this paper. The author would like to
express her special appreciation to her supervisor, Dr. Zaw
Min Htun, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering,
Mandalay Technological University. The author also wishes
to reveal her thanks to all teachers from Civil Engineering
department at Mandalay Technological University who
guided and helped during the preparation of the study.
Moreover, the author thanks to Max Myanmar Construction
Group which helped in collecting data required for this
study. The author also wishes to thank all her friends for
their helps and advices on her studying. Finally, the author
would like to express grateful thanks to all teachers for their
supports, kindness and unconditional love.

VII. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS IX. REFERENCES

In this study, the stadium with reinforced concrete [1] Anonymous: Football Stadiums, Technical
grandstand structure and cantilever steel roof is analyzed Recommendation and requirements, FIFA, Fe'de'ration
and designed for the superstructure by ETABS software, Internationale de Football Association, 4 th Edition,
ACI (318-99), AISC-LRFD 1993. The design of Switzarland, 2007.
superstructure for wind speed 80 mph was done. As the [2] Uniform Building Code, Volume 2. "Structural
structure is located in high seismic risk zone 4, dynamic Engineering Design Provisions". 1997, 8th Ed. International
analysis is considered in the proposed stadium according to Conference of Building Officials.
UBC- 97. Wide-flanged W-sections and double angles are [3] Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, "Steel Structures
used for top chords, bottom chords and truss of cantilever Design and Behavior, 3rd Edition, Harper Collons
roof. In this study, both of bolted connection and welded Publishers, 1986.
connection were used for cantilever roof. To make the
structural analysis, preliminary estimation of the member
sizes were chosen as a first step. Cross sections were chosen
to meet the design requirements according to the design
procedure. P- effect, story drift, overturning and sliding,
torsion were also checked in the design calculation. All the
checking carried out for the stability of the superstructure
are within the limitation, so the structure is stable. Firstly,
the proposed stadium is analyzed with static analysis. If the
static condition is satisfied, the model is also analyzed with
response spectrum analysis for dynamic approach.

In comparison of analysis results, maximum storey drift

ratios due to SPECX and SPECY can be found at storey 1 in
all portions for both directions. Maximum storey shear
among all portions is occurred at storey 3 of VIP 1 portion
and approximately 1100 kips due to SPECY in X-direction.
In comparison of storey shear for Y- direction, it can be
founded that the value of storey shear reached a new peak of
just over700 kips on SPECY of storey 3among all portions.
The minimum storey moment among all portions can be
seen at storey 2 of portion1 and nearly 700 kips-in due to
SPECX in X- direction. The maximum storey moment in Y-
direction can be seen at storey 4 for portion1 and at storey 1
for portion 3 and VIP 1 portion. It is hoped that the study
here will get some knowledge to build a safe economical
structure.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.12, June-2014, Pages: 2620-2621