2/3/2014

Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Week 4 Slabs
5th February 2014

Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear including punching shear

Serviceability cracking and deflection

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop serviceability cracking & deflection

Flat Slab Design includes worked example and workshop on flexure

Tying systems

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Designing for Shear

Shear

There are three approaches to designing for shear:

When shear reinforcement is not required e.g. slabs
When shear reinforcement is required e.g. Beams
Punching shear requirements e.g. flat slabs

The maximum shear strength in the UK should not exceed that

of class C50/60 concrete

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Shear resistance without shear

reinforcement

Without Shear Reinforcement

Cl. 6.2.2 7.2

VRd,c = [0.12k(100 l fck)1/3 + 0.15cp] bwd (6.2.a)

with a minimum of
VRd,c = (0.035k3/2fck1/2 + 0.15 cp) bwd (6.2.b)

where:
k = 1 + (200/d) 2.0
l = Asl/bwd
Asl = area of the tensile reinforcement,
bw = smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile
area [mm]
Cp = NEd/Ac < 0.2 fcd [MPa] Compression +ve
NEd = axial force in the cross-section due to loading or
pre-stressing [in N]
Ac = area of concrete cross section [mm2]

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Shear
- Table 7.1

vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa

As Effective depth, d (mm)

(bd) % 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
2.00 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.52
Table derived from: vRd,c = 0.12 k (100I fck)(1/3) 0.035 k1.5 fck0.5 where k = 1 + (200/d) 2 and I = As/(bd) 0.02
Note: This table has been prepared for fck = 30. Where I exceeds 0.40% the following factors may be used:

fck 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19

Shear in Slabs
Most slabs do not require shear
reinforcement

So check VEd < VRd,c

Where VRd,c is shear resistance of

members without reinforcement

vRd,c = 0.12 k (100 I fck)1/3

0.035 k1.5 fck0.5

Where VEd > VRd,c,

shear reinforcement is required
How-to Compendium p21
and the strut inclination method
Concise Table 7.1 or 15.6
should be used

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Shear resistance with shear

reinforcement
See Week 2 Beams
Variable strut inclination method

Reminder! Variable Strut Inclination Method

Cl. 6.2.3
cw bw z 1 fcd Asw
VRd,max = VRd, s = z f ywd cot
cot + tan s
21.8 < < 45

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Reminder! EC2 Shear design Flow Chart

for vertical links

Determine vEd where:

vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bwz) = VEd/(bw 0.9d)]

Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd when cot = 2.5

vRdcot = 2.5 = 0.138fck(1-fck/250)

Is vRdcot = 2.5 > vEd? No No

Is vRdcot = 1.0 > vEd? Re-size

Yes (cot = 2.5) Yes (cot > 1.0)

Calculate area of shear Determine from:
reinforcement: = 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )

Check maximum spacing of shear

reinforcement :
s,max = 0.75 d

Variable strut inclination method

Cl. 6.2.3
vRd,max
vRd, vRd
fck cot =2.5 cot =1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00

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Punching shear

Punching Shear
Cl. 6.4 Figure 8.3

Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods (by way of adding contributions
from the concrete and the steel).
The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners

2d 2d 2d
u1 u1
u1
2d
bz

by

Where shear reinforcement is required the shear resistance is a

sum of the concrete and shear reinforcement resistances.

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Punching Shear (2)

The applied shear stress should be taken as:
vEd = VEd/ui d
where
=1 + k(MEd/VEd)u1/W1
For structures where:
lateral stability does not
depend on frame action
adjacent spans do not
differ by more than 25%
the approximate values for
shown may be used:
ui = ith perimeter.
u1 = basic design perimeter at 2d
u0 = column perimeter
d = average effective depth
k = coeff. depending on column shape see Table 6.1
W1 = a shear distribution factor see 6.4.3(3)

Punching Shear (3)

Where the simplified arrangement is not applicable then can be
calculated

z For a rectangular internal column

with biaxial bending the following
2d simplification may be used:
y = 1 + 1.8{(ey/bz)2 + (ez/by)2}0.5
c1
where by and bz are the dimensions
of the control perimeter
c2 2d

For other situations there is plenty of guidance on determining

given in Cl 6.4.3 of the Code.

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Basic punching shear

perimeters, u1

Punching Shear Reinforcement

Cl. 6.4.5 Figures 12.5 & 12.6

Outer control
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
The outer control perimeter at
perimeter which shear reinforcement is not
0.75d
required, should be calculated
from:
kd 1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column) uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)
A 0.5d
A
The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should be
placed at a distance not
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
0.75d
Outer control within the outer control
perimeter
0.5d
kd perimeter.

Section A - A

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Punching Shear Reinforcement

Cl. 6.4.5 Figure 8.10

Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which

shear reinforcement is not required, uout or uout,ef (see Figure) should be
calculated from the following expression:
uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)

uout,ef
uout > 2d

2d 1,5d

d
1,5d

Punching Shear Reinforcement

EC 2: Cl. 6.4.5 Concise: 8.5

Where shear reinforcement is required it should be calculated in

accordance with the following expression:
vRd,cs = 0.75 vRd,c + 1.5 (d/sr) Asw fywd,ef (1/(u1d)) sin
where
Asw = area of shear reinforcement in each perimeter around the col.
sr = radial spacing of layers of shear reinforcement
= angle between the shear reinforcement and the plane of slab
fywd,ef = effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement,
= 250 + 0.25 d fywd (MPa.)
d = mean effective depth of the slabs (mm)

Maximum shear stress at column face,

VEd
v Ed = v Rd,max = 0.5 fcd
u0 d

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Punching Shear Reinforcement

Check vEd 2.0 vRdc at basic control perimeter ( NA check: will be
in Corrigendum 3 of EN 1992-1-1)

Note: UK NA says first control perimeter, but the paper* on which this
guidance is based says basic control perimeter

The minimum area of a link leg (or equivalent), Asw,min, is given by the
following expression:
Asw,min (1.5 sin + cos)/(sr st) (0,08 (fck))/fyk Exp (9.11)

Asw,min (0,053 sr st (fck)) /fyk For vertical links

* FRASER, AS & JONES, AEK. Effectiveness of punching shear reinforcement to EN 1992-1-1:2004.

The Structural Engineer ,19 May 2009.

Punching shear
Worked example

From Worked Examples to EC2: Volume 1 Example 3.4.10

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Punching shear

At C2 the ultimate column

reaction is 1204.8 kN

Punching shear
A few definitions:
u0

2d

uout
u1

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Solution
1. Check shear at the perimeter of the column
vEd = VEd/(u0d) < vRd,max C

= 1,5
= 1.15
u0 = 4 x 400 = 1600 mm
d = (260 + 240)/2 = 250 mm
B A
vEd = 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(1600 x 250) = 1,4 = 1,15
= 3.46 MPa
vRd,max = 0.5 fcd
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-fck/250) x cc fck/m
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-30/250) x 1.0 x 30 /1.5 = 5.28 MPa
vEd < vRd,max ...OK

Solution
2. Check shear at the basic control perimeter
vEd = VEd/(u1d) < vRd,c
u1 = 2(cx + cy) + 2 x 2d
= 2(400 + 400) + 2 x 2 x 250 = 4742 mm
vEd = 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(4742 x 250) =
= 1.17 MPa
from
vRd,c = 0.12 k(100l fck)1/3 flexural
calcs
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2
= 1 + (200/250)1/2 = 1.89
l = (lylx)1/2 = (0.0085 x 0.0048) 1/2 = 0.0064
vRd,c = 0.12 x 1.89(100 x 0.0064 x 30)1/3 = 0.61 MPa
vEd > vRd,c ...Punching shear reinforcement required

NA check vEd 2vRd,c at basic control perimeter

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Solution
3. Perimeter at which punching shear no longer required
uout = VEd/(dvRd,c)
= 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(250 x 0.61)
= 9085 mm
Rearrange: uout = 2(cx + cy) + 2 rout
rout = (uout - 2(cx + cy))/(2)
= (9085 1600)/(2) = 1191 mm
Position of outer perimeter of reinforcement from column face:
r = 1191 1.5 x 250 = 816 mm
Maximum radial spacing of reinforcement:
sr,max = 0.75 x 250 = 187 mm, say 175 mm

Solution
4. Area of reinforcement
Asw (vEd 0.75vRd,c)sru1/(1.5fywd,ef)
fywd,ef = (250 + 0.25d) = 312 MPa
Asw (1.17 0.75 x 0.61) x 175 x 4741/(1.5 x 312)
1263 mm2/perim.

Minimum area of a link leg:

Asw,min (0.053 sr st (fck)) /fyk = 0.053 x 175 x 350 x 30 / 500
36 mm2

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Solution

Serviceability

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What does Eurocode 2 Cover?

EC 2: Cl. 7.2 Concise: 10.1

Stress limitation (7.2)

PD 6687 Cl. 2.20: Stress checks in reinforced concrete
members have not been required in the UK for the past
50 years or so and there has been no known adverse
effect. Provided that the design has been carried out
properly for ultimate limit state there will be no
significant effect at serviceability in respect of
longitudinal cracking

Control of cracking (7.3)

Control of deflections (7.4)

Crack control

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Control of Cracking

In Eurocode 2 cracking is controlled in the following ways:

Minimum areas of reinforcement cl 7.3.2 & Equ 7.1

As,mins = kckfct,effAct : this is the same as Exp(9.1N)

Crack width limits (Cl. 7.3.1 and National Annex). These limits
can be met by either:

direct calculation (Cl. 7.3.4) crack width is wk

deemed to satisfy rules (Cl. 7.3.3)

Note: slabs 200mm depth are OK if As,min is provided.

Crack Width Limits - use Table NA.4

Recommended values of wmax

Exposure class RC or unbonded PSC Prestressed members
members with bonded tendons

Quasi-permanent load Frequent load

X0,XC1 0.3* 0.2
XC2,XC3,XC4 0.3
XD1,XD2,XS1, Decompression
XS2,XS3
* Does not affect durability, may be relaxed where appearance
is not critical (eg use 0.4 mm)

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Crack Control Without Direct

Calculation
Crack control may be achieved in two ways:
limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2
limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3

Note: For cracking due to restraint use only max bar size

Maximum Bar Diameters

EC 2: Cl. 7.3.3 Concise: Table 10.1

50
Crack Control
wk = 0.4
maximum bar diameter (mm)

40

30
wk=0.3 mm

20 wk=0.2 mm

10

0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
2
Reinforcement stress, s (N/mm )
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)

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Maximum Bar Spacings

EC 2: Cl. 7.3.3 Concise: Table 10.2

Crack Control
300
wk = 0.4
Maximum bar spacing (mm)

250

200 wk = 0.3

150

100
wk = 0.2
50

0
150 200 250 300 350 400
stress in reinforcement (MPa)
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)

Crack Control Direct Calculation

EC 2: Exp (7.8), Exp (7.9) Concise:

Crack width, wk = sr,max (cs - cm )

where
sr,max = Maximum crack spacing = 3.4c + 0.425 (k1k2 /p,eff)
(cs - cm ) = cr
= Crack-inducing strain
= Strain between cracks
= Mean strain in steel mean strain in concrete, (cs - cm ).

For flexural (and applied tension) crack-inducing strain

cr = (sm cm) = [s kt (fct,eff /p,eff) (1 + e p,eff] /Es
cr 0.6 (s)/Es

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Crack Control Direct Calculation

EC 2: Exp (7.9) Concise:

Water retaining structures etc.

Early age crack-inducing strain

cr = K[cT1 +ca] R1 0.5 ctu CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2

Long term crack-inducing strain

cr = K[([cT1 +ca)] R1 + ([cT2 R2)] + cd R3] 0.5 ctu CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2

End restraint crack-inducing strain

cr = 0.5e kckfct,eff [1 + (1/e )]] /Es BS EN 1992-3 Exp (M.1)

Deflection control

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Deflection Limits
According to EN 1990 Deflection limits should be agreed with the Client. But in EN
1992-1-1, Cl 7.4.1 the following limits should generally result in satisfactory
performance of buildings (based on ISO 4356).

In EC2 the deflection limits used are:

Span/250 under quasi-permanent loads to avoid
impairment of appearance and general utility
Span/500 after construction under the quasi-
permanent loads to avoid damage to adjacent parts of
the structure.

Deflection Control
EC 2: Cl. 7.4 Concise: 10.5

Deflection control may be achieved by the following

methods:
Direct calculation (Eurocode 2 methods considered to
be an improvement on BS 8110) See How
toDeflection calculations

Using simplified span-to-effective depth limits from

the code (control of deflection without calculation)

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Limiting Span-effective-depth ratios

EC 2: Cl 7.4.2 & Exp (7.16a & b) Concise: 10.5.2

l 2
3

= K 11 + 1,5 fck 0 + 3,2 fck 0 1 if 0

d

l 0 1 '
= K 11 + 1,5 f ck + f if > 0
d ' 12 ck 0

K factor taking account of the different structural systems

0 reference reinforcement ratio = fck 10-3
required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the
moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)

There are also adjustments to these expressions in cl 7.4.2 (2) for the
steel stress, flanged sections and long spans with brittle finishes.

Basic span/effective Depth Ratios

EC 2: Table 7.4(N) use Table NA.5 Concise: Table 10.3

Structural system K = 1.5% = 0.5%

S.S. beam or slab 1.0 14 20

End span 1.3 18 26

Interior span 1.5 20 30

Flat slab 1.2 17 24

Cantilever 0.4 6 8

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Graph of Exp. (7.16)

EC 2: - Concise: Figure 15.2

This graph has been

produced for K = 1.0

Factors to be applied
EC2: cl 7.4.2 & NA Concise 10.5.2

F1 - Flanged sections
where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth
exceeds 3, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should
be multiplied by 0.8. {For beff/bw from 1 to 3 interpolate}
F2 Brittle partitions
For slabs (other than flat slabs), with spans exceeding 7.0 m,
which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should
be multiplied by 7.0/ leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the
values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by
8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
F3 s Steel stress under service load
May be adjusted by 310/ s 1.5 or As,prov/As,req 1.5
where s calculated using characteristic loads.

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Flow Chart
Determine basic l/d factor (including K)

Factor F1 for ribbed and waffle slabs only

F1 = 1 0.1 ((bf/bw) 1) 0.8

Factor F2 for spans supporting brittle partitions > 7m

F2 = 7/leff

Factor F3 accounts for stress in the reinforcement Increase

F3 = As,prov / As,reqd 1.5 or 310/s 1.5 (UK NA) As,prov
or fck
No
No
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 >Actual l/d?

Yes
Check complete

Detailing - Solid slabs

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Detailing Solid slabs

EC2 9.3
Rules for one-way and two-way solid slabs
Generally: as for beams.
Where partial fixity exists, but not taken into account in design:
Internal supports: As,top 0,25As for Mmax in adjacent span
End supports: As,top 0,15As for Mmax in adjacent span
This top reinforcement should extend 0,2 adjacent span
Reinforcement at free edges should include u bars and
longitudinal bars

2h

Secondary reinforcement 20%

Workshop serviceability

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Introduction to workshop
problem

This is example 3.4

of Worked examples
to Eurocode 2:
Volume 1.

Week 4 - Workshop problems

Design information

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Worked example

For the slab strip along grid line C, check

deflection is within design limits and
ensure the crack widths in the bottom of
this office slab are also limited.

Design strip along grid line C

Check deflection and
cracking slab along
grid line C.

Assume strip is 6 m wide

As,req = 1324 mm2 B G = 1.25

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Deflection

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d

The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd = 1324 x 100/(1000 x 260)
= 0.51%

Basic Span-to-Depth Ratios

(for simply supported condition)
How To 3: Figure 5

This graph has been

produced for K = 1.0
Span to depth ratio (l/d)

Structural K
System

Simply supported 1.0

End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
20.5
Flat Slab 1.2

0.51%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)

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Deflection

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d

The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd = 1324 x 100/(1000 x 260)
= 0.51%
From graph basic l/d = 20.5 x 1.2 = 24.6 (K = 1.2 for flat slab)

2. Determine Factor F1 For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
F1 = 1.0 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.

3. Determine Factor F2 For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which
(Assume no brittle support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
partitions) deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see
F2 = 1.0 5.3.2.2 (1)).

Deflection

4. Determine Factor F3
As,req = 1324 mm2 (ULS)
Assume we require H16 @ 100 c/c (2010 mm2) to control deflection
F3 = As,prov / As,req = 2010 / 1324 = 1.52 1.5

24.6 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.5 9500 / 260

36.9 36.5

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Crack Control Without Direct

Calculation EC2: Cl. 7.3.3

Example Check cracking in bottom of slab.

Gk = 8.5 kN/m2 Qk = 4.0 kN/m2
2 = 0.3 (office loading) G = 1.25
As,req = 1324 mm2/m
Try H16 @ 100 As,prov = 2010 mm2/m

Cracking

Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B : office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0

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Determination of Steel Stress

Ratio Gk/Qk = 8.5/4.0 = 2.13

Unmodified steel stress, su

252

Ratio Gk/Qk

Crack Widths

From graph su = 252 MPa Maximum bar size or spacing to limit

crack width
s = (su As,req) / ( As,prov)Steel wmax = 0.3 mm
stress Maximum Maximum
s = (252 x 1324)/(1.0 x 2010) (s) MPa bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm)
= 166 MPa 160 32 300
200 25 250
For H16 @ 100 c/c OR
240 16 200
Design meets both criteria
280 12 150
320 10 100
360 8 50

For loading For loading

or restraint only

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Workshop problem

Deflection & Cracking

Workshop problem
Check this column-strip span
For the same slab
check the edge strip
indicated to verify
that:
deflection is OK and
the crack widths in
the bottom are also
limited.
As,req = 959 mm2/m B
d = 240 mm
G = 1.25

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Deflection

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d

The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd =
=

Basic Span-to-Depth Ratios

(for simply supported condition)
How To 3: Figure 5

This graph has been

Span to depth ratio (l/d)

produced for K = 1.0

Structural K
System

Simply supported 1.0

End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2

Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)

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Deflection
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d

The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd =
From graph basic l/d x K = ______ x ____ = 31.4
Determine Factor F1
F1 = ____ For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
3. Determine Factor F2 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.

F2 = _____ For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which

support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see
5.3.2.2 (1)).

Deflection

4. Determine Factor F3
As,req = 959 mm2 (ULS)
Try H___ @ ____ c/c - As,prov = ____ mm2
F3 = As,prov / As,req = _____ / 959 = ____ 1.5

Basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual span/d

____ x ____ x ____ x ____ ____ / ____

____ ____

OK or not OK or revise?

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Cracking

Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B : office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0.2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0.2 0

(NB: The slab is for an office)

Determination of Steel Stress

Ratio Gk/Qk = ____/____ = ______

Unmodified steel stress,
su

Ratio Gk/Qk

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Crack Widths

From graph su = _____ MPa Maximum bar size or spacing to limit

crack width
s = (su As,req) / ( As,prov)Steel wmax = 0.3 mm
stress Maximum Maximum
s = (___ x ___) /(___ x ____) (s) MPa bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm)
= _____ MPa 160 32 300
200 25 250
For H__ @ ____ c/c OR
240 16 200
Does the design meet either
280 12 150
criteria?
320 10 100
360 8 50

For For
loading or loading
restraint only

Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear

Serviceability

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop - serviceability

Flat Slab Design

Tying systems

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Flat Slab Design

Flat Slabs - Introduction

What are flat slabs?

Solid concrete floors of constant thickness

They have flat soffits

Variations:
PT
drops (even drups)
column heads
partially precast
Voided

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Initial sizing

Imposed Load, Qk (kN/m2) 2.5 5 7.5 10

Multiple Span 28 26 25 23

1. Simple span to depth table

2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements

EC2: Annex I

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Design Methods - tables

Tabular Method Concise Table 15.2
e.g. from Concise Eurocode 2 ( BS8110)

Suitable for regular grids and spans of similar length

Design for full load in both directions

A little more accurate:

Concise Table 15.3

Suitable for regular

grids and spans of
similar length
Design for full load
in both directions
Suitable for 2-span

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Distribution of moments

EC2: Figure I.1 Concise Figure 5.11

Column strip

Middle strip

Column strip

Column strip Middle strip Column strip

Particular rules for flat slabs

Distribution of moments
EC2: Table I.1 Concise: Table 5.2

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Moment transfer
EC2: Figure 9.9, I.1.2(5) Concise Figure 5.12
Mtmax

Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement

should be placed within be
cz cz
A
A
cy
cy
y
y

z
be = c z + y
be = z + y/2
A

The maximum moment that can be transferred from the slab

to the column should be limited to 0.168bed2fck

Moment transfer

Mtmax: Moment Transfer Limit:

Edge and corner columns have limited
capacity to transfer moments from
slab redistribution may be
necessary

EC2:1:1 cl 9.4.2
Mtmax = 0.168bed2fck (interpreted)

BS8110:1 cl 3.7.4
Mtmax = 0.15bed2fcu

Rebar arrangement

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Particular rules for flat slabs

Flexural Reinforcement

50% AsT in middle 1/8th

2 bars B through column

Particular rules for flat slabs

Flexural
Reinforcement
at supports

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Flat slab Worked Example

Cover and Flexure

Introduction to worked
example

This is example 3.4

of Worked examples
to Eurocode 2:
Volume 1.

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Design strip along grid line C

Determine the cover and
reinforcement slab
along grid line C.

Assume strip is 6 m wide

Slab is 300 mm deep

Flat slab
Worked example

For the previous flat

slab example determine:
Sagging reinforcement
in the span 1-2
and
9600

Hogging reinforcement
at support 2

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Determine Cover

Use 30 mm cover

Analysis
Actions:
gk = 0.30 x 25 + 1.0 = 8.5 kN/m2
qk = 4.0 kN/m2
n = 1.25 x 8.5 + 1.5 x 4.0 = 16.6 kN/m2 NB. Exp(6.10b) used!

Analysis: using coefficients from table:

(Adjacent spans are 9.6 and 8.6 m. 8.6/9.6 = 0.89: i.e. > 85% so
using coefficients is appropriate.)
Effective span = 9.6 2 x 0.4 + 2 x 0.3/2 = 9.5 m

In panel: sagging moment,

MEd = (1.25 x 8.5 x 0.90 + 1.5 x 4 x0.100) x 6.0 x 9.52 = 842.7 kNm
Along support 2: hogging moment
MEd = 16.6 x 0.106 x 6.0 x 9.52 = 952.8 kNm

See Note to Concise Table 15.3 for support of 2-span slab

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Division of moments

MEd
Column strip Middle strip
+ve sagging 0.50 x 842.7/3.0 = 0.50 x 842.7/3.0 =
140.5 kNm/m 140.5 kNm/m

From analysis

(Using Concise table 15.5 see end of handout)

z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.069)0.5]/2 = 243 mm

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Hogging Moments
MEd
Column strip Middle strip
-ve hogging 0.70 x 952.8/3.0 = 0.30 x 952.8/3.0 =
222.3 kNm/m 95.3 kNm/m

(Using Concise Table 15.5)

z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.109)0.5]/2 = 232 mm

Hogging Moments

0.047
(Using Concise table 15.5 )

z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.047)0.5]/2

= 248 mm > 0.95d > 247 mm
= 247

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Reinforcement distribution
Total area of reinforcement:
As,tot = 2213 x 3 + 887 x 3 = 9300 mm2
50% As,tot = 9300/2 = 4650 mm2
This is spread over a width of 1.5 m
As,req = 4650/1.5 = 3100 mm2/m
Use H20 @ 100 ctrs T(3140 mm2/m)
Remaining column strip:
As,req = (2213 x 3 4650)/1.5 = 1326 mm2/m
Use H20 @ 200 ctrs T(1570 mm2/m)
Or use H16 @ 100 ctrs(1540 mm2/m)

Middle strip: As,req = 887 mm2/m

Use H16 @ 200 ctrs T(1010mm2/m)
Or use H12 @ 100 ctrs (1130mm2/m)

Tying systems

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Tying systems
Peripheral ties (9.10.2.2) & NA: i.e. a Max of 60 kN. To UK NA cf
Corrigendum 1 to EN1992-1-1
Ftie,per = (20 + 4n0)li 60kN
where n0 is the number of storeys, li = end span

Internal ties (including transverse ties) (9.10.2.3) & NA :

Ftie,int = ((gk + qk) / 7.5 )(lr/5)Ft Ft kN/m
where (gk + qk) is the sum of the average permanent and variable floor loads (kN/m2),
lr is the greater of the distances (m) between the centres of the columns, frames or
walls supporting any two adjacent floor spans in the direction of the tie under
consideration and Ft = (20 + 4n0) 60kN.
Maximum spacing of internal ties = 1.5 lr

Horizontal ties to columns or walls (9.10.2.4) & NA :

Ftie,fac = Ftie,col (2 Ft (ls /2.5)Ft) and 3% of NEd
NEd = the total design ultimate vertical load carried by the column or wall at that level. Tying
of external walls is only required if the peripheral tie is not located within the wall. Ftie,fac in
kN per metre run of wall, Ftie,col in kN per column and ls is the floor to ceiling height in m.

Tying Systems

Internal Ties: EC2 specifies a

20kN/m requirement which is
significantly less than BS8110.

UK NA requirements similar to BS 8110

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Tying Systems

Vertical ties (9.10.2.5):

In panel buildings of 5 storeys or more, ties should be provided in
columns and/or walls to limit damage of collapse of a floor.
Normally continuous vertical ties should be provided from the lowest
to the highest level.
Where a column or wall is supported at the bottom by a beam or slab
accidental loss of this element should be considered.

Continuity and anchorage ties (9.10.3):

Ties in two horizontal directions shall be effectively continuous and
anchored at the perimeter of the structure.
Ties may be provided wholly in the insitu concrete topping or at
connections of precast members.

Week 4: END

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Design aids for flexure

Concise: Table 15.5

Besides limits on
x/d, traditionally
z/d was limited to
0.95 max to avoid
issues with the
quality of
covercrete.

Design aid for Shear

- Table 7.1

vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa

As Effective depth, d (mm)

(bd) % 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
2.00 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.52
Table derived from: vRd,c = 0.12 k (100I fck)(1/3) 0.035 k1.5 fck0.5 where k = 1 + (200/d) 2 and I = As/(bd) 0.02
Note: This table has been prepared for fck = 30. Where I exceeds 0.40% the following factors may be used:

fck 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19

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Design aid for L/d ratios

(for simply supported condition)
How To 3: Figure 5

This graph has been

Span to depth ratio (l/d)

produced for K = 1.0

Structural K
System

Simply supported 1.0

End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2

Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)

Factors to be applied to L/d ratios

EC2: cl 7.4.2 & NA Concise 10.5.2

F1 - Flanged sections
where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds
3, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 0.8. {For beff/bw from 1 to 3 interpolate}
F2 Brittle partitions
For slabs (other than flat slabs), with spans exceeding 7.0 m,
which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 7.0/ leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the
values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by
8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
F3 s Steel stress under service load
May be adjusted by 310/ s 1.5 or As,prov/As,req 1.5
where s calculated using characteristic loads.

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