PHILIPPINE ISLAM AND PRE-COLONIAL
RELATIONS
- Began w/ the arrival of Arab merchants and
Sufis that belong to the Makhdumin section
in the Sulu Archipelago (13th Cent).
- MakhduminsSuhrawardis from Baghdad;
founded by Shihabud Din Suhrawardi.
- TUAN MASHAIKA: first to arrive
Makhdum Karim Makhdum Aminullah
- Makhdumin: composed of 7 BROTHERS
who had a faith-based relationship.
- RAJAH BAGUINDA and ABU BAKR: set
the stage of SULU ISLAMIZATION
- ABU BAKR: first sultan of Sulu Shariful
Hashim, spread Islam in Maguindanao, first
sultan of Maguindanao.
- SULTANATE: first Islamic pol. institution in
the PH; in BUANSA, JOLO.
- Sultans had TREATY RELATIONS w/ their
Asian neighbors + British, French, and
Americans.
- Sultans in Maguindanao were responsible
for furthering Islam in Mindanao and
thwarting SPANISH INCURSION
SULTAN KUDARAT.
- Before the Sultanates, there were already
relations with Brunei and Chinatrade and
commerce + marriage.
- Intermarriages in BRUNEI, SULU, MANILA,
AND CHINA.
- SULTAN BULKEIAH with PUTRI LELA
MEN CHANEI;
- Commercial contact w/ ChinaPADUKE
PATALA: generation grandson of Philippine
East King.
- FORT OF SELALILAbuilt by grandpa of
Sulayman, Selalila.
o Became the life blood of early
Muslim settlements of Manila
o Served as a watchtower on inner
settlements of Kingdom of Sapa,
Pasig, Tunduk.
BRUNEI-SULU-MANILA ALLIANCE
- Rise of Sulu did not begin with the
establishment of the Sultanatewas first
facilitated by early contact of Sulu with
Bruneiconversion of Madjapahits Rajah
to Islam Malaccan Empire
- Commercial, cultural, familial ties, political
and military alliances were formed
assistance of Sulu to Bruneis Sultan,
helped quell a rebellion. NORTH
BORNEO was given to the Sulus,
beginning of their historical right over
Sabah.
- CHANGE IN POLITICAL LANDSCAPE:
when Malays under the Madjapahit began
to emigrate from the Malay Peninsula to
Manilaformation of Malay settlements in
Luzon.
- ADVENT OF SPANISH COLONIALISM:
quasi-trilateral alliance with Brunei
TEMPORAL POWER. EVIDENCE: sending
of military vintas to Manila by Brunei to help
the perps of the TONDO CONSPIRACY in
routing the Spaniards. Was not a success.
- Raids characterized the Moro-Hispanic
War.
- SIX STAGES OF MORO WARS
o Arrival of Legaspi and ransacking of
Brunei Spanish forces
o Spanish attempts to make Sulu and
Maguindanao vassals of Spain
o Moro raids along the coastlines of
Visayas and Luzon
o Spanish fortification of Zamboanga
o Re-fortification of Zamboanga by
Spaniards
o Spanish assault on Sulu
- MORO WARS: represented a logical
impulse as an inevitable response to
foreign aggression
- Moros were left alone in defending the last
frontier of Islam is SEA. Absence of
ISLAMIC SOLIDARITY.
o Geographical distance
o Islamic world was in disarray due to
dissolution of Abbasid Caliphateno
single center of power in the world of
Islam
- SULU ZONE: SULU, BORNEO,
MINDANAO, CELEBES.
- Height of trade and navigation, quasi-
regional trade area
- Included a loosely integrated political
system that encouraged trade to flourish
from the 18th century to the 189th century.
- Restrengthened relations between Sulu in
China after a fallout for about 300 years.
- Inter and intra-island commercial activities
also evolved from the coast of Borneo, Jolo
and Maguindanao.
- JOLO-MANILA tradehalf a century worth
of trade efforts strengthened by the
 establishment of LABUAN-JOLO
ENTREPOT TRADE + founding of
Singapore = SINGAPORE-JOLO-MANILA
trade. JOLO as EMBARKING CENTER by
Chinese and Malays to and from Singapore
and Manila.
- TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP between
RAJAH SULAYMAN AND MARTIN DE
GOITI.
o Premised on the condition that
Sulayman was pleased to be the
friend of Spaniards as long as there
are no abuses and their honor was
not touched.
- H. DELA COSTA1737 PEACE TREATY
between SULU AND SPAIN: one between
two sovereign and independent states,
each recognized as such by the other.
- Sultanates were rendered insignificant by
the 19th until the 20th century due to the
development of armaments and
steamboats by the west.
- CARPENTER AGREEMENT: between
Jamalul Kiram II and Frank Carpenter
sovereignty of US in the Sulu Archipelago.
- Confluence of external pressures and
internal crisiswithering of influence in
external trade and commerce.
PAX AMERICANA
- Cuba rebellion against Spain became the
grand justification for America to control the
PH.
- Ottoman Empire as forerunner of Islamic
caliphate was also rendered insignificant
due to the falling to Europe, which then
acted as centrifugal force in the Islamic
world.
- FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND US began to
control major continents More access to
natural resources and boosted their
economic interest
- TREATY OF PARISBENEVOLENT
ASSIMILATIONselling, buying a country
and a people that Spain did not possess
(Corpuz). Distinctness, struggle, law and
customs did not matter to the U.S.
- US tried to neutralize the moros. Emilio
Aguinaldo attempted to form an alliance
with them, by Kiram II did not respond,
happened again w/ his brother.
- Non-committal attitude was caused by the
HISTORICAL ANTAGONISM bet MOROS
AND INDIOS since the Spanish occupation.
o Sultan doubted the stamina of
Filipinos in waging war against U.S.
o Letters were presumptuous.
- US also cut down Moro contacts w/ Islamic
Powers. EVIDENCE: STRAUS (minister to
Turkey) said that the Sultan of Turkey
wishes that the Moslems in PH does not
engage in war with the US, nor side w/
insurgents.
- JOHN BATES vs. SULTAN: sultan said that
he and his men could not understand how
the Americans had any claim to sov. over
sulu or how it was possible for Spain to sell
or cede their territory without their
knowledge, but Sultan of Jolo conceded to
due superior weapons of American soldiers.
o SIGNING OF BATES TREATY:
forced recognition of U.S.
Sovereignty.
- US wanted to penetrate Mindanao by
contacting the Chinese population in
Cotabato
o PETITION TO THE PROVOST-
MASHAL-GENERAL IN THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
- Bates treaty was abrogated U.S. wanted
to rule the Moros under a provincial
governor who was responsible to the civil
governer and the PH commission.
o GENERAL LEONARD WOOD
instituted legislative, administrative,
and judicial organizations; ROUGH
RIDER POLICY; launched extensive
military operations against Moro
resistance: BATTLE OF BUD DAJO
o GENERAL TASKER BLISS
VELVET GLOVE POLICY,
peacemaker though did not rule out
the use of military force; succeeded
in recruiting Moros into PH
constabulary and used them to
discipline fellow Muslims
o JOHN PEARSHINGlay down a
framework of civil governance and
economic development, although
problems of peace and order
remained. BATTLE OF BUD
BAGSAK.
- Moros began to be attracted by US policies
FILIPINIZATION
- WOODROW WILSON as president,
American policy in the PH changed; geared
towards the ultimate independence of the
Islands.
o FILS were given majority control in
the PH COMMISSION
o Policy of FILIPINIZATION (Frank
Carpenter) to bring Moros and other
ethnic groups in Mindanao under a
single government.
o MORO PROVINCE
DEPARTMENT OF MINDANAO
AND SULU
o Received w/ enthusiasm by the PH
COMMISSION.
- Worked more in favor of the AMS than the
FILS.
- Muslims liked the Americans, so when the
admin of their affairs would be relinquished
to the PH LEGISLATURE, they reacted
negatively. Wanted to be under AMS than
FILS if they could not govern themselves.
- ROBERT BACON: created a bill w/ 2 PH
GOVERNMENTSone in LUZVI and in
MINDA and SULU.
o Complete union of FILS AND
MOROS is distasteful to the latter
due to bitter racial and religious
hatreds.
- Anti-Muslim Filipinos and Aguinaldo said
that to reverse the Filipinization bill is a
matter of justice and it hurts the Filipino
feelings.
- Non-identification of the Moros w/ the PH
govt resulted in difficult Moro-Fil relations
since 1935.
- Disintegrated socio-political and econ
structure of Moro society, influx of settles in
Mindanao from the north and the extensive
diplomatic campaign of FIL statesmen in
the US and the collaboration of some Moro
leaders with AM authorities CHANGED
THE MOROS ACTIVE RESISTANCE
INTO PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE OF
FILIPINIZATION
o Isolated show ambivalence, but
accepted their fate under the
commonwealth.
o Independence of PH gained no
massive reactions from the Muslim
populace.
- People to people contact of Filipino
Muslims to the Islamic community around
the world did not cease
o Arrival of Arabia, Bokhara, and
Afghanistan to Cotabato
o Setting up of pandita schools
supported by WOOD and BLISS, but
not PEARSHING.
o NAJEEB SALEEBY: first school
superintendent of the Moro
Provincerecommended the
teacher of Islam and Arabic
language in Mindanao and Sulu.
- Spread of islam in Mindanao: RELIGIOUS
MISSIONS by MOHAMMED WAJIH,
SHEIK MUSTAFA AHMAD, SHEIK
ABDURRAHIM ABDULLA, SHEIK ALI
spread the Mohammedan Faith
- 1926: Establishment of MUSLIM
ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
(MUSAPHIL)became the most influential
Muslim ORG in PH; founded by MAULANA
ABDUL ALEEM SIDDIQUE AL QADERI.
o Organized Islamic schools
o FIL-MUSLIM ORGS
o MADRASAH schools
- Teaching of Islam in MADARIS invited
Muslim missionaries abroad to come to the
PH.
- Subsequently, Muslims from Mindanao
began to flock as pilgrims to the Middle
East; Muslims youth began to study in Al-
Azhar University and other schools.
PHILIPPINE DIPLOMACY IN THE ISLAMIC
WORLD
- After WWII, PH had to identify with the US.
PH deprioritized her peripheral interests.
- Relations with the Islamic world was not a
priority of the new republic.
- Turmoil in middle eastproblematized
Palestine and Africa.
- POST NEW DELHI CONFERENCE: PH
began to face the need to expand its
foreign policy in the Middle East.
- PRESIDENT QUIRINO: Asian bloc should
include the Middle East. However, no
Middle Eastern states were invited in the
BAGUIO CONFERENCE.
- Despite this, PH knew how important
Middle Eastern relations were because they
have inherited remnants of colonialist trade
 relationsPH had been dependent on oil
from the Middle East.
- AFRICA: PH engaged w/ trade in Egypt
MALAY NEIGHBORS
- INDONESIA: first Muslim country in SEA w/
the PH strongly identified with
- PH supported INDOs struggle against the
DUTCH
- Championed INDO to the UNasked UN to
stop Dutch police actions in INDO and
asked for PH to participate in the cease-fire
committee.
- GEOGRAPHICAL PROPINQUITYPH will
be affected if INDO will have conflicts.
- INDO supported PH w/ Sabah claim against
Malaysia
- PH had a strong historical basis for the
claim: Sulu was gifted by the Sultan of
Brunei after helping it quell a rebellion in the
17th century.
- Sultan leased Sabah to BNBC, rental for
5,300 Malayn dollars annually.
- MALAYSIA: formed the Federation of
Malaya and included Sabah as one of its
states.
o Insisted on the validity of a plebiscite
under the auspices of the UN,
wherein Sabahans voted in favor of
Malaysia.
o PH challenged Malaysia to bring the
issue to a WORLD COURT, but the
latter refusedPH had no political
nor legal leg to stand on. Countries
severed diplomatic ties.
- INDO sympathized w/ the OH.
PALESTINE PROBLEM
- PH had a fledging status in the world
community
- ROMULO displayed exceptional effort to
make its presence felt in the UN
o Championed the cause of the Third
World.
o ARAB CAUSEROMULO stood
against the Partition of Palestine: not
the policy of PH govt to serve as an
instrument of territorial
dismemberment of any country; UN
has no precedent for partition.
o PRAGMATISM dominated the
overall stand of the PH on the issue
of partition.
o Absence of Romulodelegate did
an ABOUT-FACE on the issue
voted in favor of the partition which
was DUE TO US PRESSURE THAT
THE AM ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
TO THE PH DEPENDED ON PH
SUPPORT FOR THE PARTITION
RESOLUTION.
o Reciprocated by Daniel LewinUS
will not forget
o Turn-around decision reflected
NATIONAL INTEREST
o PH was elected in the UNCOP
o PH was negotiated w/ the US for
financial and military assistance
soft and long term loans for the US,
w/ QUID PRO QUO for America
signing of the MILITARY BASES
AGREEMENT (MAR 14 1947);
MILITARY ASSISTANCE
AGREEMENT
- Formal diplomatic relations w/ Middle East
and Africabegan as early as the PH
Independence in 1946.
o Hazy spasmodic interactions
lop sided dependence due to
evolving PH interest and fluctuating
stability in Middle East and other
Islamic lands.
o UN: PH allied w/ the cause of small
nations, Asian economic recovery,
human rights, and the welfare of non
self-governing people.
o EGYPT: treaty of friendship; cultural
agreement; air agreement
o PAKISTAN: air agreement; treaty of
friendship, SEATO, visit of Pakistan
PM, JOINT COMMUNIQUEPH
would support UN in all efforts to
solve any intl dispute
o Supported PAK towards Kashmir
o MACAPAGAL: PAN-ASIAN Union
ASSOC OF SEA (ASA) in collab w/
PAK.
o Two weeks after his visit to PAK, he
changed his grant Asian vision to a
smaller regional ORG
MAPHILINDO.
- POLICY OF NEUTRALITY in the MidEast
conflict, PH signed a treaty of friendship w/
Israel in 1963 TREATY ON TECHNICAL
COOPERATION AGREEMENT FOR
 COOPERATION IN THE PEACEFUL
USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY
- Ambivalent foreign policy thrust towards the
Islamic world due to an evolving PH policy
in Asia.
RELATIONS DURING THE MARCOS
PERIOD
- new relations w/ Asia and the Islamic
worldidentified w/ PH FP immediately
after he became President (before, he
scorned Asia for Asians).
- IRANdiscussed bilateral relations
(HORMOZ GHARIB)
- TURKEYwill open an embassy in MNL w/
a resident ambassador (TURGUT UYUG)
- SAUDI ARABIA (1969), PH ambassador to
Cairo was accredited as non-resident
ambassador to SAUDI.
- GUIDELINES IN ADDRESSING PH
POLICY TOWARDS ASIA AND THE
WORLD
o National interest
o Econ development
o Increased regional cooperation and
friendship w/ peace-loving states
- MARTIAL LAW: aggressive FP toward Arab
and MidEast countries
- UNEQUIVOCAL POLICYsupport Arab
countries in their struggle for a just and
enduring peace in the MIDEAST
- SIX MAIN POLICY GUIDELINES OF PH
RELATIONS
o Intensify relations w/ members of the
ASEAN
o More vigorously pursue the
establishment of diplo relations w/
Socialist states (PRC and SU)
o Seek closer identification w/ 3rd
World
o Continue beneficial relationship w/
Japan
o Support Arab countries in their
struggle for a just and enduring
peace in the MidEast
o Find new basis, compatible w/ the
emerging realities in Asia for a
continuing healthy relationship w/ the
US.
- FP statement towards the Arabs and
Islamic World
o Preservation and enhancement of
Islam w/c is the heritage of the entire
FIL people
o Preservation and advancement of
Islamic culture and traditions
o Promotion of well-being of the
Muslim communities, including the
restoration of their rights to their
ancestral lands
MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT
- crisis in Mideast due to the creation of the
State of Israel war reached peak when
Egypt and Syria launched a two-front attack
on Israel
- MIL ADVANTAGE, ISRAEL
- POL OBJECTIVE OF ARABS achieved and
CONTEXT OF CONFRONTATION altered
- ARABS exposed the fallacy on w/c
ISRAELI STRATEGY had been based
since the Six Day War: CONTROL OF
WIDE BUFFER ZONES TOGETHER W/
MIL SUPREMACY RENDERED ISRAEL
IMMUNE TO ARAB ATTACK
- Arabs employed OIL as weapondenied
all supporters of Israel w/ MidEast oil.
o Overwhelming impact bc most
countries depende on Arab oil from
the MidEast
o PH as third world country, would be
hit hard
o OIL WEAPON caused the PH to
undertake a redefinition of its
NEUTRAL POLICY, tilting the
balance IN FAVOR OF THE ARABS
AND THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE
o PH supported UN GA resos that
recognized the PLO as the legit
representative of the Palestinians.
o PLO as an observer in the GA and
other organs and specialized
agencies of the UN + intl
conferences under the auspices of
the U.N.
o ROMULA: NOV 1973VERBAL
PROMISE from King FAISAL to
supply the countrys oil requirements
of 100 million barrels per year.
- PH adopted a neutral policy in the
MIDEAST conflictrecognized
PALESTINE rights to self-determination,
support ISRAELI to exist as a state.
 o NEUTRALITY inconsistent, swayed
depending on factors
o ORIG POSITION: support
PALESTINE
o UNDER US PRESSURE: shifted
policy and supported ISRAEL
balance sheet w/ respect to its
Mideastern interest vis--vis the US
econ assistance weighed heavily in
favor of the ltter
o Absence of econ pressure from the
US: show support for PALESTINE
not born out of charity but a
CALCULATIVE MOVE at
maintaining the balance of neutrality
on the BASIS OF NATL INTEREST
DEVELOPMENT DIPLOMACYoil-rich
countries
- SAUDI ARABIA
- KUWAIT
- UAE
- IRAQ
- IRAN
INFLUX OF FIL WORKERS
- LABOR is another area that underscores
PH relations w/ the MidEast countries
- 70s: not particularly substantial, overseas
employment not strictly differentiated
- INFLUX OF WORKERS WAS LARGELY
DUE TO THE PROSPECT OF EARNING A
HIGHER SALARY
- TRIGGERED BY ECON DEVELOPMENT
OF OIL-RICH ARAB COUNTRIES
- Overseas workers: fastest growing industry
in the PH
- LABOR CODE IN 1974, ACT 2486
o Encourage overseas employment
o Increase employment opps and
promote skills devt
o Generate additional foreign
exchange
o Attract foreign investments
o Ease countrys perennial trade deficit
o Ensure continuing supply of oil from
Mideast esp Saudi
o Enhance countrys intl prestige
o OEDB + NSB = POEALetter of
Instruction WELFARE FUND OF
OVERSEAS WORKERS: tasked to
protect and promote the interests
and well-being of overseas workers
as well as their families and
dependents.
- Foreign remittances were vital to PH
economy but workers were subjected to
risks at home and abroad
o EFFECT: reconfiguration of social
classes primarily the middle class
appeared to emerge since many of
these workers belong the this social
ladder
o LABOR AGREEMENTS normally
entered into on a BILATERAL BASIS
RESPONSE TO MNLF DIPLOMACY
- JOSE INGLES: redefinition of PH FP in the
Islamic world was hastened not only by
energy crisis but also by the Muslim prob in
Southern PH.
- MNLFwaged a secessionist war and
launched a diplomatic campaign against the
PH in its bid to establish an independent
state in Mindanao.
- Impact: disastrous on the PH govt,
threatened:
o PH sovereignty
o Territorial integrity
o PH economy
- MNLF launched a two-pronged diplomacy
o Directed to indiv muslim countries
o Directed to OIC
- MALAYSIA, LIBYA, SAUDI, AND PAK
extended humanitarian and moral support
to MNLF
- Attacked JOLO, destruction of property,
displacement of war victims and evacuees
- War boosted the MNLFs diplomatic
campaign in the Muslim world
- MARCOS GOVT RESPONSE: DOMESTIC
AND INTL CONTAINMENT POLICIES
o LOCAL: PRESIDENTIAL TASK
FORCE FOR THE
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVT
OF MINDANAObypassed MNLF
hierarchy; began posting Muslims in
strategic govt offices, including the
fielding of Muslim FIL diplomats in
some MidEast countries
- AFTER JOLO WAR: MNLF abandoned its
bid for independence
o ICFM convinced the MNLF to seek
for regional autonomy instead.
o PH Govt agreed to hold talks w/
MNLF in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. No
 substantial results were achieved
due to intransigence.
o Eventually resulted to the TRIPOLI
AGREEMENT in Libya.
- MALAY and INDO had a closer
understanding of the MNLF sentiments, but
MNLF bid for an independent state did not
capture their interest.
o MALAY: Sabah claim
o INDO: valued their gratitude and
long-time friendship w/ the PH
- Does not imply that they did not extend y
assistance towards MNLF, but only gave
minimal aid.
o Served as honest brokers between
MNLF and the PH Govt
o But highly asean unity cannot be
jeopardized by an otherwise internal
PH problem.
- This is the reason why MNLF heeded other
Mideast countries because they were more
sympathetic towards the MNLF cause.
- MARCOS sent her first lady to Libya to help
resolve the Mindanao problem.
- TRIPOLI AGREEMENT: led the MNLF to
engage in country-to-country appear for
muslim countries to impose strong
measures against the govt.
- Marcos continued to appoint Muslim
personalities to public office and to field
Muslim ambassadors, especially in the
Mideast.
o 80s: MNLF gained Irans support
o PH did a good job containing MNLF
diplomatic campaign
- OIC employed the methods of peaceful
settlement in the conflict bet the PH govt
and the MNLF.
o GOOD OFFICES: urged the ICFM to
create a fund to finance the Muslims.
o MEDIATION: speech in 5th IFCM in
Kuala Lumpur: PH govt must find a
political and peaceful solution thru
negotiation w/ Muslim leaders in
order to arrive at a just solution still
in accordance w/ natl sovereignty
and territorial integrity.
o 1975: MNLF peace talks in Jeddah,
no settlement was reached becayse
they demanded beyond the powers
of a unitary and constitutional
governmentself-govt, control of
defense and foreign policy among
others.
- TRIPOLI AGREEMENT: framework of
regional autonomy for the thirteen
provinces in Mindanao
o Implementation problems by the
Marcos govt.
o NUR MISUARI: sanction PH govt to
reduce capacity to commit more
crimes and violence against muslim
people and humanity.
- But cannot impose sanctions because:
o Islamic Factor of PH diplomacy
o Support for Palestinian cause
o PH multilaterial ties w/ OIC member
states
o OIC not an economic power,
dependent on member states only
o Arab-Israle conflict > Bangsamoro
question
o OIC failed to forward bangsamoro
grievance to the UN.
o Liability to PH and OIC because
most member countries have ties w/
the PH.
o OIC charter does not have any
provision to allow the sanction
o Member countries call the shorts
whether or not they should sanction,
not dependent on OIC but the
member countries voting
- IMPORTANT FEATURE: OFWs
contribution to economy
AQUINO GOVERNMENT
- new configuration in PH foreign relations
o Win recognition and support for new
govt
o Secure econ assistance
o Expand trade and econ promotion
o Intensity regional cooperation
through ASEAN
o Implement new policy on HR and
civil liberties
o Closer identification w/ the third
world
o Help locate hidden wealth abroad of
the Marcoses
- FP lacked articulation towards Arab and
Islamic Word
- RAUL MANGLAPUSpromote harmonious
relations w/ the Arab world and the Third
World Islam was seen to be an integral,
 historic, and outstanding component of our
nationhood.
o Deplored U.S. bombing of Libya as a
violation of Intl Law.
o Supported self-determination of
Western Saharans against Morocco
and Mauritania.
o PH adopted a neutral policy in the
Iran-Iraq war chose to deplore
fratricidal conflict and support efforts
for its just and equitable solution.
o Condemned South Africa for
apartheid policy and Israeli
occupation of Arab territories even
though US voted against them.
o Recognition of the Palestinian
state neutralized the continuing
nuisance posed by the MNLF which
wants to claim a status similar to the
of the PLO.
o MNLF showed support for the state
of Palestine, but Palestine could not
break the PH commitment to Israel.
o POLICY OF PRAGMATISM
continued to rule PH interest in the
Mideast.
- Welfare fund of OCWs was renamed
OWWA.
o Protect interest and promote welfare
of FIL OCWs and depedents
o Implement Labor code provisions
o Provide social welfare services like
social work assistance and cultural
and entertainment services
o Skills development services
o Studies and researches for the
enhancement of their social, econ,
and cultural well-being
o Develop, support, and finance
projects for the welfare of FIL OCWs.
o Interagency network system
o Protect the rights of working FIL
women in the Mideast.
- Constant increase of OCWs except during
the Gulf War.
- Opened diplomatic relations w/ Oman,
Qatar, and Bahrain.
- Increase in maltreated FIL workers.
- GULF WAR: invasion of Saddam Hussein
of Kuwait. Affected FILs in four fronts:
o OFWs in Iraq and Kuwaitmany
were evacuated, laid off, and some
were hastily sent back to the PH.
Government taking back their people
made Mideast countries feel that
they could not depend of FIL workers
in their time of need.
o Oil supply95% of PH oil come from
the Mideast, third world would be hit
by the crisis; Ramos implemented
austerity measures, contingency
programs, and oil conservation
schemes; OVER-REACTION drove
people to queue in gasoline stations
and supermarkets; BLAS OPLE: no
sense in appealing for calm and
sobriety while threatening to call up
250,000 reservists to serve in AFP
insisted on penal sanctions to
those who will violate law on
hoarding and profiteering; govt
should set the example of quiet
readiness, pose, confidence and
equanimity DESERT STORM
cancelled flights to Mideast.
o Linakges of U.S. military bases in PH
w/ MideastPH became a launching
ground for warinsult to PH
sovereignty according to Anti-base
proponents, but PH adopted an anti-
Hussein policy
o PH-Iraq relationsalleged Iraqi
national bombed the Thomas
Jefferson Cultural Center in Makati
persona non-grata to Iraqi consul
general, MUWAFAK AL-ANI. Some
airlines refused him flight, only
Malaysian airlines helped.
- Impact of war on Arab countries proved
profitable to the US. Arab countries sought
U.S. military hardware.
- Effect on OFWs: Saudi adopted
SAUDIZATION policy, Saudis were obliged
to work on jobs previously handled by
foreign workers. FILS were encouraged to
go home.
- War cause the PH govt to take a second
look at its foreign policy in the Mideast
JEDDAH ACCORD
- MNLF continued to exert pressure on
Aquino admin
- Aquino met w/ Misuari at the Carmelite
convent to push w/ the peace process.
 o Negotiations did not result to positive
results because once again, MNLF
demands were too much for unitary
and constitutional government.
o Did not only get the 13 provinces in
accordance w/ the Tripoli agreement
but all 23 provinces.
o Aquino created a REGIONAL
CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE to
determine the structure and function
of regional autonomy for Mindanao
o REPUBLIC ACT 6734Created the
ARMM, joined by 4 muslim
provinces.
o OIC pressured PH again, saying that
it failed to honor its commitment to
implement the Tripoli Agreement.
- MNLF tried to be a member of the OIC to
elevant belligerent status and to become
more influential in the Islamic world.
o Eliminate racial segregation
o Discrimination
o Eradicate colonialism to strengthen
struggle of all Muslim peoples
o Safeguard their dignity,
independence, and national rights.
- PH Solution: APPLY FOR MEMBERSHIP
IN THE OIC.
- Influential personalities of the OIC did not
consider the MNLF application and
indicated that they were prepared to give
AQUINO time to prove her sincerity.
- FAILURE of MNLF was due to these
reasons:
o PH Govt moved quickly to promise
to give FIL MUSLIMS autonomy
o Lack of preparation by OIC
Secretariat to renew MNLF request
for membership
o Some muslim countries were not
enthusiastic about MNLF
membership in the OIC.
- OIC: adopted a safe position; MNLF only
attached itself to OIC because survival was
in view of dwindling grassroots support.
RAMOS PRESIDENCY
- DIPLOMACY FOR DEVTcenterpiece of
foreign policy of the Ramos admin.
o Persistent efforts to secure
continued access to world markets
and technology
o End of cold war may have erased
the danger of nuke confrontation but
loosening of BIG-POWER
TENSIONS make the breaking out of
quarrels more likely
o Spirit of bi-partnership
o ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY
acquired special resonance and vast
new potentials and renewed urgency
in view of the sweeping events that
have dramatically transformed the
world in the last few years.
ECONOMIC WELL-BEING
and PEOPLES SECURITY
as primary motivation of PH
diplomacy and foreign
relations
- DFA had a two-pronged approach
o Determine markets or countries so
that we do not dissipate out
capabilities, resources, and
manpower
o To determine specifically what we
have to promote, sell or secure for
those countries
o ROBERTO ROMULO: Forge more
substantial economic ties w/ Mideast
+ newly independent states which
are seeking economic potentials
PH would do well to join the
countries responding to their call.
- PHILIPPINE 2000
o Welfare of FILS overseas
o Economic diplomacy
o National security
- SUMMIT-LEVEL DIPLOMACY: weaving
together PH agenda of econ diplomacy,
welfare of OFWs and govts peace process
w/ the MNLF.
o Enables the PH govt to embark on a
comprehensive diplomacy thus
accruing greater benefits for the
country
- MEETING W/ KING FAHD IN 1994: not
only revitalized relations w/ key nation but
served as a gesture of the FIL peoples
appreciation for the support for the Saudi
Govt to the peace efforts w/ the MNLF
o KSA now co-owns PETRON
CORPORATION, the largest oil firm
in the country.
- IRAN: MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING between Ali Akbar
Velayati in 1994.
o Joint commission at the minister lvl
for cooperation in econ, agriculture
and fishery, mining and industry, etc.
- KUWAIT: received a pledge from SHEK
JABER AL AHMED AL JABER AL SABAH
to support the Zone of Peace and Devt in
Mindanao thru more investments and other
forms of assistance KUWAIT FUND FOR
ARAB ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
o Lifted 9-year old ban on the
deployment of Filipino domestics to
Kuwait
o KUWAIT PH BUSINESS
COUNCILeffort to reinforce PH
diplomatic relation through private
sector participation.
- LIBYA: one of the members of OICs
quadripartite committee.
o Ramos appreciated the
indispensable leadership and
support of the Great Jemahiriya for
peace in Southern Philippines.
o Meeting w/ Muammar Khaddafy
- IRAQ: relations were snail paced after the
gulf war.
o RAMOS approved 20-man
contingent to Iraqto show PH
commitment to the UN purpose of
maintaining international peace and
security and of dealing w/
international humanitarian problems
Continued to pay obligation to
Iraq
o PH NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION
CORPORATIONdid not violate UN
sanctions because it simply involved
the delivery of basic and non-
embargo commodities like sugar,
coconut oil, and medicine; also
concerned w/ OFWs who have no
papers
- PAKISTAN: BENAZHIR BHUTTOgave
an assurance that PAK does not interfere
with the internal affairs of other countires,
including the PH.
- SARAH BALABAGANmaid who was
attempted to be raped by employer at
knifepoint.
o AL ALA SHARIAH COURT
sentenced her to seven years prison
and ordered her to pay the
ALBALOUSHI FAMILY 1.47 million
pesos as blood money
o PH government worked hard to
rescue Sarah. Plea by MAHATHIR
MOHAMMAD to UAE
o WILLIAM GATCHALIAN provided
the blood money to the Albaloushi
family.
- REPRESENTS AN INTERWEB OF PH
SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION
ENCOMPASSING POVERTY AND
INEFFICIENT BUREAUCRACY,
COMPOUNDED BY CULTURAL
DIVERGENCE W/ THE ARAB WORLD.
FINAL AGREEMENT
- Resolution of GRP-MNLF dispute
- FINAL PEACE AGREEMENT BETWEEN
THE PH GOVERNMENT AND THE MNLF
(SEPT 2 1996)hallmark of Ramos
diplomacy
o Ramos was already keen on fixing
the problem even before he was
president to boost his chances of
winning.
o JOINT STATEMENT by rebel groups
+ MNLF in LIBYA on OCT 4 1992
END OF EXPLORATORY AND
INFORMAL OFFICIAL TALKS IN
PURSUIT OF A PEACEFUL JUST
AND HONORABLE SOLUTION TO
THE CONFLICT IN SOUTHERN PH.
o SHIFTING VENUE FORMULAheld
at neutral country to diminish
security issues and so that MNLF
can amplify its international image
o STATEMENT OF
UNDERSTANDING signed in
INDONEISA IN APRIL 16 1993
o Full implementation of the TRIPOLI
AGREEMENT, w/ other portions of
the agreement left for further or later
discussion + transitional
implementing structure and
mechanism.
- FINAL AGREEMENT inked in
MALACAANG between MANUEL YAN
AND NUR MISUARI; took place under the
auspices of the OIC.
- Peace agreement served as a
comprehensive framework for peace and
development in Mindanao.
- SOUTHERN PH COUNCIL FOR PEACE
AND DEVELOPMENTfinal agreement is
envisioned to accelerate the govts
development agenda and to provide
stability and peace and order in Mindanao.
- Still faced w/ problems and challenges
o MNLF complained for the lack of
funds and support
o Major challenge came from extremist
movements and islamist groups.
o Sporadic wars have been sparked
from time to time.
o ISLAMIST ABU SAYYAF GROUP
wreak havoc against the military and
undermined peace and order in the
south; joined other islamist groups
abroad.
o PH congress tried to pass a law on
terrorism but was not well-received
by NGOs and cause-oriented
groups.
CONCLUSION
- Evolved from a deeply rooted history
- Ideological divide gradually transformed
into continuing rapprochement and
understanding
- Islam and its values are continuing to find
solace in other parts of the world.
- SAMUEL HUNTINGTON: Islamic Threat
more of a myth than a reality.
- Pattern of power relationships among
muslim countries has remained relatively
stable.
- No major triggering point of conflict that can
radically disturb the balance of power in the
Muslim world.
- Stable balance of power in the Mideast and
the Islamic world is favorable to the PH.
- MAIN ISSUES
o ARAB OIL
o MINDANAO CONFLICT
o PH EXPORTS
o OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS