Physics VII

Chapter 01

Length and Time

Science: Systemic knowledge of the physical or material world gained

through observations and experimentation

Scientific method: The scientific method is the process by which science is carried out.

Physics: The branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and
energy.
Quantity in physics: The term used in physics is called quantity.

Physical quantities: Any quantity that can be measured is called physical quantity.

Some Basic physical quantities

Physical quantity SI unit instrument

1. Time second (s) watch

2. Mass kilogram (kg) balance

3. Length meter (m) meter scale

4. Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin (K) thermometer

5. Electric current ampere (A) ammeter

6. Luminous intensity candela (cd) photometer

7. Amount of substance mole (mol) -

Some derived physical quantities

For example: volume, density, pressure, power and etc.

Length

Length: Length is defined as the straight-line distance between two points along an object. It
is denoted by l. The SI unit of length is the meter (m).

Prepared By: Mr.MM. siraji Mrs. Ajeebath Anas

One meter length
The distance between two points on a metal bar kept in Paris in office of weight and
measurement is called one meter.

One meter length in terms of speed of light

One meter is distance travelled by light in vacuum in 3.3356409 109 seconds.

Volume

The quantity of space that a body takes up is called volume of that object.

Volume: Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed

boundary, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape
occupies or contains. Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the
cubic meter.

Unit of volume

Standard unit of volume is meter cubed denoted by

One meter cubed volume

The volume of a cube which has all side of one meter length is called one meter cubed
volume.

One centimeter cubed volume

The volume of an object which has all sides of one centimeter length is called one centimeter
cubed volume.

Volume of regular shapes

The volume of regular shapes is measured using following formula.

Volume of regular shapes = cross sectional area x length

Standard unit of volume for liquid

The standard unit of volume for liquid is meter cubed ( 3 ). There are some other units used
to measure the volume of liquid. Example liter, milliliter

Some instrument used measure the length

1. Ruler

2. Vernier caliper

3. Micrometer screw gauge

Prepared By: Mr.MM. siraji Mrs. Ajeebath Anas

Rule or Ruler

The ruler is an instrument that is used to measure the length or distance between two points

There are different rulers available in laboratory

1. Centimeter rule

2. Half meter rule

3. Meter rule

4. Measuring tape

Rules to calculate a length using ruler

1. We place the object along the ruler and take the reading at fist end of the object and second
end of the object.

2. The difference of the two values gives the length of the object.

Precautions or cares when measuring length of an object

We should place our eye directly above the end of the object to take the reading.

3. We should take many readings for length of object and then we should take average length.

How to avoid parallax error while using while using ruler

We should keep our eye directly above the point for which we are taking the reading.

Vernier caliper

Vernier caliper is an instrument that is used to measure length with 0.1 mm accuracy.

Real reading = reading of the instrument

Procedures for measuring the length or thickness of any small object using Vernier caliper

01. We check the Vernier caliper for any zero error

02. We place the object in outside jaws and close the Vernier scale until the object is gripped
between jaws.

Prepared By: Mr.MM. siraji Mrs. Ajeebath Anas

03. Take reading

Reading of the instrument = main scale reading + Vernier scale reading

Vernier scale reading = number of coincided division in the Vernier scale X least count

04. Actual reading = observed value error

Micrometer screw gauge

Micrometer screw gauge is an instrument that is used to measure length with 0.01mm
accuracy.

Procedure for measuring length or thickness of an object using micrometer screw gauge

01. We check for any zero error in the micrometer screw gauge

02. We place the object inside spindle and anvil and catch it firmly.

03. Take reading

04. Observed value = main scale value + thimble scale value X 0.01mm

05. Actual value = observed value zero error

Prepared By: Mr.MM. siraji Mrs. Ajeebath Anas