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I.

Work of a Non-flow System


Steady flow process is a process where: the fluid properties can change from
point to point in the control volume but remains the same at any fixed point during
the whole process.

II. Flow Work


Flow Work (or Flow Energy) - The work required to push mass into or out of
the control volume. Flow work is necessary for maintaining a continuous flow
through a control volume.
Flow work done on a unit of mass entering the system is

Similarly, as a unit of mass leaves a system, the system does flow work on
each unit of mass, decreasing the energy inside the system.

Flow work done on a unit of mass leaving the system is

If mass is crossing the boundary at rate

then the rate of flow work is:

III. Closed System


The term closed system refers to a physical system which does not allow
certain types of transfers (such as transfer of mass) in or out of the system. The
specification of what types of transfers are excluded, is different in different
contexts.

IV. Open System


In system theory, an open system is a system which continuously interacts
with its environment or surroundings. The interaction can take the form of
information, energy, or material transfers into or out of the system boundary,
depending on the discipline which defines the concept. An open system is
contrasted with the concept of an isolated system which exchanges neither energy,
matter, nor information with its environment. Open system is also known as
constant volume system and flow system
V. Energy Equations for Closed System
Closed System Energy Balance Equation:

U + Ek + Ep = Q + W

Where:
Q is the heat transferred to the system
W is the work done by the system
U is the change of Internal Energy

U = 0 if there are no temperature changes, phase changes, or chemical reactions.


In general, U is also 0 when small pressure changes occur as well (a few atm).

Ek = 0 if the system doesn't accelerate

Ep = 0 if the system doesn't change in height

Q = 0 if the system doesn't exchange heat with the surroundings, that is, if the
system is adiabatic or insulated

W = 0 if the system has no moving boundry (ex. piston), or if there are no moving
parts, electrical current, or radiation exchange with the system and the
surroundings.

VI. Steady Flow Energy Equation


The Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) is used for open systems to
determine the total energy flows.
It is assumed that the mass flow through the system is constant.
It is also assumed that the total energy input to the system is equal to the total
energy output.
The energies that are included are;
internal, flow, kinetic, potential, heat and work.
VII. Alternate Forms of the Steady Flow Equation
which becomes

or

therefore

If we assume quasi-static, adiabatic expansion then

so

Where Tc and pc are conditions in the combustion chamber (set by


propellants), and pe is the external static pressure.

VIII. Perpetual Motion of the First Kind

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the
input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of
conservation of energy.

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