Tube Material k, W/m-K

Aluminum 147
Copper 386
Hastelloy C 8.7
Brass, Admiralty 111

1 m = 3.28 ft = 40 inches
1 Poise = 1 g/(cm.s)
R = 8.314 m3Pa/(molK)
1 torr = 0.133 kPa
The purpose of sealing strips is to reduce the effect of the bundle
bypass stream that flows around the outside of the tube bundle.

Estimating Pressure drop for turbulent flow

Pf = 2f LV2/gc D

f = 0.054/Re0.2

CONDUCTION
The transfer of heat from one molecule to an adjacent molecule
while the particles remain in fixed positions relative to each other
Primary mechanism in solids and some fluids that are stagnant.

CONVECTION
Heat is transferred by the physical movement of molecules from
place to place, e.g., the mixing of warmer and cooler portions of a
fluid in a heater Primary mechanism in fluidfluid exchangers
Transfer of heat by physical mixing of the hot and cold portions of
a fluid is known as heat transfer by convection. The mixing can
occur as a result of density differences alone, as in natural
convection, or as a result of mechanically induced agitation, as in
forced convection.
The term partial pressure, meaning part of the total pressure
created by each component

Steam Stripper
The heat of vaporization of the gasoline cannot come from the
steam, because the steam (at 300F) is colder than the diesel oil (at
500F). The heat of vaporization must come from the diesel-oil
product itself.

Pump Around

The purpose of the pumparound is to cool and partially condense the

upflowing vapors. A typical number of pumparound trays is 2 to 5.

Weeping

Weeping occurs when the vapor velocity is too low to prevent liquid from
flowing through the holes in the tray instead of across the tray. Differential
pressure is reducedand product separation is reduced.

Flare a device to safely burn excess hydrocarbon vapor.

Steam Trap a trap must stop (or trap) steam and release condensate

Boiling can be classified as pool boiling and flow boiling. Boiling of non
flowing or stationary fluid is known as pool boiling. Boiling in the case of a
fire tube of shell boiler will come under this category.

Boiling as during the flow of water and steam (two phase fluid) through a
tube with wall heat flux is called flow boiling.
 With increase in temperature thermal conductivity of many
liquids will (decrease)

With increase in temperature thermal conductivity of gases in

general will (increase)
Reyleigh number is the product of ____________ Number and
____________ number.(Grashof, Prandtl)
The value Uo will be ____________ compared to value Ui in
heat exchangers. (lower)
The flow direction does not affect the performance in the case of
____________ and ____________ . (condensers, evaporators)

Design pressure
The maximum internal or external pressure to be used in
determining the minimum permissible wall thickness of
equipment and piping.

Weepage
The phenomenon whereby liquid starts to percolate through
the sieve tray holes instead of flowing over the weir. This can
occur with low vapour velocities. Weepage can reduce tray
efficiencies by up to 90%.
Fluid
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously
under the action of a shear stress.
Specific weight:
= ( N/m3)

Saturated Liquid Liquid at its bubble point

Saturated Vapour Vapour at its dew point

Forced-draft
Type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that uses fans to push air
into the tower.
Induced-draft
Type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that use fans to pull air out
of the tower.

Wet-bulb temperature takes into account the relative humidity,

whereas dry-bulb temperature does not.

Damper
A device used to regulate air flow.
Desuperheating
A process applied to remove heat from superheated steam.
A manipulated variable is the manifestation of control action
that neutralizes the disturbance and brings the controlled
variable back to its desired or set value.

A pneumatic system operates within an input/output variable

range of 3 15 psig air pressure, and an electronic system
operates within 420 mA DC.

A valve that moves from close to open position by supply of

energy is called Air- to-open. The term Air refers that energy in
the form of air pressure is supplied to the valve top. Similarly, a
valve which moves from open to close position by the supply of
energy is called Air- to-close.