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THE FIRST WORD
EDITORIAL
ADVISORY
The next solar battle: grid upgrades
BOARD
With the investment tax credit extension Modernizing grid infrastructure across the
firmly in our rearview mirror, were United States is the only way the solar industry
approaching the next fork in the road of solar will keep up its record-breaking installation
accelerationgrid stability and longevity. The numbers year after year. SEIA and GTM Research
Brad Dore U.S. solar industry will not be able to continue recently released their year-in-review report,
SMA America to grow at this accelerated pace if the electric which found 2016 to be the biggest solar year
grid doesnt see upgrades. on record14.7 GW installed, nearly doubling
Scott Franklin Renewable industry associations have 2015s numbers. The report also expects the
Lumos Solar come together to call more attention to the U.S. solar market to triple in size over the next
issues around electrical infrastructure. Leaders five years, even though 2017 installations
Rick Gilbert with the Solar Energy Industries Association are predicted to drop 10% over the previous
Solar Source (SEIA); the American Wind Energy Association year. Utility-scales massive boom in 2016 (as
(AWEA); the National Electrical Manufacturers more projects were planned to meet the ITC
Natalie Holtgrefe
Boston Solar Association (NEMA); WIRES, the non-profit deadline) is to blame for 2017s slight slip. But
working group for electric transmission owners, in the meantime, residential and commercial
Jim Jenal investors and customers; and other groups installations will continue their upward growth.
Run on Sun sent a letter to Congress, urging the legislative GTM Research expects the residential
body to promote grid investments that lessen market to grow 9% this year with 36 of 40
Wendi Littlefield the economic impact of electrical outages tracked states growing year-over-year. Twenty-
SunLink and ensure that the countrys high-voltage two states added more than 100 MW of solar
transmission system is productive and secure. PV in 2016. This means more solar is coming
Scott Wiater
Modern electricity infrastructure is the to more stateseven those we assumed would
Standard Solar
missing piece of the puzzle that will allow never get on board. Grid infrastructure is now
the greater use of clean, abundant sources of more critical than ever.
energy in communities across America, said It may not seem as timely as our fight for
SEIAs president and CEO Abigail Ross Hopper ITC extension, but grid modernization is a battle
in a press release. Weve seen worth taking on. If infrastructure spending can
lower cost clean energy be used on our electric grid, maybe our issues
expand dramatically in with net metering wont seem so grand. Just
parts of the country with as important as bridges and roads, upgrading
modern infrastructure, our transmission lines is an important step to
and that is a trend that modernizing our infrastructure. Not only will
will only continue with it provide us with a more secure electrical
supportive and sensible backbone, well also be able to ensure successful
policy. solar growth for decades to come. SPW
@SolarKellyP M anag i ng E dit or Kelly Pi ckerel

@SolarPowerWo rl d k p i c ke rel@wt wh m e d ia.com
4 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017 www.solarpowerworldonline.com
First Word_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 4 3/21/17 10:41 AM

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3/21/17 10:08 AM
CONTENTS M a rc h 2 0 1 7 vol 7 n o 2
w w w. so l ar p o w e r w o rl do nl in e .co m
43 10 16 26 60
ON THE
ON THE COVER
COVER
PROJECTS
10 CASE STUDY
Quixotic Systems takes on a vertical
solar wall in New York City
TECHNOLOGY
26 INVERTERS
We take a look at inverter efficiency
as it relates to profitable systems
This years Installation Issue
features 17 tips on how 32 MOUNTING
to build better projects. Non-penetrating sloped roof-mounts
APsystems provided us BUSINESS make a splash in the market
with our cover photo and 16 SELLING POINT 38 PANELS
advice on how to address How installers can capitalize on the A Q&A with Canadian Solar gives
connectivity issues at corporate renewable revolution insight into the companys 2017 plans
project sites and get back 22 MARKETING 40 STORAGE
to the real solar work. The role of graphics in a strong solar Calculating the true cost of energy
brand cant be ignored storage on solar projects
SPECIAL INSTALLATION SECTION:

4 FIRST WORD 62 ASK A VET 43 Advice from trainers at the NABCEP Continuing Education Conference
9 NEWS BRIEFS 64 AD INDEX Even with the strides the market is making, its important not to forget the little things that ensure
60 CONTRACTORS CORNER installations are safe, reliable and profitable. Check out these 17 easy-to-read, quick tips.
Table of Contents 3-17 Solar_Vs2kp.indd 6 3/21/17 2:03 PM

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[NEWS BRIEFS]
Solar around the U.S.

A guide to recent projects, legislation and
research throughout the country
2
5
5 Solar grows nearly 800%
in five years
New York
New York Governor Andrew M. Cuomo
said state-supported solar power
increased nearly 800% from December
1 2011 to December 2016, leveraging
6 nearly $1.5 billion in private investment.
4 Solar growth is critical to the
3 governors clean energy standard that
50% of New Yorks electricity come
from renewable sources by 2030.
7
6 State attorney general to head EPA
Florida Power & Light Oklahoma
Company announced plans Oklahoma attorney general Scott
for eight new solar projects
Pruitt was confirmed to head the EPA.
to local students and leaders.
Hes dedicated to environmental
protection, said Senate majority leader
Mitch McConnell, according to The
New York Times. And, as someone
1 Senators recognized by SEIA 3 A simple way to with state government experience,
North Carolina subscribe to solar he understands the real-world
Sen. Richard Burr (R-NC) and Rep. Georgia consequences of EPA actions and
George Holding (R-NC) were Simple Solar is Georgia Powers knows that balance is the key to making
presented with SEIA Solar Champion latest solar energy program for policies that are sustainable over the
Awards for helping to strengthen utility customers. Its a voluntary long-term. However, Gina McCarthy,
solar power in America. Under option for those wanting to support who headed the EPA under former
the leadership of Senator Burr and solar without installing it on their President Barack Obama, said of Pruitt,
Representative Holding, North Carolina home or business. Subscribers Its fine to have differing opinions
now ranks in the Top 10 for both solar pay an additional 1 cent per kWh, on how to meet the mission of the
deployment and solar jobs, proving the which Georgia Power uses to agency. But here, for the first time, I see
payoff to expanding solar development purchase RECs from a certified someone who has no commitment to
is indisputable, said Abigail Ross solar generation source to match the mission of the agency.
Hopper, SEIAs president and CEO. and offset their energy use.
7 Doubling commitment to solar
2 A big gala for SunPower 4 Facebook goes solar Florida
Crook County, Oregon Los Lunas, New Mexico Florida Power & Light Company,
SunPower is developing its 56-MWac Affordable Solar will build three 10- Floridas largest generator of solar
Gala Solar power plant, expected to MW solar sites for Facebooks Data energy, plans to build solar plants
be Oregons largest when completed Center this summer. The facilities at eight locations by early 2018,
by the end of 2017 and anticipated will use Array Technologies solar totaling nearly 600 MW. The plants
to create 300 jobs during peak trackers. The sites will each employ will be located at sites across the
construction. Moss will serve as the 120 workers and include a total of state, including locations in Alachua,
projects general contractor. 115,000 modules. Putnam and DeSoto counties.
3 2017 SOLAR POWER WORLD 9
News in Brief_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 9 3/21/17 11:49 AM

PROJECTS
Projects Case Study_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 10 3/21/17 11:57 AM

KATHIE ZIPP
MANAGING EDITOR PROJECTS
S C R A P E R
L A R SK Y EN E R G Y
SO S RENEWA B L E
BRINGW HEIGHTS
TO NE t h e B i g Apple
n ment,
r b a n en v i ro
i n s t a l lations
ense u l
d i dentia
espi t e i t s
e s o l a r . R e s
f ro m fewer
r 6,
i v i n g for mo , 0 0 0 in 201
is st r a rly 6 S EIA.
t o n e in g t o
have s
urged
a g o , accord
s
0 0 fi v e year
than 2
Its no surprise many New York City residents would rather

spend money on Broadway shows and top-rated restaurants than rising
electricity prices. The state government is also pushing for more solar,
committing to 50% renewable power by 2030, and dedicating millions to
11 large renewable projects throughout the state.
In a city of skyscrapers, commercial development isnt always easy. Thats
what Urban Health Plan (UHP), a network of community health centers, found
when it sought to install solar on one of its roofs. Seeking to go solar to obtain
LEED-certification for its
Everything is a little more challenging Simpson Pavilion in the

South Bronx, the company
in New York City than in other places. approached local installer

Quixotic Systems. However,
when vice president Gerry
Heimbuch saw all the roofs mechanical systems and obstructions, he thought
the lack of space made installing solar on the roof impossible.
But this wasnt the installers first rodeo. Heimbuch has an electrical
engineering degree and a serial entrepreneurial sprit, which is a marvelous
mix for starting a solar business. He and his business partner, the companys
president Richard Kleinhave, have run the company since 1999, making it one
of the oldest solar energy contractors in the city, if not the entire tristate area.
Everything is a little more challenging in New York City than in other
places, Heimbuch said. There are more tall buildings that dont have large

PROJECTS
roof spaces, so youre always running

into geometry issues.
Nevertheless, Quixotic Systems
has installed residential solar PV,
solar thermal systems and several
megawatt-sized projects. The
contractor has developed a niche in
projects deemed more difficult.
We try to solve the problems
other companies cant, Heimbuch
said. Quixotic Systems was the perfect
match for UHP.
The Future is Now Heimbuch had learned about

wall-mounted solar at an Intersolar
tradeshow in Munich last year.
Vertically mounted solar is popular
in Germany, but it hasnt been done
much in the States and had never been
attempted by Heimbuch and his team.
Still, he was inspired to pitch the idea
of building a solar wall for UHP.
Did they think he was crazy?
ENERGY FOR A BETTER WORLD Yes of course, he remembered with
a chuckle. But we did an in-house
rendering, and they loved the way it
looked and that it would help UHP
achieve LEED certification.
UHP was on board; now Heimbuch
just had to convince his team. They
thought I was crazy too, of course, he
said. But once you get on the scaffold
and do what you have to do, those
fears and hesitations go away.
German Engineered Still, the project had its difficulties.
High-Performance Solar Modules The first time you do something
its always a little bit challenging,
Heimbuch said. We had to figure
- AXIpower 60/72 cells out where to attach the solar, how to
attach it and get our engineers and the
Rooftop or Ground Mount
buildings engineers to agree that yes,
260 320W, Polycrystalline this things going to stay on the wall.
Quixotic Systems designed large,
- AXIblackpremium custom racking with vertical and
crossed members that 104 SunPower
Superior Aesthetics Meets Performance panels attached to in a lattice fashion.
270 280W, Monocrystalline Heimbuch explained that other design
aspects were also carefully considered
because its difficult to change something
- AXIplus SE among the panels once scaffolding is
Smart Module Solution removed. Everything was done and
checked a hundred times, Heimbuch said.
270W, Optimizer Technology Were not going to get up there any time
soon if we dont have to.
The same philosophy applied to the
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12 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017

SOLTEC 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:34 AM
PROJECTS
Fronius Symo inverters were put on the

roof near the electrical service panel.
In all, the team installed the 37-
kW system in about three months. In
comparison, a system of the same size
usually takes a couple weeks.
The install took a little longer
than we wanted because we had to
be more careful, Heimbuch said. We
were conservative in our approach
dropping something from six stories
up is not fun.
The solar installation will offset
the centers energy use by 10%, saving
an estimated $230,000 over the next
25 years. The system is expected to
generate 31,986 kWh in its first year.
While the system doesnt have the
same production profile as it would
on the roof, it will actually perform
best in the fall and winter because the
panels are on the buildings south-
Image courtesy of Urban Health Plan
facing wall. Roof-mounted solar tends

PROJECTS
The install took a little longer

than we wanted because we
had to be more careful. We
were conservative in our
approachdropping something
from six stories up is not fun.
Cable Management
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Were a progressive organization, so everything we
shipping and handling.
dofrom providing care to employing people to our energy
efficiency effortswe do the best we can, said Paloma Utility-grade
Izquierdo-Hernandez, president and CEO of UHP, in a press
release. Adding this distinctive solar system not only helps our
environment, it saves money that we can put back into services
for our community.
In addition to the solar wall, the facility features sustainably
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The project has already generated a lot of attention and is
up for the SunPower 2016 Intelegant Award. Quixotic Systems is
planning to do a similar installation for a new building going up
in Brooklyn. Heimbuch said the installation should be easier, not
only because its the companys second vertical-mount array, but
his team is working with the building developers and architects Ice Guard for Solar Panels Prevent
to integrate the solar into the buildings designs, rather than add Injuries Due to Falling Ice
it on after completion. SPW
solar power world dec 1-4 pg

ad.indd 1 3 2017 1 5 5:37:12 PM
11/4/2016
SOLAR POWER WORLD

BUSINESS KELSEY MISBRENER
ASSOCIATE EDITOR BUSINESS
REC Solars Washington

IKEA installation.
Photo courtesy of A&R Solar
hen Kermit the Frog said its not easy being green,
he may have had a point: Its sometimes difficult for
businesses to initially make the switch to solar. But once
they have a plan and a trustworthy installer, prioritizing
clean energy can make their future much brighter.
In 2016, many companies publicly set goals of
energy independence to reduce their carbon footprintand attract
forward-thinking consumers.
According to Advanced Energy Economy, 43% of Fortune 500
companies have renewable energy or sustainability targets, and
How installers can 22 companies have committed to powering all operations with
renewable energy.
capitalize on the corporate

But how do companies actually make that big switch?
Commercial solar installer REC Solar is involved in the entire
process of helping companies go greenfrom planning to installation.
renewable revolution The company sees two reasons for businesses to shift to solar:
1) out of social responsibility to the earth and to their consumers and
clients, and 2) for economic gain and grid independence.
REC Solar has helped major retailers like IKEA and Safeway go
solar. RECs director of enterprise sales, Craig Noxon, offered advice to
installers on how to talk to businesses about committing to clean energy.
Noxon said the first step is understanding why the business
wants to incorporate renewable energy. What is the problem it wants
the installer to solve?
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BUSINESS
"You need to speak their language, Colburn said sometimes you must be Although most of Altas clients
Noxon said. So if they're talking in IRR creative to come up with the right solution. aspire to energy independence, Alta
[Internal Rate of Return], if theyre talking Other specifics to discuss with the encourages them to set attainable (and
in payback period, you need to be client include the sales engineering sustainable) goals.
able to speak that language and sell to process and site-specific design. REC "[Becoming energy independent]
them because they need to sell to their Solar has an advantage as being part is something they wish they could do,
internal stakeholders." of an alliance with utility Duke Energy, Alta Energy CCO Marc Roper said.
One of the biggest challenges because its able to discuss renewable And where we end up sort of helping
during the initial conversation is options beyond solarincluding wind to serve them is, OK, what makes the
encouraging a company to take a energy and storage solutions. most sense right now?"
different route for its energy supply. Above all, Noxon said the role of the Roper said he hears more demand for
"Companies have been using the installer is to guide the client through sustainability than energy independence,
electric grid their entire livesthat's all they the process and set appropriate goals. which he defines as getting as much
know, they've never had a choice, Noxon "At the end of the day, the customer electricity as possible from sustainable,
said. So solar and distributed generation typically doesn't come to us and say, We renewable energy resources like solar
offers choice. It offers the ability to do want 2.6 MW of rooftop solar, Noxon and wind. For example, one client,
more with lessto turn what is traditionally said. The problem they're trying to solve Westfield Mall, would love to be energy
a cost center into a profit center." is either independent. But due to the nature of
Showing companies that solar green or
offers choice may help them see going
green is a good business fit.
economic.
So the Companies have been using the electric
Garrett Colburn, director of
marketing and demand generation for
solution is
delivering energy grid their entire livesthats all they
REC Solar, said the next step is drawing as a service."
up a comprehensive energy strategy
for the business. Green travel
know, theyve never had a choice.
"For most of these large corporate agent its businesssome tenants do not have
buyers, there are portfolios of projects Alta Energy, a company that acts long-term contractsAlta instead focused
across lots of different locations, as a travel agent for entities that on common area loads where Westfield
Colburn said. In each state, each utility, want to switch to clean energy, also is both the consumer and owner of
there are different nuances that will concentrates its work on crafting the electricity. It helped Westfield install a 504-
impact whatever their goal is." right solution for each unique client. kW solar system at the companys flagship

BUSINESS
Century City, Los Angeles, location. 182804 Nine Fasteners Ad:Layout 1 6/4/15 1:27 PM Page 1
Many companies are feeling a
push from their consumers to pursue
sustainability. Alta Energy often works with
the agriculture sector, which Roper said
is inherently interested in sustainability
because the group considers itself to be
the steward of the land.
NFI-1306-V90
90 oriented clip intended to
secure two USE-2 wires, up to .20
diameter, to standard module frame.
DCS-1306
Designed to secure two USE-2 wires,
up to .20 diameter, to module frame.
DCS-1307
Designed to secure two PV wires, up
to .30 diameter, to module frame.
NFI-1461
Designed to secure two Enphase
trunk cables to module frame.
First GREEN Banks Mt. Dora location.
Photo courtesy of Steve Williams
NFI-1462
90 oriented clip designed to secure two
"They are feeling pressure from their Enphase trunk cables to module frame.
customers, which are basically suppliers
in the food chain, to grow sustainably,
to have sustainable business practices NFI-1463
and that can mean not using chemicals, NEWLY designed clip to secure a single
paying a living wage, all of those things," Enphase trunk cable to module frame.
Roper said. Adding solar to barn rooftops
or creating solar farms on the property
can help to minimize agricultural carbon DCX-2452A
footprints and show suppliers the farm is Designed to secure two Enphase trunk
committed to the environment. cables on to most rail/racking systems.
A green businesss perspective

First GREEN Bank is one such business
that has committed to clean energy. The For FREE product samples, please reach out to Vin Marino
founders opened the bank in Florida in vin@ninefasteners.com or 800.539.3939
2009 with the intention of making it as
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BUSINESS
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Designed just for nail-down roofs,

so you can be sure seams stay in
place and nails stay under cover: its LEED Platinum certification. The bank offers personal and
Fully assembled for business banking, as well as solar loans.
faster installation Founder Ken LaRoe said he built a green company because
Up to 1,600 lb vertical load he is an environmentalist, above all. He said even if businesses
dont share his sustainable values, they should commit to
Will not damage panels sustainability for marketing and economic business sense.
or coatings It's tremendous for recruiting talent. We get tremendous
Optional solar kit is UL2703 press. We're absolutely adored, for instance, by the city of
and UL467 approved Orlando, LaRoe said. When employees and customers see the
The faster, easier way to attach Direct install solar panels on the roof, they know the company is forward-
solar to a nail-down roof.
no racking system thinking and they want to be involved.
Also available with the L-foot LaRoes decision-making process in going green was pretty
for rack systems and micro simple. After he sold his first bank in 2006, he set off on a road
inverter boxes trip with the founder of Patagonias autobiography in tow. After
reading Yvon Chouinards book, Let My People Go Surfing: The
Education of a Reluctant Businessman, LaRoe made a decision.
I want to give back as well as make money. The two can
be synonymous, and Yvon Chouinard has proven that over
and over again, LaRoe said. So he set off to start Orlandos
860-351-0686 | www.aceclamp.com First GREEN Bank.
Because he knew from the start that the bank would be
built with sustainability in mind, LaRoe thinks it was probably
easier for him than for companies that decide to add solar and
other renewable aspects after the building is already up.
Convincing businesses to go solar can be challenging
they must step away from the electricity source theyve
known and welcome a new technology. But as the price of
solar continues to fall, and customers increasingly want to do
business with environmentally conscious companies, installers
may see an increased demand for commercial installations. SPW
Because flat roofs are never flat
Companies with clean energy

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IKEA: Energy-independent by 2020
How: By producing as much renewable energy as the
stores consume using renewable sources like wind
and sun.
GM: 100% renewable energy by 2050.

How: By sourcing or generating all electrical power
for its operations with renewable energy like wind,
solar and landfill gas.
Google: 100% renewable energy by 2017.

How: By purchasing enough renewable energy to
match 100% of its operations.
Image courtesy of Urban Health Plan
Other companies committed to sustainable
415.648.1299 operations: UPS, Intel, Kohls
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GM corporate ad refresh-SPW.indd 1 2/21/2017 11:57:47 AMAM

RBI Solar 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:29
AIMEE TUCK GLENNA WISEMAN
BUSINESS CORBAE CREATIVE IDENTITY3
While solar system costs came who you are as a company and the value time to organize graphics during a busy
down in 2016, soft costs like those you bring to the market. day, but its so important. These visual
related to customer acquisition have The strategic use of graphics in assets can be a treasure trove as you
remained steady or gone up. Within your solar marketing campaigns can get to work on your next marketing
this competitive landscape, it is more help you accomplish this goalafter all, campaign. But if they arent centralized
important than ever to clearly articulate graphics are the visual representation of and inventoried in a way that makes
your company to them easily retrievable, then they arent
the industry and to doing anyone a whole lot of good.
consumers. A few Your system doesnt have to be
relatively easy steps complicated. Just find the storage
can help you get the platform that works for your company,
most out of your whether thats Dropbox, Google Drive or
graphics strategy. something else, and stick with it. Set up
folders within the drive to keep everything
Get organized organized, and get everyone in the habit
with a photo of uploading new photos regularly. When
library you embark on your next major campaign,
As we sit down youll already be one step ahead.
to work with
companies, we Save time and money with a
often find that they style guide
have a huge stock A style guide is an invaluable reference
of photography and document to have on hand as you plan
other visual assets your solar marketing campaigns for the
that have never coming year. A company style guide
been organized. addresses all the ways your company
We get it: Its represents itself graphically, and should
hard to carve out answer the following:
Business Graphics_3-17_Vs3kp.indd 22 3/21/17 12:25 PM

BUSINESS
your graphics are the personification of your Be consistent with a clear graphic
identity
company in the solar industry, creating a With a style guide in place, its time to
take stock of the ways in which you use
graphics across all your platforms. Are
lasting impression. Make them work for you! your graphics consistently portraying
your companys brand in the market?
Having a clear, consistent graphic identity
When, where and how can your building blocks, so they do not need is crucial and can give your company a
logo be used? to reinvent the wheel with each new distinct competitive advantage.
What set of fonts do you draw from? project. This in turn can greatly reduce Too often, we see companies stray
What is your color palette? the amount of time spent working from consistent use of graphics among
How do you use images, photos and withand paying forexternal creative different platforms. A consumer should
illustrations? agencies. be able to look at any piece of your
What is your tone of voice? If your company already has a style marketingfrom your brochures all the
Do you print in-house or externally? guide in place, take this time to review way to your Facebook header image
How do you present these elements it for the coming year. Is anything and easily recognize your brand.
on your website and social media? outdated or no longer relevant? And, How your company chooses to
perhaps most importantly, has the present itself graphically will depend
A style guide eliminates confusion guide been implemented at all levels of on your overall marketing strategy. But
and arms a creative team with basic the company? regardless of the content and style of
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Fronius 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:10 AM

BUSINESS
your graphics, if you make sure every your overall branding. All versions
graphic follows your style guide, you of your logo should be immediately
will be well on your way to building your recognizable to a consumer. If you
brands identity in the market. dont have a responsive logo, its
probably time to hire a designer to help Digital Content Alert!
Be clear across platforms with a make this happen. This seemingly small
responsive logo detail goes a long way toward giving Listen to Glenna interview Aimee
As you review your graphics for your brand a clear identity across all in The Effective Use of Graphics
consistency, take time to assess your your marketing channels. in Marketing Solar podcast on
logo as well. Is it responsive? In other Soundcloud on the Marketing
words, make sure it is readable from a Let your graphics work for you Solar channel. Take a deeper
truck or a lawn sign all the way down Try to find ways for the images you look at your companys marketing
to the tiny favicon that shows up in the create to do double duty. One great through an Energy Trust of
browser tab when your website is open. graphic can often be applied to Oregon soft cost reduction
Creating a responsive logo doesnt several different channels. These days, initiative Glenna created, Build
mean simply shrinking it to fit smaller there are so many different channels it Bright, Crafting Your Solar
formats, it means simplifying the logo where the consumer can find you, so Marketing Program, a series for
to be aesthetically pleasing at smaller repurposing graphics can make life a installers. It is now featured on
sizes, while remaining consistent with little easier. SPW heatspring.com.
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RS17016AD_N325_R2.indd 1 1/31/17 4:56 PM

TECHNOLOGY
CONVERTING
Tech-Inverters_3-17_Vs2km.indd 26 3/21/17 12:47 PM

INVERTER TECHNOLOGY
PRECIOUS
CARGO: inverter efficien
A look at solar
More efficient inverters make systems more profitable
cy
here are various efficiencies that go into modeling the

overall production success of a solar PV system. One
of the most important to understand is the inverters,
as the muscle that makes DC-to-AC magic happen.
Power from the solar array travels through the
inverter, converting DC power from the PV array into
usable AC power. During this conversion, some power is lost as
heat. Inverter efficiency represents the amount of power that
passes through the inverter and is not lost.
Having the inverter efficiency as close as possible to 100%
is obviously ideal because then all generated solar power is
usable and profitable.
You dont want your precious solar energy turned into
heat, said Raymond Hudson, global solar segment director for
DNV GL. You want it to go to the grid or the loads.
Peak vs. weighted efficiency

When looking at inverter efficiency, there are two important
types to consider. The peak efficiency rating often comes from The Sandia protocol rounds the CEC
internal manufacturer testing, although it can come from third- efficiency to the nearest 0.5%. This pushes
party testing. Its the highest efficiency that is captured during manufacturers to obtain efficiency
testing and the number manufacturers commonly advertise. numbers that would round up, such
Realistically, an inverter may only reach its peak efficiency for an as 97.76 % rounding to 98%. A list of
hour each day in an actual installation. inverters tested to CEC-efficiencies is
Weighted efficiency is a blended average that is obtained by available at gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/
measuring inverter efficiency at different power range points and equipment/inverters.php. The site also
combining them together. Its a more realistic measure of how the shows detailed reports for each inverter.
inverter would operate in a project under real-world conditions. Photo courtesy of SolarEdge
Tech-Inverters_3-17_Vs4.indd 27 3/21/17 3:21 PM

TECHNOLOGY
Part of the time the inverter

operates at lower powers and part of
the time at higher power, and weighted
efficiency weights those appropriately,
Hudson said.
Today, weighted efficiency is tested
in a standardized way, but that hasnt
always been the case.
The history of inverter efficiency

testing
Hudson has studied and designed
inverters in renewable energy since
1990, so he remembers when inverter
efficiency wasnt standardized.
If you go back to the 90s and
early 2000s, solar inverter efficiency
was kind of the Wild West, he said.
The manufacturers made some
measurements and reported them.
There really wasnt a standard way of
doing those measurements. It was hard
to interpret the data.
After California launched its solar
incentives program in 2004, a formal According to the CEC, weighted efficiency is calculated using data taken at
method of measuring grid-tied inverter various power levels according to the equation:
efficiency was finally put in place.
Sandia National Labs wrote a protocol
for the California Energy Commission
(CEC) that included standard
weightings typical for California or a
sunny location. The Sandia protocol
required tests be witnessed by a
nationally recognized testing party,
such as UL, CSA and ETL. There were There was a little table you had to posts test results on its website, making
also requirements for testing over the fill out, which really leveled the playing it easy to compare data. Another
inverters operating power levels and field and provided a lot of information weighted efficiency that is commonly
at different DC voltagesboth can that was good for accurately comparing used is European efficiency.
affect efficiencyand all losses had to products, to see how much the system It gives buyers a way to look
be measured. would produce, Hudson said. That was at efficiency in an apples-to-apples
a pretty big deal. comparison right on the internet,
Hudson also said that once the Hudson said. There are many, many
protocol was announced, inverter inverters. Some are no longer produced,
manufacturers started optimizing their but the data is still there.
designs to achieve a good number
through the calculation. This benefited How efficiency has changed
the solar industry to have more efficient Hudson has been able to study how
inverters. Having your efficiency visible inverter efficiency has increased through
for comparison on the internet was the last two decades. In his opinion, no
quite motivational, he said. single type of inverter category (micro,
Today CEC efficiency is listed on string, central, etc.) has particularly
many inverter data sheets. The CEC also stood out over the long term in terms
Tech-Inverters_3-17_Vs4.indd 28 3/21/17 3:23 PM

Big changes. Small package.
7.6kW | <25.5lbs | 99% CEC weighted-efficiency
SolarEdge is breaking records in energy.

Based on CEC inverter efficiency rating, January 2017
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SolarEdge 1-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:34 AM

TECHNOLOGY
of efficiency. Hes seen models in each reaching their practical efficiency

category with high efficiency and some limitsinverters cant be more than
a bit lower. But he said efficiency has 100% efficient. Meanwhile, efficiency
improved in each type overall. is a major focus for panel R&Dpanel
Its definitely gone up, Hudson efficiency hovers around 20%.
said. Its risen from the low- to mid- Hudsons impressed by the continued
90s, and now most innovation. Even small increases matter.
If you go back to the 90s and early 2000s, solar inverter

efficiency was kind of the Wild West. The manufacturers
made some measurements and reported them. There really
wasnt a standard way of doing those measurements.
are in the high-90s, even reaching A 1% higher efficiency means
99%. Through different topologies, youre going to get close to 1% more
the industry has done a good job of energy delivered to the grid than you
increasing inverter efficiency over time. would with a lower efficiency inverter,
For example, SolarEdges HD- he said. Even 1% is a number certainly SolarEdge, also stressed that inverter
Wave inverter has a 99% CEC-weighted worth considering in modeling the efficiency is directly related to the
efficiency. The company said the efficiency of a solar system and its bottom line of a system.
inverter creates a sine wave that is very energy output. Youre looking at the If a homeowner puts up a 5-kW
close to the final sine wave required for return on investment, and 1% can help system but the inverter is only 95%
AC, so less energy is lost, resulting in a quite a bit to get the returns the solar efficient, then in terms of energy
higher efficiency. plant is looking for. production, it is only a 4.75-kW
Lior Handelsman, company system, he said. Over the systems
Efficiency significance founder and vice president of lifetime, this lowered production
Hudson said many inverters are marketing and product strategy for will lower revenue and lengthen the
payback period.
Another advantage Handelsman
noted is that as efficiency improves,
less heat is lost so theres less of a
need for cooling components. This
allows the inverter to be lighter, easier
to install and less expensive.
When it comes to considerations
for choosing an inverter, Hudson said
efficiency is definitely near the top of
the listin addition to reliability, price
and manufacturer capability.
A lot of inverter efficiencies are
close together in the high 90s, so
efficiency can be weighted in one of
the tradeoffs, he said. If you can get
an inverter with higher efficiency for
the same price from a manufacturer
with similar confidence, you would.
You dont want to be burning up good
solar-generated electricity. SPW
Tech-Inverters_3-17_Vs2km.indd 30 3/21/17 12:47 PM

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KACO 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:15 AM

MOUNTING TECHNOLOGY KELLY PICKEREL
MANAGING EDITOR
No holes, NO PROBLEM
Two mounting systems offer non-penetrating
solutions for installing solar on sloped roofs.
What if you could install traditional are asking for the pioneering product. systems, drilling holes into the roof,
solar panels on a sloped roof with no S:FLEX has already installed 3 MW of its Vaidyanathan said. The holes were
penetrations? Not low-watt, adhesive Flat Direct non-penetrating solution in taking way too much time. You had to
modules; not flexible thin-film; but rigid, Europe, and the company is ready to find the rafters and then you had to drill
glassed, crystalline solar panels on rails. bring the aerodynamic marvel state-side. the pilot holes and then you had to put
Impossible, right? We spoke with both companies on the standoff, then the rails. I didnt
According to not one but two solar to find out how its possible to install like the entire process. I felt it was too
mounting companies, its possible, and railed panels without creating any holes cumbersome and labor intensive.
multiple successful installations prove it. in the roof. Thus the idea for a simplified system
In a highly saturated market, mounting that could be installed quickly and with
manufacturers have continuously SolarPod Crown no holes in the roof started to take root.
innovated to get ahead (rail-less The idea for the non-penetrating sloped Vaidyanathan designed an entire line of
systems were recently considered roof mounting system came from SolarPod plug-and-play systems for easier
revolutionary), and the competition is the direct installation experience of installation for many applications, but
getting even more creative. Mouli Engineering and its CEO Mouli SolarPod Crown is the only one for sloped
Minnesota solar installer Mouli Vaidyanathan. roofs. The system uses standardized rails
Engineering has UL certification for its We started as an installer nine bracketed together and draped over the
SolarPod Crown non-penetrating system, years ago, installing conventional legacy
and installers and homeowners alike
Mouli Engineerings
SolarPod Crown straddles
both sides of a roof for a
non-penetrating system
Tech-Mounting_3-17_Vs3.indd 32 3/21/17 12:53 PM

Schletter 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:32 AM
TECHNOLOGY
peak of the roof. By distributing the panel

load, the system manipulates the wind to
keep the panels on the roof.
We have a special bracket that
straddles both sides of the ridge,
Vaidyanathan said. When one side tries to
lift, the other side goes downward. Its like
a see-saw upward force being transferred.
Vaidyanathan said the Crown product
works with strain-based loadingif the
north side moves, the south side will
prevent it from moving further.
There is absolutely no point load.
It is completely distributed, and not just
on one side, he said. In a conventional
system, on one side you will see the load
of the entire roof taken by those rafters.
In our system, it is taken by both the
north and south side equally because of
the weight distribution. SolarPod Crown drapes
Along with the full system, over the peak of the roof
Vaidyanathans company provides
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Tech-Mounting_3-17_Vs3.indd 34 3/22/17 10:36 AM

TECHNOLOGY
We started as an installer nine years ago, If you would put an array

on top of a roof [with] one
installing conventional legacy systems, drilling module after another and no

spacing in between, then usually
holes into the roof... I didnt like the entire process. the wind tries to suck the array
upward, he said. We designed
[Flat Direct] with certain air gaps
I felt it was too cumbersome and labor intensive. calculated specifically with our
wind tunnel testing that allows
customers with engineering and design S:FLEX has been manufacturing a full the wind to escape. The higher
plans to ensure a perfect install. Many range of mounting systems since 2009, the winds, the more it presses toward
DIYers come across the SolarPod Crown but its new system opens up the market the roof. This effect of utilizing the wind
product, but even contractors are taking to previously overlooked applications. and how it flows throughout the array, in
notice. A church in California wanted to The lightweight Flat Direct system addition to the ballast and the distribution
go solar last year, but its decades-old uses the wind to stay on the roof with of the weight, is the concept of holding it
cement tile roof was a challenge. The minimal ballast and no penetrations. Pre- on to the rooftop.
church said the roof had lasted many glued foam rubber pads under the base S:FLEX designed Flat Direct to work
years just fine, so no tiles should be rail provide friction to also help keep the with ballast made of standard pavers
removed or holes made to compromise system stable. Flat Direct can be installed found at nearly any home improvement
it. Local installer Electricraft sought out double-sided (panels on both sides of store. Spacers delivered with the system
SolarPod Crown and was able to install a the roof) over the ridge, single-sided with hold the pavers in place.
40-kW system on top of the roofs gable. a counterweight or single-sided with The ballast is distributed in a way
Solar panels can hang on a ridge connection. The where its only
both sides of the roof or just one. best installation on those
Vaidyanathan said the steeper the roof, method is
the better. As steepness increases, the dependent on
load transfer becomes more even. the wind-load
With conventional systems, you and roof-load
have to put more penetrations on a capacity, said
steep roof. In ours, you dont have to do Nils Wollenberg,
any penetrations at all, he said. managing director of
SolarPod Crown is Class A fire rated the U.S. branch of the
and has been through wind tunnel and German company.
mechanical load testing, in addition to
being UL 2703 certified. The system is
designed to be non-penetrating, but
in especially windy areas, one or two
penetrations may be needed. But, as The S:FLEX
Vaidyanathan pointed out, one or two flat Direct
penetrations is still considerably fewer on a low
than a traditional system. slope roof
The unique product has been
installed on shingle, wood shake, metal,
tile and corrugated metal roofs already,
and Vaidyanathan has confidence it can
work in nearly any situation.
S:FLEX Flat Direct

Germany is often seen as one of the
T
most pro-solar countries in the world.
Most roofs that can support solar have
it. To continue installing solar, even on
roofs where structural issues prevent it,
S:FLEX introduced its low-ballasted, non-
penetrating racking solution Flat Direct.

TECHNOLOGY
load-bearing walls, Wollenberg said. Europe on TPO, EPDM, rolled asphalt

When a rooftop has a very low ballast and insulated metal panel rooftops,
capacity, we usually distribute those S:FLEX is still awaiting certification in
loads to where the walls are. the United States. Wollenberg said the
In some extreme cases, a few system should be approved by the
attachments are needed with the end of Q1 this year, and the company
Flat Direct system where ballast has already seen a lot of U.S. interest,
requirements exceed the load especially after showcasing at Solar
capacity of the roof. Normally, a Power International 2016.
traditional penetrating system with Wollenberg said one of the largest
18 panelstwo rows of ninewould advantages of the Flat Direct system
need 40 attachments to hold in place, is when re-roofing needs arise. Its
Wollenberg said. S:FLEXs system would much easier to shift a non-penetrating
only need four.
MageMount
system and repair a roof underneath
is a rail-less solar
You can reduce the attachment than to detach multiple anchors and mounting system that is installed
points to a tenth of conventional or disassemble an array. Flat Direct also
rail-less systems, Wollenberg said. works well on uniquely shaped roofs like a rail-based solar mounting
Labor is much less because you dont system at lower cost and reduced
like barrel rooftops. An S:FLEX-designed
have to penetrate [as much]. installation plan can ensure Flat Direct
Although 3 MW of the Flat Direct sits snugly against the rounded-roof,installation timeS:FLEXs
with
also
Flat Direct product can
familiar
be installed and
on barrel-roofs
solution have been installed throughout with limited penetrations. SPW fewer components for all roof types. Ma
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BOOTH #310
Technical Training Session:
MAKING SOLAR MORE AFFORDABLE
THROUGH INNOVATION
Presented By Russell Eisenman
SolarRoofHook 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:33 AM

PANEL TECHNOLOGY KELLY PICKEREL
MANAGING EDITOR
Q&A with Canadian Solar

A strong developer of solar projects, Give a little background on Canadian IHS Markits PV Module Customer
Canadian Solar also dominates solar Solars manufacturing history. Insight Survey found Canadian
panel manufacturing. Constantly vying We were founded in 2001 by Shawn Qu, Solar to be the most purchased
for the top global manufacturing our current president. Our first product and recommended brand of solar
spot with Hanwha Q CELLS, JA Solar, line was a solar trickle-charger used for the modules in 2016. How do you plan
JinkoSolar and Trina Solar, Canadian automotive industry, specifically the Audi to keep this momentum?
Solar ranked third in 2016 with 5.1 GW group. Their batteries were dying during We are all extremely proud that we
of solar panels produced. Solar Power transition from Europe to the U.S. and also have achieved this level of brand-
World spoke with Vincent Ambrose, sitting on auto lots. We came up with a endearment as measured by IHS.
Canadian Solars general manager for unique trickle-charger that attached to In our industry, our product is not
North America, about the companys the window, plugged into the optimized technologically much different
manufacturing past and new products detector motherboard connection than other products. Polycrystalline
coming to market in 2017. Listen to an and kept the battery trickle-charged technology has been around since
extended version of this interview online so the power electronics were never the 1950s. The technology is relatively
at solarpowerworldonline.com. compromised and the car was always mature at this point, and the products
ready to turn over on a moments notice. tend to be ubiquitous. What we find
It was really a customer-driven important with our customers is the
problem and we came up with a product service around the sale. Obviously you
solution. Thats been the hallmark of have to come to market with a product
Canadian Solar. We like to listen to our that is top-tier, has the performance
customers needs and challenges and and the reliability. I think Canadian
provide them with solutions. Solar has done a great job at building a
brand and building reliability.
Whats a basic overview of the
solar panels you have on the
market now?
Our 60-cell format product
It was really a
is geared toward residential
applications. We have PERC technology customer-driven
embedded in some of our products.
We have both a black-on-black and problem and we came
up with a product
a black-on-white offering. And like
Henry Ford used to say, as far as our
frame colors are concerned, you can
have it in any color you want, so long
as its black. Simple on our end, but the
solution. Thats been
market told us a long time ago that on
residential applications, [people want] a
the hallmark of
black frame regardless.
On the 72-cell side, our Canadian Solar.
commercial/utility-scale product, we
use an aluminum frame backbar that There is always going to be a lower
splits down the back of the frame and price leader, but when you have an
provides additional support to the organization like ours that puts the
module in static and dynamic loads. We time into R&D and the service around
use a thinner glass but use the backbar the sale, we think thats what keeps our
for additional stability. It works well in customers and articulates into a No. 1
applications with high wind loads. brand position in the market.
Tech-Panels_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 38 3/21/17 12:58 PM Growatt

TECHNOLOGY
How do we keep the momentum split-cell technology lowers operating

going? We keep working, one customer at a temperatures of the modules while
time, one sale at a time, one deal at a time, increasing efficiency and power output. Its
to ensure our customers have the highest a win-win for us and our customers.
level of product and service.
Whats the next advancement for
What are you working on in R&D? solar panels?
Were constantly striving to have the highest I think the split-cell for Canadian Solar is
efficiency at the most rational valued price. definitely the more exciting technology
One of the exciting things well be rolling out that were going to roll out in the short
in the near future is a split-cell technology. term. Longer term, were going to see more
Were taking both our 72- and 60-cell bifacial products. The challenge with bifacial
products to split-cell technology. As you has always been the unpredictability of the
see module efficiencies increase and the power output because its dependent upon
watt per panel increase, youre starting to the substrate behind the modulesa white
see were hitting a critical mass of operating commercial roof, a dark comp shingle,
temperatures. Its important that these grass, gravel. Its hard to model what the
modules sit out in the field for 25 years going module is going to produce. The financing
through thermal cycling every day. A high community is coming around on bifacial Vincent Ambrose,
temperature coefficient can really cause and the cost structure is coming down. Well Canadian Solars general
challenges, and were a long-term player be hearing more about that technology in manager for North America
in the space so this is important to us. This the coming two or three years. SPW
INCREDIBLE QUALITY AND

EVEN BETTER PRICING!
Log on, call or email to get your quote today

19201 Parthenia Street Unit E, Northridge, CA 91324
FULL LINE OF RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL INVERTERS (818)800-9177 scott.sullivan@ginverter.com
IN STOCK AND AVAILABLE IN THE US www.growatt-america.com
Growatt_10-16_Vs3.indd 1
Tech-Panels_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 39 10/25/16 12:58
3/21/17 3:15 PM
PM
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CATHERINE VON BURG
CEO OF SIMPLIPHI POWER
Calculating the
TRUE COST of energy storage
Differentiating between price point

and cost is paramount to advancing the
solar+storage discussion with regard
to performance and real value over the
life of the project. Whether evaluating
lead acid, lithium ion, flow or others, The more challenging step may 80% of its original published capacity
the various combinations of battery be collecting the data you need to fill left, which is the industry standard end of
chemistries, form factors and architecture in the blanks. All of these data points life definition (EOL). Be aware that some
can impact the true cost of energy should be found on the manufacturer's battery manufacturers do not disclose
delivered over the batterys useful life. specification sheets, with the exception the EOL for their battery, which makes it
While it is common to make purchasing of available capacity. difficult to assess LCOE accurately. Others
decisions based on published, up- do not hold to the EOL industry standard
front price points per watt hour (Wh), Step one: Fill in the basics of 80% and allow 60% to 70% degradation
determining the Levelized Cost of Energy Price is the published price point during the warranted life of the battery,
(LCOE) over the batterys useable lifetime for the battery, regardless of stated which negatively impacts the LCOE.
is a more accurate and reliable method capacity, depth of discharge or other
for understanding the batterys true cost performance parameters. Depth of discharge (DoD) is how much
and ROI for customers. total energy can be drawn from the
To calculate the LCOE in Wh for Cycles is the number of full charge and battery in one complete charge/discharge
any battery technology, use this industry discharge cycles expected over a batterys cycle. On average, 80% DoD is common.
standard formula: warranted lifetime while it has at least However, the DoD may be as low as 50%
4 0 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017 www.solarpowerworldonline.com
Tech-Storage_3-17_Vs3KM.indd 40 3/21/17 1:03 PM

TECHNOLOGY
for batteries such as lead acid or lithium and the more efficient use of space or other equipment to install the
cobalt oxide-based batteries such NMC and weight. batteries?
(lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) Lower efficiency rates, shallower What kind of on-going maintenance
to safeguard against overheating, fire or depths of discharge and longer charge is involved? This could include:
voiding the warranty. and discharge times (beyond two hours) External HVAC equipment
are all techniques employed by some to maintain optimal ambient
Capacity involves how much energy in battery manufacturers to protect against temperature
Wh can be stored in the battery. This is overheating and thermal runaway. Containment and extra space
key when a limited DoD is factored into This can significantly reduce the total for ventilation and setback
the LCOE equation. When a battery is efficiency of the system, leaving less requirements
discharged at a shallower depth, for usable energy for offsetting electrical Construction to support larger
example, the battery can last longer, loads in an installation. systems
but the shallower depth translates Heres a hypothetical example to Replacement cost due to
into less available and less useable illustrate how these performance metrics inefficiencies and shorter cycle life
Wh or amp hours (Ah) over the life of impact the LCOE of a battery with a:
the battery. This means that there can These costs may be harder to
very often be a difference between the Price point of $2,550 calculate, but are important factors to
nameplate capacity and the available Nameplate and usable capacity of consider. Fundamental to identifying
capacity (number of Wh) as a function 3.4 kWh the true costs (versus up-front price
of the depth of discharge. If the DoD Roundtrip efficiency rate of 98% point) and benefits of any battery system
is not provided on the product spec DoD at 80% is calculating the available lifetime
sheet, the information can be gathered Over 10,000 cycles watt hours, as well as the other costs
directly from the manufacturer or by
performing the following calculation:
kWh x DoD =
Available capacity in kWh
As an example, a 3.4-kWh (67 Ah)

battery with 100% depth of discharge
can deliver 3.4 kWh or 67 Ah of power.
For a lead acid battery, 3.4 kWh
(67 Ah), which could be damaged if Thus, the LCOE is $0.095 cents associated with installation, operation and
discharged to 100%, should be limited to per kWh. This is lower than the national replacement over time. Taking time to
approximately 50% (3.4 x 0.5 = 1.7 kWh). residential average electricity rate of evaluate options carefully and calculate
This example illustrates how DoD has a $0.12/kWh. In addition, such a battery will LCOE will give you a better idea of the
significant impact on available energy deliver 34 MWh over its useful warranted true costs and benefits of any storage
in any given installation, beyond the life by the time it reaches its EOL of 80%, system and lead to more cost-effective
nameplate or published capacity. likely with many more years at a reduced projects for you and your customers. SPW
To make up for this loss in available capacity beyond the EOL 80%.
Wh due to shallow discharging, more
batteries and larger installations are often Step two: Factor in ancillary costs
required to make up the difference, In addition to the LCOE analysis developed
requiring more space and weight per above, which is based on the performance
pound to provide the same amount of profile of the battery itself, contractors
power and energy than batteries that do should also factor in other ancillary costs
not require shallow discharging. of the installation that erode a lower up-
Efficiency rate indicates how much front price point, as well as the LCOE.
energy is lost or maintained in the Expected ancillary costs may include:
charge and discharge cycle, or how
much energy can be effectively stored How much valuable project space
in the battery and pulled back out for are the batteries going to occupy?
use. The higher the efficiency, the less Weighthow much is it going to cost
loss in Wh, the smaller and lighter the to ship in terms of per Wh, per pound?
batteries, the smaller the installations Will you need to pay for a forklift
Tech-Storage_3-17_Vs3KM.indd 41 3/21/17 1:03 PM

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170036_UNOSOLAR_9x10.875.indd 1 2/8/2017 7:52:47 AM

Phoenix Contact 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:17 AM
S P E C I A L S E C T I O N
the
INSTALLATION
ISSUE
17 tips for better projects
The U.S. solar market grew 95% last year. But even with the
strides the market is making, its important not to forget the little
things that ensure installations are safe, reliable and profitable.
We went straight to the source to get advice from technical
trainers at the 2017 NABCEP Continuing Education Conference
and have laid them out here as easy-to-read quick tips.
NABCEP section intro 3-17_Vs3.indd 43 3/21/17 4:05 PM

Address connectivity issues to reduce trips to solar sites
Y
oure a solar installer, not the IT solar system to the customers computer school CAT-5 or CAT-6 Ethernet cables.
guy, so why spend time dealing or smart device and the manufacturers Each option has its particular strengths and
with connectivity issues, rebooting database involves constant, reliable weaknesses, and the right answer for one
customers Wi-Fi networks? communication between specialized installation may not work for another.
While real-time monitoring is an es- components. The typical signal chain
sential feature of todays PV systems, com- for communication links the solar array Making the right choice
munication between system monitoring to the data collector, which is typically Solar customers want reliability, from
devices and the customers router is often called a gatewaysuch as the APsystems the solar modules to inverters to pro-
overlooked. Understanding the options for ECU or the Enphase Envoy. The signals duction. Connectivity should have the
todays connectivityand making smart travel to the home internet router and same level of reliability.
choices for your customerscan save you onto various monitoring stations. Match your hardware choices to the
costly return visits to jobsites. It sounds straightforward, but differ- size and layout of the house with proven
ences in home size and layout can mean technologies and products to ensure
The challenge the gateway and router are separated, uninterrupted, around-the-clock moni-
Relaying performance data from the likely by walls and floors. toring. Keep in mind that the best choice
will invariably be a hardline connection
Bridging the gap whenever possible. With potential signal
Todays solar customers disruption, a wireless connection will
have an almost bewilder- only ever be as reliable as wireless allows.
ing array of choices (and Todays wireless technology is incredible,
acronyms) for linking the but critical connectivity requires highly re-
gateway to their router. liable communication devices. You simply
There are Wi-Fi extenders cant beat a direct, uninterrupted connec-
or Ethernet cables, such tion. Test each solution to find your ideal
as Ethernet-over-pow- answer for each installation scenario, and
erline (EoP), where wires remember the best solution is the one
used to distribute power that requires the least follow-up once
inside homes also trans- youve left the jobsite. SPW
mit digital data based on
time division multiple ac- CHRIS BARRETT
cess (TDMA) technology. DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL
You can even use old- SERVICES, APSYSTEMS
Install the wire box before the string inverter
C
ontractors can install string perform service because the inverter
inverters with integrated, but top can be removed for replacement
separable, wire boxes more with spare/RMA units, taking only a few
efficiently by installing the wire box minutes to make the swap.
first and then focusing on the inverters. Also, consider solutions with easy
Employing the appropriate skilled connections. While some solutions re-
workers to align all wire boxes is quire wires to connect the inverter to the
essential to quickly complete DC and wire box, CPS's string inverters simplify
AC wire termination and connection. installation by requiring only four bolts to
Once the wire boxes are in, less- connect the inverter top to the wire box.
skilled, lower-cost workers can install Each inverter has a customized mating
the inverters. This makes it easier to connector that provides all interfaces
NABCEP section 3-17_Vs5.indd 44 3/21/17 2:17 PM

necessary for operation. The inverter top can be opened first while the inverters
simply slides onto the wire box top and remain safely in their own carton until its
pre-installed mounting bracket. Then four time to install. The wire box also contains
small bolts connect the two enclosures. the mounting accessory kit and folded
Finally, be sure to find manufactur- mounting bracket for both the wire box
ers that can package the wire boxes and and inverter. SPW
inverters in a way that eases installa-
tion once in the field. For example, CPS ED HEACOX
packages its 50- to 60-kW products in GENERAL MANAGER OF THE AMERICAS,
separate cartons so the wire box carton CHINT POWER SYSTEMS AMERICAS
Follow the rules when installing solar AC cabling
ACPV
systems use is not ideal for reliability. Systems that ensure watertight seals. A third-party
microinverters, use field-installed microinverters, and certification body should evaluate and
which fully convert those with certified ACPV modules with permit use of the cable, connectors
DC power to grid-compliant AC power at integrated microinverters, use AC cabling and accessories for use in PV
each PV module. One of the benefits of systems. This AC cabling system, similar applications according to applicable
an ACPV system is that there is no high- to DC cabling, is located underneath standards. UL has created a new
voltage DC present. This reduces the the PV array. Here are three important standard called UL 3003 for Distributed
need for code considerations and product considerations for AC cabling systems. Generation Cable, which allows listing
functionality related to compliance with of newer cable assemblies specifically
safety requirements for high-voltage Product certification for the designed for ACPV applications.
DC circuits. It also introduces more application: When cabling systems Historically, ACPV systems use TC-ER
commonly understood, and often seen as are introduced to the roof, whether as part of the cable assemblies, which
safer, AC electrical wiring from the roof to they are DC or AC, they must be carry ratings for "oil resistance," "wet
the interconnection point. AC systems are designed and certified for use in locations" and "sunlight resistance.
an easy way to comply with NEC rapid- the application. AC cabling systems These cable assemblies were evaluated
shutdown requirements without requiring should have the proper temperature and listed under previously existing UL
additional complex system functionality and UV exposure ratings, as well as standards and can be installed to NEC
or placing string inverters on roofs, which integrated connector systems that requirements in PV applications.
NEC compliance: NFPA 70: NEC

690.31(D) permits the use of jacketed
multiconductor cable assemblies listed and
identified for the application in outdoor
locations. It is important that the cable be
secured at intervals not exceeding 1.8 m
(6 ft). UL 3003 listing specifically evaluates
installation of this cable type in accordance
with the NEC, ANSI/NFPA 70.
Wire management for the long

haul: To ensure long-term reliability
of AC cabling systems in PV systems,
it is important to install the AC cable
system according to the manufacturers
recommendations and applicable

code requirements. For example, when Use stainless steel cable clips to water and dust
installing the Enphase Q Cable, follow manage cable along rail or along Consider drip loops in cables before
these best practices: back edge of PV module for rail-less entering junction boxes
racking systems Properly install a terminator at the AC
Use a good cable cutter Enphase Q cable can be supported cable end that is not landed in the
Cut cable for the job prior to bringing with clips that are also used with junction box
the cable on the roof USE-2 cable or PV cable Use sealing caps on unused AC
Cut cable mid-way between Observe cable bend radius and connectors to make a water-tight
connectors dont overstress the cables at the connection SPW
Position cabling prior to managing it connectors
with clips to help determine quantity When entering junction boxes, use MARKO ROSENFELDT
of connectors and accessories as proper glands for the application to SENIOR MANAGER OF FIELD APPLICATIONS
well as optimal junction box location provide strain relief and seal from ENGINEERING, ENPHASE ENERGY
Avoid mis-wiring
an east-west array
Figure 1: Illustrative wiring

for one module orientation
in east-west array
A
s east-west arrays become to skip a row at the end of each run It is important to note that mismatch
increasingly common, they bring an as adjacent rows are facing opposite losses will vary based on the time of day
important additional requirement: directions. Skipping rows becomes and time of year. In the example below,
The modules on the east and west doubly challenging when the rooftops while the annual mismatch losses are
orientations need to be wired to different are irregular (see the example above for 8%, the mismatch ranges from 1% or less
inverter MPP zones, or different inverters a simple illustration of this). from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. (when the sun is
entirely. This can slow down electrical Incorrect wiring can be difficult to overhead), to 15 to 25% in the morning
installation and, more importantly, create detect in commissioning. Open-circuit and afternoon.
opportunities for installation mistakes. voltage checks will not show potential
These mistakesspecifically, when east- problems at all, as the string Voc will be What can be done?
and west-facing modules are wired in identical whether the stringing was done There are a few steps installers can take
the same series circuitcan drop the correctly or not. to avoid these problems:
arrays energy yield by 8 to 10%.
How bad are the losses? Design for installability. Use
Why east-west wiring is hard to get Mismatch losses from an incorrectly design blocks (such as Frames
right (and even harder to diagnose) strung east-west array at a 10 tilt are in HelioScope) to reduce the
In east-west arrays, series circuits need roughly 8% over the course of the year. complexity of the installation by

reducing the number of irregular

stringing runs.
Take extra care during installation.
Extra planning and thoughtfulness
on-site can eliminate (or
dramatically reduce) the odds of
running into a mis-wiring problem.
This might also include color-
coding the conductors for the two
module faces or even wiring up one
set of modules before installing the
second set of modules.
Upgrade commissioning. Figure 2: Mismatch losses for mis-strung east-west array at 10 tilt, based on month and hour of day
Because a failed string might only
be 5% off from a healthy string Run IV curve traces before 10 a.m. or East-west racking can significantly improve
(depending on the time of day), after 2 p.m. Running IV traces in the the economics of rooftop solar in space-
extra care should be taken when morning or evening when the sun is constrained applications. But as with any
tracing the string IV curves. And significantly stronger on one part of the new technology, its important to apply it
because any string could be at risk array versus the other is the only way to correctly. SPW
of being mis-wired, it may make spot errors in wiring. Otherwise, there
sense to trace each source circuit, wont be any mismatch at high noon, PAUL GRANA
rather than a sample. even in an incorrectly wired system. CO-FOUNDER, FOLSOM LABS
WHEN IT CAME TO SECURELY ATTACHING

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Consider location first when installing a string inverter
C
hoosing a proper location is inverters, but keep in mind that easily
a crucial step in a successful accessible compartments are crucial.
installation. Todays solar
equipment should last up to 20 Stay informed
years, and location plays a role in Product familiarity is another key aspect
that lifetime. Although many inverter in successful installations. As the solar
warranties are not voided by installing industry evolves and the NEC code
in direct sunlight, it is best practice changes, an installer should know the
to install in a location that provides latest inverter innovations. Not only are
the cleanest, coolest setting possible. inverters becoming more ergonomic
In the end, inverters are power and sleekly designed, manufacturers like
electronics. Power electronics will Fronius have made commissioning more
always perform better by not derating streamlined and easy.
on hot days, and their components will Its also important to frequently read
last longer in the shade. the most recent equipment manual.
Positioning of the inverter is also Procedures can change as manuals are
important. Choose a position that revised. Understanding changes are
allows easy access for later servicing critical as the PV market progresses.
or repair. The standard installed rating Updating your equipment knowledge
for an inverter should be NEMA 4X can be as simple as reading or re-reading implementation of their special and
because then the inverter is well-rated the equipment manual over time. legacy products.
for harsh conditions if the location Installers are encouraged to attend Manufacturers also offer updates
doesnt have a convenient, shady ease- manufacturer trainings. Information can through email campaigns and
of-access point. typically be absorbed faster and more newsletters. Stay in the know with news
concisely with personal interaction. directly related to NEC code, jurisdiction
Wiring and mounting Installers can host training sessions application and product updates through
To keep costs low, keep wiring and on a manufacturers product in their manufacturer newsletters or email
mounting simple. Inspectors will local facility or attend trade show event campaigns. SPW
scrutinize your installations less if trainings. Equipment manufacturers are
they see wiring that is clean and eager to help customers with technical EMMITT MUCKLES
well-organized. Wiring differs with all information and design and strategic MASTER TRAINER, FRONIUS
Ensure your microinverter system is storage ready
W
hen we host trainings for selection you can ensure the PV system your system pre-inspected for battery
installers, we often hear, Yes, our is storage ready. storage when the inspector is there for
customers want battery storage, the PV system.
but havent budgeted for it, or Can Install a subpanel:
storage be added later? Pre-installing an essential load subpanel Consider monitoring:
Make a point to ask your customers when initially wiring for the PV system Consider if you are offering a monitoring
if they are considering adding will save time and labor costs when you package, or setting up monitoring for
battery storage in the near future. add battery storage later. your customers and if PV and storage will
When looking at a PV system with be monitored in one interface. Making
microinverters, battery storage often Save an inspection: the interface simple for your customers
doesnt come up. With a few key design Check with your local AHJ, but you may will go a long way in encouraging them
decisions in place and the right product save inspection time and costs by getting to refer you down the road.

Also keep in mind:

PLANNING FOR A Where PV module junction boxes are located or other
STORAGE-READY obstructions, so racking can remain clear for your
MICROINVERTER microinverter install
INSTALLATION Use hardware recommended by your module racking
vendor
Junction
For best performance, mount your microinverters in a
Box
location that keeps them out of direct sunlight
Ensure ample room between your microinverter and
the roof for proper ventilation, at least 0.75 in. (2 cm),
preferably 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7.5 cm).
Know what type of grounding your jurisdiction requiresa
grounding washer (Weeb) or copper wire grounding
Sub Panel
Plan ahead for wall and floor real estate for an inverter/
Utility / Grid
120/240 V Main Panel Power charger and batteries SPW
ALAN SANTOS-BUCH
FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
RESET
TEST
R E SET
T E ST
TEST MONTHLY
Outlet MagWeb GT Router WESTERN REGIONAL SALES AND MARKETING MANAGER,

MAGNUM ENERGY, A SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES BRAND
Take time to correctly size battery banks
S
izing your battery bank can 60 W x 24 hours = 200RE batteries have a rated capacity of
be confusing and stressful, 1,440 Wh / 1,000 = 1.44 kWh 176 Ah at the C/20 rate. This means that
considering batteries are one you can pull 176 A out of the battery over
of the most expensive investments Once you determine the average daily the span of 20 hours.
in your system, second only to the load demand required, then you can
panels. There are, however, many decide on a nominal system voltage and
advantages to adding battery backup, battery type. The most common system
such as the ability to maintain power to voltages are 12, 24 and 48 V. Keep in mind
a separate sub-panel in the event of a that wiring your batteries in series (positive
grid outage, as well as other advanced to negative) will double the output voltage,
programming options. while wiring your batteries in parallel
First, consider the power the (positive to positive) will double the
system will consume each day. ampere-hour (Ah) capacity. To calculate
Typically, appliances provide this the storage needed, use Ohms law (V x
information in watts, which denotes A = W) in conjunction with the data we
the amount of electricity the load uses have previously gathered to determine the
in one hour. Multiply this wattage by exact battery bank capacity in Ah.
the number of hours the load will be It is important to understand the
running and you will arrive at the total characteristics of the battery you select.
watt-hours (Wh) it consumes each day. Batteries have different Ah ratings based
Divide this value by 1,000 to calculate on their charge/discharge rate. The most
the total kilowatt-hours (kWh) the load common charge rate is the C/20 rate,
consumes. For example, a 60-W light which indicates a complete charge/
bulb will consume 1.44 kWh if left on discharge over a 20-hour period. For
for 24 hours. example, OutBack Power EnergyCell

Another important factor to consider application. Use this formula to determine inverter efficiency % = usable Ah
is the recommended depth of discharge the exact battery bank capacity needed: x number of batteries in parallel
(DoD) and the efficiency loss. OutBack = total battery bank capacity]
EnergyCell 200RE batteries have a [Average daily load in kWh / [176 Ah x 0.5 = 88 Ah x 0.9 = 79
recommended DoD of 50% and are 90 battery bank voltage = average Ah x 3 = 237.6 Ah)
to 95% efficient depending on the DoD. daily load in Ah x desired days of
This means that you can safely consume ancillary operation] With these results, we would need 12
88 A over the span of 20 hours, and you [5 kWh / 48 V = 104 Ah x 2 = OutBack EnergyCell 200RE batteries.
will be able to discharge 90 to 95% of the 208 Ah] Four of each battery in series to create a
power with which you have charged. 48-V string, and three of these strings in
Finally, decide the desired days of Using the OutBack EnergyCell 200RE parallel to reach 237.6 Ah. SPW
ancillary operationhow long your system battery, we calculate the following:
can provide backup during an outage. KELLY STONE
Typically, use two days as a starting [Rated Ah capacity of battery TECHNICAL SUPPORT REPRESENTATIVE,
point and adjust accordingly based on / desired DoD % = actual Ah / OUTBACK POWER
Install hybrid
inverters to simplify
adding batteries
W
hen it comes to energy storage,
you dont want science projects
and unhappy customers. Ensure
a near-future revenue stream by offering
storage-ready hybrid inverters.
Batteries with grid-tied PV will soon
be the standard offering, as customers
increasingly recognize the benefits of
storing local behind-the-meter energy.
Pricing on lithium-ion smart batteries
is projected to fall rapidly as demand
spikes to support the ongoing boom of can return a much better economic Hybrid systems like the Pika
distributed solar on the U.S. electrical grid. outcome when cycled daily to manage Energy Island are inherently
With the use cases growing daily energy costs. Best of all, customers only designed to connect a battery
for adding smart, distributed storage need one inverter to handle PV, batteries, directly on the same DC bus as the
to PV, solar installers need to prepare loads and the grid. PV. Whether or not the customer is
for increased battery demand. Is the These hybrid inverters with the innate using a battery initially or plans to
inverter youre installing today ready to ability to switch between grid-tie and add it later, hybrid equipment is a
add batteries? islanding power can also offer customers simple solution for standard grid-
Conventional AC-coupling flexible operational modes for various tie, and adding a battery later means
is a cumbersome and expensive states of use. For example, customers with just connecting it directly on the DC
design, resulting in low round-trip such inverters can use them for grid-tied combiner in the inverter. SPW
efficiency. Batteries that can be DC- net metering today and have the option to
coupled directly to a hybrid inverter add a battery tomorrow for clean backup CHIP MEANS
are substantially more efficient and power, self-supply and arbitrage. DIRECTOR OF MARKETING, PIKA ENERGY

Avoid broken tiles on rooftop PV installations
F
rom the earliest days of rooftop PV, adhesive, which is not a reliable long- PVs Tile Replacement Mount mitigates
installers have struggled with tile term solution. Larger breaks compromise the issue of repairing or replacing broken
roofs. Broken tile is a reality that solar the water-shedding performance of the tiles. This tile roof attachment replaces
installers learn to live with. Repairs can tile and allow more water to get to the the tile with a metal flashing that is
be time-consuming, difficult, expensive underlayment, increasing the potential shaped like the tile. Every mount installed
and unattractivebut there are options for a leak. Replacing the tile is the yields a spare tile that can be used for
out there to repair broken tile. optimal solution. repairs of broken tiles. This eliminates
Whenever possible, visit the local tile trips to the tile yard, tile swapping or
Reduce potential for breakage yard prior to the installation to find tiles that painting tile to match.
Though its almost impossible to avoid match the shape of the existing tile to make The Tile Replacement Mount offers
breaking tiles, installers can minimize tile sure replacements fit precisely. Finding an three different form-fitting replacement
breakage by following these guidelines: exact color match is difficult, so try to find metal tiles that fit in the place of flat, S
tiles close in color. A color difference is or W tiles. Two lag screws secure the
1. Walk carefully on the bottom third of rarely noticed on a second-story roof, but base to the rafter using elevated water
the tile where it is supported by the first-story roofs are more easily seen. Off- seal technology. The installer slides
tile underneath. color replacement tiles can be swapped the post in the slotted base to center
2. Protect ladder access points and with existing tiles from less visible areas, it on the tile. The base incorporates
walkways around the array by using such as a second-story roof section or an integrated metal flashing for
pads or cushioned platforms. under the array. In a pinch, spare tiles that easy bibbing or three coursing into
3. Use lightweight installers. do not match in color can be painted to the underlayment per the flashing
blend in with the existing tiles. requirements mandated by the Tile
Replace broken tile Roofing Institute Installation Manual. SPW
Corner-breaks of roofing tile are very Avoid repairs with the Tile
common. Some installers ignore corner Replacement Mount JEFF SPIES
breaks or try to re-attach corners with Another option is to use Quick Mount SENIOR DIRECTOR OF POLICY, QUICK MOUNT PV
Reference manufacturer recommendations

before installing batteries
P
roper installation, When setting up a new bank of
connection and flooded lead-acid batteries, consider
ongoing care of your installation requirements and safety. In
deep-cycle batteries will renewable energy applications, battery
directly impact performance, banks are often housed in utility rooms
amp-hour capacity and or battery boxes. Flooded batteries
cycle life. should not be installed in a completely

sealed cabinet because combustible operating in high temperatures will often corrosion and degradation.
hydrogen gas is generated during require a top-up of distilled water more Loose or over-tightened
regular charging as the cell voltage often, adding maintenance. connections may cause high resistance
reaches 2.25 VPC or above. Ventilation When connecting deep-cycle or a short. This results in an unwanted
is necessary for all flooded battery batteries in series to increase voltage voltage drop and excessive terminal
installations and is still recommended and/or parallel to increase amp-hour heating, which often causes the terminal
when using sealed AGM or GEL types. capacity, the interconnect cables to melt or connecting wires to catch fire.
Flooded cells must be kept in an between each battery should be of equal This also increases the risk of explosion
upright position at all times to prevent length and sized proportionately to the due to hydrogen off-gassing during
the electrolyte from spilling if the amperage of the system. Cables should heavy charging.
batteries are tilted more than 20. Sealed be as short as possible. Longer cables It is important to inspect,
AGM models offer more flexibility, and cables of insufficient gauge will disconnect, clean and properly re-
typically offering the option to install the reduce system efficiency and overload torque each connection on a regular
batteries on one side (not upside down). capacity. Using varying lengths of cable, basis as part of your maintenance
Always reference the manufacturers and cables of different gauge, across the routine. Loose terminal connections
recommendations prior to installation. string often results in charge imbalance increase the change of spark or arching,
To prevent overheating, it is and sulfation, requiring more frequent which is a potential fire hazard. When
recommended that batteries are corrective equalizations. reconnecting, each terminal connection
separated 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1 to 3 in.) apart to All connections should be properly should be greased to reduce damage
allow for ease of maintenance and proper torqued and in good contact with the and corrosion and prolong the life of the
airflow and cooling. Excessive heat or terminals. Following the manufacturers battery bank. SPW
cold temperatures will cause a reduction recommendations, a torque wrench
of the overall performance and life of your should be used to properly tighten each JEFF MYLES
battery bank, shortening the life of your connection. Dielectric grease should be MARKETING MANAGER, SURETTE BATTERY
investment. In addition, flooded batteries used on each terminal to protect against COMPANY, MANUFACTURER OF ROLLS BATTERY
Understand how flashing codes affect roofing warranties
T
here is no specific standard when it manufacturers refer to best practices the shingles seal can have an impact
comes to solar PV and flashing, but and guidelines from the Asphalt on the roofs warranty of the asphalt
its understood that flashing must Roofing Manufacturers Association roofing product. Wind damage and
be installed in a way to prevent water (ARMA) and National Roofing sealing failure can degrade the terms of
intrusion. The 2015 IBC code says to Contractors Association (NRCA). a roofing warranty. C
follow individual shingle manufacturers The current recommendation from RT-[E] Mount is anchored to either
M
instructions, and many roofing NRCA for steep slope, pitched asphalt the decking or rafter, with mounting
roofs suggests applying a pipe flashing screws pushing through butyl rubber Y
to solar mounting structures. The flashing for a waterproof seal. The CM
pipe flashing upper flange must slide mounting screws are not much MY
underneath the underlayment. A good bigger than the nails used to secure
CY
sealant compatible with the roof with the the asphalt shingles, and the system
highest operating service temperature is is automatically flashed and sealed. CMY
also necessary. Good design with proper For this reason it cant and shouldnt K
thermal splicing can make this type of be flashed with conventional pipe
attachment last longer with few issues. flashingavoiding voided roof warranty
A benefit to installing quality, concerns. SPW
integrated flashingsuch as the butyl
rubber used with Roof Techs RT-[E] MILTON NOGUEIRA
Mountis that it doesnt disturb the SENIOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER,
seal of the asphalt shingles. Breaking ROOF TECH

Give proper attention to wire management
S
olar mounting systems are typically The rooftop is a
designed with one thing in mind: dangerous place for
Get installers on and off the roof as wires and cables due to
fast as possible. One thing commonly a variety of conditions,
overlooked by racking manufacturers is such as high heat,
wire management. By integrating wire extreme cold, wind,
management into the solar racking snow and rain. The
system, not only are wires and cables potential for damage is
protected from damage throughout the multiplied when wires
life of the system, but the system owner are not properly secured.
is pleased by the finished aesthetics. There is an industry need
Currently the only wire management for an integrated solution
standard for the solar industry is called for wire management,
out in NEC 110.12 (Mechanical Execution and its up to racking
of Work), which states, Electrical manufacturers to design Wiring has no standard warranties
equipment shall be installed in a neat solutions that integrate into existing and is likely the first component of
and workmanlike manner. This is very system components. Mounting solutions the system to have problems or fail
subjective and does not hold installers with integrated wire management make completely. When this happens,
accountable to any specific work it easier to train new installers on proper its generally the solar providers
requirements. procedures. responsibility to fix the issue. Poor wire
solar-ad-final-press.pdf 1 2/20/17 11:11 AM
CM
MY
CY
CMY

management could lead to service calls sandpaper-like materials that abrade purposely built for wire management.
every couple of years, each costing insulation over time through continued Wire and cable clamps route wire runs
hundreds of dollars. rubbing. Exposure to direct sunlight through rail channels. Junction boxes
Solar installations present multiple will cause insulation to wear over time. snap into rail channels without additional
opportunities for wire damage, especially Lastly, the nice shady spot under a roof penetrations, to conceal and protect
on the rooftop. Solar panels and rooftop solar array creates an ideal electrical connections. For areas subject
mounting system components have habitat for critters that can chew through to animal damage, the optional array
plenty of sharp edges that may cut the dangling wires and cables. The industry edge screen keeps out critters from
wiring. Many roof surfaces consist of need for superior wire management is underneath the array.
clear, which is why some manufacturers From an installation perspective, its
have started to provide integrated, better to ensure wires and cables are
specific solutions for wire management. managed properly to prevent service
The SnapNrack Series 100 pitched calls months and years down the road.
roof system makes wire management Using a system that specifies and
a priority, not an afterthought. The integrates wire management not only
Series 100 rail provides two separate saves time during the initial installation
channels large enough to route PV but also saves cost over the life of the
conductor wires and AC trunk lines system while creating superior customer
neatly, protected within the channel. satisfaction. SPW
Snap-in wire retention clips keep things
securely in place without tools or zip- ANDREW WICKHAM
ties. The solution also offers accessories PRODUCT MARKETING MANAGER, SNAPNRACK
Speed up asphalt shingle installs through

mounting innovation
A
sphalt shingle roofs are the most Screws or bolts with a coarse thread,
common roofing style in America. especially those with a steeper angle, reduce
They also are often the simplest the torque needed to drive through the
roof style for installing solarno tiles to wood and help reduce splitting.
lift, grind, accidently break or replace These improvements might not seem like
but SolarRoofHook believes there are still much, but they can save installers valuable time.
opportunities to save time and money Instead of clearing debris out of a hole to drive
on these simple solar installations. a screw or painstakingly force down a bolt, the
type 17 point and coarse thread features allow
Driving into wood the installer to quickly drive the screw or bolt
One way to reduce install time on the and move on to the next array. Anyone whos
roof is to reduce the time it takes to installed on a 95 F roof will tell you that any way
drive screws into rafters. This can be to get the job done faster without sacrificing
accomplished by using bolts or screws quality is worth it. Using products with these
with specific features, such as type 17 features can reduce time spent on a roof.
point and course thread, which will
quicken this step of the installation. Flashing
The type 17 point on bolts or screws Many installers believe that using traditional
clears out debris, reduces stress while aluminum flashing is the only way to ensure
driving and limits the chances of wood a leak-proof solar installation. However, with
splitting. If the installer does not pre-drill the push for innovative solutions in the solar
the hole deep enough, the type 17 point industry, new and more effective flashing-
will finish the job. free solutions are now on the market.

While flashing-free may sound scary, process and a more affordable mounting solar more affordable for everyone. SPW
the product simply provides a flashing system through lowered material costs.
method that does not resemble the bulky SAMANTHA DALTON
aluminum flashing installers are used The QuickBOLT MARKETING DIRECTOR, SOLARROOFHOOK
to. A flashing-free sealing method saves SolarRoofHooks QuickBOLT is one
installers time and money by eliminating solution for mounting solar onto
the need to lift and cut shingles. They asphalt shingle roofs that provides solar
also eliminate the time installers spending installers with innovative options to save
trimming the aluminum to correctly fit time and money. The QuickBOLT can
under the shingles. By leaving the original be installed in under one minute, and
asphalt shingle roofing in place, flashing- has been found to reduce install time by
free mounting systems allow the installer 75% and costs by 50%.
to avoid the risk of voiding the original By utilizing innovative features such
roofing warranty. as the type 17 point, coarse thread and
Flashing-free systems also reduce flashing-free sealing methods, solar
the number of components needed, installers will not only save time and
allowing for a speedier installation money on installation jobs but will make
Get smart about solar monitoring
T
he world of solar PV monitoring preventing power loss. and optional onsite weather sensors.
is evolving from traditional data Third-party monitoring can help Using these tools, the installer or plant
logging to a more sophisticated with that. It ensures ideal and reliable owner has a more accurate projection
concept, including robust forecasting PV plant performance through yield of solar irradiance and PV plant power
and energy management tools. Changes forecasting, real-time monitoring and production.
in net metering policies and incentives consumption monitoring. Solar-Logs The integrating of third-party
mean plant operators, now more goal is to help every installer and plant monitoring can be seen, for example,
than ever, must ensure and maintain owner maximize their solar investment. on the Solar-Log WEB Commercial
high solar PV plant performance to Edition platform, where the software
get maximized returns on their solar Yield forecasting automatically alerts installers or plant
investment. A loss in power production Yield forecasting provides a benchmark owners of deviations between projected
from factors including inverter failure, for solar installers to compare expected and actual yield. Quick identification
cable damage, installation errors or power output to actual yield. Possible allows installers to correct inverter
dirty modules can often go undetected. yield forecasting tools include integrated failures or plant issues, minimizing
Losses could lead to a serious financial satellite weather data, open source downtime and ultimately saving money.
impact on plant return, so fast detection performance data from PVWatts, The plant owner benefits by knowing
of deviations in actual yield is crucial in power produced by nearby plants that the PV plant power production

is constantly being monitored in Consumption monitoring verified with the data provided by a
relationship to the yield forecast and Consumption monitoring is an consumption meter. Plant operators
operating at its full potential. underused but valuable tool and can detect any increases in building
requires only the simple installation of power usage, which may be the reason
Real-time, universal, inverter direct an additional meter to monitor building why the solar plant return appears
monitoring load. Now, solar PV monitoring systems lower than expected. Consumption
A third-party monitoring platform with are able to measure home energy monitoring is also a useful metric when
extensive inverter compatibility can consumption in addition to solar energy reporting plant earnings to investors
also provide one centralized portal for production. They can also control and financing companies.
the installer, eliminating the need to whether a PV plant sends energy to the Third-party monitoring is an
manage multiple different monitoring grid or straight into the building. additional cost but can be worthwhile to
systems. Much like yield forecasting, The data provided by this prove high PV performance in the ever-
inverter direct monitoring should be set additional meter allows plant operators changing regulatory climate. SPW
up with automatic alerts to inform the to detect increased homeowner or
plant operator of production lossin end-user power consumption. Actual ANNE NELSON
real time. financial savings or earnings can be MARKETING MANAGER, SOLAR-LOG
Comply with rapid shutdown requirements
PV
NEC 2014 Correct stickers or signage requirement will be not be required
rapid shutdown requirements should identify the rapid shutdown until January 1, 2019.
were added to NEC 2014 initiation method, and all PV equipment PV equipment location should be
(690.12) to improve electrical performing the rapid shutdown shall be carefully considered when installing a
and fire safety hazards for first responders. listed and identified. rapid-shutdown-compliant system. Below
System conductors may remain are examples on how compliance can be
energized even after the electrical service NEC 2017 achieved for systems of various sizes.
disconnect has been opened. To alleviate As states and local authorities begin
this risk, the NFPA has published specific to adopt the 2017 edition of the NEC, Residential PV systems:
requirements to de-energize conductors its important to review the revisions For a residential system, rapid shutdown
extending from a PV array. to Section 690.12. While the complete compliance can be achieved by the
PV system circuits installed in or on scope of revisions is beyond the scope following means:
buildings must include a rapid shutdown of this article, a notable revision is
function in accordance with NEC 2014, that for array-level rapid-shutdown Use of a rapid-shutdown-complaint
Article 690.12. compliance, 690.12(B) redefines the term combiner installed within 10 ft of
Conductors that extend greater than array boundary to be 1 ft from the array the array to de-energize conductors
10 ft from the array (outside) or more in all directions. This is a reduction from extending from the array to the inverter
than 5 ft inside a building are required the 10-ft boundary of the 2014 edition. Inverter installed indoors with no
to be de-energized upon command of NEC 2017 690.12(B)(2) also more than 5 ft of conductors inside
shutdown. These conductors must be de- introduces requirements for de- the building
energized to below 30 and 240 Vac within energizing controlled conductors Inverter installed outside within 10 ft
10 seconds of initiating rapid shutdown. inside of the array boundary. This of the array

Commercial PV systems (string Utility PV systems (central inverters): combiner boxes installed at the array. SPW
inverters): For utility projects or systems using
For commercial systems, rapid shutdown three-phase central inverters, rapid- MICHAEL NIEMAN
compliance can be achieved by the shutdown compliance is achieved APPLICATIONS ENGINEER, YASKAWA
following means: through rapid-shutdown-compliant SOLECTRIA SOLAR
Use of a rapid-shutdown-compliant
combiner installed within 10 ft of
the array to de-energize conductors
extending from the array to the inverter
Three-phase string inverter installed
within 10 ft of array (equipment
outside) or within 5 ft of array
(equipment inside)
When designing a rapid-shutdown-

compliant system, consider the DC bus
capacitance inherent of PV inverters. The
natural discharge time of this circuity may
exceed the de-energization requirements
of 690.12 for the DC output conductors.
Please inquire with your equipment
providers for additional information.
Understand AC- and DC-coupled storage options
A
s the energy storage market grows The general rule of thumb is that Installing correctly
rapidly, technology diversifies. if most of the loads are consumed Energy storage systems are still
Battery chemistry, PV integration at night, DC-coupled systems offer a considered a new form of technology,
and hardware layout are all critical more efficient way of using the solar. so manufacturer training is essential to
factors to consider when managing However, AC-coupled systems offer a ensure a smooth installation process.
customers expectations and ensuring more efficient way to feed the daytime Beyond covering the actual installation,
their needs are met. loads since the PV inverter power is these trainings usually delve into
directly consumed and the excess is design and sizing. Accurate storage
System considerations sent to the batteries. system sizing is necessary to ensure
For example, there are two ways solar Batteries can also vary significantly that your customers have reasonable
is integrated with the energy storage in chemistry, safety ratings, longevity expectations and their needs can be
system (ESS)either AC- or DC-coupled. and performance. Many energy storage met, bringing them greater overall
Each has strengths and weaknesses. manufacturers are switching to lithium- satisfaction with the system long-term.
AC-coupled systems, such as the ion batteries. These batteries do not Understanding household loads and the
sonnenBatterie, require a separate PV have the same restrictions as their average household energy use (in kWh)
inverter that must be installed to charge lead-acid cousins because they are is the key to properly sizing a system.
the batteries. Meanwhile, DC-coupled safer and can provide greater efficiency Storage manufacturers like sonnen have
systems allow a direct connection and longevity. However, its important to developed tools to help you determine
between the PV array and a charge note that even within different lithium- your customers needsin terms of both
controller or other DC-DC converter. ion based technologies (nickel cobalt PV and storageto ensure they engage
AC-coupled systems can easily be and iron phosphate) environmental in solar self-consumption, manage time-
used to retrofit any existing PV inverter impact and lifetime performance vary of-use and have access to backup power
topology (string, microinverter or AC from a few years to more than 20 years, when the grid goes down.
panel). DC-coupled storage systems do as seen in sonnenBatterie lithium iron In addition to manufacturer training,
not offer this type of flexibility. phosphate batteries. a thorough site survey is also a critical

part of the design and pre-installation During an

process. It is crucial to identify the installation, it is always
optimal ESS placement in relation to important to follow
the homeowners AC panels, distances the safety precautions
for NEC-required clearances and recommended by the
communication placement (Ethernet, manufacturer, National
Wi-Fi, etc.). Gathering this knowledge Electrical Code, OSHA
prior to the installation can eliminate trips and other applicable
to the local electrical supply store and safety codes. SPW
maximize efficiency once the installation
is underway. If you have any doubts or GREG SMITH
concerns about the electrical integration SENIOR TECHNICAL
of the ESS into the house, it is important TRAINER, SONNEN
to confirm that the single line diagram is
approved by the manufacturer.
Choose carefully when selecting a deep-cycle battery
T
here are several factors to be guaranteed, then maintenance-free, Carbon from Trojan Battery, has been
consider when selecting a deep- deep-cycle AGM or gel batteries are the shown to prolong battery life and avoid
cycle battery including battery best options despite their higher cost. costly frequent battery replacement.
chemistry type, cycle life, maintenance, In addition, in areas where batteries PSOC is a reality of most off-grid
application and price point. often operate at partial state of charge and unstable grid systems. Solar panels
Its important to select the right (PSOC), the addition of carbon additives used in these applications are often
battery technology for your application have been successful in extending the life undersized, preventing batteries from Wi
in terms of battery maintenance. If a of deep-cycle batteries. When batteries achieving a full recharge. The same is wi
site is easily accessible, then deep-cycle operate in off-grid locations or in places true with intermittent weather conditions
flooded batteries are a good choice with an unstable grid, batteries are often or placement of solar panels in shady
due to their low cost and widespread not fully charged on a regular basis. This areas, which affects a solar installations
availability. If the installation is in a remote quickly diminishes the overall life of the ability to fully recharge batteries.
area where regular maintenance cannot battery. Carbon additives, such as Smart PSOC is also common in inverter
backup systems when batteries are not
fully charged because the grid frequently
goes down. Because the grid is the
main charging source for the batteries,
the consistent unavailability of the grid
prevents deep-cycle batteries from
being fully recharged on a regular basis,
resulting in diminished life of the battery.
Therefore, be sure to consider
batteries that offer enhanced performance,
including improved charge acceptance
and faster recharge, in PSOC applications.
Other factors to consider when

selecting batteries:
IEC testing: Look for IEC and third-
party test results. Select a manufacturer
that employs outside testing
companies to ensure the accuracy
NABCEP section 3-17_Vs5.indd 58 3/21/17 2:19 PM BUR17_

and validity of cycle life data. Testing Brand: With many deep-
to the IEC 61427 standard ensures cycle batteries on the
the batteries meet the rigors of the market, choose a battery
deep discharge and recharge cycles of from a company with a
renewable energy applications. reputable brand and a
history of engineering and
Cycle life: This is measured as the manufacturing quality deep-
number of discharge/charge cycles cycle batteries for renewable
the battery can provide at a specified energy applications.
percentage of its rated capacity.
Batteries from different manufacturers Price: A battery with a low
may have the same capacity rating, but price is attractive, but if
design, materials, process, experience obtained at the expense
and quality control heavily influence of quality and cycle life
cycle life performance. performance, the cost over
time will be significantly
Capacity: Review the capacity of a battery higher due to frequent
to ensure it is properly rated for the battery replacements. Its
application. A battery with insufficient important to consider
capacity will over-discharge on a regular issues other than price
basis and have a shorter life. An oversized when deciding on a battery STACEY DELZEIT
battery is also a poor choice because it for renewable energy SENIOR APPLICATIONS ENGINEER,
will cost more for no added value. applications. SPW TROJAN BATTERY
Wiley ACC Cable Clips are a high-quality

wire management solution
Clipping Right Along

Long-lasting, Customizable Wire Management Clips
Wiley Cable Clips simplify wire management and create a cleaner look to solar PV arrays. Able to last a lifetime,
the corrosion resistant 304 stainless steel clips are a durable solution for all environments. Coined edges prevent damage
to cable insulation. The design is easy to install and no tools are required. Clips can be used in a wide variety of mounting
configurations (including 90-degree) for module and rail applications. Custom designs are available upon request.
www.burndy.com
BURNDY LLC, 2017
BUR17_ACE_Print_9x5_25_r1.indd
NABCEP section 3-17_Vs5.indd 59 1 2/15/17
3/21/17 10:37 AM
2:20 PM
KELLY PICKEREL
[CONTRACTORS CORNER] MANAGING EDITOR
Proving solar is viable in even the

darkest Alaskan communities
Arctic Solar Ventures
Anchorage, Alaska
Oxymoronslittle giants, harmless pollution, non-stick gluethey just
dont quite make sense. But what about solar power in Alaska?
One young solar installation company headquartered in Anchorage
attempts to debunk the unfortunate assumption that Alaska and solar
dont make sense. Arctic Solar Ventures happened to commission a
25-kW system on winter solstice 2016the darkest day of the yearto
further prove solar energy is viable in Alaska.
It was by chance that the project was commissioned on that
day. We just wanted to get it done before the end of the year for the
customer and the applicability of the tax credit, said Stephen Trimble,
founder and CEO of Arctic Solar Ventures. It was generating power,
Podcast Alert! which was amazing to see on the shortest day of the year.
Trimble and Chase Christie, vice president of business development,
Listen to this and other said there is a bit of a learning curve for Alaskan residents and
Contractors Corner podcasts businesses when it comes to solar in the state. Arctic Solar Ventures
on solarpowerworldonline.com often expresses that Alaska and Germany have a similar solar resource,
and Germany has some of the biggest solar installation numbers in the
world. Theres no reason Alaska cant catch up.
Education is a challenging component in any market, Christie said.
We have the added component of it not making obvious sense when
were in the middle of winter and have five and a half hours of daylight.
How can solar possibly work?
While Alaskan winters may only average a few hours of daylight,
the sun is up for 22 hours during the peak of summer. Trimble said solar
It was generating power, which was amazing

to see on the shortest day of the year.
projects hit a nice production curve in February that
lasts through October.
It balances out a lot better than people would
typically think, Trimble said.
Arctic Solar Ventures has been busy since forming
in 2015. The small team of born-and-raised Alaskans
use their industry experience (Trimble was involved
with energy consulting and Christie worked for a
solar installer in San Francisco) to reach the local
community and potential customers on a personal
level. The company works on a good mix of residential
and commercial projects, mostly because of concern
Contractors Corner_3-17_Vs3.indd 60 3/21/17 1:19 PM

[CONTRACTORS CORNER]
for the rising cost of electricity. Alaskan utilities charge 16 to 17

cents per kWh on average. Only Hawaii sees higher prices.
[Rates], by a historical measure, are rising about 8 to 9% every
year, Christie said. One of the utility companies here in Anchorage
has announced their intentions to raise utility rates by 25% this year
alone. There is a lot of interest in mitigating those rate increases.
Rate increases are bringing more awareness to the benefits
of grid-connected solar in Alaskan communities.
Historically there has been a cabin, off-grid solar industry
in Alaska, Trimble said. Solar projects have been going on in
Alaska for 40 years, but theyve been very scattered, because
Alaska is huge. That remote distribution didnt really allow for
a lot of mainstream visibility with solar. Bringing solar projects
into a higher visibility in the bigger population centers in grid-
connected communities, its showing it can work at scale.
The good thing for Arctic Solar Ventures is that acceptance
of solar can only increase from here.
We plan to continue to showcase Alaska as not only a viable
but a great place for solar, Trimble said. The biggest thing for us
as we go about opening peoples eyes to the viability of solar in
Alaska is that we uphold the highest quality standards
with our installations, and we really appreciate
and nurture the relationships we
develop with our customers
and supporters.
SPW
Contractors Corner_3-17_Vs3.indd 61 3/21/17 1:19 PM

KATHIE ZIPP
[ASK A VET] MANAGING EDITOR
Julia Hamm,
Catching the solar bug SEPA president and CEO
You may have seen Julia Hamm, president and CEO of the Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA),
speak at industry shows, but heres a chance to get to know her and her organization a little better.
In our Ask a Vet podcast, we spoke with Hamm about why shes spent practically
her whole career at SEPA, her most memorable conversations with utilities and what she
remembers about the first Solar Power International (SPI).
Read excerpts from our conversation below and listen to the whole podcast on
solarpowerworldonline.com
Youve led SEPA for 13 years. Whats made you Its fascinating to actually watch the learning
stay so long? process happen and for people to digest a very
I was a business management and marketing intense week of learning. By the end of the week
major in college, and I had no idea what I wanted everyone has some takeaway theyre bringing
to do. I moved to D.C. after college and about back to their home utility that they didnt expect.
a year out I took a job at SEPA after finding it For example, we went to Germany on our
in a newspaper ad. I really fell into the energy first mission in 2008. A manager for a utility in
industry, but once I got in I caught the bug and Gainesville, Florida, said he was getting harassed
cant imagine working in another space now. by the Germans telling them Florida should have
When I joined SEPAthen known as the a feed-in-tariff (FIT). He had come to arm himself
Utility Photovoltaic Group (UPVG)the solar with facts to tell them why theyre wrong. By the
industry was nascent, mostly R&D based. SEPA end of the week he said, Oh my gosh, theyre
was founded on a public-private partnership with right, and returned to Gainesville to create the
the DOE to pay for solar hardware to get projects U.S. industrys first fully recognized FIT. That
in the ground. SEPA funded the first 1,100 grid- happened because of SEPA. We didnt tell him FITs
connected PV systems in the country. We shared were good or bad, we just exposed him to it so he
what we learned from these demonstration could form his own opinion.
projects with the industry. Today solar has become
a significant player in the energy industry. SEPA founded SPI with SEIA 12 years ago. What
I really love my job actually. I think the most was the first SPI like?
exciting aspect is that things are in a constant state There had been plenty of solar conferences
of change. People ask if Im bored and want to before SPI, but it was unique in that it was the
do something elsethats not at all how I see it. first true tradeshow for the industry. What made
The role SEPA plays is a very unique one, being at it so successful was our collaborative approach
the center of the transition thats happening with of pulling together 50 or so leaders from the very
the electric power industry. Things are constantly early U.S. solar market to help design, structure,
evolving. That keeps it exciting and fresh every day. recruit and market the event. From the beginning,
the industry talked about it as their event, taking
What are some of the most memorable personal ownership over it, which is exactly what
conversations youve had with utilities? was needed. We had about 1,100 attendees and
SEPA runs Fact-Finding missions every year, 65 exhibitorsnothing like todays SPI.
in which we take executives from utility and Talking about memorable, it was in the
technology companies to a market where we middle of a hotel strike in San Francisco. The
think theres a lot to learn (Germany, Spain, whole thing was supposed to be at a hotel, but
Japan, Italy, Hawaii, Australia, etc.). We get people none of the city or California state employees
Podcast Alert! from all types, sizes and geographies of utilities were allowed to cross the picket line. We had to
to participate. Some of the most interesting move significant portions of the event to other
Listen to this and other conversations happen on those field trips. places so the key government leaders could
Contractors Corner Regardless of the perspective that those people participate. But it still turned out to be great and
podcasts on solarpower come into the week with, by the end of the week the beginning of the momentum that made SPI
worldonline.com everyones perspective changes in some way. the event it is today. SPW
Ask A Vet_3-17_Vs3.indd 62 3/21/17 1:31 PM

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Technology Development Installation

Cover_March 2017_Vs2.indd 1 3/21/17 9:59 AM

LESS RAIL, MORE PERFORMANCE

EDITORIAL DESIGN & PRODUCTION DIGITAL MEDIA / MARKETING

Web Production Associate

Now, you can hide and protect PV cables

using SunModos latest innovation dlittle@wtwhmedia.com

our HR150 open profile rail system. Jamila Milton

SunModos new HR150 open rail system makes it jkolasky@wtwhmedia.com

The HR150 open rail system is another industry-shaping

Tested by ETL to UL 2703 Edition 1

Vancouver, Wash., USA info@SunModo.com 2 SOLAR POWER WORLD www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Staff page_SOLAR_3-17_Vs2.indd 2 3/21/17 3:11 PM

Genius Tracker Max-Span

Ground and Roof Fixed Tilt Racking & Tracker Leader

Gamechange 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:13 AM

@SolarKellyP M anag i ng E dit or Kelly Pi ckerel

4 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

First Word_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 4 3/21/17 10:41 AM

APsystems microinverters serve

Built-in safety with rapid shutdown

YC500i with EnergyMaxTM, developed

SPECIAL INSTALLATION SECTION:

6 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Table of Contents 3-17 Solar_Vs2kp.indd 6 3/21/17 2:03 PM

Maybe a whole lot.

Learn more at: www.pika-energy.com

Solar-survey_ad-03.indd 2 12/19/16 12:30 AM

North Americas Most-Attended Solar Event

Intersolar 1-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:14 AM

Solar around the U.S.

3 2017 SOLAR POWER WORLD 9

News in Brief_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 9 3/21/17 11:49 AM

10 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Projects Case Study_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 10 3/21/17 11:57 AM

Its no surprise many New York City residents would rather

Everything is a little more challenging Simpson Pavilion in the

in New York City than in other places. approached local installer

3 2017 SOLAR POWER WORLD 11

Projects Case Study_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 11 3/21/17 11:57 AM

roof spaces, so youre always running

The Future is Now Heimbuch had learned about

12 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017

Projects Case Study_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 12 3/21/17 11:57 AM

Fronius Symo inverters were put on the

Projects Case Study_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 14 3/21/17 11:58 AM

The install took a little longer

solar power world dec 1-4 pg

Projects Case Study_3-17_Vs2kp.indd 15 3/21/17 11:58 AM

REC Solars Washington

capitalize on the corporate

16 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Business Energy Independence_3-17_Vs3.indd 16 3/21/17 3:14 PM

Revolutionary Lightening quick Direct from the

The OMCO Field-Fast Racking System

OMCO 3-17.indd 1 3/21/17 10:16 AM

18 SOLAR POWER WORLD 3 2017 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Business Energy Independence_3-17_Vs3.indd 18 3/21/17 12:21 PM

A green businesss perspective

3 2017 SOLAR POWER WORLD 19

Business Energy Independence_3-17_Vs3.indd 19 3/21/17 12:22 PM

Designed just for nail-down roofs,

Because flat roofs are never flat