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Hindu philosophy
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Contents
1 Classications
1.1 stika
1.2 Nstika
1.3 Other schools
2 Characteristics
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3 Overview
3.1 Epistemology
4 Smkhya
5 Yoga
6 Vaieika
7 Nyya
8 Mms
9 Vednta
9.1 Advaita
9.2 Viidvaita
9.3 Dvaita
9.4 Dvaitdvaita (Bhedabheda)
9.5 uddhdvaita
9.6 Acintya Bheda Abheda
10 Crvka
11 Shaivism
11.1 Pupata Shaivism
11.2 Shaiva Siddhanta
11.3 Kashmir Shaivism
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 Bibliography
16 Further reading
17 External links
Classications
In the history of Hinduism, the six orthodox
schools had emerged by sometime between the
start of the Common Era and the Gupta Empire, or
about the fourth century.[22] Some scholars have
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stika
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school of orthopraxy.
6. Vednta, the last segment of knowledge in
the Vedas, or jnaka. Vednta came to
be the dominant current of Hinduism in the
post-medieval period.
Nstika
Other schools
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Characteristics
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realism,[45]
dualism,
rationalism,[43][44] logic,
Classication spiritual
dualism, atheism analytic
practice
philosophy
Aksapada
Gautama
Kapila, Ivaraka, Patajali, Vtsyyana
Philosophers Vcaspati Mira, Yajnavalkya, Udayana
Guaratna more.. Vyasa[N 2] Jayanta
Bhatta
more..
Yoga Nyya
Samkhyapravachana
Sutras, Stras,
Sutra,
Yoga Nyya
Samkhyakarika,
Texts Yajnavalkya, Bhya,
Skhya
Samkhya Nyya
tattvakaumud
pravacana Vrttika
more..
bhasya more..
Yama,
Pratyaka,
Niyama,
Anumna
Asana,
Upamna,
Concepts Purusha, Prakti, Pranayama,
Anyathakyati
Originated Gua, Satkryavda Pratyahara,
vada,
Dhra,
Nireyasa
Dhyana,
more..
Samadhi
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Overview
Epistemology
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Smkhya
Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox
philosophical systems in Hinduism,[51] with
origins in the 1st millennium BCE.[52] It is a
rationalist school of Indian philosophy,[43] and had
a strong inuence on other schools of Indian
philosophies.[53] Smkhya is an enumerationist
philosophy whose epistemology accepted three of
six pramas as the only reliable means of gaining
knowledge. These were pratyaka (perception),
anuma (inference) and sabda (ptavacana,
word/testimony of reliable sources).[54][49]
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Yoga
In Indian philosophy, Yoga is, among other things,
the name of one of the six stika philosophical
schools.[69] The Yoga philosophical system aligns
closely with the dualist premises of the Samkhya
school.[70][71] The Yoga school accepts Samkhya
psychology and metaphysics, but is considered
theistic because it accepts the concept of personal
god (Ishvara), unlike Samkhya.[72][73][74] The
epistemology of the Yoga school, like the Smkhya
school, relies on three of six prmaas as the
means of gaining reliable knowledge:[49]
pratyaka (perception), anuma (inference) and
abda (ptavacana, word/testimony of reliable
sources).[50][49]
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Vaieika
The Vaieika philosophy is a naturalist school.[46]
It is a form of atomism in natural philosophy.[84] It
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Nyya
The Nyya school is a realist stika philosophy.
[92][93] The school's most signicant contributions
to Indian philosophy were its systematic
development of the theory of logic, methodology,
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Mms
The Mms school emphasized hermeneutics
and exegesis.[101][102] It is a form of philosophical
realism.[103] Key texts of the Mms school are
the Purva Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini.[104][105]
The classical Mms school is sometimes
referred to as prvamms or Karmamms
in reference to the rst part of the Vedas.[104]
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Vednta
The Vednta school built upon the teachings of the
Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the rst
millennium BCE[86][110] and is the most developed
and best-known of the Hindu schools. The
epistemology of the Vedantins included,
depending on the sub-school, ve or six methods
as proper and reliable means of gaining any form
of knowledge:[90] pratyaka (perception),
anuma (inference), upama (comparison and
analogy), arthpatti (postulation, derivation from
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Advaita
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Viidvaita
Dvaita
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Dvaitdvaita (Bhedabheda)
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uddhdvaita
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Crvka
The Crvka school is one of the nstika or
"heterodox" philosophies .[140][10][141] It rejects
supernaturalism, emphasizes materialism and
philosophical skepticism, holding empiricism,
perception and conditional inference as the proper
source of knowledge[142][143] Crvka is an
atheistic school of thought.[144] It holds that there
is neither afterlife nor rebirth, all existence is
mere combination of atoms and substances,
feelings and mind are an epiphenomenon, and free
will exists.[27][28]
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Shaivism
Early history of Shaivism is diicult to
determine.[150] However, the vetvatara
Upanishad (400 200 BCE)[151] is considered to
be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic
philosophy of Shaivism.[152] Shaivism is
represented by various philosophical schools,
including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda),
and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhedbheda)
perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions
three major schools of Shaiva thoughtPashupata
Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhija
(Kashmir Shaivism).[153]
Pupata Shaivism
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Shaiva Siddhanta
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Kashmir Shaivism
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See also
stika and nstika Indian philosophy
Buddhism and Kashmir Shaivism
Hinduism Metaphilosophy
Buddhist Dharma
philosophy Asrama
Hindu idealism Vedas
Pramana
Notes
1. M Chadha (2015), in The Routledge
Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of
Religion, states that Vedas were knowledge
source but interpreted dierently by dierent
schools of Hindu philosophy: "The sacred
texts of the Hindus, the Vedas, are variously
interpreted by the six traditional Hindu
philosophical schools. Even within a single
school, philosophers disagree on the import
of Vedic statements. (...) Hindu intellectual
traditions must be understood as standing for
the collection of philosophical views that
share a textual connection. There is no
single, comprehensive philosophical doctrine
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References
1. Soken Sanskrit, darzana
(http://spokensanskrit.de
/index.php?tinput=darzana&direction=SE&
script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0)
2. Andrew Nicholson (2013), Unifying
Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian
Intellectual History, Columbia University
Press, ISBN 978-0231149877, pages 2-5
3. Klaus Klostermaier (2007), Hinduism: A
Beginner's Guide, ISBN 978-1851685387,
Chapter 2, page 26
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Bibliography
Chatterjee, Satischandra; Datta,
Dhirendramohan (1984). An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy (Eighth Reprint ed.).
Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
Cowell, E. B.; Gough, A. E. (1882). The Sarva-
Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Dierent
Systems of Hindu Philosophy: Trubner's
Oriental Series (https://archive.org/stream
/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-
Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell#page/n121/mode
/2up). Taylor & Francis.
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ISBN 978-0-415-24517-3.
Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1987). The Doctrine
of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and
Practices of Kashmir Shaivism. Albany, New
York: State University of New York Press.
ISBN 0-88706-432-9.
Guttorm Flistad (28 February 1993).
Philosophie asiatique/Asian philosophy
(https://books.google.com
/books?id=W6zzqirWM3kC). Springer
Netherlands. ISBN 978-0-7923-1762-3.
Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to
Hinduism (https://books.google.com
/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C). Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
Flood, Gavin (Editor) (2003). The Blackwell
Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
ISBN 1-4051-3251-5.
Flood, Gavin (2005). The Tantric Body: The
Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion. I. B.
Tauris. ISBN 1845110110.
Grimes, John A. (1989). A Concise Dictionary
of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Dened
in English (https://books.google.com
/books?id=V0n8k1G7oC). SUNY Press.
ISBN 978-0-7914-0100-2.
King, Richard (2007), Indian Philosophy. An
Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought,
Georgetown University Press
Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated
Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z
(https://books.google.com
/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC). The Rosen
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Further reading
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore,
Charles A. A Source Book in Indian
Philosophy. Princeton University Press; 1957.
Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989.
ISBN 0-691-01958-4.
Rambachan, Anantanand. "The Advaita
Worldview: God, World and Humanity." 2006.
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External links
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