TKSCT/ Mechanical Engineering/V semester/ ME6505 Dynamics of Machines

THENI KAMMAVAR SANGAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

KODUVILARPATTI, THENI - 625 534

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME6505 DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
PART- A (Questions and Answers)

UNIT III FREE VIBRATION

1. What is meant by degrees of freedom in a vibrating system?

The number of independent coordinate required to completely define the motion of a system is
known as degree of freedom of a vibrating system.

2. What are the causes and effect of vibration?

Causes of vibration:
1. Unbalanced forces,
2. Elastic nature of the system,
3. Self excitation,
4. Wind and Earthquakes.
Effects of Vibration:
1. Positive effects: Musical instruments
2. Negative effects: The existence of vibration elements in any mechanical system produces
unwanted noise, high stress, poor reliability, wear and failure of one or more of the parts.

3. Define frequency, cycle, period and free vibration.

Frequency:
Frequency is defined as the number of cycles completed in one second.
Unit is Hz or cycles per seconds.
Cycle:
Cycle is defined as the motion completed during one time period.
Period:
Period is defined as the time interval after which the motion is repeat itself.
Free vibrations:
If the periodic motion continues after the causes of original disturbance is removed, then the
body is said to be under free vibrations.

4. Write the vibration characteristics.

1. Vibration displacement
2. Vibration velocity
3. Vibration acceleration
4. Phase
5. Frequency

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5. What are the different types of vibrations? (or) How Vibrations are classified?
Based on the excitation:
1. Free vibrations,
2. Forced vibrations,
3. Undamped vibrations and
4. Damped vibrations.
Based on the type of stress induced in the shaft:
1. Longitudinal vibration,
2. Transverse Vibrations and
3. Torsional vibration.

6. What are the types of vibratory motions?

1. Free or natural vibrations,
2. Forced vibrations, and
3. Damped vibrations

7. What are the types of free vibrations?

1. Longitudinal vibration,
2. Transverse Vibrations and
3. Torsional vibration.

8. What are the different types of damped vibrations?

1. Under damped vibration ( < 1)
2. Critically damped vibration ( = 1)
3. Over damped vibration ( > 1)

9. State different method of finding natural frequency of a system.

1. Equilibrium method,
2. Energy method, and
3. Rayleigh method.

10. What are the basic elements of vibratory system?

1. Mass or Inertia
2. Spring or elastic element
3. Damper

11. What is meant by free vibration and forced vibration? Give example for each.
Free (or Natural) Vibration:
Free (or) natural vibration: If the periodic motion continues after the causes of original
disturbance is removed, then the body is said to be under free vibrations.
Example: Simple pendulum
Forced Vibration:
The vibrations in which the system executes under continuous external force are called
Forced vibration.
Example: Machine tools, electric bells, vibration of a building during an earthquake etc.,

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12. Define longitudinal vibration.

All the particles of the system may vibrate parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations
are called longitudinal Vibrations.
Tensile and compressive stresses are induced in the shaft.

13. Differentiate between transverse and Torsional vibrations.

Transverse Vibrations Torsional vibrations
All the particles of the system may vibrate When all the particles of a shaft or disc move in a
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. Such circle about the axis of the shaft then the
vibrations are called Transverse Vibrations. vibrations are known as Torsional vibrations.
tensile and compressive stresses due to bending Torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft
are induced in the shaft

14. What are the different types of damping?

1. Viscous damping,
2. Coulomb or dry friction damping,
3. Solid or structural damping, and
4. Slip or interfacial damping.

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15. What is difference between damping and viscous damping?

Damping:
The damping can be defined as the resistance offered by a body to the motion of a vibratory
system.
Viscous Damping:
When the system is allowed to vibrate in a viscous medium, the damping is called as viscous
damping.

16. What is difference between coulomb damping and viscous damping?

Viscous damping:
When the system is allowed to vibrate in a viscous medium, the damping is called as viscous
damping.
Coulomb damping
When the body is allowed to slide over the other, the surface of the body offers some
resistance to the movement of the other body on it. Such a damping is Coulomb damping.

17. What is the natural frequency of simple spring mass system?

Natural frequency of simple spring mass system is given by
1 s
fn =
2 m
fn = Natural frequency
s = Stiffness of the spring
m = Mass of the body

18. Draw the schematic diagram of a free damped vibration system and write the governing
differential equation of the system

The governing differential equation of a free damped vibration system is given by,
2
2 + + = 0

or
+ + = 0
Where m mass;
c- damping coefficient;
s- spring stiffness;
x displacement

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19. What is the effect of inertia on the shaft in longitudinal and transverse vibrations?
In longitudinal vibrations, due to the inertia effect of the shaft, the frequency is
1
=
2 +
3
In transverse vibrations, due to the inertia effect of the shaft, the frequency is
1
=
2 + 33
140

20. Define logarithmic decrement.

Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of any two successive
amplitudes on the same side of the mean position.
It is defined as the measure of decay of amplitude of vibration.
1 0
= ln

21. Define damping factor and damping coefficient.

Damping Factor (or) Damping Ratio:
Damping factor (also known as damping ratio) is the ratio of damping coefficient to the
critical damping coefficient.
damping coefficient
damping factor or daming ratio =
critical damping coefficient
c
=
cc
Damping coefficient
Damping coefficient is the ratio of damping force per unit velocity. Unit N/m/s.
Damping Force
Damping coefficient =
Unit Velocity

22. Give the equation for damping factor and damped frequency.
Damping factor:
damping coefficient
damping factor or daming ratio =
critical damping coefficient
c c
= =
cc 2 m n
Damped frequency (d):
= 1 2

23. What is meant by critical damping?

The system is said to be critically damped when the damping factor =1.

24. What is the limit beyond which damping is detrimental and why?
When the damping factor =1, the damping is detrimental.
If damping factor 1, the system will take infinite time to come back to equilibrium.

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25. What type of motion is exhibited by a vibrating system when it is critically damped?
Periodic motion is exhibited

26. What is meant by critical damping? Give one application of critical damping.*
Critical Damping:
The system is said to be critically damped when the damping factor =1.
Application of critical damping:
Electrical instruments, hydraulic door closer, large guns

27. Sketch the Time Vs Displacement for under-damped and over-damped systems.

> 1 over damping ; < 1 under damping

28. Define resonance.

When the frequency of external forces is equal to the frequency of a vibrating body, the
amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as resonance.
When = n, then the system is in resonance.

= =

29. When does resonance takes place in a system? or What is the condition for resonance?
Resonance takes place in a system, when the frequency of external forces () is equal to the
frequency of a vibrating body (n).

= =

30. State Dunkerleys method of finding natural frequency of transverse vibration for a shaft
carrying a number of points.
The natural frequency of transverse vibration for a shaft carrying a number of points by
Dunkerleys principle is given by,
1 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ .+
1 2 3 2

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31. Define critical speed or whirling speed or whipping speed of a shaft.*

The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft.
The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of the
rotation becomes infinite is known as critical speed.

32. State natural frequency of torsion vibration of a simple system.

Natural frequency of torsion vibration is given by,

1 CJ
fn =
2 I L
C = Rigidity modulus of shaft,
I = Mass Moment of inertia,
J = Polar Moment of inertia of shaft,
L = Length of node from rotor.

33. What is nodal section in two rotor system? (Or) Define node in the case of vibration.
The section or point of the shaft at
which the amplitude of torsional vibration is
zero is called the node.

34. Define Torsional equivalent shaft.

The shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be theoretically replaced by an
equivalent shaft of uniform diameter, such that they have the same angle of twist when equal opposing
torques are applied at their ends. Such a theoretically replaced shaft is known as torsionally equivalent
shaft.

35. Write the expression for equivalent stiffness of two springs connected in series.
Equivalent stiffness when two springs in series
1 1 1
= +
1 2

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36. Determine the natural frequency of mass of 10kg suspended at the bottom of two springs (of
stiffness: 5N/mm and 8N/mm. in series.
Given:
m = 10kg;
s1= 5 N/mm = 5 103 N/m ;
s2= 8 N/mm = 8 103 N/m
two springs in series
Solution:
Equivalent stiffness when the springs in series
1 1 1 1 1
= + = 3
+
1 2 5 10 8 103
seq = s = 3077.7 N/m
Natural Frequency:

1 1 3077.7
= = = 2.79
2 2 10
Result:
Natural Frequency, fn = 2.79 Hz

37. A vibrating system has the following m=3kg; k=100N/m; and C=2N/m/sec. Determine the
damping factor in the system.
Given: m=3kg; s = k = 100N/m; and C=2N/m/sec
Solution:

, = =
2
Natural frequency of the system, n

100
= = = 5.77 r/s
3
2
= =
2 2 3 5.77
= 0.0578
Result:
Damping Factor , = 0.0578

38. A 5kg mass attached to the lower end of a spring, whose upper end is fixed, vibrates with a
natural period of 0.45 sec. Determine the stiffness of the spring.
Given: m=5kg; tp= 0.45sec
1
Solution: Time period =

0.45 = 1/ fn
fn= 2.22 Hz
Natural frequency of the system, fn
1
=
2

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1
2.22 =
2
5

2.22 2 =
5
Squaring on both sides
2

2.22 2 =
5
2
5 2.22 2 =
s = 973.61 N/m
Result:
Stiffness of spring, s = 973.61 N/m

39. A 0.25 kg mass is suspended by a spring having a stiffness of 0.1533 N/mm. Determine its
natural frequency in cycles per seconds. Determine its static deflection.
Given: m = 0.25kg;
s = 0.1533N/mm = 0.1533 103 N/m = 153.3 N/m
Solution:
Natural frequency in cycles per seconds,

1 1 153.3
= = = 3.94 = 3.94 /
2 2 0.25
Also,
1
=
2
Where is the static deflection in m

1 9.81
3.94 =
2
= 0.016 m
Result:
Natural frequency = 3.94 Hz
Static Deflection, = 0.016 m

40. If a damper exerts a force of 30 kN at a speed of 2 m/sec movement. Determine the damping
coefficient.
Given:
Damping Force = 30 kN = 30 103 N
Velocity = 2 m/sec
Solution:
Damping Force 30 103
Damping coefficient, c = = = 15000 N/m/s
Velocity 2
Result:
damping coefficient, c = 15000 N/m/s

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41. A spring mass system has spring constant of k and a mass of m. it has a natural frequency of
12 c.p.s If an additional mass of 2kg is added to m, natural frequency reduces by 2 c.p.s. Find
k and m
Given:
when m= m1 kg, fn1=12 Hz;
When m2=m1+2 kg; fn2=10 Hz
Solution:
frequency of the spring mass system is given by,

1
=
2
Where k- spring stiffness and m- mass
when m= m1 kg, fn1=12 Hz;

1
=
2

1
12 =
2 1
Squaring on both sides
1 2
2
12 =
2 1
= 12 . 2 2 1 . . (1)
2

When m2=m1+2 kg; fn2=10 Hz

1
=
2

1
10 =
2 1 + 2
Squaring on both sides
1 2
2
10 =
2 1 + 2
= 10 . 2 2 (1 + 2) . . (2)
2

Equating (1) & (2)

2 2 2 2
12 . 2 1 = 10 . 2 (1 + 2)
m1= 4.55 kg
substitute the value of m1 in (1) or (2), we get
k = 25840 N/m
Result:
Mass, m1= 4.55 kg
Spring stiffness, k = 25840 N/m

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