U.S. International Trade Commission Staff Preliminary Report

PublicVersionofthePrehearingReport
_________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION

Washington, DC
_________________________________________________________________
CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (WHETHER OR NOT

PARTIALLY OR FULLY ASSEMBLED INTO OTHER PRODUCTS)
Prehearing Report
Investigation No. TA-201-75
August 1, 2017

PREFACE

ThisprehearingstaffreportcontainsinformationconcerninginvestigationNo.TA201
75:CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCells(WhetherorNotPartiallyorFullyAssembledIntoOther
Products).
TheCommissionwillholdapublichearinginconnectionwiththeinjuryphaseofthis
proceedingbeginningat9:30a.m.onTuesday,August15,2017,intheHearingRoomofthe
U.S.InternationalTradeCommissionBuilding,Washington,DC.Requeststoappearatthe
hearingoninjuryissuesareduetobefiledinwritingwiththeSecretarytotheCommissionnot
laterthanthecloseofbusiness(5:15p.m.)onWednesday,August9,2017.1Allpersonsdesiring
toappearatthehearingandmakeoralpresentationsshouldattendaprehearingconference(if
deemednecessary)at9:30a.m.onAugust11,2017,attheU.S.InternationalTradeCommission
Building.Prehearingbriefsmustbeinconformitywithsections201.6,201.8,201.16,206.7,and
206.8oftheCommissionsrules,andshould,totheextentpossible,refertotherecordand
includeinformationandargumentswhichthepartybelievesrelevanttothesubjectmatterof
theCommissionsdeterminationsundersection202oftheTradeActof1974(19U.S.C.2252).
PrehearingbriefsmustbefiledonorbeforeAugust8,2017.Ifprehearingbriefscontain
businessproprietaryinformation,anonproprietaryversionisdueAugust9,2017.Anyperson
notaninterestedpartymaysubmitabriefwrittenstatementofinformationpertinenttothe
proceedingwithinthetimespecifiedandinthemannerspecifiedforthefilingofprehearing
briefs,inconformitywithsection201.8oftheCommissionsrules.
1
Noticesofparticipationmustincludealistofwitnessesandshouldindicatetheamountoftime
requestedforpresentations.
Alloralpresentationsshallbeinconformitywithsections201.6(b)(2),201.13,and206.5
oftherulesandeachpartyshalllimititspresentationto:
(a) asummaryoftheinformationandargumentscontainedinitsprehearingbrief;
(b) ananalysisoftheinformationandargumentscontainedintheprehearingbriefs
ofotherparties;and
(c) informationnotavailableatthetimeitsprehearingbriefwasfiled.
Personsotherthanpartiesinthisproceedingappearingatthehearingshalllimittheir
presentationstobriefstatementsoftheirpositionswithrespecttothesubjectmatterofthe
proceeding.Apartymayprovidewrittentestimonyasprovidedinsection201.8ofthe
Commissionsrules.

CONTENTS
Page
PartI:Introduction................................................................................................................I1
Background................................................................................................................................I1
Statutorycriteriaandorganizationofthereport.....................................................................I2
Summarydata...........................................................................................................................I4
Previousandrelatedinvestigations..........................................................................................I7
CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicSolarCellsandModulesfromChina
(InvestigationNos.701TA481and731TA1190)(November2012).................................I7
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicSolarCellsandModulesfromChinaandTaiwan
(InvestigationNos.701TA511and731TA12461247)(February2015)...........................I8
Theproduct.............................................................................................................................I10
Theimportedarticlesdescribedinthisinvestigation.........................................................I10
Likeordirectlycompetitivearticles....................................................................................I12
Physicalproperties..............................................................................................................I14
Manufacturingfacilitiesandprocesses...............................................................................I24
Uses.....................................................................................................................................I32
Marketingchannels.............................................................................................................I37
Discussionofspecificproducts............................................................................................I42
U.S.tarifftreatment............................................................................................................I46
TheU.S.market.......................................................................................................................I47
U.S.producers.....................................................................................................................I47
U.S.importers......................................................................................................................I49
U.S.purchasers....................................................................................................................I52

CONTENTS
Page

Thirdcountrymarketimportrestraints..................................................................................I53
TheEuropeanUnion............................................................................................................I54
India.....................................................................................................................................I56
Australia...............................................................................................................................I58
Canada.................................................................................................................................I58
China....................................................................................................................................I59
Turkey..................................................................................................................................I60
PartII:Informationrelatingtoincreasedimports.................................................................II1
U.S.imports..............................................................................................................................II1
U.S.importersimportssubsequenttoDecember31,2016...................................................II7
ImportsbyU.S.producersandrelatedfirms...........................................................................II9
U.S.importsrelativetoproduction.......................................................................................II17
U.S.importsfromCanada,China,andMexico......................................................................II17
PartIII:Seriousinjuryorthreatofseriousinjury.................................................................III1
Overview.................................................................................................................................III1
U.S.producersownershipandrelatedoraffiliatedfirms..................................................III2
Reportedchangesexperiencedandanticipatedbytheindustry.......................................III3
U.S.production,capacity,andcapacityutilization.................................................................III6
CSPVcells.............................................................................................................................III9
CSPVmodules....................................................................................................................III11
U.S.producersshipments....................................................................................................III15
CSPVcells...........................................................................................................................III15
CSPVmodules....................................................................................................................III17
U.S.commercialshipments,byformofCSPVproduct.....................................................III19
U.S.originU.S.shipmentsforapparentconsumption.....................................................III21

ii

CONTENTS
Page

InventoriesmaintainedbyU.S.producersandU.S.importers............................................III23
U.S.producersinventories...............................................................................................III23
U.S.importersinventories................................................................................................III25
U.S.employment,hours,andwages....................................................................................III26
CSPVcells...........................................................................................................................III26
CSPVmodules....................................................................................................................III27
FinancialconditionoftheU.S.industry................................................................................III28
Background........................................................................................................................III28
OperationsonCSPVproducts...........................................................................................III29
Capitalexpenditures,researchanddevelopmentexpenses,andinvestmentin
productivefacilities...........................................................................................................III44
Capitalandinvestment......................................................................................................III47
PartIV:U.S.marketandforeignindustries..........................................................................IV1
ApparentU.S.consumptionandmarketshares.....................................................................IV1
Foreignindustries....................................................................................................................IV6
Globalcapacity....................................................................................................................IV6
TheindustriesinNorthAmerica.......................................................................................IV10
TheindustriesinAsia.........................................................................................................IV24
Theindustriesinothercountrieswithfreetradeagreementswiththe
UnitedStates...................................................................................................................IV117
Theindustriesinothercountries....................................................................................IV120
Therespondingindustriescombined..............................................................................IV140

iii

CONTENTS
Page
PartV:OthercompetitivedynamicsoftheU.S.market........................................................V1
U.S.supply............................................................................................................................V1
U.S.demand.........................................................................................................................V5
SubstitutabilityofdomesticandimportedCSPVproducts....................................................V11
Leadtimes..........................................................................................................................V11
Factorsaffectingpurchasingdecisions...............................................................................V11
Comparisonsofdomesticproductsandimportedarticles................................................V15
Elasticityestimates.................................................................................................................V17
U.S.supplyelasticity...........................................................................................................V17
Importsupplyelasticity......................................................................................................V17
U.S.demandelasticity........................................................................................................V18
Substitutionelasticity.........................................................................................................V18
Factorsaffectingprices..........................................................................................................V19
Rawmaterialcosts.............................................................................................................V19
U.S.inlandtransportationcosts.........................................................................................V20
Pricingpractices.....................................................................................................................V21
Pricingmethods..................................................................................................................V21
Salestermsanddiscounts..................................................................................................V22
Pricedata................................................................................................................................V23
Aggregatepricingtrends....................................................................................................V36
Pricecomparisons..............................................................................................................V36
Publishedpricedata...........................................................................................................V37
Lostsalesandlostrevenue................................................................................................V38
OtherdynamicsintheU.S.market........................................................................................V42
Incentiveprogramsandregulations...................................................................................V42
Othersourcesofelectricity................................................................................................V49
iv

CONTENTS
Page
Appendixes
A.FederalRegisternotices.................................................................................................. A1
B. Listofhearingwitnesses{reserved}................................................................................ B1
C. Summarydata................................................................................................................. C1
D.Competitiveeffortsandproposedadjustments............................................................. D1
E. EffectsofimportsonU.S.producersandrelatedinformationbyfirm.......................... E1
F. CommentsontheeffectsofU.S.ordersoncrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicproducts... F1
G.Pricedatabycountrysource........................................................................................... G1
Note.Informationthatwouldrevealconfidentialoperationsofindividualconcernsmaynot
bepublishedandthereforehasbeenbracketed[]oridentifiedwithlinesinthemarginsofthis
report.
PARTI: INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
Thissafeguardinvestigationresultsfromapetition,asamended,andproperlyfiledon
May17,2017,undersection202(a)oftheTradeActof1974(TheAct)(19U.S.C.2552(a))by
counselforSunivaInc.(Suniva).Thepetitionallegesthatcertaincrystallinesilicon
photovoltaiccells,whetherornotpartiallyorfullyassembledintootherproducts(CSPV
products),1arebeingimportedintotheUnitedStatesinsuchincreasedquantitiesastobea
substantialcauseofseriousinjury,orthreatthereof,tothedomesticindustryproducingan
articlelikeordirectlycompetitivewiththeimportedarticle.23
1
SeethesectionentitledTheImportedArticlesDescribedinthisInvestigationinPartIofthis
reportforacompletedescriptionofthemerchandisesubjecttothisinvestigation.
2
SunivainitiallysubmittedapetitiontotheCommissiononApril26,2017.InaMay1,2017letter,
theCommissionrequestedthatSunivaclarifythedescriptionoftheimportedarticles,providemore
detailsaboutpetitionersrepresentativenessoftheindustrywithinthemeaningofsection201(a)(1)of
theTradeAct(19U.S.C.2252(a)(1)),andsupplyadditionaldataonthedomesticindustrys
performanceindicators.InanamendedpetitionsubmittedonMay12,2017,Sunivaprovidedadditional
information,includinganaffidavitindicatingthatthepetitionwasalsosupportedby***.Inresponseto
telephoneconferencesheldwithCommissionstaffonMay15,2017andMay17,2017,Sunivafurther
amendeditspetitiononMay17,2017toprovideareviseddescriptionoftheimportedarticles.The
Commissiondeterminedthatthepetition,asamended,wasproperlyfiledasofMay17,2017.
3
OnMay25,2017,SolarWorldandSunivanotifiedtheCommissionthatSolarWorldwasjoining
Sunivaascopetitionerinthisinvestigation.LettertoSecretaryBarton,Re:PetitionforGlobalSafeguard
ReliefPursuanttoSections201202oftheTradeActof1974CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCells
(WhetherorNotFullyAssembledintoOtherProducts)AddingPetitionerandSubmissionofAdditional
Data,May25,2017.
I1

Thefollowingtabulationpresentsinformationrelatingtothebackgroundandschedule
ofthisproceeding:4
Effectivedate Action
PetitionproperlyfiledwiththeCommission;institutionofinv.No.TA20175
May17,2017 (82FR25331,June1,2017)
August15,2017 ScheduleddatefortheCommissionshearingoninjury
September22,2017 ScheduleddatefortheCommissionsvoteoninjury
October3,2017 ScheduleddatefortheCommissionshearingonremedy(ifneeded)
October31,2017 ScheduleddatefortheCommissionsvoteonremedy(suggesteddate)(ifneeded)
November13,2017 CommissionsfindingsandrecommendationsduetothePresident

STATUTORYCRITERIAANDORGANIZATIONOFTHEREPORT
Underthestatute,theCommissionconsiderswhetheranarticleisbeingimportedinto
theUnitedStatesinsuchincreasedquantitiesastobeasubstantialcauseofseriousinjury,or
thethreatthereof,tothedomesticindustryproducinganarticlelikeordirectlycompetitive
withtheimportedarticle.5Undersection202oftheTradeAct,importshaveincreasedwhen
theincreaseiseitheractualorrelativetodomesticproduction.6Thisinformationisaddressed
inPartIIofthisreport.
Section202(c)(1)(A)oftheActprovidesthatinmakingitsdeterminationwithrespectto
seriousinjurytheCommissionshalltakeintoaccountalleconomicfactorswhichitconsiders
relevant,including(butnotlimitedto)(i)thesignificantidlingofproductivefacilitiesinthe
domesticindustry,(ii)theinabilityofasignificantnumberoffirmstocarryoutdomestic
4
TheCommissionsnoticeofinstitutionandschedulingarereferencedinappendixAandmayalso
befoundattheCommissionswebsite(internetaddresswww.usitc.gov).AppendixBisreservedforthe
witnessesappearingattheCommissionshearing(s).
5
Section202(b)(1)(A)oftheTradeAct;19U.S.C.2252(b)(1)(A).
6
19U.S.C.2252(c)(1)(C).
I2

productionoperationsatareasonablelevelofprofit,and(iii)significantunemploymentor
underemploymentwiththedomesticindustry.7Section202(c)(1)(B)oftheActprovidesthatin
makingitsdeterminationwithrespecttothreatofseriousinjurytheCommissionshalltakeinto
accountalleconomicfactorswhichitconsidersrelevant,including(butnotlimitedto)(i)a
declineinsalesormarketshare,ahigherandgrowinginventory(whethermaintainedby
domesticproducers,importers,wholesalers,orretailers),andadownwardtrendinproduction,
profits,wages,productivity,oremployment(orincreasingunderemployment)inthedomestic
industry,(ii)theextenttowhichfirmsinthedomesticindustryareunabletogenerate
adequatecapitaltofinancethemodernizationoftheirdomesticplantsandequipment,orare
unabletomaintainexistinglevelsofexpendituresforresearchanddevelopment,{and}(iii)the
extenttowhichtheUnitedStatesmarketisthefocalpointforthediversionofexportsofthe
articleconcernedbyreasonofrestraintsonexportsofsucharticleto,oronimportsofsuch
articleinto,thirdcountrymarkets.8ThesefactorsareaddressedinPartIIIofthisreport,
exceptforrestraintsonimportsinthirdcountrymarkets,whichareaddressedinPartIofthe
reportandinformationonmarketsharedeclines,ifany,whichareaddressedinPartIVofthe
report.
Withrespecttosubstantialcause,theCommissionshallconsideranincreaseinimports
(eitheractualorrelativetodomesticproduction)andadeclineintheproportionofthe
domesticmarketsuppliedbydomesticproducers.9Thepresenceorabsenceofanyfactorthat
7
19U.S.C.2252(c)(1)(A).
8
19U.S.C.2252(c)(1)(B).
9
Section202(c)(1)(C);19U.S.C.2252(c)(1)(C).
I3

theCommissionisrequiredtoconsiderisnotnecessarilydispositive.10Thestatutealso
directstheCommissiontoconsidertheconditionofthedomesticindustryoverthecourseof
therelevantbusinesscycleandprovidesthattheCommissionshallconsiderfactorsother
thanimportswhichmaybeacauseofseriousinjury,orthreatofseriousinjury,tothedomestic
industry.11InformationonapparentU.S.consumptionandrespectivemarketsharesis
providedinPartIVofthisreport,andavailableinformationonforeignindustriesandtheir
participation,ifany,intheU.S.marketduringtheperiodofinvestigationisalsoprovidedinPart
IVofthisreport.InformationonothercompetitivedynamicsintheU.S.market,including
informationonanyrelevantbusinesscycle,isprovidedinPartVofthisreport.
SUMMARYDATA
Informationobtainedduringthecourseoftheinvestigationthatrelatestothe
applicablestatutorycriteriaispresentedthroughoutthisreport.Unlessotherwisenoted,data
concerningtheU.S.industryarebasedonthequestionnaireresponsesof16firmsthatare
estimatedtohaveaccountedforallknownU.S.productionofCSPVcellsand63.9percentof
U.S.productionofCSPVmodulesduring2015.12U.S.importdataarebasedonthe
10
Section202(c)(3);19U.S.C.2252(c)(3).
11
Section202(c)(2);19U.S.C.2252(c)(2).
12
BasedonacomparisonofU.S.producersreportedproductionofCSPVmodulesof552,968kWin
2015withtotal2015U.S.productionofmodulesof864,985kW(latestavailable)asreportedinEnergy
InformationAdministration(EIA),SolarPhotovoltaicCell/ModuleShipmentsReport,September2016,
table6.EIAsreportedproductionincludesthinfilmproducts.SinceEIAsestimateoftotalU.S.
productionofmodulesincludesthinfilmproductsandislikelysomewhatoverstatedforpurposesofa
coveragecalculationforU.S.moduleproductioninthisinvestigation,thequestionnaireresponses
receivedfromU.S.moduleproducerslikelyaccountforahigherpercentageofU.S.CSPVmodule
production.
I4

questionnaireresponsesof56firmsthatareestimatedtohaveaccountedfor82.6percentof
U.S.importsofCSPVcellsandCSPVmodulesduring2016.13
Foreignindustrydataarebasedonthequestionnaireresponsesof99
producers/exportersofCSPVproductsasfollows:
Brazil:1firmaccountingfor***percentof2016moduleproductioncapacityin
Brazil.14
Canada:5firmsaccountingforapproximately92percentof2016module
capacityinCanada.15
China:35firmsaccountingforapproximately55percentofCSPVcellproduction
and63percentofmoduleproductionin2015inChina.16
Germany:6firmsaccountingforallknownCSPVcellcapacityand***percentof
moduleproductioncapacityinGermanyin2016.17
India:5firmsaccountingforapproximately***percentofCSPVcellproduction
capacityand***percentofmoduleproductioncapacityinIndia.
13
Basedonacomparisonofthetotalvalueof2016U.S.importsofCSPVcellsandmodulesfromall
countriesreportedintheresponsestotheCommissionsU.S.importerquestionnaire($7.06million)
withtotallandeddutypaidvalue($8.55million)of2016U.S.importsofcellsandmodulesasreported
byofficialCommerceimportstatistics(HTS8541.40.6030and8541.40.6020).Questionnairedata
coveragepresentedmaybeimprecisebecausetheofficialCommercestatisticsmayincludeother
productsnotwithinthescopeofthisinvestigation,suchasthinfilmsolarproducts.
14
BasedonannouncedandpubliclyreportedcapacitybyfirmsinBrazil.
15
ThereisnoknowncellproductioninCanada.Percentageisbasedoncommissionedcapacityin
CanadaasofApril2017.BloombergNewEnergyFinancedatabase,https://about.bnef.com/,accessed
April27,2017.OneofthefiverespondingfirmsinCanada(***)providedaquestionnaireresponsewith
dataonexportsfromCanada;however,thefirmreportedthatitisnotaproducerofCSPVproductsin
Canada.
16
LVFang,XuHonghua,andWangSicheng,NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinChina
2015,IEAPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme(IEAPVPS),pp.1617.
17
100percentcoverageforcellsbasedonresponsesprovidedbyallcellproducersinGermanyin
2016.PhotovoltaicsMadeInGermany,GermanyTrade&Invest,October2016,
https://www.powerhouseeasterngermany.de/PEG/Content/DE/Zukunftsfelder/Cleantech
Industrie/pdf_solar.pdf?v=2.
I5

Indonesia:3firmsaccountingforapproximately***percentofmodule
productioncapacityinIndonesia.18
Korea:4firmsaccountingforapproximately***percentofCSPVcellproduction
and***percentofmoduleproductioninKoreain2015.19
Malaysia:10firmsaccountingforallknownCSPVcellcapacityand***percent
ofmodulecapacityin2015inMalaysia.20
Mexico:2firmsaccountingforapproximately***percentofCSPVcellcapacity
inMexicoandapproximately***percentofmodulecapacityinMexicoin
2016.21
Netherlands:1firmaccountingforallknownproductionintheNetherlands.22
Philippines:1firmaccountingforallknownproductioninthePhilippines.23
Singapore:1firmaccountingforallknownproductioninSingapore.24

18
ProductionandcapacitydataforIndonesiaarenotreadilyavailable,buttherearereportedly
additionalproducersthatdidnotprovidequestionnaireresponses.Foralistofthesixmanufacturersas
of2014,seeGlobalBusinessGuide,SolarPanelsinIndonesia:ABrightFuture?July21,2014,
http://www.gbgindonesia.com/en/main/business_updates/2014/upd_solar_panels_in_indonesia_a_bri
ght_future_.php.Inaddition,CanadianSolarsubsequentlyopenedaPVmanufacturingplantin
Indonesia.CanadianSolar,Form20F,AnnualFilingtotheSecuritiesandExchangeCommission,April
27,2017,p.63,http://investors.canadiansolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196781&p=irolsec.
19
ChinhoPark,KangWonKim,JaehongSeo,JaechonSong,andDeugyoungJeong,NationalSurvey
ReportofPVPowerApplicationsinKorea2015,IEAPVPS,September2016,p.21,http://www.iea
pvps.org/?id=93.
20
The100percentcoverageforcellsbasedonthefactthatallknownproducingfirmsrespondedto
thequestionnaire.SustainableEnergyDevelopmentAuthorityMalaysia,NationalSurveyReportofPV
PowerApplicationsinMalaysia2015,IEAPVPS,p.19.AneleventhfirminMalaysia(***)provideda
questionnaireresponsewithdataconcerningexportsfromMalaysia;however,thefirmreportedthatit
isnotaproducerofCSPVproductsinMalaysia.
21
IUSASOLWebsite,http://www.iusasol.mx/Home/why_us(accessedJuly13,2017);Manufacturer,
DesdeMxico,SolartecseAbrePasoPorelMundo,August10,2016,
http://www.manufactura.mx/industria/2016/08/10/desdemexicosolartecseabrepasoporelmundo;
SolartecWebsite,http://solartec.mx/index.php(accessedJuly13,2017);SolarvatioWebsite,
http://solarvatio.com/energy/proceso/(accessedJuly13,2017);ERDMWebsite,http://stores.erdm
solar.com/AboutUs.html(accessedJuly13,2017);SunPower,SunPowerAwardedApproximately500
MegawattsofSolarinMexico'sFirstElectricityAuction,Newsrelease,April1,2016,
http://newsroom.sunpower.com/20160401SunPowerAwardedApproximately500Megawattsof
SolarinMexicosFirstElectricityAuction.
22
The100percentcoveragebasedonthefactthatallknownproducingfirmsrespondedtothe
questionnaire.BloombergNewEnergyFinancedatabase,https://about.bnef.com/.
23
24
I6

Taiwan:15firmsaccountingforapproximately82percentofCSPVcellcapacity
and32percentofmodulecapacityinTaiwanin2016.25
Thailand:4firmsaccountingforapproximately***percentofCSPVcell
productioncapacityin2016and***percentofmodulecapacityinThailandin
2016.26
Vietnam:5firmsaccountingforapproximately***percentofCSPVcellcapacity
and***percentofmodulecapacityinVietnamin2016.27

AsummaryofdatacollectedonCSPVproductsinthisinvestigationispresentedin
appendixC.Responsesbyfirmstoaseriesofquestionsconcerningcompetitiveeffortsand
proposedadjustmentsarepresentedinappendixD.Responsesbyfirmstoaseriesofquestions
concerningtheeffectsofimportsonU.S.producersexistingdevelopmentandproduction
efforts,growth,investment,andabilitytoraisecapitalarepresentedinappendixE.Responses
byfirmstoaseriesofquestionsconcerningthesignificanceofexistingantidumpingand
countervailingdutyordersarepresentedinappendixF.
PREVIOUSANDRELATEDINVESTIGATIONS
CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicSolarCellsandModulesfromChina
(InvestigationNos.701TA481and731TA1190)(November2012)
InNovember2012,theCommissiondeterminedthatanindustryintheUnitedStates
wasmateriallyinjuredbyreasonofimportsofcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicsolarcellsand
modulesfromChinathattheU.S.DepartmentofCommerce(Commerce)foundweresoldat
25
PercentageisbasedoncommissionedcapacityasofApril2017.BloombergNewEnergyFinance
database,https://about.bnef.com/,accessedApril27,2017.
26
Mints,Paula,SevenKeySolarPVIndustryMetricsandWhattheyMeantoYou,Renewable
EnergyWorld,March29,2017,http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2017/03/fourkey
solarpvindustrymetricsandwhattheymeantoyou.html.
27
Mints,Paula,SevenKeySolarPVIndustryMetricsandWhattheyMeantoYou,Renewable
EnergyWorld,March29,2017,http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2017/03/fourkey
solarpvindustrymetricsandwhattheymeantoyou.html.
I7

lessthanfairvalue(LTFV)intheU.S.marketandsubsidizedbythegovernmentofChina
(CSPV1).28Thoseinvestigationsresultedfromantidumpingandcountervailingdutypetitions
filedbySolarWorldonOctober19,2011.EffectiveDecember7,2012,Commerceissued
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersonthoseimports.29Commercedeterminedthat
thecountryoforiginofCSPVmoduleswasthecountryofmanufactureoftheCSPVcells.
Therefore,thescopeoftheordersdidnotincludeU.S.importsofCSPVmodulesassembledin
ChinafromCSPVcellsmadeinacountryotherthanChina.30
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicSolarCellsandModulesfromChinaandTaiwan
(InvestigationNos.701TA511and731TA12461247)(February2015)
InFebruary2015,theCommissiondeterminedthatanindustryintheUnitedStateswas
materiallyinjuredbyreasonofimportsofcertaincrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicsolarcellsand
modulesfromTaiwanthatCommercefoundweresoldintheU.S.marketatLTFVandimports
fromChinathatCommercefoundweresoldatLTFVandsubsidizedbythegovernmentofChina
(CSPV2).31Thoseinvestigationsresultedfromantidumpingandcountervailingdutypetitions
28
CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCellsandModulesfromChina,Inv.Nos.701TA481and731TA
1190(Final),USITCPublication4360,November2012(allsixCommissionersreachedaffirmative
determinations).
29
CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCells,WhetherorNotAssembledIntoModules,FromthePeoples
RepublicofChina:CountervailingDutyOrder,77FR73017,December7,2012;CrystallineSilicon
PhotovoltaicCells,WhetherorNotAssembledIntoModules,FromthePeoplesRepublicofChina:
AmendedFinalDeterminationofSalesatLessThanFairValue,andAntidumpingDutyOrder,77FR
73018,December7,2012.
30
USITCPublication4519at34.
31
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCellsandModulesfromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA
511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication4519,February2015(ChairmanSchmidtlein,Vice
ChairmanJohanson,andCommissionersWilliamsonandPinkertvotedintheaffirmative.Commissioner
BroadbentvotedintheaffirmativewithrespecttoCSPVmodulesfromChinaandTaiwanandinthe
negativewithrespecttoCSPVcellsfromTaiwan(CSPVcellsfromChinawerenotincludedinthescope
(continued...)
I8

filedbySolarWorldonDecember31,2013.32EffectiveFebruary18,2015,Commerceissued
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersonthoseimportsfromChinaandanantidumping
dutyorderonthoseimportsTaiwan.33
InitsfinalCSPV2determinations,Commercedefinedthesubjectmerchandisefrom
ChinatoincludeU.S.importsofthefollowing:(1)CSPVmodulesassembledinChinafromCSPV
cellsmadeinTaiwanand(2)CSPVmodulesassembledinChinafromCSPVcellsmadeinthird
countries.CommercedefinedthesubjectmerchandisefromTaiwantoincludeU.S.importsof:
(1)CSPVcellsmadeinTaiwan;(2)CSPVmodulesassembledinTaiwanfromCSPVcellsmadein
Taiwan;and(3)CSPVmodulesassembledinthirdcountriesotherthanChinafromCSPVcells
madeinTaiwan.Therefore,themoduleassemblylocationmostlydeterminedthecountryof
originforU.S.importsofmodules(andlaminates),exceptformodulescoveredbytheprior
CSPV1orders(whichwereconsiderednonsubjectmerchandisefromChina),modules
assembledinTaiwanwithCSPVcellsmadeinnonsubjectcountries(whichwereexcludedfrom
thescopeoftheTaiwaninvestigationandconsiderednonsubjectmerchandisefromTaiwan),
(continued)
astheywerealreadycoveredbytheCSPV1orders).CommissionerKieffdidnotparticipateinthe
CSPV2investigations).
32
EffectiveOctober1,2014,SolarWorldIndustriesAmerica,Inc.changeditsnametoSolarWorld
Americas,Inc.ThepetitionsstatedthattheywerealsosupportedbytheCoalitionforAmericanSolar
Manufacturing,whichincludedU.S.producersSolarWorld,***.
33
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsFromthePeoplesRepublicofChina:Antidumping
DutyOrder;andAmendedFinalAffirmativeCountervailingDutyDeterminationandCountervailingDuty
Order,80FR8592,February18,2015;CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsFromTaiwan:
AntidumpingDutyOrder,80FR8596,February18,2015.
I9

andmodulesassembledinthirdcountrieswithCSPVcellsmadeinTaiwan(whichwere
consideredsubjectmerchandisefromTaiwan).34
THEPRODUCT
Theimportedarticlesdescribedinthisinvestigation
TheimportedarticlescoveredbythissafeguardinvestigationareCSPVcells,whetheror
notpartiallyorfullyassembledintootherproducts,including,butnotlimitedto,modules,
laminates,panels,andbuildingintegratedmaterials.TheinvestigationcoversimportsofCSPV
cellsofathicknessequaltoorgreaterthan20micrometers,havingap/njunction(orvariant
thereof)formedbyanymeans,whetherornottheCSPVcellhasundergoneotherprocessing,
including,butnotlimitedtocleaning,etching,coating,and/oradditionofmaterials(including,
butnotlimitedto,metallizationandconductorpatterns)tocollectandforwardtheelectricity
thatisgeneratedbytheCSPVcell.
Includedinthescopeoftheinvestigationareimportsofphotovoltaiccellsthatcontain
crystallinesiliconinadditiontootherphotovoltaicmaterials.Thisincludes,butisnotlimited
34
CountervailingDutyInvestigationofCertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsFromthe
PeoplesRepublicofChina:FinalAffirmativeCountervailingDutyDetermination,79FR76962,December
23,2014;andCertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsFromthePeoplesRepublicofChina:Final
DeterminationofSalesatLessThanFairValue,79FR76970,December23,2014;seealsoUSITC
Publication4519at34,6.TheU.S.CourtofInternationalTradeaffirmedCommercesscope
determinations,asfurtherexplainedbytheagencyonremand.SeeSunpowerCorp.v.UnitedStates,CIT
Ct.No.1500067,SlipOp.1789(Ct.IntlTradeJul.21,2017);KyoceraSolar,Inc.v.UnitedStates,CITCt.
No.1500081,SlipOp.1790(Ct.IntlTradeJul.21,2017).
I10

to,passivatedemitterrearcontact(PERC)cells,heterojunctionwithintrinsicthinlayer
(HIIT)cells,andothersocalledhybridcells.35
Articlesunderconsiderationalsomaybedescribedatthetimeofimportationas
componentsforfinalfinishedproductsthatareassembledafterimportation,including,butnot
limitedto,modules,laminates,panels,andbuildingintegratedmaterials.
ExcludedfromthescopeofinvestigationareimportsofCSPVcells,whetherornot
partiallyorfullyassembledintootherproducts,iftheCSPVcellsweremanufacturedinthe
UnitedStates.
Alsoexcludedfromthescopeofinvestigationareimportsofthinfilmphotovoltaic
productsproducedfromamorphoussilicon(aSi),cadmiumtelluride(CdTe),orcopperindium
galliumselenide(CIGS).
AlsoexcludedfromthescopeoftheinvestigationareimportsofCSPVcells,not
exceeding10,000mm2insurfacearea,thatarepermanentlyintegratedintoaconsumergood
whosefunctionisotherthanpowergenerationandthatconsumestheelectricitygeneratedby
theintegratedCSPVcell.WheremorethanoneCSPVcellispermanentlyintegratedintoa
consumergood,thesurfaceareaforpurposesofthisexclusionisthetotalcombinedsurface
areaofallCSPVcellsthatareintegratedintotheconsumergood.
ForCustomspurposes,theCSPVcellscoveredbytheinvestigationareprovidedfor
underHarmonizedTariffScheduleoftheUnitedStates(HTS)subheading8541.40.60.Within
that8digitsubheading,CSPVcellsthatareassembledintomodulesorpanelsareimported
35
Foradetaileddescriptionoftheseitems,seethesectioninPartIofthisreporttitledDiscussionof
specificproducts.
I11

underHTSUSstatisticalreportingnumber8541.40.6020,whileCSPVcellsthatarenot
assembledintomodulesandarepresentedseparatelyareimportedunderstatisticalreporting
number8541.40.6030.InvertersorbatterieswithCSPVcellsattachedcanbeimportedunder
HTSUSsubheadings8501.61.00and8507.20.80,respectively.Inaddition,CSPVcellscoveredby
theinvestigationmayalsobeclassifiableasDCgeneratorsofsubheading8501.31.80,when
suchgeneratorsareimportedwithCSPVcellsattached.AsstatedintheCommissionsnoticeof
investigation,theHTSUSsubheadingsandreportingnumbersareprovidedforconvenienceand
thewrittendescriptionoftheimportedarticleisdispositive.36
Likeordirectlycompetitivearticles
IndeterminingwhetheranarticleisbeingimportedintotheUnitedStatesinsuch
increasedquantitiesastobeasubstantialcauseofseriousinjuryorthethreatthereoftothe
domesticindustry,Commissionfirstdefinesthedomesticindustryproducinganarticlethatis
likeordirectlycompetitivewiththeimportedarticle.37Inassessingwhatconstitutesthe
product(s)thatis/arelikeordirectlycompetitivewiththeimportedarticle(s),theCommission
takesintoaccountsuchfactorsas(1)thephysicalpropertiesofthearticle,(2)itscustoms
treatment,(3)itsmanufacturingprocess(i.e.,whereandhowitismade),(4)itsuses,and(5)
themarketingchannelsthroughwhichtheproductissold.Informationrelatingtothesefactors
ispresentedinthesectionsthatfollow.
36
CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCells(WhetherorNotPartiallyorFullyAssembledintoOther
Products):Institutionandschedulingofsafeguardinvestigationanddeterminationthattheinvestigation
isextraordinarilycomplicated,82FR25331,June1,2017.
37
19U.S.C.2252(b)(1)(A).
I12

InthepreviousCSPV1andCSPV2antidumpingandcountervailingdutydeterminations,
wheretheimportedproductsweresimilarinscopetotheimportedarticlescoveredbythe
currentsafeguardinvestigation,theCommissionfoundonelikedomesticproductconsistingof
CSPVcellsandCSPVmodulesbutnotincludingthinfilmproducts.38InitsCSPV1investigations,
theCommissiondeterminednottodefineCSPVcellsandCSPVmodulesasseparatedomestic
likeproducts,andnopartyarguedotherwise.39
IntheCSPV2investigations,theTaiwanrespondentsarguedthattheCommission
shoulddefineCSPVcellsandCSPVmodulesasseparatedomesticlikeproductsbasedona
semifinisheddomesticlikeproductanalysis.Initsanalysisunderthesemifinished
productsfactorsinCSPV2,theCommissionfoundthat(1)theupstreamarticle(i.e.,CSPV
cells)isdedicatedforuseintheproductionofthedownstreamarticle(i.e.,CSPVmodules),(2)
therearenoseparatemarketsforCSPVcellsandCSPVmodules,(3)CSPVcellsandCSPV
modulessharethesameprimaryphysicalcharacteristicsandfunctions,(4)CSPVcellsundergo
38
Inantidumpingandcountervailingdutyinvestigations,thedomesticlikeproductisdefinedasa
productwhichislike,orintheabsenceoflike,mostsimilarincharacteristicsanduseswith,thearticle
subjecttoaninvestigation.19U.S.C.1677(10).TheCommissiongenerallyconsidersanumberof
factorsinantidumpingandcountervailingdutyinvestigations,including(1)physicalcharacteristicsand
uses,(2)interchangeability,(3)channelsofdistribution,(4)customerandproducerperceptions,(5)
manufacturingfacilities,processes,andemployees,andwhereappropriate,(6)price.NipponSteel
Corp.v.UnitedStates,19CIT450,455n.4(1995).TheCommissionfoundthatduetodifferencesintheir
underlyingrawmaterials,manufacturingfacilities,manufacturingprocesses,andproductionemployees,
CSPVandthinfilmproductsdiffersignificantlyinphysicalcharacteristics,conversionefficiency,output,
andothercapabilities.TheCommissionnotedthatthesephysicallimitationsaffecttheirrelativeprices,
limittheirinterchangeability,andlimitanyoverlapinchannelsofdistribution,particularlyfornonutility
sales.CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCellsandModulesFromChina,Inv.Nos.701TA481and731TA
1190(Final),USITCPublication4360,November2012,pp.412;CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaic
ProductsfromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication
4519,February2015,pp.815.
39
USITCPublication4360at6;USITCPublication4295at1011.
I13

onlyonemajormanufacturingstep(assembly)tobecomeCSPVmodulesandthatprocessdoes
notchangetheessentialcharacteristicsoftheCSPVcells,and(5)CSPVcellsrepresenta
substantialportionofthetotalcostoffinishedCSPVmodules.40
Initspetitioninthecurrentsafeguardinvestigation,SunivaaskstheCommissiontofind
asingledomesticallyproducedarticlethatisthesameastheimportedarticlessubjectto
{the}petition.41NofirmrequestedthattheCommissioncollectdataconcerningotherpossible
alternativeproductsintheircommentsontheCommissionsdraftquestionnaires.42
Physicalproperties
SolarCSPVsystems43convertsunlightintoelectricityforonsiteuseorfordistribution
throughtheelectricgrid.ThemaincomponentsofCSPVsystemsaremodules(alsocommonly
40
TheCommissionconcludedthatCSPVcellsarededicatedforuseinCSPVmodules,andthevast
majorityoftheCSPVcellsmanufacturedintheUnitedStatesareconsumedbytheCSPVcell
manufacturerinitsownproductionofCSPVmodules.ItfoundfurtherthatthefractionofCSPVcells
manufacturedintheUnitedStatesthataresoldinthecommercialmarketareusedtomanufacture
CSPVmodules,therebyindicatingalackofseparatemarketsfortheupstreamanddownstream
products.TheCommissionnotedthattheprocessesusedtomanufactureCSPVmodulesfromCSPVcells
aretechnologicallysophisticated,morelaborintensivethanmanufacturingCSPVcells,andaddvalueto
theproduct,buttheyenhanceratherthanchangethebasicfunctionoftheCSPVcells,whichisto
convertsunlightintoelectricity.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsfromChinaandTaiwan,
Inv.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication4519,February2015,pp.815
(CommissionerBroadbentdissentingandfindingthatCSPVcellsandCSPVmoduleswereseparate
domesticlikeproducts).
41
PetitionforGlobalSafeguardReliefPursuanttoSections201202oftheTradeActof1974
CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCellsandModules(Petition),April26,2017,pp.5and9.
42
Commentsonthedraftquestionnairesweresubmittedonbehalfofthefollowing:(1)Canadian
SolarInc.andCanadianSolar(USA)Inc.,(2)Tesla,Inc.anditssubsidiary,SolarCityCorporation,(3)the
GovernmentofCanada,(4)GoalZero,LLC,(5)KoreaPhotovoltaicIndustryAssociation,HanwhaQCELLS
Korea,LGElectronics,andHyundaiGreenEnergy,(6)AuxinSolar,Inc.,(7)Suniva,Inc.,(8)SunrunInc.,
(9)SolarWorldAmericas,Inc.,and(10)SolarEnergyIndustriesAssociation(SEIA).
43
InadditiontoCSPVproducts,thereiscommercialproductionofthinfilmphotovoltaicproducts
(whicharenotincludedinthescopeoftheinvestigation).Thinfilmcellsandmodulesuseaseveral
micronthicklayerofaphotosensitivesemiconductormaterialsuchasamorphoussilicon(aSi),
(continued...)
I14

referredtoaspanels),whicharecomprisedofcellsthatusecrystallinesilicontoconvert
sunlightintoelectricity.CSPVmodulescanbeusedinbothgroundmountedandrooftop
mountedsystemsandinboththeoffgridmarketsegmentandthethreeongridmarket
segmentsresidential,nonresidential,andutility.44
CSPVcellsusecrystallinesilicontoconvertsunlighttoelectricityandarethebasic
elementsofamodule(figureI1).Theyhaveapositivelayer,anegativelayerandapositive
negativejunction(p/njunction).ElectricityisgeneratedwhensunlightstrikestheCSPVcell,
knockingelectronsloosethatflowontothinmetalfingersthatrunacrosstheCSPVcelland
conductelectricitytothebusbars.45MostCSPVcells,asof2016,were156.0mmby156.0mm
(6.14inchesby6.14inches)or156.75mmby156.75mm(6.17inchesby6.17inches).46Asof
2017,CSPVcellstypicallyhavewattages47rangingfrom4wattstomorethan5wattsperCSPV
cell.48
(continued)
cadmiumtelluride(CdTe),copperindium(gallium)(di)selenide(CISorCIGS)toconvertsunlightto
electricity.USITCPublication4360,p.I20.
44
Photovoltaics(PV)donotincludesolarwaterheatandconcentratedsolarpower(CSP).WhilePV
usesaphotosensitivesemiconductormaterialtoconvertsunlightdirectlytoelectricity,solarwaterheat
usessunlighttoheatwaterandCSPusesreflectedsunlighttogeneratesteamoravaporthatturnsa
turbinetogenerateelectricity.USITCPublication4519,p.I18.
45
USITCPublication4519,p.I19.
46
CSPVwafersarealsoreferredtobynomenclaturerelatedtotheirsize(e.g.,M0,M1,andM2).M2
wafershavealargerdiameterandmoresurfaceareathanM0andM1wafers.InternationalTechnology
RoadmapforPhotovoltaic(ITRPV),2016Results,March2017,pp.3233,
http://www.itrpv.net/.cm4all/iproc.php/ITRPV%20Eighth%20Edition%202017.pdf?cdp=a;Atecom
Technology,CompanyIntroduction,n.d.,p.7,https://file01.itaiwantrade.com/7c4db5ddd9f64dc4
926fdcec9603a2e7/Atecom_Company_Introduction__Solar_wafer_2016.pdf(accessedJuly31,2017).
47
Thisreportwilldiscussdataintermsofwatts(W),kilowattsorkW(equalto1,000watts),
megawattsorMW(1,000kW),andgigawattsorGW(1,000MW).
48
Compiledfromcompanyproductdatasheets.
I15

Figure I-1
CSPV cells
Source: SolarWorld Website, http://www.solarworld.de/en/group/from-sand-to-module/solar-cells/

(accessed July 6, 2017).
CSPVlaminatesconsistoftheCSPVcellsthatareconnected,encapsulatedinanethyl
vinylacetate(EVA)film,49andcoveredwithaglassfrontsheetandabacksheet(figureI2).50
Thebacksheetismostcommonlyaplasticfilmcomposite,thoughglassisalsousedinsome
applicationssuchasbifacialmodules(seebelowforadiscussionofbifacialtechnology).51
49
Thereareotherencapsulationmaterialsthatareused,butEVAaccountedformorethan90
percentofthemarketin2016.ITRPV,2016Results,March2017,p.17,
http://www.itrpv.net/.cm4all/iproc.php/ITRPV%20Eighth%20Edition%202017.pdf?cdp=a.
50
ITRPV,2016Results,March2017,pp.13,17,
http://www.itrpv.net/.cm4all/iproc.php/ITRPV%20Eighth%20Edition%202017.pdf?cdp=a;SolarWorld,
SolarWorldQuality,brochure,May2014,10,https://www.solarworld
usa.com/~/media/www/files/brochures/sw017182usflyersolarworldquality.pdf.
51
ITRPV,2016Results,March2017,pp.17,36,
I16

Figure I-2
Layers of a typical CSPV laminate
Source: SolarWorld, SolarWorld Quality, brochure, May 2014, 10, https://www.solarworld-

usa.com/~/media/www/files/brochures/sw-01-7182us-flyer-solarworldquality.pdf.
I17

CSPVmodulestypicallyconsistofthelaminatethatistypicallyframedinaluminum,
andthenattachedtoajunctionbox.Thejunctionboxcanbeconnectedtoothermodules,an
inverter(whichconvertsthedirectcurrentgeneratedbythesystemtoalternatingcurrent),or,
inthecaseofoffgridmodules,achargecontroller(whichcontrolsbatterycharging)and
battery.52Typicalongridmoduleshave60,72,or96CSPVcells,thoughinsomeinstancesCSPV
cellsarecutinhalfresultingin120or144halfcutCSPVcells(seethediscussionofspecific
productssection)(figureI3).53CSPV60cellmodulesare,onaverage65incheslongand39
incheswide,andaretypically1.5to2inchesindepth.CSPV60cellmodulescommonlyweigh
between33to51pounds.CSPV72cellmodulesaregenerallyaround78incheslong,39inches
wide,and1.5to2inchesthick.54CSPV72cellmodulesgenerallyweighfrom45to61pounds.55
52
USITCPublication4519,p.I19.
53
Schwartz,Joe,HighPowercSiPVModuleSpecifications,SolarPro,Issue10.3,May/June2017,
pp.4859,https://solarprofessional.com/articles/productsequipment/modules/highpowercsipv
modulespecifications2017#.WV8AP6WxA.
54
EnergySage,WhatistheAverageSolarPanelSizeandWeight?n.d.,
http://news.energysage.com/averagesolarpanelsizeweight/(accessedJuly7,2017).
55
4859,https://solarprofessional.com/articles/productsequipment/modules/highpowercsipv
I18

Figure I-3
CSPV 60 cell module (left) and 72 cell module (right)
Source: Suniva, Suniva Optimus Series Monocrystalline Solar Modules, OPT Series: OPT 72 cell
modules (silver frame), brochure, January 18, 2017,
http://suniva.com/documents/[SAMD_0060]%20Suniva%20Optimus%2060%20Silver%20OCOF%20Rev
%205%202017%2001%2018.pdf; Suniva, Suniva Optimus Series Monocrystalline Solar Modules, OPT
Series: OPT 60 cell modules (silver frame), brochure, January 18, 2017,
http://suniva.com/documents/[SAMD_0051]%20Suniva%20Optimus%2072%20cell%2038mmOCOF%20-
%20Rev%209%20-%202017%2001%2018.pdf.
ThetwomaintypesofCSPVcellsandmodulesaremonocrystallinesiliconand
multicrystalline(orpolycrystalline)silicon,thoughtherearevariousproductswithinthesetwo
categories(seethediscussionofspecificproductssection).Monocrystallinecellsaremade
fromasinglegrowncrystalandtendtohaveahigherconversionefficiency.Multicrystalline
cellshavearandomcrystalstructureandtendtohavealowerconversionefficiency.56
TheconversionefficiencyofCSPVmoduleshasincreasedovertime,withthemedian
efficiencyofmodulesinstalledinU.S.residentialsystems,forexample,increasingfrom15.3
percentin2012to16.7percentin2015(figureI4).57Themedianefficiencyofmulticrystalline
56
Conversionefficiencyisthepercentofsunlightthatisconvertedtoelectricity.USITCPublication
4519,p.I19.
57
Thesedatamayincludesomethinfilmproducts.Barbose,GalenandNamDarghouth,Trackingthe
SunIX:TheInstalledPriceofResidentialandNonResidentialPhotovoltaicSystemsintheUnitedStates,
(continued...)
I19

modules(theonlytypeforwhichseparatedatawereavailable)installedinU.S.residential
systemsincreasedfrom14.5percentto16.0percentduring201215.58Therearearangeof
conversionefficienciesformonocrystallineandmulticrystallinemodules.Forexample,
efficienciesfor72cellormoremulticrystallinemoduleslistedinSolarPros2017module
specificationsrangefrom15.2to17.8percent,whileefficienciesformonocrystallinemodules
rangefrom15.5to21.5percent(figureI5).59
Figure I-4
CSPV: Median efficiency of modules installed in residential systems, by year of installation
18%
Medianmoduleefficiency
17%
16%
Allmodules
15% Multicrystallinemodules
14%
13%
2012 2013 2014 2015

Note: The all modules category may include some thin film products.
Source: Barbose, Galen and Nam Darghouth, Tracking the Sun IX: The Installed Price of Residential and
Non-Residential Photovoltaic Systems in the United States, Data file, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 2016, https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/tracking-sun-ix-installed-price.
(continued)
Datafile,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,2016,https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/trackingsun
ixinstalledprice.
58
Barbose,GalenandNamDarghouth,TrackingtheSunIX:TheInstalledPriceofResidentialand
NonResidentialPhotovoltaicSystemsintheUnitedStates,Datafile,LawrenceBerkeleyNational
Laboratory,2016,https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/trackingsunixinstalledprice.
59
pp.4859,https://solarprofessional.com/articles/productsequipment/modules/highpowercsipv
I20

Figure I-5
CSPV: Efficiencies of modules (72 or more cells, 300 or more watts) listed in SolarPros 2017
module specifications
70%
Shareof72ormorecell
60%
moduleslisted
50%
40%
30% Multicrystalline
20% Monocrystalline
10%
0%
15.01to16 16.01to17 17.01to18 >18
Moduleefficiency(percent)

Note: According to SolarPro, its 2017 list of CSPV module specifications includes 232 models with rated
outputs of 300 W STC and greater from 29 manufacturers. The included models are listed and available
for deployment in US-based projects. This c-Si specifications table is not intended to be exhaustive or all-
inclusive; rather, our goal is to present comparative information on a wide cross-section of high-power PV
solutions for utility, commercial and select residential projects. For comparison purposes, the data
presented here include the models with 72 or more CSPV cells and for which a module efficiency was
included.
Source: Schwartz, Joe, High-Power c-Si PV Module Specifications, SolarPro, Issue 10.3, May/June
2017, pp. 4859, https://solarprofessional.com/articles/products-equipment/modules/high-power-c-si-pv-
module-specifications-2017#.WV-8AP6Wx-A.
Multicrystalline60cellmodulescommonlyrangefromaround240to290watts,while
monocrystalline60cellmodulescommonlyrangefromaround260to320watts.60Theaverage
outputof72cellmulticrystallinemoduleslistedinSolarPros2017modulespecificationswas
319watts,whiletheaveragepoweroutputof72cellmonocrystallinemoduleswas340watts.61
60
Compiledfromcompanymoduledatasheetsdownloadedin2017.
61
SolarProsmodulespecificationsonlyincludemodulesof300wattsormore.Datapresentedhere
for72cellmodulesincludethosewith144halfcutcells.Schwartz,Joe,HighPowercSiPVModule
Specifications,SolarPro,Issue10.3,May/June2017,pp.4859,
https://solarprofessional.com/articles/productsequipment/modules/highpowercsipvmodule
specifications2017#.WV8AP6WxA.
I21

Inadditiontostandardsizemodules,CSPVcellscanbeusedinbuildingintegratedPV
(BIPVmodulesorBIPVproducts).BIPVproductsarematerialsintegratedintothebuilding
envelope,suchasthefaadeorroof,containingCSPVcells.Thesebuildingintegratedmaterials
replaceconventionalconstructionmaterials,suchasglassorroofshingles,takingoverthe
functionthatconventionalmaterialswouldotherwiseperformwhilealsoproducingelectricity
(figureI6).62
Figure I-6
Building integrated CSPV
Source: Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)/National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL),
credit Atlantis Energy, Inc.; USITC Publication 4519, p. I-19.
CSPVmodulesarealsousedinoffgridapplications.Inmanyinstances,modules
typicallyusedinongridapplicationsmayalsobeusedinoffgridapplications.Forexample,a
housethatisnotconnectedtothegridcouldusethesamemodulesasahousethatisgrid
connected.63However,thereareabroadrangeofoffgridapplications,suchaspower
62
StevenStrong,BuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics,WholeBuildingDesignGuide,October19,
2016,https://www.wbdg.org/resources/buildingintegratedphotovoltaicsbipv;PolysolarLtd.,Guideto
BIPV,2015,p.1,http://www.polysolar.co.uk/documents/2017%20Guide%20to%20BIPV.pdf.
63
USITCPublication4519,pp.I2021.
I22

generationinremotelocations,mobilepowersolutions,telecommunicationspowerand
lightingsystems,andportableconsumergoods(suchassystemsforrechargingconsumer
electronicsliketabletsandphones)(figureI7).TheCSPVmodulesusedinsomeofthese
applicationsmaybedifferentfromthosetypicallyusedinongridapplications.Forexample,
theseproductsareoftendesignedforspecificpowerandportabilityrequirements,andsome
moduleshavedifferentwattagesthanmodulesusedingridconnectedapplications.64
Figure I-7
CSPV: Off-grid solar lighting

Source: Photo courtesy of DOE/NREL.
64
AmerescoSolarWebsite,http://www.amerescosolar.com/solarpowersystemsgridkitsand
batterybackup(accessedJuly9,2017);SolarElectricPowerCompanyWebsite,http://www.sepco
solarlighting.com/systems/solarviper?hsCtaTracking=3ee71ee4b88f4b28a65e
ca229920c533%7C33d1f59973894913be23d083febf832e(accessedJuly9,2017);SolarStikWebsite,
http://www.solarstik.com/products/powergeneration/(accessedJuly9,2017);GoalZeroWebsite,
http://www.goalzero.com/solarpanels(accessedJuly9,2017).
I23

Manufacturingfacilitiesandprocesses65
TherearefiveprincipalstagestomanufactureCSPVproducts.First,polysiliconis
refined,thenitisformedintoingots,whichareslicedintowafers,convertedtoCSPVcells,and
assembledintothefinishedproduct,modules(figureI8).Thesearediscreteproductionsteps
thatmaybedoneindifferentplantsorlocations.Companiesmaysourceproductsateachstage
ofthevaluechainorproducetheproductsinhouse.CSPVcellsandmodulesaretestedand
inspectedduringtheproductionprocess.66Theingotandwaferproductionprocessdiffersfor
monocrystallineandpolycrystallinecells,asdiscussedbelow.
Figure I-8
CSPV production process

Note: For ingots, the top picture is a crystal used in monocrystalline wafers, while the bottom picture is an
ingot used in making multicrystalline wafers.
Source: SolarWorld, Energy for You and Me brochure, pp. 67, 9; ingot photo courtesy of DOE/NREL,
credit John Wohlgemuth, Solarex; USITC Publication 4519.
65
ThissectionisprimarilyfromUSITCPublication4519,pp.I2529.Referencesaretoanyadditional
sourcesusedforchangestothewriteupasitappearedinpublication4519.
66
SolarWorld,RealValue,2016,https://www.solarworldusa.com/whychoosesolarworld/the
solarworldstandard#Product_certifications.
I24

Siliconrefining
ThefirststepintheCSPVvaluechainisrefiningpolysilicon.Therearemultiple
approachestopolysiliconrefining.ThisdiscussionwillfocusontheSiemensmethod,which
accountedformorethan85percentofglobalproductionin2016,andfluidizedbedreactor
(FBR)technology,whichaccountsformostoftheremainingmarket.67
InthefirststepintheSiemensprocess,quartz(silicondioxide)andcarbonareheatedto
around1,800degreesCelsius.Thecarbonreactswiththeoxygen,resultingincarbondioxide
andsiliconwithapurityofaround98to99percent.Thesiliconisthencombinedwithhydrogen
chloridegasat300to350degreesCelsius,withthereactionresultingintheliquid
trichlorosilane.Next,heatedsiliconrodsareinsertedintoaSiemensreactor,wheretheyare
furtherheatedto1,000degreesCelsiusormore.Hydrogenandtrichlorosilanegasarefedinto
thereactor.Thesiliconfromthetrichlorosilaneisdepositedontotherods,whichsteadily
increaseinsizeuntiltheyareremovedfromthereactoraboutaweeklater.Theresulting
productsarehighpuritypolysiliconchunksorrocks.
Insteadofinsertingrods,FBRusesseedgranulesofpurifiedsilicon.Theseedgranules
arefedintoachamberthathasheatedsilanegasenteringfrombelowandexitingabove.The
flowofgasfluidizesthesilicongranules,causingthemtoflowlikealiquid,asthesilanegas
breaksdownanddepositssiliconlayersonthem.Thegranulesgrowlargerandheavierandexit
whentheyaresufficientlylarge.Astheydoso,newseedgranulesandgasareintroducedinto
67
ITRPV,2016Results,March2017,p.9,
I25

thechamberandtheprocesscontinues.68TheFBRprocess,whichisnewerthantheSiemens
process,uses80to90percentlessenergy,requiresasmallerfootprint,isacontinuousprocess,
takesuplessspaceinshipping,andcanincreasedownstreamproductionefficiency.69However,
theprocessisdifficulttoscaleandachievehighpurityproductionatlowcost.70
Ingotsandwafersformonocrystallinecells
IntheCzochralskiprocess71forproducingcrystalsusedinmonocrystallinewafers,
polysiliconrocksarefirstplacedintoaquartzcruciblealongwithasmallamountofboron,
whichisusedtoprovideapositiveelectricorientation(figureI9).Thecrucibleisthenloaded
intoaCzochralskifurnaceandheatedtoabout2,500degreeFahrenheit.Oncethepolysiliconis
melted,aseedcrystalisloweredintothematerialandrotated,withthecruciblerotatedinthe
oppositedirection.Themeltstartstosolidifyontheseedandtheseedisslowlyraisedoutof
themeltcreatingasinglelongcrystal.Thecrystalisthencooledbeforeitismovedontothe
nextstep.Theprocessofgrowingthecrystaltakesabout2.5days.72
68
RECSiliconwebsite,http://www.recsilicon.com/technology/recsiliconsfluidizedbedreactor
process(accessedJune12,2017).
69
RECSiliconwebsite,http://www.recsilicon.com/technology/recsiliconsfluidizedbedreactor
process(accessedJune12,2017);IHSMarkit,FluidizedBedReactorTechnologyStakesItsClaiminSolar
PolysiliconManufacturing,Newsrelease,May7,2014,http://news.ihsmarkit.com/press
release/designsupplychainmedia/fluidizedbedreactortechnologystakesitsclaimsolarpoly.
70
IHSMarkit,FluidizedBedReactorTechnologyStakesItsClaiminSolarPolysiliconManufacturing,
Newsrelease,May7,2014,http://news.ihsmarkit.com/pressrelease/designsupplychain
media/fluidizedbedreactortechnologystakesitsclaimsolarpoly.
71
ThisdiscussionwillfocusontheCzochralskiprocess,whichaccountedformorethan95percentof
productionin2016.ITRPV,2016Results,March2017,p.19,
72
SolarWorldWebsite,https://www.solarworldusa.com/solar101/makingsolarpanels(accessed
July15,2017).
I26

Figure I-9
Czochralski process, crucible loading/charging (left), seed crystal (second from left), crystal
growing (second from right), and finished crystal (right)

Source: SolarWorld Website, https://www.solarworld-usa.com/solar-101/making-solar-panels (accessed
July 15, 2017).
Oncethecrystalhascooled,itisprocessedintowafers.Thetopandtail(eachendofthe
cylindricalcrystal)arecutoff(figureI10).73Theremainingportionofthecrystal(oringot)is
cutintoequallengthpiecesandsquared.Insquaring,theroundedsidesoftheingotarecut
intofourflatsides,leavingonlyroundedcorners.Awiresawthenslicestheingotsintowafers.
Amajorityofglobalmanufacturershaveswitchedtodiamondwiresawsformonocrystalline
waferslicing,whichhasseveralbenefitsincludingincreasethespeedoftheproduction
process.74Thewafersarethencleaned,dried,andinspected.75
73
Thesetopsandtailscanbereused.YingliSolar,Form20F,AnnualFilingtotheSecuritiesand
ExchangeCommission,May16,2017,p.64,http://ir.yinglisolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=213018&p=irol
sec.
74
ITRPV,2016Results,March2017,pp.89,
http://www.itrpv.net/.cm4all/iproc.php/ITRPV%20Eighth%20Edition%202017.pdf?cdp=a;MeyerBurger
Website,https://www.meyerburger.com/gb/en/technologies/photovoltaics/highefficiency
technologies/diamondwire/(accessedJuly15,2017);Roselund,Christian,SolarWorldInvestsin
DiamondWireSawsforGermanWafering,PVMagazine,January16,2017,https://www.pv
magazine.com/2017/01/16/solarworldtoinvestindiamondwiresawsforgermanwaferproduction/.
I27

Figure I-10
Wafer production: Cutting off the top and tail (left), squaring (middle), and slicing into wafers
(right)

Source: SolarWorld Website, https://www.solarworld-usa.com/solar-101/making-solar-panels (accessed
July 15, 2017).
Ingotsandwafersformulticrystallinecells
Formulticrystallineingots,thefirststepisalsoloadingpolysiliconintoacrucible.This
crucibleisthenloadedintoadirectionalsolidificationsystems(DSS)furnace,whereitiscast
intoingots.Theingotisthencutintoblocks.Theseblocksaretestedandanypartsoftheblock
thatdonotpassthesetestsarecroppedoff.Theblocksareslicedintowafersusingawiresaw.
Finally,thewafersarecleaned,dried,andinspected.76Thisprocessresultsinsquarewafers,
whilethemonocrystallineprocessresultsinwaferswithroundedcorners.
CSPVcells
Themonocrystallineandpolycrystallinewafers,whichare180to200micrometersthick,
arenextprocessedintoCSPVcells.CSPVcellproductioniscapitalintensiveandrequiresa
skilledworkforce.Somefirmsuseahighlyautomatedmanufacturingprocess,whileothersmix
(continued)
75
JASolar,Form20F,AnnualFilingtotheSecuritiesandExchangeCommission,April26,2017,p.
43,http://investors.jasolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=208005&p=irolsec.
76
I28

automationandmanuallaborintheirproductionprocesses.77Themainsteps78inCSPVcell
productionareasfollows:
Cleaningandtexturing:First,thewafersarecleaned,thenthesurfaceofthewafer
undergoesachemicaltreatmentthatreducesthereflectionofsunlightandincreases
lightabsorption(figureI11).
Diffusion:Inthenextstep,phosphorusisdiffusedintoathinlayerofthewafer
surface.Themolecularlevelimpregnationoccursasthewafersurfaceisexposedto
phosphorusgasatahighheat,astepthatgivesthesurfaceanegativepotential
electricalorientation.Thecombinationofthatlayerandtheborondopedlayerbelow
createsapositivenegative,orP/N,junctionacriticalpartitioninthefunctioningofaPV
cell.79
Edgeisolation:AthinlayerofsiliconisthenremovedfromtheedgeoftheCSPVcellto
separatethepositiveandnegativelayers.
Coating:Next,asiliconnitrideantireflectivecoatingisaddedtothePVcellstoincrease
theabsorptionofsunlight.
Printing:MetalsarethenprintedonthesolarCSPVcelltocollecttheelectricity.Onthe
frontoftheCSPVcellthesemetalsareprintedinthinmetalstripscalledfingers,which
77
78
Thissectionwilldiscussthegeneralmanufacturingprocess.Theremaybeadditionalstepsfor
someofthespecifictechnologiesdiscussedbelow.
79
SolarWorld,EnergyforYouandMebrochure,p.12.
I29

areconnectedtotherestofthemoduleviabusbars.Ametallayer,typicallyaluminum,
isalsoprintedonthebackoftheCSPVcell.80
Cofiring:TheCSPVcellsthenenterafurnace,wherethehightemperaturecausesthe
silverpastetobecomeimbeddedinthesurfaceofthesiliconlayer,formingareliable
electricalcontact.81
Testingandsorting:ThefinalstepintheprocessisthetestingandsortingoftheCSPV
cellsbasedontheircharacteristicsandefficiency.
80
42,http://investors.jasolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=208005&p=irolsec;ETonSolarWebsite,
http://www.etonsolar.com.tw/Technology.asp?le=english&fid=63(accessedJune9,2017).
81
JASolar,Form20F,April16,2013,p.41.
I30

Figure I-11
CSPV cell production: Texturing (top) and screen printing (bottom)

Source: SolarWorld, Energy for You and Me brochure, pp. 1213.
Modules
TheCSPVcellsarenextassembledintomodules.Theextentofautomationandmanual
laborinvolvedinmoduleassemblyvariesdependingonthecompany,thoughitisgenerallythe
mostlaborintensivepartofthemanufacturingprocess.First,astringofCSPVcellsissoldered
together(figureI12).Apieceofglassisplacedontheproductionline,ontopofwhichisadded
I31

apieceofethylvinylacetate(EVA).TheCSPVcellsarelaidoutinarectangularmatrixthatwill
providetheappropriatewattageandpowerrequirements.Typicallyasealantisadded,often
EVA,andabacksheetisadded.TheCSPVcellsarethenlaminatedinavacuumandarecured.
AtthisstagetheCSPVcellsarereferredtoasalaminate.Framesarethenusuallyattachedto
thelaminate,andajunctionboxisattachedtotheback.Inthefinalstep,modulesarecleaned
andinspected.
Figure I-12
Soldering CSPV cells together into strings

Source: SolarWorld, Energy for You and Me brochure, pp. 1213.
Uses82
TherearefourprimarymarketsegmentsforCSPVproducts.Therearethreegrid
connectedmarketsegmentsresidential,nonresidential,andutilityandanoffgridmarket.In
thegridconnectedmarket,installationsareusuallyeithergroundmountedorroofmounted.
82
ThissectionisprimarilyfromUSITCPublication4519,pp.I2125.Referencesaretoanyadditional
sourcesusedforchangestotheanalysisasitappearedinpublication4519.
I32

Inadditiontothemodule,thereareanumberofothercomponentsoftheinstallationcalled
thebalanceofsystem(BOS).TheBOSincludescomponentssuchastheinverter,andthe
rackingonwhichthesystemisinstalled.83
Residentialgridconnectedsystemsareinstalledatindividualhomes.CSPVmodulesare
typicallyinstalledontheroof,thoughtheycanalsobegroundmounted,andconnectedtoan
inverter.Thesystemcanuseacentralinverter,whichconvertsthepowerfrommultiple
modules,oreachmodulecanhaveitsownmicroinverterattached.Inresidentialinstallations,
theelectricitygeneratedbythesystemisusedforpowerintheindividualhome(figureI13).
Homeownersusegridenergywhensolarelectricitygenerationisnotsufficienttomeetdemand
andoftenfeedenergybackintothegridwhensolarelectricitygenerationexceedshomeuse.In
theUnitedStates,themediansizeofaresidentialPVinstallationincreasedfrom5.5kilowatts
(kW)in2012to6.1kWin2015.84
83
Inadditiontoequipment,thereareanumberofservicesassociatedwithinstallingaPVsystem
suchassiteassessmentanddesign,permitting,financing,andthesysteminstallations,aswellas
operationsandmaintenanceservicesaftertheinstallationiscompleted.
84Barbose,GalenandNamDarghouth,TrackingtheSunIX:TheInstalledPriceofResidentialand
NonResidentialPhotovoltaicSystemsintheUnitedStates,Datafile,LawrenceBerkeleyNational
Laboratory,2016,https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/trackingsunixinstalledprice.
I33

Figure I-13
Residential grid-connected CSPV system

Source: DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Website,
http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10720 (accessed November 9,
2011); USITC Publication 4519, p. I-22.
Nonresidentialsystemsareinstalledatcommercial,industrial,government,andsimilar
buildingsandsites(figureI14).Nonresidentialinstallationsaretypicallylargerthanresidential
installationsfornonresidentialsystems500kWorless,themediansizein2015was31kW,
thoughsystemscanbesubstantiallylarger.85However,theyfunctionsimilarlytoresidential
85
Nonresidentialsystemscanalsobesubstantiallylarger.TheTrackingtheSunreportalsoincludes
themediansizeofsystems500kWorlarger,whichwas1.1GWin2015.However,theirdefinitionof
systemsizelikelyincludessystemsthatwouldbeclassifiedasutilityprojectsinotherdefinitions.
Barbose,GalenandNamDarghouth,TrackingtheSunIX:TheInstalledPriceofResidentialandNon
ResidentialPhotovoltaicSystemsintheUnitedStates,Datafileandreport,LawrenceBerkeleyNational
Laboratory,2016,pp.7,11,https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/trackingsunixinstalledprice.
I34

installations,providingelectricitytomeetonsiteneeds,pullingadditionalelectricityfromthe
gridwhenneeded,andfeedingexcesselectricitybackintothegridwhenitisnotneeded.86
Figure I-14
Installation of a nonresidential CSPV system

Source: Photos courtesy of DOE/NREL, credit Dennis Schroeder; USITC Publication 4519, p. I-23.
Utilitysystemsaregenerallythelargestsystems,andprovideelectricitydirectlytothe
electricgridforsaletocustomersratherthanforonsiteuse(figureI15).Thesesystemsare
generallygroundmountedandcurrentlytendtousecentralinvertersratherthan
microinverters.CSPVutilitysystemsmayinvolvefixedtilt,singleaxistracking(panelsrotateto
followtheeastwestmovementofthesun),ordualaxistracking(panelsalsomovetofollow
thenorthsouthmovementofthesunduringtheyear).During201215,72percentofinstalled
systemslargerthan5MWusedtracking,withmostsystemsusingsingleaxistracking.87While
priorto2012mostutilitysystemsinstalledintheUnitedStateswere600volts,higher1,000
voltutilitysystemsbecameincreasinglycommonduring201216andtowardtheendofthis
86Sherwood,Larry,U.S.SolarMarketTrends2013,July2014,p.16,http://www.irecusa.org/wp
content/uploads/2014/07/FinalSolarReport7314W28.pdf.
87
Intheirutilityscalereport,LBNLusesalternatingcurrentforcapacityratherthandirectcurrent.
Bolinger,MarkandJoachimSeel,UtilityScaleSolar2015:AnEmpiricalAnalysisofProjectCost,
Performance,andPricingTrendsintheUnitedStates,LBNL1006037,August2016,report,pp.56and
DataFile,https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/utilityscalesolar2015empirical.
I35

timeperiod1,500voltsystemswereintroducedintheU.S.market.Thesehighervoltage
systemsusefewerbalanceofsystemcomponents,requirelessinstallationtime,reduce
electricitylosses,andleadtohigherinverterefficiencies.Thisresultsinlowerenergycosts.88
Figure I-15
La Ola PV plant, a utility CSPV system on Lanai, Hawaii
Source: Photo courtesy of DOE/NREL, credit Jamie Keller; USITC Publication 4519, p. I-24.
Asnotedabove,thereareabroadrangeofoffgridapplications,suchaspower
generationinremotelocations,mobilepowersolutions,telecommunicationspowerand
lightingsystems,andportableconsumergoods(suchassystemsforrechargingconsumer
electronicsliketabletsandphones).Thesesystemsoftenhaveadditionalbalanceofsystem
components,suchasabatteryandchargecontroller,thoughinvertersarenotneededforall
offgridapplications.
88
Onethousandvoltsystemsarealsousedinsomecommercialinstallations.ULWebsite,
http://www.ul.com/newsroom/featured/ulprovides1500voltpvmodulecertification/(accessedJuly
10,2017);Roselund,Christian,1500voltSystemstoAccountfor9%ofUtilityscalePVInstallationsin
2016,PVMagazine,January11,2016,https://www.pvmagazine.com/2016/01/11/1500voltsystems
toaccountfor9ofutilityscalepvinstallationsin2016_100022732/;Moskowitz,Scott,TheNext
OpportunityforUtilityPVCostReductions:1,500VoltsDC,GreentechMedia,May14,2015,
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/TheNextOpportunityforUtilityPVCostReductions
1500VoltsDC;Morgenson,Jim,Choose1,000VoltsforCommercialPVApplications,SolarBuilder,
January20,2014,http://solarbuildermag.com/featured/1000voltsinverterssmaamerica/.
I36

Marketingchannels
Channelsofdistribution
U.S.producersandimporterscommercialU.S.shipments,bychannelsofdistribution,
arepresentedintableI1.CSPVproductsaregenerallysoldintheUnitedStatesto
distributors,89residentialandcommercialinstallers,90andutility/developers.Domestic
producerssoldCSPVproductstoallchannelsofdistributionduringtheperiodofinvestigation,
butsoldamajorityoftheirproductstodistributorsandasubstantialamounttocommercial
installers.U.S.producersreportedthataminoramountoftheirU.S.commercialshipments
consistofCSPVcellstomoduleassemblers.91U.S.importerscommerciallyshippedCSPV
productstoallchannelsofdistributionduring201216,exceptformoduleassemblers.A
majorityofsalesofimportedproductsbyU.S.importersweretoutility/developers,witha
substantialamountgoingtocommercialandresidentialinstallers.
89
SolardistributorstypicallysellCSPVproductsintotheresidentialandnonresidentialmarket,
includingtotheinstallersthatoperateinthesemarketsegments.DiFrangia,Michelle,HowDistributors
DoSolar,SolarPowerWorld,April30,2014,
https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2014/04/distributorssolar/.
90
InstallersarefirmsthatareresponsiblefortheCSPVsysteminstallation;however,theymay
subcontractsomepartsoftheinstallationtootherfirmssuchaselectricalcontractors.Installersmaysell
thesystemthemselvesorbecontractedbyothersystemsellers,suchasthirdpartyowners,toinstall
thesystem.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsfromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA
511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication4519,February2015,p.II3.
91
CSPVcellsaretypicallyinternallyconsumedtoproducesolarmodulesbyU.S.producers,butmay
alsobesoldtocompaniesthatfabricatemodulesorpanels.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaic
ProductsfromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication
4519,February2015,p.II3.
I37

Table I-1
CSPV products: U.S. producers and importers commercial U.S. shipments, by channels of
distribution, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Share of commercial U.S. shipments (percent)
U.S. producers:
to Module assemblers *** *** *** *** ***
to Distributors *** *** *** *** ***
to Residential installers *** *** *** *** ***
to Commercial installers *** *** *** *** ***
to Utilities or developers *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. importers:
to Module assemblers --- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
to Distributors 6.6 9.1 9.6 11.0 6.4
to Residential installers 19.8 16.9 21.2 24.5 13.4
to Commercial installers 24.2 24.8 16.5 16.1 15.1
to Utilities or developers 49.4 49.2 52.7 48.3 65.1
Note.--Shares shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.
Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.
Marketsegments
Thelargestgridconnectedmarketsegmentin2016wastheutilitysegment,with10.6
GWin2016installations(includingthinfilmproducts).Thiswasfollowedbytheresidential
sectorwith2.6GWandthenonresidentialsectorwith1.6GW.Theresidentialmarket
exceededthenonresidentialmarketinsizeduring201416,butwassmallerduring201213.92
Publicinformationonthesizeoftheoffgridmarketwasnotreadilyavailable.Theremainderof
thissectionprovidesabriefdescriptionofeachoftheindustriesinthesemarketsegments,
thoughinmanycasestheindustriesoverlap.Forexample,manynonresidentialinstallersalso
installresidentialCSPVsystems.
92
GTMResearchandtheSolarEnergyIndustriesAssociation(SEIA),U.S.SolarMarketInsight:2016
YearinReview,ExecutiveSummary,2017,pp.6,1011.
I38

TherewereseveralthousandresidentialsolarinstallersintheUnitedStatesin2015
(latestavailable),mostofwhicharerelativelysmallfirms.93Accordingtooneinstallersurvey,
themedianvolumeinstalledbyresidentialinstallersin2016was500kW.94However,thereare
alsolargerfirmsoperatinginmultiplestates,andthetopthreeinstallersaccountedfor48
percentofthemarketinthesecondquarterof2016.95Manyinstallersofferfinancingoptions
tocustomers,andsomeinstallersalsooffercustomerstheoptiontoleaseorpurchasethe
powerfromthesystem(knownasthirdpartyownershiporTPO)ratherthanbuythesystem
itself.96WhileTPOaccountedforthemajorityofinstallationsduring201216,theshareofthe
marketaccountedforbyTPOsystemspeakedin2014.97
Therewereover1,000nonresidentialinstallersin2015,manyofwhichalsoinstalled
residentialsystems.98Aswithresidentialinstallers,themajorityofnonresidentialinstallersare
smallthemedianinstallationvolumeinoneinstallersurveywas285kW.99Thelargest
nonresidentialinstallersaccountforasmallershareofthemarketthanthelargestresidential
installers.In2015,thetopthreenonresidentialinstallersaccountedforabout26percentofthe
93
TrackingtheSunPublicDataFile,TheOpenPVProject,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,
https://openpv.nrel.gov/search(accessedJuly11,2017).
94
EnergySage,SolarInstaller2016SurveyResults,January2017,2.
95
Thetopteninstallerscombinedaccountedfor58percentofthemarket.AllisonMond,TheRiseof
theRegionalSolarInstaller,June22,2016,https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/therise
oftheregionalsolarinstaller;EnergySage,SolarInstaller2016SurveyResults,January2017,2.
96
EnergySage,SolarInstaller2016SurveyResults,January2017,45;USITC,RenewableEnergyand
RelatedServices:RecentDevelopments,InvestigationNo.332534,USITCPublication4421,August2013,
pp.323,389.
97
Litvak,Nicole,U.S.ResidentialSolarFinancing20162021,November2016,GreentechMedia,
https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/usresidentialsolarfinancing20162021.
98
TrackingtheSunPublicDataFile,TheOpenPVProject,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,
https://openpv.nrel.gov/search(accessedJuly11,2017).
99
I39

market.100Aswithresidentialinstallers,manycommercialinstallersofferfinancingandTPO
options,thoughtheseaccountforasmallershareofnonresidentialinstallationsthan
residential.101
PVinstallationsandotherPVactivitiesaretheprimarybusinesslinesformost
residentialandnonresidentialsolarinstallers,thoughtheprimarybusinesslinesforsomefirms
thatinstallPVsystemsarerelatedactivitiessuchaselectricalcontracting,generalcontracting,
androofing.102Firmsoftencompetewithalargenumberofotherinstallers,with47percentof
firmsreporting20ormorecompetitors.103
Theutilitysegmentisthemostconcentratedintermsofthenumberofactiveproject
developersandengineering,procurement,andconstruction(EPC)firms.104Thetopnine
utilityprojectdevelopersin2016accountedforacombined70percentofthemarketin2016,
andthetopnineEPCfirmsaccountedfor69percentofthemarket.105Thisisthelargest
100
CoryHoneyman,U.S.SolarMarketOutlook:MarketDriversandCompetitiveLandscapeTrends
ShapingU.S.SolarDemand,GTMResearch,July2016,18,http://sunspec.org/wp
content/uploads/2016/07/HoneymanGTMResearchSunSpecIntersolarPVFinance.pdf.
101
USITC,RenewableEnergyandRelatedServices:RecentDevelopments,InvestigationNo.332534,
USITCPublication4421,August2013,pp.323,389;Barbose,GalenandNamDarghouth,Tracking
theSunIX:TheInstalledPriceofResidentialandNonResidentialPhotovoltaicSystemsintheUnited
States,Datafile,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,2016,pp.1213,
https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/trackingsunixinstalledprice.
102
103
104
USITCPublication4519,pp.II56;SolarPowerWorld,2016TopSolarUtilityContractors,
https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016topsolarutilitycontractors/(accessedJuly11,2017);
EnergyAcuity,2016SolarReport:UtilityScale,March2017,pp.7,11,
https://www.energyacuity.com/energyacuityreports.
105
ExcludesprojectswhereFirstSolar,thelargestglobalthinfilmproducer,waslistedasthe
developerortheEPCprovider.However,thedatalikelystillcontainsomethinfilmproducts.Energy
Acuity,2016SolarReport:UtilityScale,March2017,pp.7,11,https://www.energyacuity.com/energy
(continued...)
I40

marketsegmentsomanyofthesefirmsalsoinstalledamuchlargervolumeofproductsin2016
thanfirmsintheothermarketsegments.106Thetypesoffirmsthatdeveloputilityprojectsare
diverseandtheindustryiscomposedof(1)firmswhoseprimarybusinessisproject
development;(2)firmsthatareengagedinbothproducingequipment(e.g.,modules)and
developingprojects;(3)unregulatedentitiesrelatedtomajorutilitycompanies;(4)other
independentpowerproducers(IPPs);(5)utilities;and(6)otherfirms.107Projectdevelopersmay
performEPCservices,orlargecontractorsoftenhandletheseservices.108
Theoffgridmarketsegmentisdiverse,andwithinitthereareanumberofvery
differentmarketsegments.Forexample,someCSPVoffgridproducts,suchassolarchargers
andsolargenerators,aresolddirectlytoconsumersorthroughretailchannels.109OtherCSPV
offgridproductssuchassolarstreetlightingandoffgridpowersystemsaresold,either
(continued)
acuityreports;FinlayColville,Top10SolarCellProducersin2016,PVTech,January30,2017,
https://www.pvtech.org/editorsblog/top10solarcellproducersin2016.
106
SolarPowerWorld,2016TopSolarUtilityContractors,
https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016topsolarutilitycontractors/(accessedJuly11,2017).
107
AnIPPisanentitythatprimarilyproduceselectricityforsaleonthewholesalemarket.Itisnota
utility,doesnotownelectricitytransmission,anddoesnothaveadesignatedservicearea.Thisisbased
ontheEnergyInformationAdministrationdefinitionassummarizedinUSITCPublication4421.USITC,
RenewableEnergyandRelatedServices:RecentDevelopments,InvestigationNo.332534,USITC
Publication4421,August2013,pp.31415.
108
USITC,RenewableEnergyandRelatedServices:RecentDevelopments,InvestigationNo.332534,
USITCPublication4421,August2013,pp.31516.
109
CostcoWebsite,https://www.costco.com/GoalZeroSherpa50SolarKitPoweronthe
Go.product.100145834.html(accessedJuly9,2017);AcademySportsandOutdoorsWebsite,
http://www.academy.com/shop/browse/hunting/wildlifefeedfeeders/feederaccessories/solarpanel
chargers(accessedJuly15,2017);GoalZeroWebsite,http://www.goalzero.com/p/12/nomad13solar
panel(accessedJuly15,2017).
I41

directlyorthroughentitiessuchasinstallersandcontractors,touserssuchasindustrial,
commercial,andgovernmententities.110
Discussionofspecificproducts
ThereareanumberofdifferentCSPVcellandmoduletechnologiescurrentlybeingused
byCSPVproductmanufacturers.Someofthesetechnologiesaredescribedbelow.
PassiveEmitterRearContact(PERC)111cellsincorporateanadditionalreardielectric
layerthatreflectslightthatdidnotgenerateelectricityasitinitiallypassedthroughtheCSPV
cellbackintotheCSPVcell.Thereis,therefore,anotheropportunityfortheCSPVcelltoabsorb
thislight.PERCcellshaveahigherefficiency,andimprovedperformanceincertainconditions,
suchaslowlightandhighheatconditions.ExistingCSPVcellproductionlinescanbe
reconfiguredtoproducePERCcellswiththeadditionoftwosteps.Therefore,thechangeover
toPERCtechnologyisrelativelystraightforward,thoughtherearesomechallengeswithPERC
technologysuchasthepotentialformorerapidcelldegradation.112PERCandrelated
technologiesaccountedformorethan10percentoftheglobalmarketin2016,andtheir
production(particularlyofmonocrystallinePERC)isexpectedtosignificantlyincreaseinthe
110
AmerescoSolarWebsite,http://www.amerescosolar.com/aboutamerescosolarwhatwedo
(accessedJuly15,2017);SolarStikWebsite,http://www.solarstik.com/photogallery/(accessedJuly15,
2017);SolWebsite,http://solarlighting.com/contractors/(accessedJuly16,2017);EnGoPlanet
Website,https://www.engoplanet.com/projects(accessedJuly15,2017).
111
ThissectionwillfocusonPERCtechnology,buttherearearangeofrelatedtechnologiessuchas
PassivatedEmitterRearTotallyDiffused(PERT)andPassivatedEmitterRearLocallyDiffused(PERL).Aleo
website,http://www.aleosolar.com/perccelltechnologyexplained/(accessedJune9,2017).
112
Aleowebsite,http://www.aleosolar.com/perccelltechnologyexplained/(accessedJune9,
2017);Gustin,Gena,WhatisPERC?WhyShouldyouCare?July5,2016,SolarPowerWorld,June9,
2017,http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/07/whatispercwhyshouldyoucare/;Schmid
Group,PERCCells:ProductionCostsDown,EfficiencyUp,Newsrelease,May18,2016,http://schmid
group.com/en/schmidgroup/newsevents/pressreleases/perccellsproductioncostsdownefficiency
up/.
I42

nextfewyears,withoneestimateprojecting15GWofglobalmonocrystallinePERCproduction
in2017.113
Heterojunctioncells,whichincludeheterojunctionwithintrinsicthinlayer(HIT),add
thinlayersofphotosensitivesemiconductormaterials(typicallyamorphoussilicon)ontopofa
monocrystallinewafer.Theseadditionallayersincreasetheabsorptionofsunlight,andthe
overallefficienciesoftheCSPVcells.Theyalsoperformbetterinhotclimatesthantypical
monocrystallinecells.Theyaremoreexpensivetoproduceandaredifficulttoscaleupto
commercialproduction,however,soonlyafewcompaniescurrentlyproducethis
technology.114
BifacialcellsconvertlightthathitsboththefrontandbackoftheCSPVcellinto
electricity(figureI16).WhereasmostCSPVcellshaveametalizedbacklayer,bifacialcellsallow
lightthroughtothebacksideoftheCSPVcell.TheyoftenincorporateeitherthePERCor
heterojunctiontechnologiesdiscussedabove.Whenincorporatedintomodules,theyusea
transparentbacksheetorrearglasslayertoallowsunlighttopassthroughtotherearofthe
CSPVcell.Bifacialcellsincreaseenergyproduction,butarealsomoreexpensivetoproduce.
Theextenttowhichenergyproductionincreasesdependsinpartonthecharacteristicsofthe
113
http://www.itrpv.net/.cm4all/iproc.php/ITRPV%20Eighth%20Edition%202017.pdf?cdp=a;Colville,
Finlay,PERCSolarCellProductiontoExceed15GWin2017,PVTech,July27,2017,https://www.pv
tech.org/editorsblog/percsolarcellproductiontoexceed15gwin2017.
114
Roselund,Christian,TheUncertainFutureofSiliconHeterojunctionSolar,PVMagazine,March
15,2016,https://www.pvmagazine.com/magazinearchive/theuncertainfutureofsilicon
heterojunctionsolar_100023725/;Roselund,Christian,TheBestoftheBest:InnovativeHighEfficiency
PVModuleDesigns,PVMagazine,March15,2016,https://www.pvmagazine.com/magazine
archive/thebestofthebestinnovativehighefficiencypvmoduledesigns_100023720/.
I43

surfacebelowtheinstalledmodules.In2015,bifacialmodulesaccountedfor12percentofthe
globalmodulemarket,buttheirmarketshareisprojectedtogrowinthenextfiveyears.115
Figure I-16
Bifacial PV modules absorb sunlight on both sides of the module
Source: SolarWorld AG Website, http://www.solarworld.de/en/products/products/solar-

modules/sunmodule-bisun-protect/ (accessed July 15, 2017).
115
Roselund,Christian,TwoSidesoftheSameCoin,PVMagazine,February6,2017,
https://www.pvmagazine.com/magazinearchive/twosidesofthesamecoin/;Brearley,David,
BifacialPVSystems,SolarPro,March/April2017,issueno.10.2,
https://solarprofessional.com/articles/designinstallation/bifacialpvsystems#.WTmljv7rsuZ.
I44

Somemanufacturershaveswitchedtomoduleswithhalfcutcells.Thesearestandard
cellsthatarecutinhalf,suchthatastandard60cellmodulewouldinsteadhave120halfcells.
Halfcutcellsresultinlowercellcurrentsand,therefore,reducepowerlossesandincreasecell
efficiencyandoverallmoduleoutput.116Halfcutcellsaccountedfor2percentoftheglobal
marketin2016,thoughthisshareisforecasttoincrease.117
ManymanufacturersareincreasingthenumberofbusbarsinPVcells,whichresultsin
higherefficiencyandgreaterpoweroutput.Threebusbarcellsaccountedforslightlymorethan
halfoftheglobalmarketin2016,downfrommorethan80percentin2014.Fourormore
busbarcellsaccountedformorethan40percentofthemarketin2016andareforecastto
accountforcloseto60percentoftheglobalmarketin2017.Somemanufacturershave
eliminatedbusbars,whichcanprovidebenefitssuchasreducingelectricallossesandincreasing
thesurfaceareaofthecellthatcanabsorbsunlight.Cellswithoutbusbarscurrentlyaccountfor
lessthan5percentoftheglobalmarket.118
116
RECSolar,TheNewRECTwinPeakSeries,n.d.,
http://www.recgroup.com/sites/default/files/documents/whitepaper_twinpeak_technology.pdf
(accessedJuly15,2017).
117
118
Pickerel,Kelly,Busbars:ASolarPanelNecessityorHindrance?SolarPowerWorld,May9,2016,
https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/05/busbarssolarpanelnecessityorhindrance/;ITRPV,
2016Results,March2017,pp.2829,
http://www.itrpv.net/.cm4all/iproc.php/ITRPV%20Eighth%20Edition%202017.pdf?cdp=a;ITRPV,2014
Results,Revision1,July2015,p.22,http://www.itrpv.net/Reports/Downloads/2015/.
I45

SomePVmodulesdonotuseaframe,whichreducescosts.Thesemodulestypicallyuse
aglassastherearlayertoensuremechanicalstability.Framelessmodulesaccountforlessthan
5percentoftheglobalmarket.119
U.S.tarifftreatment
Theimportedarticlesareprovidedforinsubheading8541.40.60(statisticalreporting
numbers8541.40.6020(solarcells,assembledintomodulesormadeupintopanels)and
8541.40.6030(solarcells,other))oftheHTS,andarefreeofdutyunderthegeneraldutyrate.
Thesearticlesmayalsobeimportedaspartsorsubassembliesofgoodsprovidedforin
subheadings8501.31.80,8501.61.00,and8507.20.80.Decisionsonthetariffclassificationand
treatmentofimportedarticlesarewithintheauthorityofU.S.CustomsandBorderProtection.
119
I46

THEU.S.MARKET
U.S.producers120
TheCommissionsentU.S.producersquestionnairesto188firmsidentifiedbythe
CommissionaspossibleU.S.producersorU.S.importersofCSPVcellsand/ormodules.The
Commissionreceivedresponsesfrom13firmsreportingdomesticproductionsinceJanuary1,
2012.121DuringthepreviousCSPV2investigations,threeadditionalfirms(Motech,Silicon
Energy,andtenKsolar)thathavesinceceasedCSPVoperationssuppliedtheCommissionwith
informationontheirU.S.operations.122Whereapplicable,theaggregateU.S.industrydata
presentedinthisreportalsoincludethedataprovidedtotheCommissionbythesethree
120
InthepriorCSPV1andCSPV2investigations,theCommissionfoundthatU.S.moduleassemblers
engagedinsufficientproductionrelatedactivitiestoincludetheminthedomesticindustryasdomestic
producersofthedomesticlikeproduct.Consequently,theCommissiontreatedtheirresultingCSPV
productsasshipmentsbythedomesticindustry,evenifthosemoduleswereassembledintheUnited
Statesfrominputsthatwereimported.Nopartyinthosepriorinvestigationsarguedthatmodule
assemblersshouldnotbeincludedinthedomesticindustry.BasedonherfindingthatCSPVcellsand
CSPVmoduleswereseparatedomesticlikeproducts,however,CommissionerBroadbentdefinedtwo
correspondingdomesticindustries.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCellsandModulesfromChina
andTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication4519,February2015,
p.16.
121
Oneofthe12firmsprovidingresponsestotheU.S.producerquestionnaire(***)provided
responsestocertainnarrativequestionsintheU.S.producerquestionnairebutdidnotprovideanydata
concerningitsproductionoperations.Thefollowingcompaniesreportedthattheyhavenotproduced
CSPVproductsintheUnitedStatessinceJanuary1,2012:***.
122
Anotherfirm,Suntech,submitteddataintheCSPV1investigationsbutdidnotsubmitdatainthe
CSPV2investigations;Suntech,anopponentofthepriorpetitions,accountedforasmallanddeclining
shareofdomesticproduction,importedsizeablevolumesfromChinaandTaiwan,andclosedits
productionfacilityinMarch2013.TheCommissiondeterminedthatappropriatecircumstancesexisted
toexcludeSuntechfromthedomesticindustryasarelatedparty.USITCPublication4519at1620;
USITCPublication4360at1316;WhyaChineseFirmsFactoryinArizonaFailed,(Sept.18,2014)
availableonBloomberg.com.
I47

domesticproducersintheCSPV2investigations.Intotal,these16firmsarebelievedtohave
accountedforallknownU.S.productionofCSPVcellsand63.9percentofU.S.productionof
CSPVmodulesduring2015.123PresentedintableI2isalistofrespondingdomesticproducers
andeachcompanyspositiononthepetition,productionlocations,andshareofreported
productionofCSPVproductsduring201216.
Table I-2
CSPV products: U.S. producers, their position on the petition, location of production, and share
of reported production, January 2012 through December 2016
Position on Share of CSPV cell Share of module
Firm petition Production location production (percent) assembly (percent)
Itek *** Bellingham WA *** ***
Kyocera *** San Diego, CA *** ***
Mission Solar *** San Antonio, TX *** ***
Motech Americas (1) New Castle, DE *** ***
SBM *** Concord, NC *** ***
Seraphim *** Jackson, MS *** ***
Sharp *** Memphis, TN *** ***
Marysville, WA *** ***
Silicon Energy (1) Mountain Iron, MN
Solaria *** Fremont, CA *** ***
Solartech *** Riviera Beach, FL *** ***
SolarWorld *** Hillsboro, OR *** ***
*** Norcross, GA *** ***
Suniva Saginaw, MI
*** Westminster, CO *** ***
SunStream Gilbert, AZ
tenKsolar (1) Bloomington, MN *** ***
*** Fremont, CA *** ***
Tesla Buffalo, NY
Wanxiang *** Rockford, IL *** ***
Total 100.0 100.0
1
Did not provide a response to the Commissions questionnaire in this proceeding. Motech closed in late
2013, Silicon Energy shut down in 2017 but had been operating at diminished capacity since 2014, and
tenKsolar announced in May 2017 that it has discontinued its operations. In the prior CSPV 2
investigations, ***.
123
BasedonacomparisonofU.S.producersreportedproductionofCSPVmodulesof552,968kWin
2015withtotal2015U.S.productionofmodulesof864,985kWasreportedinEIA,SolarPhotovoltaic
Cell/ModuleShipmentsReport,September2016,table6.EIAdataalsoincludethinfilmproductsthat
arenotwithinthescopeofthisinvestigation.SinceEIAsestimateoftotalU.S.productionofmodules
includesthinfilmproductsandislikelysomewhatoverstatedforpurposesofacoveragecalculationfor
U.S.moduleproductioninthisinvestigation,thequestionnaireresponsesreceivedfromU.S.module
producerslikelyaccountforahigherpercentageofU.S.CSPVmoduleproduction.
I48

Note.--Shares shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.
Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires; Newark solar facility
has closed, official says, Delaware Online, The News Journal, September 8, 2014,
http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2014/09/08/newark-solar-facility-closed-official-
says/15290473/, accessed July 18, 2017; Myers, John, Mountain Iron solar company among last in
Minnesota, Prairie Business, Forum News Service, June 12, 2017,
http://www.prairiebusinessmagazine.com/energy/4281984-mountain-iron-solar-company-among-last-
minnesota, accessed July 18, 2017; Hughlett, Mike, Ten K Solar 'discontinuing' current operation, Star
Tribune, May 10, 2017, http://www.startribune.com/ten-k-solar-discontinuing-current-
operation/421917033/, accessed July 18, 2017.
U.S.importers
TheCommissionsentU.S.importersquestionnairesto188firmsidentifiedbythe
CommissionaspossibleU.S.producersorU.S.importersofCSPVcellsand/ormodules.124
Questionnaireresponsescontainingusabledatawerereceivedfrom56firmsandarebelieved
tohaveaccountedforapproximately82.6percentofU.S.importsofCSPVproductsfromall
sourcesduring2016.125AlthoughseparateU.S.importdatawererequestedinthe
CommissionsquestionnairesforU.S.importsfromAustralia,Brazil,Colombia,Israel,Jordan,
Mexico,Panama,Peru,andtheDominicanRepublicCentralAmericaFreeTradeAgreement
(CAFTADR)countries(i.e.,CostaRica,DominicanRepublic,ElSalvador,Guatemala,
124
ThefollowingfirmsreportedthattheyhavenotimportedCSPVproductssinceJanuary1,2012:
***.
125
Basedonacomparisonofthetotalvalueof2016U.S.importsofCSPVcellsandmodulesfromall
countriesreportedintheresponsestotheCommissionsU.S.importerquestionnaire($7.06million)
withtotallandeddutypaidvalue($8.55million)of2016U.S.importsofcellsandmodulesasreported
byofficialCommerceimportstatistics(HTS8541.40.6030and8541.40.6020).Questionnairedata
coveragepresentedmaybeimprecisebecausetheofficialCommercestatisticsmayincludeother
productsnotwithinthescopeofthisinvestigation,suchasthinfilmsolarproducts.
I49

Honduras,andNicaragua),126noU.S.importdatawerereportedbyU.S.importersintheir
questionnaireresponsesforthesecountriesfor201216.
TableI3listsallrespondingU.S.importersofCSPVproducts,theirU.S.locations,and
theirshareofthequantityoftotalU.S.importsfromJanuary2012toDecember2016.
Table I-3
CSPV products: U.S. importers, their headquarters, and share of total U.S. imports, January 2012
through December 2016
Share of total U.S.
Firm Headquarters imports (percent)
Academy, Ltd. Katy, TX ***
Ameresco Framingham, MA ***
Astro Solartech Irwindale, CA ***
AUO Green Energy America Milpitas, CA ***
Boviet Solar USA San Jose, CA ***
BYD America Los Angeles, CA ***1
Canadian Solar (USA) Walnut Creek, CA ***
Carmanah Technologies Victoria, BC ***
Celestica Merrimack, NH ***
Centrosolar America Scottsdale, AZ ***
DMEGC USA Torrance, CA ***
First Solar Tempe, AZ ***
Goal Zero Bluffdale, UT ***
Grape Solar Eugene, OR ***
Hanwha International Teaneck, NJ ***
Hanwha Q Cells America Irvine, CA ***
Hanwha Q Cells USA. Irvine, CA ***
Hareon Solar USA San Jose, CA ***
Heliene Sault Ste. Marie, ON ***
IES Residential Stafford, TX ***
Itek Energy Bellingham, WA ***
JA Solar USA San Jose, CA ***
Jiawei Hayward, CA ***
JinkoSolar (U.S.) San Francisco, CA ***
Kyocera International San Diego, CA ***
Table continued on following page.
126
Datawererequestedseparatelyforthelistedcountriesconsistentwithstatutoryprovisions
regardingseparatefindingsforimportsfromthesecountries.
I50

Table I-3--Continued
CSPV products: U.S. importers, their headquarters, and share of total U.S. imports, January 2012
through December 2016
Share of total U.S.
Firm Headquarters imports (percent)
Lerri Solar San Ramon, CA ***
LG Electronics USA Englewood Cliffs, NJ ***
Mission Solar Energy San Antonio, TX ***
NextEra Energy Resources Juno Beach, FL ***
Panasonic Eco Solutions Newark, NJ ***
Pitsco Pittsburg, KS ***
Posco-Daewoo America Teaneck, NJ ***
Prism Solar Technologies Highland, NY ***
REC Americas San Mateo, CA ***
SBM Solar Concord,, NC ***
Seraphim Solar USA Sugar Land, TX ***
Sharp (constructed from CNIF) Memphis, TN ***
Silfab Solar Mississauga, ON ***
Solarland USA Ontario, CA ***
Solartech Power Ontario, CA ***
SolarTech Universal Riviera Beach, FL ***
SolarWorld Americas Hillsboro, OR ***
Solatube International Vista, CA ***
Sumec North America Chatsworth, CA ***
Suniva Norcross, GA ***
SunPower San Jose, CA ***
SunPower Corporation Systems Richmond, CA ***
SunPower North America San Jose, CA ***
Sunpreme Sunnyvale, CA ***
SunStream Technology Westminster, CO ***
Tesla Palo Alto, CA ***
The Chamberlain Group Oak Brook, IL ***
The Solaria Corp. Fremont, CA ***
Trina Solar (U.S.) San Jose, CA ***
Upsolar America San Francisco, CA ***
Wanziang (constructed from CNIF) Rockford, IL ***
Winaico Delaware Southampton, PA ***
Yingli Green Energy Americas San Francisco, CA ***
Total 100.0
1
BYD America ***.
Note.Shares shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.

I51

U.S.purchasers
TheCommissionsentU.S.purchasersquestionnairesto65firmsidentifiedaspossible
U.S.purchasersofCSPVproductsandreceived103usablequestionnaireresponsesfromfirms
thatpurchasedCSPVproductsduringJanuary2012December2016.Fiftysevenresponding
purchasersarecommercialinstallers,37areresidentialinstallers,38areutilitycompaniesor
developers,19aremoduledistributors,8aremoduleassemblers,7aredistributorsofoffgrid
portableconsumergoods,4areutilityscaleEPCcontractors,2areretailers,1isanoriginal
equipmentmanufacturer(OEM),and1isacommunitysolarprovider.
TenfirmsreportedtheirpurchasequantitiesofCSPVcellsduring201216.Thelargest
purchasersofCSPVcellswere***,whichaccountedfor99percentoftotalreportedpurchases
ofCSPVcells.NinetysixpurchasersreportedtheirpurchasequantitiesofCSPVmodulesduring
201216.ThelargestpurchasersofCSPVmoduleswere***;thesesixpurchasersaccountedfor
58percentoftotalreportedpurchasesofCSPVmodulesduring201216.
I52

THIRDCOUNTRYMARKETIMPORTRESTRAINTS
Severalcountrieshaveimposedantidumpingand/orcountervailingdutiesonimportsof
CSPVproductsfromoneormoresources.Suchrestraintsarediscussedindetailinthesections
thatfollow,organizedbythespecificcountrythathasundertakensuchmeasures.Asummary
ofimportrestraintmeasurestakenbythirdcountriesispresentedintableI4.
Table I-4
CSPV products: Third country market import restraints in effect1
Importing Exporting
country Product Measure Date country
Provisional antidumping duties (37.3% 67.9%) June 2013
Price Undertaking Agreement August 2013
Final antidumping and anti-subsidy determination

(4.7% 64.9%) applies to companies in China that December
are not part of the Price Undertaking Agreement 2013 China
Final affirmative circumvention finding duties in
force for China extended to modules manufactured
in Malaysia and Taiwan from cells produced in February Malaysia
China 2016 Taiwan
CSPV cells China

European and Malaysia
Union modules 18-month extension of measures May 2017 Taiwan
CSPV Antidumping duties (124.4%)

Canada modules Subsidy rate (6.2%) July 2015 China
Provisional antidumping duties (up to 57%) January United States

and subsidy rate (2.1%) 2014 Korea
Solar-grade Final antidumping duties (42%) and subsidy rate European
China polysilicon (1.2%) May 2014 Union
CSPV February
Turkey modules Antidumping duties (27%) 2017 China
1
Investigations conducted by India during 2012-14 on CSPV cells and modules originating in China,
Taiwan, Malaysia, and the United States and investigations conducted by Australia during 2014-16 on
CSPV cells and modules originating in China did not result in antidumping duties or subsidy rates.
However, India is currently conducting an antidumping investigation initiated in July 2017 on imports of
Solar Cells whether or not assembled partially or fully in Modules or Panels or on glass or some other
suitable substrates originating in or exported from China, Malaysia, and Taiwan.
Source: Cited public articles in sections that follow.

I53

TheEuropeanUnion
InJuly2012,EUProSunfiledanantidumpingdutypetitionwiththeEuropean
Commission(EC)regardingimportsofCSPVcellsandmodulesfromChina,andonSeptember
6,2012,theECannounceditsinitiationofanantidumpingdutyinvestigationonthese
imports.127InresponsetoacountervailingdutycomplaintfiledonSeptember26,2012byEU
ProSun,onNovember8,2012theECannounceditsinitiationofanantisubsidyinvestigation
concerningimportsofcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents(i.e.,cells
andwafers)originatinginChina.128
InJune2013,theECannouncedtheimpositionofprovisionalantidumpingduties
rangingfrom37.3percentto67.9percent.129Thereafter,theECandagroupofChinesesolar
manufacturers,whichrepresentedapproximately70percentoftotalChineseexportstotheEU,
enteredintoapriceundertakingagreement,whichwentintoeffectinAugust2013.130
CertainnamedCSPVproductmanufacturersagreedtovolumequotasandminimumprices
pursuanttotheundertaking,andinreturnforsellingatorabovetheMinimumImportPrice
127
Noticeofinitiationofanantidumpingdutyproceedingconcerningimportsofcrystallinesilicon
photovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents(i.e.cellsandwafers)originatinginthePeoplesRepublicof
China,OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion,C/269/5,September6,2012.
128
Noticeofinitiationofanantisubsidyproceedingconcerningimportsofcrystallinesilicon
photovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents(i.e.cellsandwafers)originatinginthePeople'sRepublicof
China,OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion,C/340/6,November8,2012.
129
Imposingaprovisionalantidumpingdutyonimportsofcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodules
andkeycomponents(i.e.cellsandwafers)originatinginorconsignedfromthePeople'sRepublicof
ChinaandamendingRegulation(EU)No18212013makingtheseimportsoriginatinginorconsigned
fromthePeople'sRepublicofChinasubjecttoregistration,CommissionRegulation(EU)No513/2013,
(June4,2013).
130
EuropeanCommissionDirectorateGeneralforTrade,EUimposesdefinitivemeasuresonChinese
solarpanels,confirmsundertakingwithChinesesolarpanelexporters,PressRelease(December2,
2013).
I54

(MIP),theantidumpingandantisubsidydutiesdonotapplytoimportsoftheirproductsinto
theEU.TheECreportsthatitconstantlymonitorstheimplementationofthepriceundertaking
andoccasionallyadjuststheMIPtoaccountformarketpricedevelopments.Allimportsintothe
EUfromChinathatareabovethequota,aswellasthoseimportsofsolarcellsandsolarpanels
fromChineseproducersthatarenotnamedintheundertaking,aresubjecttothefinal
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyratesthattheECimposedonDecember5,2013ranging
from47.7percentto64.9percent.131
OnMay29,2015,theECinitiatedinvestigationsintoclaimsthatthedutiesinforce
concerningimportsfromChinawerebeingcircumventedbyshipmentsthroughTaiwanand
Malaysia.OnFebruary11,2016,theECdeterminedthatcircumventionhadoccurredand
extendedthedutiesinforceagainstChinatosolarpanelsandsolarcellsconsignedfromTaiwan
andMalaysia.However,theECscircumventionfinding(andtheextendedduties)donotapply
toapproximatelytwentycompaniesinTaiwanandfivecompaniesinMalaysiathattheEC
foundweregenuineproducersthathadnotengagedinanycircumventionactivities.132
131
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCellsandModulesfromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701
TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication4519,February2015,p.VII29;Council
ImplementingRegulation(EU)No1239/2013of2December2013imposingadefinitivecountervailing
dutyonimportsofcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents(i.e.cells)originatingin
orconsignedfromthePeople'sRepublicofChina,OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion,December5,
2013;CouncilImplementingRegulation(EU)No1238/2013of2December2013imposingadefinitive
antidumpingdutyandcollectingdefinitivelytheprovisionaldutyimposedonimportsofcrystalline
siliconphotovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents(i.e.cells)originatinginorconsignedfromthePeople's
RepublicofChina,OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion,December5,2013.
132
CommissionImplementingRegulation(EU)2016/184of11February2016extendingthedefinitive
countervailingdutyimposedbyCouncilImplementingRegulation(EU)No1239/2013onimportsof
crystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents(i.e.cells)originatinginorconsignedfrom
thePeople'sRepublicofChinatoimportsofcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents
(continued...)
I55

OnMarch3,2017,theEUpublishedan18monthextensionofantidumpingandanti
subsidydutiesonCSPVproductsfromChina,andnotifieditsintentiontoconductapartial
interimreviewofthegradualmitigationofthemeasuresoverthenext18months.TheEC
expectedtocompleteitsinterimreviewwithinsixtoninemonths.Initsreview,theECintends
toexamineifthemeasuresarestillapplicableandofrelevanceinlightofthefactthatseveral
manufacturersinChinahavewithdrawnfromtheMIPundertakingorhavebeenexcludedby
theECforvariousviolations.Antidumpingdutymargins,whichrangefrom27.3percentto64.9
percent,andantisubsidyduties,whichrangefrom3.5percentto11.5percent,applytothose
companiesthatwereexcludedorwithdrewfromtheMIPundertaking.Thedutiesapplyto
importsofCSPVmodulesandCSPVcellsmanufacturedinChinaandtomodulesassembledin
thirdcountriesfromCSPVcellsproducedinChina.133
India
InOctober2012,solarmanufacturersinIndiafiledacomplaintallegingthatsolarcells
andmodulesfromChina,Taiwan,Malaysia,andtheUnitedStatesarebeingsoldatLTFVand
unfairlysubsidizedbytherespectivegovernments.OnNovember23,2012,Indiainitiatedits
investigation.Afterextendingthedurationoftheinvestigation,inMay2014,theIndian
DirectorateGeneralofAntiDumpingandAlliedDuties(DGAD)recommendedimposing
(continued)
(i.e.cells)consignedfromMalaysiaandTaiwan,whetherdeclaredasoriginatinginMalaysiaandin
Taiwanornot,OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion,February11,2016.
133
Noticeofinitiationofapartialinterimreviewoftheantidumpingandcountervailingmeasures
applicabletoimportsofcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesandkeycomponents(i.e.cells)
originatinginorconsignedfromthePeoplesRepublicofChina(2017/C67/10),OfficialJournalofthe
EuropeanUnion,March3,2017;ExtensionofEUdutiesonChinesesolarproductsisnowofficial,PV
Magazine,March3,2017,https://www.pvmagazine.com/2017/03/03/extensionofeudutieson
chinesesolarproductsisnowofficial/,accessedonJuly9,2017.
I56

dutiesrangingfrom$0.11to$0.81perwattonsolarcellsimportedfromtheUnitedStates,
China,MalaysiaandTaiwan.However,theIndianMinistryofCommerceannouncedin
September2014thatthegovernmentwouldnotimposethedutiesandhadletthe
recommendationlapse.134
InJune2017,anantidumpingpetitionconcerningsolarcellsandmodulesimportedinto
IndiafromChina,Malaysia,andTaiwanwasfiledbytheIndianSolarManufacturersAssociation
(onbehalfofIndosolarLtd.,JupitarSolarPowerLtd.,JupitarInternationalLtd.,andWebsol
EnergySystemsLtd.).DGADissuednotificationonJuly21,2017thatanantidumping
investigationonimportsofSolarCellswhetherornotassembledpartiallyorfullyinModules
orPanelsoronglassorsomeothersuitablesubstratesoriginatinginorexportedfromChina,
Malaysia,andTaiwanwasinitiated.Thescopeoftheproductunderinvestigationcoverscells,
modules,andthinfilms.Whileitinvestigatestheantidumpingallegations,whichcantake1218
months,Indiaisalsoreportedlyconsideringinthecontextofapossiblesafeguardinvestigation
whetherornottherehasbeenasuddensurgeinimportsofsolarcellsandmodulesfromChina
andcertainothercountriesthatmaybecausingharmtomanufacturersinIndia.135
134
IndiaNottoImposeAntiDumpingDutyonSolarPanels:Nirmala,OutlookIndia,September10,
2014,http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/IndiaNottoImposeAntiDumpingDutyonSolar
PanelsNirmala/859279accessedJuly9,2017;CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCellsandModules
fromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication4519,
February2015,p.VII30.
135
Kenning,Tom,IndiamullingsafeguarddutiesonsolarimportswithChinainsights,PVTech,July
21,2017,https://www.pvtech.org/news/indiaconsiderssafeguarddutiesonsolarimportswith
dumpinginvestigatio,accessedJuly23,2017;InitiationNotification,CaseNo.OI33/2017,F.No.
6/30/2017DGAD,GovernmentofIndia,DepartmentofCommerce,MinistryofCommerce&Industry,
DirectorateGeneralofAntiDumping&AlliedDuties,July21,2017.
I57

Australia
OnMay14,2014,theGovernmentofAustraliainitiatedanantidumpingduty
investigationonCSPVmodulesorpanelsfromChina.Theproposeddumpingmarginsranged
from21.6percentto60.3percent.136OnOctober17,2016,theGovernmentofAustralia
terminatedtheinvestigationonthegroundsthatanyinjurytotheAustralianindustrythathad
beenormaybecausedbytheexportsofdumpedCSPVpanelsfromChinawasnegligible.137
Canada
OnDecember8,2014,theCanadianInternationalTradeTribunal(CITT)initiated
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyinvestigationsonCSPVproductsfromChina.138OnJuly3,
2015,theCITTdeterminedthatthedumpingandsubsidizingoftheCSPVproductsfromChina
136
TheinvestigationexcludedCSPVcellsandwafers.AntidumpingCommission,Governmentof
Australia,http://www.adcommission.gov.au/cases/documents/031ADN201438
Initiationofaninvestigationintoallegeddumping.pdf;
http://www.adcommission.gov.au/cases/documents/094NoticeAntiDumpingNotice2014
06ExtentionoftimetoissueSEF.pdf.
137
CertaincrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesorpanelsexportedfromthePeoplesRepublicof
China:TerminationofInvestigation,AntiDumpingNoticeNo.2016/110,AntidumpingCommission,
GovernmentofAustralia,October17,2016,
http://www.adcommission.gov.au/cases/EPR%20193%20%20250/EPR%20239%20
%20archived%2013%20December%202016/182%20%20Notice%20%20ADN%202016110%20
%20Termination%20of%20Investigation.pdf,accessedonJuly9,2017.
138
NoticeofCommencementofPreliminaryInjuryInquiry,CertainPhotovoltaicModulesand
Laminates,CanadianInternationalTradeTribunal,InquiryNo.PI2014003.Canadiansolarproducers,
EclipsallEnergyCorp.,Heliene,Inc.,SilfabOntarioInc.,andSolgate,Inc.filedthepetitiononOctober1,
2014.Theinvestigationcoveredphotovoltaicmodulesandlaminatesconsistingofcrystallinesilicon
photovoltaiccells,includinglaminatesshippedorpackagedwithothercomponentsofphotovoltaic
modules,andthinfilmphotovoltaicproductsproducedfromamorphoussilicon(aSi),cadmiumtelluride
(CdTe),orcopperindiumgalliumselenide(CIGS),originatinginorexportedfromChina,excluding
modules,laminatesorthinfilmproductswithapoweroutputnotexceeding100W,andalsoexcluding
modules,laminatesorthinfilmproductsincorporatedintoelectricalgoodswherethefunctionofthe
electricalgoodsisotherthanpowergenerationandtheseelectricalgoodsconsumetheelectricity
generatedbythephotovoltaicproduct.Excludedare195Wmonocrystallinephotovoltaicmodules
madeof72monocrystallinecells,eachcellbeingnomorethan5inchesinwidthandheight.
I58

didnotcauseinjury,butthreatenedtocauseinjurytotheCanadianindustry.TheCanada
BorderServicesAgency(CBSA)determinedthat100percentofthesubjectgoodsimported
intoCanadafromChinahadbeendumpedataweightedaveragemarginof124.4percent,
whenexpressedasapercentageoftheexportprice.TheCBSAalsodeterminedthat100
percentofthesubjectgoodsimportedintoCanadafromChinahadbeensubsidizedata
weightedaverageamountofsubsidyof6.2percent,whenexpressedasapercentageofthe
exportprice.139
China
OnJuly20,2012,thegovernmentofChinaannouncedthecommencementofan
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyinvestigationofsolargradepolysilicon,arawmaterial
usedinthemanufacturingofsolarpanels,fromtheUnitedStatesandKorea.140InJanuary
2014,ChinaimposedprovisionalantidumpingdutiesonU.S.andKoreanpolysiliconashighas
57percentandprovisionalcountervailingdutiesof2.1percent.OnJanuary20,2014,the
GovernmentofChinaimposeddefinitiveantidumpingdutiesthatrangedfrom53.3to57
percentonimportsfromtheUnitedStatesand2.4to48.7percentforimportsfromKorea;on
thesamedate,thegovernmentofChinaannouncedthatitfoundzeroordeminimissubsidy
ratesonimportsfromU.S.firmsRECSolarGradeSiliconLLC,RECAdvancedSiliconMaterials
139
PhotovoltaicModulesandLaminates,InquiryNo.NQ2014003,CanadianInternationalTrade
Tribunal,July3,2015,http://www.citt.gc.ca/en/node/7411#_Toc426546520,accessedonJuly10,2017.
140
MinistryofCommerce,PeoplesRepublicofChinawebsite:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/significantnews/201207/20120708245225.html
accessedAugust30,2012.
I59

LLC,andMEMCPasadena,Inc.,butitwasimposingacountervailingdutyrateof2.1percenton
importsfromHemlockSemiconductorCorp.,AEPolysiliconCorp.,andallotherU.S.exporters.
Separately,theGovernmentofChinalaunchedanantidumpingandsubsidy
investigationonsolargradepolysiliconoriginatingintheEuropeanUnioninNovember2012.141
Followingtheinvestigation,inMay2014,theGovernmentofChinaconfirmedfinal
antidumpingdutiesof42percentandantisubsidydutiesof1.2percentonimportsofsolar
gradepolysiliconfromtheEU.142
Turkey
TheGovernmentofTurkeycompletedanantidumpinginvestigationofimported
modulesfromChinainFebruary2017,inwhichitfoundadumpingrateof27percent.OnApril
1,2017,theGovernmentofTurkeypublishedalistofChinabasedCSPVmanufacturersthatare
thesubjectofantidumpingdutyfees.143
141
ChinamovesforwardwithdutiesonEUpolysilicon,InternationalCentreforTradeand
SustainableDevelopment,May8,2014,https://www.ictsd.org/bridgesnews/biores/news/chinamoves
forwardwithdutiesoneupolysilicon,accessedonJuly20,2017.
142
ChinahitsEUwithfinaldutiesonpolysilicon,REUTERS,30April2014,
https://www.ajot.com/news/chinahitseuwithfinaldutiesonpolysilicon,accessedonJuly10,2017.
143
TurkeypublishesantidumpingfeeandlistforChinabasedPVmanufacturers,PVMagazine,April
3,2017,https://www.pvmagazine.com/2017/04/03/turkeypublishesantidumpingfeeandlistfor
chinabasedpvmanufacturers/,accessedonJuly10,2017.
I60

PARTII: INFORMATIONRELATINGTOINCREASEDIMPORTS
U.S.IMPORTS
TotalU.S.importsofcertaincrystallinesiliconphotovoltaiccells,whetherornot
partiallyorfullyassembledintootherproducts(CSPVproducts),1weremorethanfivetimes
higherin2016thanreportedin2012basedonquantity(kW)(tableII1andfigureII1).A
similarupwardtrendisobservedforU.S.importsbasedonvalue.However,theaverageunit
valueofU.S.importsofCSPVproductsdeclinedfromahighof$881perkWin2012toalowof
$551perkWin2016.ThelargestincreasesinU.S.importsofCSPVproductswereobservedfor
Malaysia(***kWhigherin2016thanin2012),China(2.4millionkWhigherin2016thanin
2012),andKorea(***kWhigherin2016thanin2012).TheleadingsuppliersofforeignCSPV
productstotheUnitedStatesduring2012wereTaiwan,China,andthePhilippines,
representing49.2percent,15.1percent,and***percentofallimportsbyquantity,
respectively.In2016,Malaysia,China,andKoreaweretheleadingsuppliersofforeignCSPV
productstotheUnitedStates,representing***percent,21.2percent,and***percentofall
importsbyquantity,respectively.
1
II1

Table II-1
CSPV products: U.S. imports, by source, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. imports from.--
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 326,846 82,264 1,263,270 3,311,513 2,720,193
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan 1,065,160 2,113,220 2,090,974 852,758 1,118,967
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam --- --- --- 161,195 472,682
All other sources *** *** *** *** ***
All import sources 2,163,012 3,100,788 4,582,898 8,430,393 12,813,568
Value (1,000 dollars)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 291,878 69,976 747,148 1,680,733 1,258,864
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan 743,337 1,349,271 1,274,305 467,820 606,449
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam --- --- --- 96,336 240,625
II2

Table II-1--Continued
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Unit value (dollars per kW)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 893 851 591 508 463
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan 698 638 609 549 542
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam --- --- --- 598 509
All import sources 881 714 658 589 551
Share of quantity (percent)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 15.1 2.7 27.6 39.3 21.2
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan 49.2 68.2 45.6 10.1 8.7
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam --- --- --- 1.9 3.7
All import sources 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
II3

Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Share of value (percent)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 15.3 3.2 24.8 33.8 17.8
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan 39.0 60.9 42.3 9.4 8.6
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam --- --- --- 1.9 3.4
Ratio to U.S. production (percent)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China *** *** *** *** ***
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam *** *** *** *** ***
All import sources *** *** *** *** ***
II4

Figure II-1
CSPV products: U.S. import volumes and average unit values, 2012-16
14,000,000 1,000
Average unit value

12,000,000
(dollars per kW)

Quantity
800
10,000,000
(kW)
8,000,000 600
6,000,000 400
4,000,000
200
2,000,000
0 0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Calendar year
Import volume Import AUVs
TheCommissioncollectedU.S.importdataforCSPVproductsbytheforminwhichthey
enteredtheUnitedStates.During2012,***percentofU.S.importsofCSPVproductsentered
theUnitedStatesasmodules/panels,whereas***percentwereincellform,***percentwere
offgridportableconsumergoods,and***percentwereinlaminateform(tableII2).By2016,
***percentofU.S.importsofCSPVproductsenteredtheUnitedStatesasmodules/panelsand
***percentwereincellform.Importsofoffgridportableconsumergoodsandlaminateforms
remainedat***percentduring2016.***U.S.importsforCSPVproductsinbuildingintegrated
formswerereportedduringtheperiodofinvestigation.Allcategories/typesofCSPVimportsin
2012roseovertheperiodofinvestigation,exceptforU.S.importsoflaminates,whichdeclined
by***percentfrom2012to2016.U.S.importsofmodule/panelformswere***higherin
2016thanin2012,cellformswere***percenthigher,andoffgridportableconsumergoods
were***
II5

***higher.ThelargestabsolutequantityincreaseinformsofU.S.importsofCSPVproducts
wasobservedformodule/panelformsat***kWhigherin2016thanin2012.
Table II-2
CSPV products: U.S. imports, by form, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. imports in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
Off-grid portable consumer goods *** *** *** *** ***
Module / panel form *** *** *** *** ***
Integrated building materials form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms 2,163,012 3,100,788 4,582,898 8,430,393 12,813,568
U.S. imports in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms 1,905,451 2,213,845 3,014,861 4,967,865 7,060,489
U.S. imports in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms 881 714 658 589 551
U.S. imports in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

II6

TheaverageunitvaluesofallformsofCSPVimportsdeclinedfrom2012to2016,
althoughthegreatestabsoluteunitvaluedeclinewasobservedforoffgridportableconsumer
goods,whichfellfromahighof$***perkWin2012toalowof$***perkWin2016,asa
relativelylargeU.S.importerofoffgridproductsfrom***(***)beganimportingproductsat
muchlowerunitvaluesduring2015.Theaverageunitvaluesofmodule/panelformsfellby
$***perkWfromahighof$***perkWin2012toalowof$***perkWin2016.
U.S.IMPORTERSIMPORTSSUBSEQUENTTODECEMBER31,2016
TheCommissionrequestedimporterstoindicatewhethertheyhadimportedor
arrangedfortheimportationofCSPVproductsfordeliveryafterDecember31,2016.The
quarterlydatareportedfor2017byrespondingimportersarepresentedintableII3.The
leadingsuppliersofarrangedforeignCSPVproductstotheUnitedStatesduring2017are
Malaysia,Korea,thePhilippines,andVietnam,representing***percent,***percent,***
percent,and10.0percentofallimportsbyquantity,respectively.Thetotalquantityof10.2
millionkWofarrangedU.S.importsforcalendaryear2017is20.7percentlowerthanthe
annualimportlevelof12.8millionkWreportedforcalendaryear2016,but20.5percenthigher
thantheannualimportlevelof8.4millionkWreportedduringcalendaryear2015(compare
tableII1andtableII3).
II7

Table II-3
CSPV products: Arranged U.S. imports, by source, 2017
Item Jan-Mar 2017 Apr-Jun 2017 Jul-Sep 2017 Oct-Dec 2017 Calendar year 2017
Quantity (kW)
Arranged U.S. imports
from.--
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China *** *** *** *** 58,532
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan *** *** *** *** 654,495
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam *** *** *** *** 1,012,546
Arranged U.S. imports
from.--
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China *** *** *** *** 0.6
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan *** *** *** *** 6.4
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam *** *** *** *** 10.0

II8

IMPORTSBYU.S.PRODUCERSANDRELATEDFIRMS
ThirteenU.S.producersofCSPVproductsreporteddirectimportssinceJanuary1,2012.
Eightofthe13reporteddirectimportsofexclusivelyCSPVcells,onereporteddirectimportsof
CSPVlaminates,andfourreporteddirectimportsofacombinationofCSPVcells,modules,and
offgridportableconsumergoods.ThemostcommonreasonscitedforimportsbyU.S.
producersincludethefollowing:***.TableII4presentsdataonindividualU.S.producersU.S.
productionandU.SimportsofCSPVproductsandthereasonseachcitedforsuchimports.
The***domesticproducer***reportedthatitsratioofU.S.importstoU.S.production
increasedfrom***percentin2012to***percentin2016.***of***sU.S.importsin2012
wereCSPVproductsinmoduleform.However,***beganimportingincreasingamountsof***.
By2016,***percentof***sdirectimportsofCSPVproductswereincellform,***percent
wereinmoduleform,and***.
The***domesticproducer***reportedthatitsratioofU.S.importstoU.S.production
was***percentin2012,***percentin2013,and***percentin2014.***reportedthatits
II9

directimportsofCSPVproductsduring201214werefrom***andwerein***form.The
producer***during2015and2016.
Table II-4
CSPV products: U.S. producers U.S. production, imports, import ratios to U.S. production, and
reasons for importing, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item/firm 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
Ratio to U.S.
production of imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
Reason for importing ***
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Module/panel form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, modules *** *** *** *** ***
Total, imports *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
Ratio of imports to U.S.
production:
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Module/panel form *** *** *** *** ***
Total, all imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
II10

Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Total, all sources *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
production *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports
(all cell form):
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
Ratio to U.S.
production of imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
II11

Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
Ratio to U.S. production of
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
II12

Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
II13

Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
***
Quantity (kW)
1
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
***:
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Total, U.S. imports *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
production:
***:
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Total, U.S. imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
II14

Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
***
Quantity (kW)
1
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Laminate form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, cell form *** *** *** *** ***
***:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Total, all imports *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
II15

Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Module/panel form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, modules *** *** *** *** ***
Total, U.S. imports *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
***
Quantity (kW)
***'s U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
***'s U.S. imports:
Cell form:
*** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
imports *** *** *** *** ***
Narrative
1
Production for *** is based on ***.
II16

U.S.IMPORTSRELATIVETOPRODUCTION
TheratioofU.S.importstoU.S.productionincreasedfromalowof***percentin2012
toahighof***percentin2016(tableII1).ThelargestincreasesinU.S.importsrelativetoU.S.
productionwerereportedforMalaysia,Korea,andChina.U.S.importsremainedgreaterthan
U.S.productionduringtheperiodofinvestigation.
U.S.IMPORTSFROMCANADA,CHINA,ANDMEXICO
TheCommissionrequestedthatimportingfirmsseparatelyreporttheirU.S.importsof
CSPVproductsfromCanada,China,andMexicousingtheassemblylocationofthemodulesto
determinethecountryoforigin(tableII5).
II17

Table II-5
CSPV products: U.S. imports by alternative country of origin for select sources, by source, 2012-
16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 1,735,955 1,501,817 2,178,727 1,993,901 2,360,823
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 518,856 989,576 1,292,582 1,007,159 1,230,110
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 299 659 593 505 521
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Share of total imports: Quantity (percent)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 80.3 48.4 47.5 23.7 18.4
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Share of total imports: Value (percent)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 27.2 44.7 42.9 20.3 17.4
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio to U.S. production (percent)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Note.--Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.
II18

PARTIII: SERIOUSINJURYORTHREATOFSERIOUSINJURY
OVERVIEW
Thetermdomesticindustryisdefinedinsection202(c)(6)(A)(i)oftheTradeActas
thedomesticproducersasawholeofthelikeordirectlycompetitivearticleorthose
producerswhosecollectiveproductionofthelikeordirectlycompetitivearticleconstitutesa
majorproportionofthetotaldomesticproductionofsucharticle.1Thelistoffirmsthat
respondedtotheCommissionsU.S.producersquestionnaireinthisproceedingtoreport
domesticproductionofcertaincrystallinesiliconphotovoltaiccells,whetherornotpartiallyor
fullyassembledintootherproducts(CSPVproducts)2andeachcompanyspositiononthe
petition,productionlocations,andshareofreportedproductionofCSPVproductsduring2012
16ispresentedinPartIofthisreportattableI2.
U.S.producersownershipandrelatedoraffiliatedfirms
TheCommissionaskedfirmsrespondingtotheU.S.producerquestionnairetoidentify
theirownersandanyrelatedoraffiliatedfirmsinvolvedintheproductionorU.S.importsof
CSPVproducts.ResponsestotheCommissionsrequestforinformationarepresentedintable
III1.InformationonU.S.importsofCSPVproductsbyU.S.producersandtheiraffiliatesare
discussedinPartIIofthereportandsummarizedintableII4.
1
19U.S.C.2252(c)(6)(A)(i).
2
SeethesectionentitledTheImportedArticlesDescribedinthePetitioninPartIofthisreportfor
acompletedescriptionofthemerchandisesubjecttothisinvestigation.
III1

Table III-1
CSPV products: U.S. producers' ownership, related and/or affiliated firms
U.S. producer Related firm name Affiliated/ownership
Ownership:
*** *** ***
*** *** ***
*** *** ***
*** *** ***
*** *** ***
*** *** ***
*** *** ***
Related importers/exporters:
*** ***
*** ***
*** *** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** *** ***
Related producers:
*** ***
*** *** ***
*** *** ***
*** ***
*** *** ***
1
***.
2
***.
3
***.
III2

Reportedchangesexperiencedandanticipatedbytheindustry
Domesticproducerswereaskedtoindicatewhethertheirfirmhadexperiencedany
plantopenings,relocations,expansions,acquisitions,consolidations,closures,orprolonged
shutdownsbecauseofstrikesorequipmentfailure;curtailmentofproductionbecauseof
shortagesofmaterialsorotherreasons,includingrevisionoflaboragreements;oranyother
changeinthecharacteroftheiroperationsororganizationrelatingtotheproductionofCSPV
productssinceJanuary1,2012.TheCommissionalsoaskeddomesticproducerstoreport
anticipatedchangesinthecharacteroftheiroperationsrelatingtotheproductionofCSPV
products.Fourteendomesticproducersprovidingresponsesinthisproceedingindicatedthat
theyhadexperiencedsuchchangesoranticipatedsuchchangesinthecharacteroftheir
operations;theirresponsesarepresentedintableIII2.
Table III-2
CSPV products: Changes in the character of U.S. operations since January 1, 2012
Item/firm Reported changes in operations
Plant openings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***

III3

Table III-2Continued
Plant closings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Relocations:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Acquisitions:
*** ***
*** ***
Consolidations:
*** ***
III4

Prolonged shutdowns or curtailments:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Revised labor agreements:
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
III5

Other:
*** ***
*** ***
1
***.
2
***.
U.S.PRODUCTION,CAPACITY,ANDCAPACITYUTILIZATION
AspreviouslynotedintableIII2,numerousU.S.producersofCSPVproductsinthis
safeguardinvestigationreportedeventsthataffectedtotalU.S.capacityandproduction.Table
III3showsatimelineofwhenU.S.producersofCSPVcellsormoduleseitherenteredorexited
theU.S.marketduringtheperiodofinvestigation.
III6

TableIII3
CSPVproducts:ListingofU.S.firmswithCSPVproductionfacilitiesopeningand/orclosing,201217
Company State Product Status, Status, Status, Opening/closingdate
Prior2012
January1, December July2017
2017YTD
2012 31,2016
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1Soltech TX Modules Open Closed Closed Legend
AdvancedSolarPhotonics FL Modules Open Closed Closed Plantopening
AlternativeEnergiesKentucky KY Modules Open Closed Closed Plantclosing
Amerisolar CA Modules Notavailable Open Open Openingdatenotavailable Seenotes
AuxinSolar CA Modules Open Open Open
CBSSolar MI Modules Open Open
ColoredSolar CA Modules Open Open Open
Flextronics/SunPower CA Modules Open Closed Closed
Heliene MN Modules Open Open
Helios WI Modules Open Closed Closed
Isofoton OH Modules Closed Closed
ItekEnergy MN Modules Open Closed
WA Modules Open Open Open
Kyocera CA Modules Open Closed Closed
LumosSolar CO Modules Open Open
MageSolar GA Modules Open Closed Closed
MissionSolar TX Cells Closed Closed
TX Modules Open Open
Motech DE Modules Open Closed Closed
MXSolar NJ Modules Open Closed Closed
NavajoUniversal AZ Modules Notavailable Closed
NuCell LA Modules Open Open Open
NuSun IN Modules Closed Closed
PrismSolar NY Modules Open Open Open
SBMSolar NC Modules Open Open Open
SchottSolar NJ Modules Open Closed Closed
SeraphimSolar MS Modules Open Open
Sharp TN Modules Open Closed Closed
SiliconEnergy MN Modules Open Open Closed
WA Modules Open Closed Closed
SolarPowerIndustries PA Cells Open Closed Closed
PA Modules Open Closed Closed
Solaria CA Cells Notavailable Notavailable Open Openingdatenotavailable
CA Modules Open Open Open
SolartecEnergia TX Modules Open Open
SolartechRenewables NY Modules Open Closed Closed
SolarTechUniversal FL Modules Open Open
SolarWorld CA Modules Open Closed Closed
WA Cells Open Open Open
WA Modules Open Open Open
SunergyAmerica CA Modules Announced
Suniva GA Cells Open Open Seenotes
GA Modules Open Closed Closed
MI Modules Open Seenotes
SunSparkTechnology CA Modules Open Open
Suntech AZ Modules Open Closed Closed
tenKsolar MN Modules Open Open Closed
Tesla CA Cells Open Open
CA Modules Open Open
NY Cells Announced
NY Modules Announced
TransformSolar ID Cells Open Closed Closed
TwinCreeksTechnologies MS Cells Open Closed Closed
WanxiangNewEnergy IL Cells Open Open Open
Notes continued on following page.
III7

Notes.This table is based on publicly available information. Information on producers of off-grid

products such as consumer electronic products or solar generators is not included. In addition, it does not
include changes in production capacity at existing plants. 2017 YTD is to July 18, 2017.
Three companies, CertainTeed, German Solar USA, and Upsolar indicate that their products are made in
the United States, but are not included in the table above since a U.S. production location for these
products could not be identified. In addition, Perlight previously indicated that some of its modules were
made in Texas, but this is not currently listed on their website as a manufacturing location.
Beamreach had a pilot PV production line in California, with equipment from 2014-2015, but it is not clear
whether it had any commercial production as it initially sourced modules from another company.
Heliene initially started production at a plant owned by SimpleRay in Minnesota, with this production
lasting less than one year. From mid-2016, Silicon Energy produced modules for Heliene at its Minnesota
plant. Following the closure of Silicon Energy's plant in 2017, Heliene took over the lease and began
manufacturing its modules in Minnesota.
The exact date that the Mage Solar plant closed is not readily available, but as of the first quarter of 2015
the firm was reportedly no longer producing modules.
Navajo Solar was closed as of February 2017, but information on whether it was in operation in 2016 is
not readily available.
For Solartec, opening is based on the announcement date. The date on which it began production is not
readily available.
Suniva filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2017. ***.
SunPower partnered with contract manufacturer Flextronics to produce modules. SunPower purchased
the equipment, while Flextronics manufactured the modules. The exact date when this manufacturing
ended is not available, but it was no longer listed among SunPower's manufacturing locations in their
financial report for the year ending January 1, 2017.
Sunpreme is considering building a solar cell and module manufacturing facility in Nevada.
Source: Compiled from publicly available information, and USITC Publications 4519 and 4360.
III8

CSPVcells
Reporteddata3showthat,from2012to2016,totalU.S.productionofCSPVcells
increasedby***percentfrom***kWto***kW.Totaldomesticcapacityincreasedby***
percentfrom***kWto***kW.AveragecapacityutilizationofdomesticCSPVcellproducers
increasedfrom***percentin2012to***percentin2015,beforedecliningto***percentin
2016(tableIII4andfigureIII1).
Table III-4
CSPV cells: U.S. producers production, capacity, and capacity utilization, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Capacity (kW)
Mission Solar1 *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** ***
Suniva *** *** *** *** ***
2
Tesla *** *** *** *** ***
Total capacity for CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Production (kW)
1
Mission Solar *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** ***
Suniva *** *** *** *** ***
2
Tesla *** *** *** *** ***
Total production for CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Capacity utilization (percent)
1
Mission Solar *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** ***
Suniva *** *** *** *** ***
2
Tesla *** *** *** *** ***
Average capacity utilization for
CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
1
Mission Solar reported that it ***.
2
Tesla reported that it ***. SolarCity reportedly opened its facility in Fremont, California in the fourth
quarter of 2015.
Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires; and Cunningham, Bill,
Tesla, SolarCity, And The Silevo Acquisition, Seeking Alpha, April 10, 2017,
https://seekingalpha.com/article/4061589-tesla-solarcity-silevo-acquisition.
3
FourU.S.firmsreportedcapacityandproductiondataforCSPVcells.
III9

Figure III-1
CSPV cells: U.S. producers production, capacity, and capacity utilization, 2012-16
1,000,000 100.0
900,000 90.0
800,000 80.0
(percent)
700,000 70.0
Quantity
Ratio
(kW)
600,000 60.0
500,000 50.0
400,000 40.0
300,000 30.0
200,000 20.0
100,000 10.0
0 0.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Calendar year
Capacity (left-axis) Production (left-axis) Capacity utilization (right-axis)

The***domesticCSPVcellproducersareSolarWorldandSuniva,whichtogether
accountedfor***percentofU.S.CSPVcellproductionbykWin2016.ThelargestU.S.CSPVcell
producer,***,whichaccountedfor***percentofU.S.CSPVcellproductionin2016,reported
thatsinceJanuary1,2012,ithasproduced***.Italsonotedthatoverthepastfiveyearsithas
transitionedfrom***andhasdevelopedthecapabilitytoproduce***.The***U.S.CSPVcell
producer,***,whichaccountedfor***percentofU.S.CSPVcellproductionin2016,reported
thatsinceJanuary1,2012,itproduced***,butindicatedthatitcompleted***andbegan
producing***.***,whichaccountedfor***percentofU.S.CSPVcellproductionduring2016,
reportedthatsinceJanuary1,2012,itproduced***andthatitconductsongoingresearchand
developmenton***.***,which
III10

accountedfor***percentofU.S.productionduring2016,reportedthatitproduces***.
CSPVmodules
Reporteddatashowthat,from2012to2016,totalU.S.productionofCSPVmodulesfell
from538,633kWin2012to440,259kWin2014,butincreasedto669,089kWin2016toa
levelthatwas24.2percenthigherthanthatreportedin2012(tableIII5andfigureIII2).
DomesticproducerscapacitytoassemblemodulesintheUnitedStatesalsodeclinedfrom
929,827kWin2012to866,900kWin2014,butincreasedto1.2millionkWin2016toalevel
thatwas34.0percenthigherthanthatreportedin2012.Averagecapacityutilizationof
domesticCSPVmoduleproducersdeclinedfrom57.9percentin2012to48.9percentin2013,
increasedto60.0percentin2015,butdeclinedagainto53.7percentin2016.Thesedataare
basedontheresponsesof15firms4fortheirU.S.production,capacity,andcapacityutilization
forCSPVmodules.ThelargestdomesticCSPVmoduleproducersare***,accountingfor***,
***,and***percentofU.S.moduleproduction,respectively,during201216.
4
TwelveU.S.firmsreportedcapacityandproductiondataforCSPVmodulesinthisproceeding.An
additionalfirm,***,providedaresponsetotheCommissionsquestionnaire,butdidnotprovideany
requesteddata.Also,certaininformationsuppliedbythreeadditionalfirms(Motech,SiliconEnergy,and
tenKsolar)thatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireduringthepreviousCSPV2investigations,
buthavesinceceasedCSPVoperations,isincludedinselectpresentationsinthisreport.
III11

Table III-5
CSPV modules: U.S. producers production, capacity, and capacity utilization, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Capacity (kW)
Itek *** *** *** *** ***
Kyocera *** *** *** *** ***
Mission Solar *** *** *** *** ***
Motech *** *** *** *** ***
SBM *** *** *** *** ***
Seraphim *** *** *** *** ***
Sharp *** *** *** *** ***
Silicon *** *** *** *** ***
Solaria *** *** *** *** ***
Solartech *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** ***
Suniva *** *** *** *** ***
SunStream *** *** *** *** ***
TenKsolar *** *** *** *** ***
Tesla *** *** *** *** ***
Wanxiang *** *** *** *** ***
Total capacity for modules 929,827 913,452 866,900 921,603 1,245,807
Production (kW)
Itek *** *** *** *** ***
Kyocera *** *** *** *** ***
Mission Solar *** *** *** *** ***
Motech *** *** *** *** ***
SBM *** *** *** *** ***
Seraphim *** *** *** *** ***
Sharp *** *** *** *** ***
Silicon *** *** *** *** ***
Solaria *** *** *** *** ***
Solartech *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** ***
Suniva *** *** *** *** ***
SunStream *** *** *** *** ***
TenKsolar *** *** *** *** ***
Tesla *** *** *** *** ***
Wanxiang *** *** *** *** ***
Total production for modules 538,633 447,129 440,259 552,968 669,089
III12

Table III-5--Continued
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Capacity utilization (percent)
Itek *** *** *** *** ***
Kyocera *** *** *** *** ***
Mission Solar *** *** *** *** ***
Motech *** *** *** *** ***
SBM *** *** *** *** ***
Seraphim *** *** *** *** ***
Sharp *** *** *** *** ***
Silicon *** *** *** *** ***
Solaria *** *** *** *** ***
Solartech *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** ***
Suniva *** *** *** *** ***
SunStream *** *** *** *** ***
TenKsolar *** *** *** *** ***
Tesla *** *** *** *** ***
Wanxiang *** *** *** *** ***
Average capacity utilization for
CSPV modules 57.9 48.9 50.8 60.0 53.7

Figure III-2
1,400,000 100.0
90.0
1,200,000
80.0
1,000,000
(percent)
70.0
Quantity
Ratio
(kW)
800,000 60.0
50.0
600,000 40.0
400,000 30.0
20.0
200,000
10.0
0 0.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Calendar year
Capacity (left-axis) Production (left-axis) Capacity utilization (right-axis)
III13

TheCommissionrequestedthatdomesticCSPVmoduleproducersprovidedata
concerningthesourceoftheCSPVcellfromwhichtheirmoduleswereproduced.Thesedata
showthatduringtheperiodofinvestigation,thedomesticcellcontentforU.S.produced
modulesincreasedfrom***percentin2012to***percentin2015,butdeclinedto***
percentin2016(tableIII6).
Table III-6
CSPV products: U.S. producers' module assembly by source of CSPV cell, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Capacity (kW)
U.S. producers' module assembly using.--
Domestic CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Imported CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Total 538,633 447,129 440,260 552,968 669,090
U.S. producers' module assembly using.--
Domestic CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Imported CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
III14

U.S.PRODUCERSSHIPMENTS
CSPVcells
ThequantityandvalueofU.S.producerstotalCSPVcellshipmentsincreasedoverallby
***percentand***percentfrom2012to2016,respectively(tableIII7).Theunitvalueof
totalU.S.shipmentsfluctuateddownwardfromahighof$***perkWreportedin2012toa
lowof$***perkWreportedin2016.Most(***percentin2016)oftheU.S.producers
shipmentsofCSPVcellsareinternallyconsumedintheUnitedStates,withthemajorityofthe
balance(***percentin2016)beingconsumedbyrelatedfirmsoutsidetheUnitedStates.
RelativelyfewCSPVcellsproducedintheUnitedStatesaresoldcommercially.Infact,during
2016,***percentofU.S.producerstotalshipmentswerecommerciallyshippedintheUnited
Statesand***percentwereexportedtounrelatedfirms.
III15

Table III-7
CSPV cells: U.S. producers U.S. shipments, exports shipments, and total shipments, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
Commercial U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Internal consumption *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Exports to related firms *** *** *** *** ***
Exports to unrelated firms *** *** *** *** ***
Export shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
III16

CSPVmodules
ThequantityofU.S.producerstotalCSPVmoduleshipmentsdeclinedfrom598,155kW
in2012to442,960kWin2013,butincreasedthereafterto633,504kWin2016,toalevelthat
was5.9percenthigherthanthatreportedin2012(tableIII8).Thevalueoftotalmodule
shipmentsbyU.S.producersdeclinedfrom620,486kWin2012to380,035kWin2013,but
increasedthereafterto513,266kWduring2016,alevelthatwas17.3percentlowerthanthat
reportedin2012.Theunitvalueoftotalshipmentsfluctuateddownwardfromahighof$1,037
perkWreportedin2012toalowof$810perkWreportedin2016.MostU.S.producers
shipments(***percentin2016)ofCSPVmodulesarecommerciallyshippedintheUnited
States,witharelativelyminoramountthatareinternallyconsumedinotherproductsor
exportedoutsidetheUnitedStates.
III17

Table III-8
CSPV modules: U.S. producers U.S. shipments, exports shipments, and total shipments, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
Transfers to related firms *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments 598,155 442,960 472,367 528,599 633,504
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments 620,486 380,035 420,560 477,422 513,266
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments 1,037 858 890 903 810
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Note.--Share shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.
III18

U.S.commercialshipments,byformofCSPVproduct
Reporteddatashowthat***(i.e.,***percentin2016)commercialU.S.shipmentsof
CSPVproductsmadebyU.S.producersareinmoduleorpanelform,whereas***commercial
shipmentsofCSPVproductsareincellandlaminateforms(tableIII9).Therewere***U.S.
commercialshipmentsreportedbyU.S.producersofCSPVproductsintheformsofoffgrid
portableconsumergoodsorintegratedbuildingmaterials.
III19

Table III-9
CSPV products: U.S. producers commercial U.S. shipments, by form, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. producers' commercial U.S.
shipments in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
Off grid portable consumer goods form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms *** *** *** *** ***
shipments in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms *** *** *** *** ***
shipments in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms *** *** *** *** ***
shipments in.--
Cell form *** *** *** *** ***
Laminate form *** *** *** *** ***
All forms *** *** *** *** ***
Note.--Includes imported CSPV cells assembled in the United States into modules. Share shown as "0.0"
represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.
III20

U.S.originU.S.shipmentsforapparentconsumption
ApparentU.S.consumptionofCSPVproductsincreasedby***percentfrom***kWin
2012to***kWin2016(seePartIV,tableIV1).ApparentU.S.consumptionconsistsofthesum
ofU.S.producersU.S.shipmentsofCSPVproductsandU.S.importsofCSPVproducts.As
shownintableIII10,theU.S.shipmentscomponentofapparentU.S.consumptionbyquantity
(inkW)reflectsU.S.producersU.S.shipmentsof(1)modulesthatcontainU.S.producedCSPV
cells,(2)U.S.producedCSPVcellsthatareotherwisenotreportedbymoduleassemblers,and
(3)reimportsofU.S.originCSPVcells.ThisquantitymeasureexcludesanyCSPVmodules
producedintheUnitedStatesfromimportedCSPVcells,asthosearereportedforthepurposes
ofapparentU.S.consumptionasimports.However,theU.S.componentforvaluedoesinclude
theincrementalvalueaddedintheUnitedStatesforthemoduleassemblyofforeignorigin
CSPVcells.TheapparentU.S.consumptiondatathatincorporatethisU.S.componentare
presentedseparatelyinPartIVofthisreport.
III21

Table III-10
CSPV products: U.S.-origin U.S. shipments for apparent consumption, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. producers' U.S. shipments.--
Modules with US-origin CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
U.S.-origin CSPV cells not reported by
module assemblers *** *** *** *** ***
Re-imports of U.S.-origin CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** ***
Value added to foreign-origin CSPV cells *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** ***
Total1 *** *** *** *** ***
1
The average unit values for the totals exclude the value added to foreign-origin CSPV cells by U.S.
module assemblers.
III22

INVENTORIESMAINTAINEDBYU.S.PRODUCERSANDU.S.IMPORTERS
U.S.producersinventories
CSPVcells
ThreeofthefourU.S.producersthatreportedproductionofCSPVcellsindicatedin
theirquestionnaireresponsesthattheymaintainedinventoriesatyearend;theseinventories
accountedforadecliningshareofproductionandshipmentsfrom2012to2016,equaling***
percentofproduction,***percentofU.S.shipments,and***percentoftotalshipments
during2016(tableIII11).5
Table III-11
CSPV cells: U.S. producers inventories, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. producers' end-of-period inventories *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
Ratio of inventories to.--
U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
5
EndofperiodinventoriesofCSPVcellsheldbyU.S.producersofCSPVcellsandratiosofthese
inventoriestoU.S.producersproduction,U.S.shipments,andtotalshipments.
III23

CSPVmodules
AllbutoneU.S.producerofCSPVmodulesindicatedintheirquestionnaireresponses
thattheymaintainedinventoriesduringatleastpartoftheperiodfrom2012to2016;these
inventoriesaccountedforadecliningshareofproductionandshipmentsfrom2012to2014but
anincreasingsharein2015and2016.Theratioofinventoriestoproductionequaled***
percentin2016(tableIII12).6
Table III-12
CSPV modules: U.S. producers inventories, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. producers' end-of-period inventories *** *** *** *** ***
Ratio (percent)
U.S. production *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***

6
EndofperiodinventoriesofCSPVmodulesheldbyU.S.producersofCSPVmodulesandtheratios
oftheseinventoriestoU.S.producersproduction,U.S.shipments,andtotalshipments.
III24

U.S.importersinventories
MorethanonehalfoftherespondingU.S.importersofCSPVproductsindicatedintheir
questionnaireresponsesthattheymaintainedinventoriesatsomepointduring201216(table
III13).7InventoriesheldbyU.S.importersintheaggregateincreasedby309.1percentfrom
2012to2016,butdeclinedasaratioofimportsandshipments.
Table III-13
CSPV products: U.S. importers inventories, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. importers' end-of-period inventories 302,785 327,638 560,211 1,107,536 1,238,641
Ratio (percent)
U.S. imports 14.0 10.6 12.2 13.1 9.7
U.S. shipments of imports 13.3 10.2 12.2 13.9 9.6
Total shipments of imports 13.0 9.7 12.1 13.8 9.6
7
EndofperiodinventoriesofCSPVproductsheldbyU.S.importersandtheratiosofthese
inventoriestoU.S.imports,U.S.shipmentsofimports,andtotalshipmentsofimports.
III25

U.S.EMPLOYMENT,HOURS,ANDWAGES
CSPVcells
Theoverallnumberofproductionandrelatedworkers(PRWs)employedbydomestic
CSPVcellproducersasreportedinCommissionquestionnaireresponsesdeclinedfrom***
PRWsin2012to***PRWsin2013,butincreasedthereafterto***PRWsin2016,whichwas
***thelevelreportedin2012(tableIII14).Althoughthegeneralincreasesinemployment
duringtheperiodofinvestigationareconsistentwiththe***percentincreaseinU.S.
productionofCSPVcellsfrom2012to2016,therelativelylargeincreaseinemployment
indicatorsduring2016isprimarilyexplainedby***in2016.SimilartothelevelofPRWs
employedbythedomesticindustryproducingCSPVcells,thetotalnumberofhoursworked
andwagespaiddeclinedfrom2012to2013,butincreasedthereafter.Hourlywages,unitlabor
costs,andproductivitywerehigherduring2016thanreportedin2012by***percent,***
percent,and***percent,respectively,whereasthenumbersofhoursworkedperemployee
waslowerby***percent.
Table III-14
CSPV cells: Average number of production and related workers, hours worked, wages paid to
such employees, hourly wages, productivity, and unit labor costs, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
PRWs (number) *** *** *** *** ***
Total hours worked (1,000 hours) *** *** *** *** ***
Hours worked per PRW (hours) *** *** *** *** ***
Wages paid ($1,000) *** *** *** *** ***
Hourly wages (dollars per hour) *** *** *** *** ***
Productivity (watts per hour) *** *** *** *** ***
Unit labor costs (dollars per kW) *** *** *** *** ***
III26

CSPVmodules
TheemploymentrelatedindicatorsforU.S.producersofmodulesfluctuatedduringthe
periodofinvestigation.TheoverallnumberofPRWsemployedbydomesticCSPVmodule
producersasreportedinCommissionquestionnaireresponsesdeclinedfrom1,293in2012to
963in2014,butincreasedthereafterto1,340in2016,alevelthatwas3.6percenthigherthan
thatreportedin2012(tableIII15).Thenumberofhoursworkedandwagespaidfollowedthe
samegeneraltrend,decliningfrom3,041to1,794and$***to$***,respectively,during2012
to2014,andincreasingto2,519and$***in2016,respectively.Hourlywagesfluctuated
upwardthroughouttheperiodexamined,whileunitlaborcostsfluctuateddownward.
Productivitycontinuallyincreasedfrom***wattsperhourin2012to***wattsperhourin
2016.
Table III-15
CSPV modules: Average number of production and related workers, hours worked, wages paid to
such employees, hourly wages, productivity, and unit labor costs, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
PRWs (number) 1,293 1,080 963 1,106 1,340
Total hours worked (1,000 hours) 3,041 2,335 1,794 2,246 2,519
Hours worked per PRW (hours) 2,352 2,162 1,863 2,031 1,880
Wages paid ($1,000) *** *** *** *** ***
Hourly wages (dollars per hour) *** *** *** *** ***
Productivity (watts per hour) *** *** *** *** ***
Unit labor costs (dollars per kW) *** *** *** *** ***
III27
FINANCIALCONDITIONOFTHEU.S.INDUSTRY
Background
CSPVproductsfinancialresults,aspresentedinthissectionofthereport,aredivided
intotwoprimarycategories:CSPVcelloperationsandCSPVmoduleoperations.Thefinancial
resultsonU.S.producedcelloperations,whichincludeonlycommercialsalesandtransfers,
reflect***.8ThefinancialresultsonU.S.producedmoduleoperationsreflect***.910
Asdescribedearlierinthisreport,severalU.S.producerseffectivelybegantheircelland
moduleoperationsduringtheperiodexamined,whileseveralothersexitedand/orsubstantially
8
ThemajorityofU.S.producedcellsareinternallyconsumedintheproductionofmodulesandare
thereforereflectedaspartofmodulecostofgoodssold(COGS);e.g.,***.July10,2017emailwith
attachmentsfrom***inresponsetoUSITCstafffollowupquestions.
9
***.USITCauditornotes.***.July13,2017emailfromcounselonbehalfof***toUSITC
auditor.***.USITCauditornotes.
Thefinancialresultsof***areincludedinthisreportbasedoninformationreportedtothe
CommissioninthemostrecentlycompletedCSPVinvestigations.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaic
CellsandModulesfromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITC
Pub.4519,February2015.Theperiodcoveredinthoseinvestigationswas2011throughfirsthalf2014.
10
ThemajorityofU.S.producersreportedtheirfinancialresultsforcalendaryearperiodsandonthe
basisofU.S.generallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.Theexceptionswere***,whichbothreported
financialresultsforfiscalyearsendingMarch31,andSolarWorld,whichreporteditsfinancialresults
accordingtoInternationalFinancialReportingStandards(IFRS).
III28
modifiedtheiroperations.DuringtheperiodSuniva***andSolarWorld***,asdiscussedin
tableIII2.
OperationsonCSPVproducts
TableIII16andtableIII17,respectively,presentincomeandlossdataforcell
operations(commercialsalesandtransfers)andcorrespondingchangesinaveragecellper
kilowattvalues.TableIII18presentsaseparatevarianceanalysisofcellfinancialresults.11
Incomeandlossdata formoduleoperationsarepresentedintableIII19.TableIII20presents
correspondingchangesinmoduleaverageperkilowattvalues.TableIII21presentsaseparate
varianceanalysisofmodulefinancialresults.AppendixEpresentscompanyspecificfinancial
resultsforcellsandmodulesintableE2andtableE3,respectively.
Netsales
Totalcommercialsalesandtransfervolumeofcellsfluctuatedduringtheperiodwith
thehighestlevelachievedin2013(seetableIII16).Followingdeclinesin2014and2015,sales
volumeofcellsincreasedin2016toitssecondhighestleveloftheperiod.Whileboth
11
TheCommissionsvarianceanalysisiscalculatedinthreeparts:salesvariance,COGSvariance,and
SG&Aexpensesvariance.Eachpartconsistsofapricevariance(inthecaseofthesalesvariance)ora
costorexpensevariance(inthecaseoftheCOGSandSG&Aexpensesvariance),andavolumevariance.
Thesalesorcost/expensevarianceiscalculatedasthechangeinunitpriceorperunitcost/expense
timesthenewvolume,whilethevolumevarianceiscalculatedasthechangeinvolumetimestheold
unitpriceorperunitcost/expense.AssummarizedatthebottomoftableIII18andIII21,theprice
varianceisfromsales,thecost/expensevarianceisthesumofthoseitemsfromtheCOGSandSG&A
variances,respectively,andthevolumevarianceisthesumofthevolumecomponentsofthenetsales,
COGS,andSG&Aexpensesvariances.Ingeneral,theutilityoftheCommissionsvarianceanalysisis
enhancedwhenproductmixremainsthesamethroughouttheperiod.
III29
***reportedhighercellsalesvolumein2016,thehigherabsolutelevelisattributableprimarily
to***.12
Modulesalesvolume,asreportedintableIII19,reflectsasomewhatdifferentpattern
comparedtocells.Totalmodulesalesvolume,whichprimarilyreflectsamixofcommercial
salesandtransfers,declinedtoitslowestlevelin2013andthensubsequentlyincreasedineach
yearandreacheditshighestlevelin2016.13Whiletheabsolutevolumeofmodulesales
increasedduring201416,thenetamountincludesthereductionand/orexitofmodule
operationsbyseveralU.S.producers.14AsshownintableE3,variousU.S.producers
12
***.
13
WhileinternalconsumptionwasreportedbyseveralU.S.producers,itwasdeterminedthatthe
activityrepresentedcostssupportingmoduleoperations.Accordingly,U.S.producermoduleinternal
consumptionisgenerallyexcludedfromthefinancialresultspresentedinthisreport.USITCauditor
notes.ThesmallamountofmoduleinternalconsumptionpresentedintableIII19wasreportedby***,
whichexitedthemarketin2014.
***.July7,2017emailwithattachmentfrom***toUSITCauditor.
14
***.July7,2017emailwithattachmentfromcounselonbehalfof***toUSITCauditor.
III30
contributedtothepatternofhighermodulesalesvolume;e.g.,mostnotably***in2014,***
in2015,and***in2016.
Theaveragesalesvalueofcellsdeclinedin2013,increasedin2014,andthendeclined
during201516(seetableIII16).Withregardtotheincreaseincellaveragesalesvaluein
2014,***contributedtothispattern(seetableE2).
Onanoverallbasisandascomparedtocells,averagemodulesalesvaluefolloweda
somewhatdifferentpattern:decliningin2013,increasingin2014and2015,andthendeclining
in2016.ForU.S.moduleoperationsasawhole,thepatternofmarginallyhigheraverage
modulesalesvaluesin2014and2015isprimarilyattributabletohighercompanyspecific
averagesalesvaluesreportedby***in2014and***in2015;i.e.,mostU.S.producers
reportedloweraveragemodulesalesvaluesin2013and2014(seetableE3).In2015,the
directionalpatternofmoduleaveragesalesvaluewasmixed.In2016,mostU.S.producers
reportedloweraveragemodulesalesvalues.15
15
In2016,***reportedtheonlyincreaseinaveragemodulesalesvalue.Thecompanyslarge
increaseappearstoreflect***(seefootnote15).TableE3showsthatU.S.moduleproducersreported
arangeofaveragesalesvalues.***.July8,2017emailwithattachmentsfrom***toUSITCauditor.

III31
Table III-16
CSPV products: U.S. producers financial results on cells (commercial sales and transfers), 2012-
16
* * * * * *
Table continued on next page.
III32
CSPV products: U.S. producers financial results on cells (commercial sales and transfers), 2012-
16
* * * * * *
III33
Table III-17
CSPV products: Changes in average cell per kilowatt values, between fiscal years, 2012-16
* * * * * *
Table III-18
CSPV products: Variance analysis of U.S. producers financial results on cells (commercial sales
and transfers), 2012-16
* * * * * *
III34
Table III-19
CSPV products: U.S. producers financial results on modules, 2012-16
Fiscal year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kilowatts)
Commercial sales *** *** *** *** ***
Total net sales 581,762 464,771 472,355 527,683 623,846
Total net sales 607,615 410,608 420,661 476,920 484,359
Cost of goods sold.--
Raw materials 499,847 318,171 334,276 379,190 414,603
Direct labor 41,444 34,098 16,441 27,196 33,991
Other factory costs 317,456 193,579 71,857 26,538 39,983
Total COGS 858,747 545,848 422,574 432,924 488,577
Gross profit or (loss) (251,132) (135,240) (1,913) 43,996 (4,218)
SG&A expense 125,946 68,803 56,642 54,526 210,773
Operating income or (loss) (377,078) (204,043) (58,555) (10,530) (214,991)
Interest expense 14,773 10,539 10,738 12,767 9,774
All other expenses 175,984 13,308 2,336 1,825 2,247
All other income 16,665 10,755 17,126 4,051 2,139
Net income or (loss) (551,170) (217,135) (54,503) (21,071) (224,873)
Depreciation/amortization 172,017 13,823 18,652 23,555 21,260
Cash flow (379,153) (203,312) (35,851) 2,484 (203,613)
Ratio to net sales (percent)
Raw materials 82.3 77.5 79.5 79.5 85.6
Direct labor 6.8 8.3 3.9 5.7 7.0
Other factory costs 52.2 47.1 17.1 5.6 8.3
Average COGS 141.3 132.9 100.5 90.8 100.9
Gross profit or (loss) (41.3) (32.9) (0.5) 9.2 (0.9)
SG&A expense 20.7 16.8 13.5 11.4 43.5
Operating income or (loss) (62.1) (49.7) (13.9) (2.2) (44.4)
Net income or (loss) (90.7) (52.9) (13.0) (4.4) (46.4)
III35
CSPV products: U.S. producers financial results on modules, 2012-16
Fiscal year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ratio to total COGS (percent)
Raw materials 58.2 58.3 79.1 87.6 84.9
Direct labor 4.8 6.2 3.9 6.3 7.0
Other factory costs 37.0 35.5 17.0 6.1 8.2
Average COGS 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Unit value (dollars per kilowatt)
Total net sales 1,044 883 891 904 776
Raw materials 859 685 708 719 665
Direct labor 71 73 35 52 54
Other factory costs 546 417 152 50 64
Average COGS 1,476 1,174 895 820 783
Gross profit or (loss) (432) (291) (4) 83 (7)
SG&A expense 216 148 120 103 338
Operating income or (loss) (648) (439) (124) (20) (345)
Net income or (loss) (947) (467) (115) (40) (360)
Number of firms reporting
Operating losses 8 9 10 4 7
Net losses 8 10 9 4 6
Data 11 12 11 7 8
Table III-20
CSPV products: Changes in average module per kilowatt values, between fiscal years, 2012-16
Between fiscal years
Item 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Total net sales (268) (161) 7 13 (127)
Raw materials (195) (175) 23 11 (54)
Direct labor (17) 2 (39) 17 3
Other factory costs (482) (129) (264) (102) 14
Average COGS (693) (302) (280) (74) (37)
Gross profit 425 141 287 87 (90)
SG&A expense 121 (68) (28) (17) 235
Operating income or (loss) 304 209 315 104 (325)
Net income or (loss) 587 480 352 75 (321)
III36
Table III-21
CSPV products: Variance analysis of U.S. producers financial results on modules, 2012-16
Between fiscal years
Item 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Net sales:
Price variance (167,210) (74,817) 3,353 6,986 (79,473)
Volume variance 43,954 (122,190) 6,700 49,273 86,912
Net sales variance (123,256) (197,007) 10,053 56,259 7,439
COGS:
Cost variance 432,291 140,207 132,181 39,147 23,241
Volume variance (62,121) 172,692 (8,907) (49,497) (78,894)
COGS variance 370,170 312,899 123,274 (10,350) (55,653)
Gross profit variance 246,914 115,892 133,327 45,909 (48,214)
SG&A expenses:
Cost/expense variance (75,716) 31,816 13,284 8,751 (146,310)
Volume variance (9,111) 25,327 (1,123) (6,635) (9,937)
Total SG&A expense variance (84,827) 57,143 12,161 2,116 (156,247)
Operating income variance 162,087 173,035 145,488 48,025 (204,461)
Summarized as:
Price variance (167,210) (74,817) 3,353 6,986 (79,473)
Net cost/expense variance 356,575 172,023 145,465 47,898 (123,069)
Net volume variance (27,277) 75,830 (3,330) (6,859) (1,919)
Costofgoodssoldandgrossprofit
Forbothcellsandmodules,totalrawmaterialcostisthemostsubstantialcomponentof
totalCOGS.Forcellstotalrawmaterialcostreflectsacombinationofpolysilicon,wafers,and
allotherrawmaterialcosts.16AsshownintableIII16,***
16
TheshareoftotalCOGSaccountedforbycellallotherrawmaterialcostsdeclinedin2014,in
conjunctionwithhigheraveragewafercosts,andthenincreasedin201516,inconjunctionwithlower
averagewafercost.***.July10,2017emailwithattachmentsfrom***inresponsetoUSITCstaff
followupquestions.***.July11,2017emailfromcounselonbehalfof***toUSITCauditor.
III37
***.17Totalcellrawmaterialcostsreportedforcommercialsalesandtransferofcells
increasedfrom***percentoftotalCOGSin2012to***percentin2016.Totheextentthat
averagerawmaterialcostsdeclinedduringtheperiod,theincreasingshareofCOGSaccounted
forbyrawmaterialcostsisgenerallyattributabletodeclinesincorrespondingcellconversion
costs(directlaborandotherfactorycosts).18
Totalrawmaterialcostsformodulesreflectinternallyproducedcells,cellspurchased
fromrelatedandunrelatedfirms,andallotherrawmaterialcosts.19Companyspecificmodule
coststructuresvariedwiththefollowingproducersreportingconsumptionofinternally
producedcells:***.20Notwithstandinginternalcell
17
***.***U.S.producerquestionnaire,responsetoIII9d.***.July10,2017emailwith
attachmentfromcounselonbehalfof***toUSITCauditor.
18
***.July10,2017emailwithattachmentsfrom***inresponsetoUSITCstafffollowup
questions.
19
questions.***.July11,2017emailfromcounselonbehalfof***toUSITCauditor.
20
III38
production,thesecompaniesalsopurchasedcellsduringtheperiod.21Theremaining
companiesproducemodulesusingpurchasedfinishedcellsfromrelatedand/orunrelated
suppliers.Similartothepatternreportedforcommercialsalesandtransfersofcells,the
overallshareoftotalmoduleCOGSaccountedforbymodulerawmaterialcostsincreasedfrom
58.2percentin2012to84.9percentin2016.22Moduleconversioncostsdeclinedonan
averagebasisandasashareoftotalmoduleCOGS.
WithrespecttocellandmoduleCOGS,***U.S.producertoincludenonrecurringitems
identifiedas***.Inadditiontochangesinunderlyingoperations,impairmentsrecognizedby
***atthebeginningoftheperiodalsoimpactedCOGS,specificallyconversioncosts,by
reducingsubsequentlevelsofdepreciationincludedincellandmoduleotherfactorycosts.23
21
Thecostofinternallyproducedcellsasashareoftotalmodulerawmaterialcostswaslowerin
2016(***percent)comparedto2012(***percent)whiletheshareaccountedforbypurchasedcells
washigherin2016(***percent)comparedto2012(***percent).USITCauditornotes.***.July10,
2017emailwithattachmentsfrom***inresponsetoUSITCstafffollowupquestions.
22
WithregardtomoduleCOGS,costsassociatedwithinternallyproducedcellsandpurchasedcells
wereclassifiedaspartoftotalrawmaterialcostandincreasedfrom***percentofmoduleCOGSin
2012to***percentin2016.USITCauditornotes.
23
Inpart,thepatternoftheU.S.industrysdecliningaverageconversioncostsreflectstheexitof
severalU.S.producersfromthemarket.WithregardtoU.S.producerswithmoduleoperations
throughouttheperiod,***reportedthemostnotabledeclineinaveragemoduleconversioncosts.***.
July10,2017emailwithattachmentsfrom***inresponsetoUSITCstafffollowupquestions.
III39
Asnotedbelow,***impairmentswererecognizedinotherexpenses,asopposedtoCOGS.
Grossprofitwasgeneratedoncelloperationsin2014and2015andonmodule
operationsin2015.Forbothcellsandmodulesthepositivespreadbetweenaveragesales
valuesandCOGSwasatitshighestlevelin2015andsubsequentlydeclinedtonegativein2016.
Duringtheperiod,U.S.moduleproducersreportedawiderangeofnegativeandpositivegross
profitratios(seetableE3).
SG&Aexpensesandoperatingincomeorloss
Withtheexceptionof2016,SG&Aexpenseratios(totalSG&Aexpensesdividedbytotal
revenue)calculatedforcelloperationswerehighercomparedtomoduleoperations.The
higherlevelofSG&Aexpensesforcelloperationsreflects,inpart,nonrecurringitemsreported
by***.***alsoreportedhigherabsoluteSG&Aexpensescomparedto***throughoutthe
period(seetableE2).24
TotalSG&Aexpensesassignedtomoduleoperations,aswellascorrespondingSG&A
expenseratios,declinedin2013through2015andthenincreasednotablyin2016(seetableIII
19).The2016increaseintotalmoduleSG&Aexpensesprimarilyreflectsimpairmentsreported
24
***.***U.S.producerquestionnaire,III10.***.July10,2017emailwithattachmentfrom
counselonbehalfof***toUSITCauditor.
III40
by***.2526Onacompanyspecificbasis,moduleSG&Aratioscoverarelativelywiderange(see
tableE3).WhatappeartobeunusuallyhighSG&Aexpenseratiosreflect,inpart,operations
whichwereinanentry,transition,orexitphase.27
Withregardtocelloperationsandinconjunctionwithgrosslossesin2012,2013,and
2016andrelativelylowgrossprofitratiosin2014and2015,theU.S.industryreportedcell
operatinglossesofvaryingmagnitudethroughouttheperiod.Companyspecificoperating
incomeoncelloperationswas***(seetableE2).
Thepatternofoverallmodulegrosslossesin2012,2013,2014,and2016andrelatively
lowgrossprofit,whengenerated,in2015yieldedmoduleoperatinglossesofvarying
magnitudesthroughouttheperiod.ThemajorityofU.S.moduleproducersreportedoperating
lossesthroughoutallormostoftheperiodforwhichtheyhadoperations(seetableE3).***
U.S.moduleproducerintermsofreportedsalesvolume,reported
25
26
Inits2016annualfinancialresults,Sunivasparentcompany,Shunfeng,recognizedanimpairment
ofitsinvestmentinSuniva.Shunfeng2016AnnualReport,p.55.***.July10,2017emailwith
attachmentfromcounselonbehalfof***toUSITCauditor.
27
***.July7,2017emailwithattachmentsfrom***toUSITCauditor.
III41
operatingincomeonitsmoduleoperationsin2015only.28***reportedoperatinglossesof
varyingamountsthroughouttheperiod.29***,anexceptiontothegeneralpatternof
persistentoperatinglosses,reportedoperatingincomethroughouttheperiod.30
28
questions.
29
30
***.
III42
Interestexpense,otherexpenses,andnetincomeorloss
Interestexpensewasreportedforcellandmoduleoperationsthroughouttheperiod.
Forcelloperations,interestexpensedeclinedirregularlyduring201215andthenincreased
notablyin2016.Formoduleoperations,interestexpensealsofluctuatedandendedtheperiod
somewhatlower.31In2012,***reportedassetimpairmentsrelatedtoitscellandmodule
operationswhichaccountforthemajorityoftotalotherexpensesreportedinthatyearforcell
andmoduleoperations.32Otherexpensesdidnothaveanotableimpactonnetresultsafter
2012.Otherincome,whichreacheditshighestlevelin2014,primarilyreflectsamounts
reportedby***.33
TheU.S.industrysnetlosseswereconsistentlygreaterthancorrespondingoperating
lossesthroughouttheperiodduetotheinclusionofinterestexpenseandotherexpenses.The
morepronounceddifferencebetweennetlossesandoperatinglossesin2012reflectsthe
impairmentsnotedabove.
31
***.
32
***.USITCauditornotes.***.July7,2017emailwithattachmentfromcounselonbehalfof***
toUSITCauditor.
33
***.USITCauditornotes.
III43
Capitalexpenditures,researchanddevelopmentexpenses,andinvestmentinproductive
facilities
TableIII22presentstotalcapitalexpenditures,researchanddevelopment(R&D)
expenses,andtotalinvestmentinproductivefacilitiesrelatedtoU.S.cellandmodule
operations.34
Capitalexpenditures
Thelevelofoverallcapitalexpendituresassignedtocelloperationsfluctuatedand
increasedtoitshighestlevelin2015(seetableIII22),whichprimarilyreflectsamounts
reportedby***(seetableE4).35***accountedforthelargestshareoftheperiodstotal
capitalexpendituresassignedtocelloperations(***percent),followedby***(***percent),
***(***)percent,and***(***percent).36
34
***arenotincludedinthecellandmodulefinancialresultspresentedinthisreport(seefootnote
10).Capitalexpenditures,R&Dexpenses,andtotalassetsreportedby***,however,areincludedin
tableIII22andtableE4.
35
***.***U.S.producerquestionnaire,responsetoIII13(note1).***.July24,2017emailfrom
counselonbehalfof***toUSITCauditor.
36
***.***U.S.producerquestionnaire,responsetoIII13(note1).
III44
Table III-22
CSPV products: U.S. producers capital expenditures, research and development (R&D) expenses,
and investment in productive assets related to cells and modules, 2012-16
* * * * * *
Capitalexpendituresassignedtomoduleoperationsfluctuatedandwereattheirhighest
levelin2016.***,whichbeganproductionin2014,accountedforthelargestshareofthe
periodstotalmodulecapitalexpenditures(***percent),followedby***(***percent),***
(***percent),and***(***percent).3738Theremainingmoduleproducersreportingcapital
expendituresaccountedforsharesrangingfrom***percent(***)to***percent(***).39
37
38
39
***didnotreportcapitalexpenditures.
III45
R&Dexpenses
ThelevelofR&Dexpensesassignedtocelloperationsdeclinedthroughouttheperiod.
***accountedforthelargestshare(***percent),followedby***(***percent)and***(***
percent).40***didnotreportcellrelatedR&Dexpenses.
R&Dexpensesassignedtomoduleoperationsdeclinedfrom2013through2015and
thenincreasedin2016,largelydueto***.41***accountedforthelargestshare(***percent),
followedby***,whichexitedthemarketin2014,(***percent),***(***percent),and***
(***percent).TheremainingU.S.producersreportingR&Dexpensesaccountedforshares
rangingfrom***percent(***)to***percent(***).42
40
41
42
***didnotreportR&Dexpenses.
III46
Investmentinproductivefacilities
Totalassetsassignedtocelloperationsincreasedthroughoutmostoftheperiodwith
thelargeincreasein2015dueto***.43Asnotedpreviously,thedeclinein***assetsin2016
reflectsassetimpairmentsinthatyear.
Totalassetsassignedtomoduleoperationsdeclinedin2013andthenincreasedduring
therestoftheperiod.WhilemostU.S.moduleproducersreportedlowertotalassetvaluesin
2016,theU.S.industrystotalmoduleassetsincreaseddueto***(seetableE4).
Capitalandinvestment
TheCommissionrequestedtheU.S.producersofcellsandmodulestodescribeany
actualorpotentialnegativeeffectsontheirreturnoninvestmentortheirgrowth,investment,
abilitytoraisecapital,existingdevelopmentandproductionefforts(includingeffortsto
developaderivativeormoreadvancedversionoftheproduct),orthescaleofcapital
investmentsasaresultofimportsofcells(whetherornotpartiallyorfullyassembledintoother
products).TableIII23tabulatestheresponsesofU.S.producersregardingactualnegative
effectsoninvestment,growthanddevelopment,aswellasanticipatednegativeeffectsof
importsofCSPVproducts.44U.S.producersnarrativeresponsesregardingactualand
43
Withrespecttoacompanysoveralloperations,staffnotesthatatotalassetvalue(i.e.,thebottom
linevalueontheassetsideofacompanysbalancesheet)reflectsanaggregationofanumberofassets
which,insomeinstances,arenotproductspecific.WithrespecttoU.S.producersthathavemultiple
operations,allocationwaspresumablynecessarytoreportatotalassetamountspecifictocelland/or
moduleoperations.
44
***arenotincludedintheU.S.industrysfinancialresultsoncellsormodules(seefootnote10).
Howeverandtotheextentreported,theirresponsesregardingactualandanticipatednegativeeffects
ofimportsareincludedintableIII23andtableE1.***areincludedinthemodulefinancialresults
basedoninformationreportedinthemostrecentlycompletedSolarinvestigation(seefootnote10).
Thesecompanies,whicharenolongerinoperation,arenotreflectedintableIII23ortableE1.
III47
anticipatednegativeeffectsoninvestment,growthanddevelopmentarepresentedintableE1
inAppendixE.
Table III-23
CSPV products: Actual and anticipated negative effects of imports on investment and growth and
development
Item No Yes
Negative effects on investment 3 10
Cancellation, postponement, or rejection of expansion
projects 5
Denial or rejection of investment proposal 2
Reduction in the size of capital investments 4
Return on specific investments negatively impacted 4
Ability to generate capital for modernization efforts 4
Ability to maintain existing expenditures 4
Other 3
Negative effects on investments differ by category 10 2
Negative effects on growth and development 3 9
Rejection of bank loans 4
Lowering of credit rating 3
Problem related to the issue of stocks or bonds 2
Ability to service debt 3
Harmed bankability 4
Other 6
Effects of imports on growth differ by category 10 2
Anticipated negative effects of imports 3 8
Anticipated effects differ by category 8 3
III48

PARTIV: U.S.MARKETANDFOREIGNINDUSTRIES
Thispartofthereportprovidesinformationfromquestionnairesandpublicsourceson
theU.S.marketandforeignindustriesforCSPVproducts.
APPARENTU.S.CONSUMPTIONANDMARKETSHARES
ApparentU.S.consumptionofcertaincrystallinesiliconphotovoltaiccells,whetheror
notpartiallyorfullyassembledintootherproducts(CSPVproducts),1byquantity,increased
by***percentfrom***kWin2012to***kWin2016(tableIV1).Byvalue,apparentU.S.
consumptionofCSPVproductsincreasedby***percentfrom$***in2012to$***in2016.
TheU.S.producerscomponentofapparentU.S.consumptionincreasedoverallby***percent
from***kWin2012to***kWin2016.TheU.S.importcomponentofapparentU.S.
consumptionincreasedby492.4percentfrom2.2millionkWin2012to12.8millionkWin
2016.
1
IV1

Table IV-1
CSPV products: U.S. shipments of domestic product, U.S. imports, and apparent U.S.
consumption, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
U.S. producers' U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** ***
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 326,846 82,264 1,263,270 3,311,513 2,720,193
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan 1,065,160 2,113,220 2,090,974 852,758 1,118,967
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam --- --- --- 161,195 472,682
Apparent U.S. consumption *** *** *** *** ***
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China 291,878 69,976 747,148 1,680,733 1,258,864
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan 743,337 1,349,271 1,274,305 467,820 606,449
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam --- --- --- 96,336 240,625

IV2

TheU.S.producersaccountedforarelativelysmallanddecliningshareoftheU.S.
marketforCSPVproductsduringtheperiodofinvestigation(tableIV2andfigureIV1).During
2012,theU.S.producersaccountedfor***percentoftotalapparentU.S.consumptionby
quantityand***percentbyvalue.By2016,however,theshareofapparentU.S.consumption
heldbydomesticproducersfellto***percentbyquantityand***percentbyvalue.Evenas
U.S.demandforCSPVproductsincreasedfrom2012to2016,foreignsuppliers,primarily
Malaysia,China,andKorea,begancapturingalargershareoftheU.S.market.Themarket
shareheldbyMalaysianimports,onthebasisofquantity,increasedby***percentagepoints
from***percentin2012to***percentin2016;whereasthatheldbyChineseimports(for
whichtherearecurrentlytwosetsofantidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersinplace,as
indicatedinPartIofthereport)increasedby***percentagepointsfrom***percentin2012
to***percentin2016,andthatheldbyKoreanimportsincreasedby***percentagepoints
from***percentin2012to***percentin2016.Ontheotherhand,themarketshareheldby
Taiwan(forwhichthereiscurrentlyanantidumpingdutyorderinplace)declinedby***
percentagepointsfrom***percentoftheU.S.marketin2012to***percentin2016.
IV3

Table IV-2
CSPV products: U.S. market shares, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China *** *** *** *** ***
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam *** *** *** *** ***
Canada *** *** *** *** ***
China *** *** *** *** ***
Germany *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia *** *** *** *** ***
Japan *** *** *** *** ***
Korea *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam *** *** *** *** ***
IV4

Figure IV-1
CSPV products: U.S. market shares, 2012-16
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
Quantity (kW)
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Calendar year
U.S. producers U.S. imports
IV5

FOREIGNINDUSTRIES
Globalcapacity
GlobalPVsysteminstallations(includingthinfilm)increasedfrom29GWin2012to
about75GWin2016(figureIV2).2Theleadingglobalmarketshavechangedovertime.
Germanywasthelargestmarketin2012(accountingfor26percentofinstallations),followed
byItaly(13percent),China(12percent),andtheUnitedStates(11percent).3Thelargest
marketsin2016wereChina(34.5GW,46percentofinstallations),theUnitedStates(14.7GW,
20percent),Japan(8.6GW,11percent),andIndia(4GW,5percent).4
2
InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)PhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme(PVPS),2016Snapshot
ofGlobalPhotovoltaicMarkets,ReportIEAPVPST131:2017,2017,4,http://www.iea
pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/IEAPVPS__A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV__1992
2016__1_.pdf;IEAPVPS,Trends2013inPhotovoltaicPowerApplications,ReportIEAPVPST123:2013,
2013,p.11,http://www.ieapvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/FINAL_TRENDS_v1.02.pdf.
3
IEAPVPS,Trends2013inPhotovoltaicPowerApplications,ReportIEAPVPST123:2013,2013,p.12,
http://www.ieapvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/FINAL_TRENDS_v1.02.pdf.
4
IEA,PVPS,2016SnapshotofGlobalPhotovoltaicMarkets,ReportIEAPVPST131:2017,2017,4,10,
http://www.ieapvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/IEAPVPS_
_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV__19922016__1_.pdf.
IV6

Figure IV-2
Global PV (including thin film) installations, 2012-16 and share of 2016, by country
Globalinstallations China 46%

80 75 UnitedStates 20%
Japan 11%
70
India 5%
Globalinstallations(GW)
60 UnitedKingdom 3%
51
50 Germany 2%
38 40 Korea 1%
40
29 Philippines 1%
30 Australia 1%
20 Chile 1%
Other 9%
10
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
0
Shareof2016installations
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: IEA PVPS, Trends 2013 in Photovoltaic Power Applications, Report IEA PVPS T1-30:2016,
2016, 48; : IEA PVPS, Trends 2015 in Photovoltaic Power Applications, Report IEA-PVPS T1-27:2015,
2015, p. 8; : IEA PVPS, Trends 2016 in Photovoltaic Power Applications, Report IEA PVPS T1-30:2016,
2016, 8; IEA, PVPS, 2016 Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets, Report IEA PVPS T1-31:2017, 2017,
4, 10; All reports available from http://www.iea-pvps.org.
GlobalPVcell(includingthinfilm)productionin2015isestimatedatapproximately63
GW.5TheleadingglobalPV(includingthinfilm)cellmanufacturingcountryin2015wasChina
(65percentofglobalproduction),followedbyTaiwan(14percent),Malaysia(6percent),Japan
(4percent),andKorea(3percent)(figureIV3).6TheleadingCSPVcellmanufacturing
companiesin2016,inorderfromlargesttosmallest,wereHanwhaQCells(headquarteredin
Korea),JASolar(China),TrinaSolar(China),JinkoSolar(China),Motech(Taiwan),TongweiSolar
(China),Yingli(China),CanadianSolar(China),andShunfeng(China).Thesefirmsallhave
5
IEAPVPS,Trends2016inPhotovoltaicPowerApplications,ReportIEAPVPST130:2016,2016,47,
http://www.ieapvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/Trends_2016__mr.pdf.
6
IV7

productioninChina,thoughmostalsohaveproductioninotherlocationsaswell.7Thetopten
PVcell(includingthinfilm)suppliersin2016accountedforlessthan40percentofglobal
production.8
Figure IV-3
Global PV (including thin film) cell production by country, 2015
Other,8%
Korea,3%
Japan,4%
Malaysia,6%
Taiwan,14%
China,65%
Note: According to IEA data, the United States accounted for 2 percent of cell production.
2016, 48, http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/Trends_2016_-_mr.pdf.
GlobalPVmodule(includingthinfilm)productionin2015isestimatedatapproximately
63GW.9TheleadingglobalPV(includingthinfilm)modulemanufacturingcountryin2015was
China(69percentofproduction),followedbyMalaysia(6percent),KoreaandJapan(5percent
7
Colville,Finlay,Top10SolarCellProducersin2016,PVtech,January30,2017,https://www.pv
tech.org/editorsblog/top10solarcellproducersin2016.
8
Colville,Finlay,Top10SolarCellProducersin2016,PVtech,January30,2017,https://www.pv
tech.org/editorsblog/top10solarcellproducersin2016.
9
IV8

each),andGermany(4percent)(figureIV4).10TheleadingCSPVmodulesuppliersin2016,in
orderfromlargesttosmallest,wereJinkoSolar(headquarteredinChina),TrinaSolar(China),
CanadianSolar(China),HanwhaQCells(Korea),JASolar(China),GCL(China),Yingli(China),
Talesun(China),andRisen(China).11ThetoptenPVmodule(includingthinfilm)suppliers
accountedformorethanhalfofglobalshipmentsin2016,butmorethanonethirdofthecells
usedinthesemodulesweresourcedfromothercompanies.12
Figure IV-4
Global PV (including thin film) module production by country, 2015
Other,11%
Germany,4%
Korea,5%
Japan,5%
Malaysia,6%
China,69%
Note: According to IEA data, the United States accounted for 2 percent of module production.
2016, 48, http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/Trends_2016_-_mr.pdf.
10
11
Colville,Finlay,Top10SolarModuleSuppliersin2016,January31,2017,https://www.pv
tech.org/editorsblog/top10solarmodulesuppliersin2016.
12
Colville,Finlay,Top10SolarModuleSuppliersin2016,January31,2017,https://www.pv
tech.org/editorsblog/top10solarmodulesuppliersin2016.
IV9

TheindustriesinNorthAmerica
Canada
Overview
TheCommissionissuedforeignproducerquestionnairesto12firmsbelievedtoproduce
CSPVproductsinCanada.FourCSPVmoduleproducersinCanadarespondedtothe
Commissionsquestionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforapproximately92percent
of2016modulecapacityinCanada.13ThefourrespondingCanadianproducersreportedthat
theyarecurrentlytheonlyknownproducersofCSPVproductsinCanada.TableIV3liststhe
CanadianproducersofCSPVmodulesthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireand
certainsummarydatafortheperiodJanuary2012throughDecember2016reportedinthose
responses.
13
AfifthfirminCanada(***)providedaquestionnaireresponse***.Therewasnoreported
CanadianproductionofCSPVcellsduringtheperiodofinvestigation.Coverageforrespondingmodule
producersinCanadaisbasedoncommissionedcapacityinCanadaasofApril2017.BloombergNew
EnergyFinancedatabase,https://about.bnef.com/,accessedApril27,2017.
IV10

Table IV-3
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Canada, January 2012 through December
2016
Share of Share of
reported firm's total
exports shipments
Share of Exports to to the exported to
reported the United United Total the United
Production production States States shipments States
Firm (kW) (percent) (kW) (percent) (kW) (percent)
CSPV modules:
Canadian Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Celestica *** *** *** *** *** ***
Heliene *** *** *** *** *** ***
Silfab *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total 2,610,496 100.0 *** 100.0 2,584,951 ***
Note.--Foreign producer data on module assembly does not necessarily equate to the country-of-origin
classification used for U.S. import statistics. ***.
Changesinoperations
AllfourrespondingproducersinCanadareportedoperationalandorganizational
changessinceJanuary1,2012.Detailsconcerningthechangesreportedarepresentedintable
IV4.
IV11

Table IV-4
CSPV products: Reported changes in operations by producers in Canada, since January 1, 2012
Item/firm Reported changed in operations
Plant closings:
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
Anticipatedchangesinoperations
Canadianproducerswereaskedwhethertheyanticipatedchangesinthecharacterof
theiroperationsrelatingtoCSPVproductsinthefuture.TwoproducersinCanada(***)
reportedthattheydonotanticipateanychangesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations,
whereastwofirmsreportedthefollowingdetailspresentedintableIV5concerningthe
anticipatedchanges.
Table IV-5
CSPV products: Canadian producers anticipated changes in operations
Firm Details concerning anticipated changes
*** ***
*** ***

IV12

OperationsonCSPVcells
TherewasnoreportedproductionofCSPVcellsinCanada.
OperationsonCSPVmodules
Canadiancapacity,production,andtotalshipmentsforCSPVmoduleoperations
generallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV6).Capacityandproductionincreasedby69.1
and74.9percent,respectively,from2012to2016,andthecapacityutilizationforfirms
producingCSPVmodulesinCanadarangedfrom53.5to82.9percentduring201216.Firm
projectionsindicatethatcapacity,production,andcapacityutilizationinCanadaareexpected
todeclinefrom2016to2018.InventoriesofCSPVmodulesdeclinedduring201216anda
furtherdeclineisprojectedduring201718.Homemarketshipments,whichaccountedfor***
percentoftotalshipmentsbytheCanadianproducersin2016,increasedduring201214,but
declinedin2015and2016toalevelthatwas***percentbelowthatreportedin2012.Firms
projectionsindicatethathomemarketshipmentsareexpectedtodeclinefurtherin2017and
2018.Conversely,exportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***
percentoftotalshipmentsbytheCanadianproducersin2016,fluctuatedupwardfrom2012to
***kWin2016,higherthanreportedin2012.FirmsprojectthatexportstotheUnitedStatesin
2017and2018willdecline.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodules
producedinCanadaaccountedfor***percentoftherespondingCanadianproducerstotal
shipmentsin2016.OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinCanadaforCSPV
modulesinclude***.
IV13

Table IV-6
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Canada, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Actual experience Projections
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity 553,000 707,000 851,000 875,000 935,000 744,000 744,000
Production 296,019 423,493 648,114 725,151 517,719 254,000 280,250
End-of-period inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market shipments:
Internal consumption/
Transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial home
market shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total home market
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Export shipments to:
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All other markets2 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Ratios and shares (percent)
Capacity utilization 53.5 59.9 76.2 82.9 55.4 34.1 37.7
Inventories/production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial home
Total home market
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
European Union country markets include ***.
2
Other markets include ***.
IV14

Homemarket
AllfourrespondingmoduleproducersinCanadaindicatedthattheycompetewith
importsinthehomemarketandnotedthatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwith
importshaseitherfluctuatedorincreasedsinceJanuary1,2012.Explanationsforthetrendin
homemarketcompetitionwithimportsincludethefollowing:
***:***.
***:***.
***:***.

Exportmarkets
ProducersofCSPVmodulesinCanadawereaskedtoidentifyexportmarketsotherthan
theUnitedStatesthattheyhavedevelopedorwheretheyhaveincreasedsalessinceJanuary1,
2012.Theseothermajorexportmarketsincludethefollowing:***.Therewerenotrade
barriersidentifiedinthisproceedingwithrespecttocertainCSPVproductsoriginatingin
Canada.14
14
Forfurtherinformationontradebarriersinthirdcountrymarkets,seesectiontitledRestraintson
Exportsto,oronImportsinto,ThirdCountryMarketsinPartIofthisreport.
IV15

ExportdatacompiledbytheGlobalTradeAtlas(GTA)forCanadaarenotpresentedinthis
reportbecausedataspecifictoPVproductsarenotavailable.
Mexico
Overview
CSPVproductsinMexico.TwofirmsinMexicorespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaire
withuseableinformation,accountingfor***percentofCSPVcellcapacityinMexicoand
approximately***percentofmodulecapacityinMexicoin2016.***producersofCSPVcellsin
MexicoprovidedaresponsetotheCommissionsquestionnaire.TableIV7liststheMexican
producersofCSPVmodulesthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertain
summarydatafortheperiodJanuary2012throughDecember2016reportedinthose
responses.
IV16

Table IV-7
CSPV products: Summary data on firms in Mexico, January 2012 through December 2016
Share of
Share of firm's total
reported shipments
Share of exports to exported to
reported Exports to the United Total the United
Production production the United States shipments States
Firm (kW) (percent) States (kW) (percent) (kW) (percent)
CSPV modules:
ERDM Solar (Mexico) *** *** *** *** *** ***
SunPower (Mexico) *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. Mexican module assemblers indicated that they used ***
CSPV cells.
Changesinoperations
TherespondingproducersinMexicoreportedoperationalandorganizationalchanges
sinceJanuary1,2012.DetailsconcerningthechangesreportedarepresentedintableIV8.
Table IV-8
CSPV products: Mexican producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Item/firm Description of change
Plant openings:
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
Consolidations:
*** ***
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
IV17

TheCommissionalsoaskedtheMexicanproducerstoreportanticipatedchangesinthe
characteroftheiroperationsrelatingtoCSPVproductsinthefuture.OneproducerinMexico
reportedthatitdoesnotanticipateanychangesinthecharacterofitsCSPVoperations,
whereasonefirmreportedthefollowingdetailspresentedintableIV9concerningthe
anticipatedchanges.
Table IV-9
CSPV products: Mexican producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
Thetworespondingproducers/exportersofCSPVmodulesinMexicodidnotreportany
productionofCSPVcells.Publiclyavailableinformationindicatesthati3Group,aholding
company,istheonlymanufacturerofCSPVcellsinMexico,whichareproducedviaits
subsidiaries.Thefirmsproductionhasexpandedovertimewiththeacquisitionand
importationofPVproductionlinespreviouslyownedbyEuropeanproducers.Onesubsidiary
reportedproductioncapacityof250MW,thoughitisnotclearifthisisforCSPVcells,modules,
orbothandifitonlyincludesproductioninMexico,butthecombinedcellproductioncapacity
ofthetwoplantsacquiredin2013and2014waslikelygreaterthan150MWatthattime.15
15
Manufacturer,DesdeMxico,SolartecseAbrePasoPorelMundo,August10,2016,
SolartecWebsite,http://solartec.mx/index.php,accessedJuly13,2017;Fredrick,James,MexicanSolar
ManufacturerLookstoCompeteAbroad,BNAmericas,March22,2013,
https://www.bnamericas.com/en/interviews/electricpower/miguelmedinaaguilar
(continued...)
IV18

PubliclyavailableinformationindicatesthatthereareatleastfiveproducersofCSPV
modulesinMexico.Totalproductioncapacityattheseplantsisabout1,600MW.Thelargest
producerisSunPowerwithanannualcapacitygreaterthan1,000MW,butatleastthreeother
producershavemorethan100MWofannualproductioncapacity.16InAugust2016,SunPower
announcedthatitwouldcloseitsmoduleassemblyplantinthePhilippinesandmove
productiontoolstoMexico,whichwouldincreaseannualcapacityinMexicoto2GW.17
(continued)
solartec?position=1&aut=true&idioma=en;ElFianciero,SolartecAdquiereActivosdeBoschSolar,July
21,2014,http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/solartecadquiereactivosdeboschsolar.html;
Fredrick,James,Mexico'sSolarcelltoProduce75MWCellsAnnually,BNAmericas,March21,2013,
https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/electricpower/mexicossolarcelltoproduce75mwcells
annually;Fredrick,James,Mexico'sFirstSolarCellPlantDelaysStartup,DecreasesCapacity,BN
America,October15,2013,https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/electricpower/mexicosfirstsolar
cellplantdelaysstartupdecreasescapacity.
16
ExactcapacitydataarenotavailableforSunPower,anditisnotclearifallofSolartecslisted
capacityisinMexico,thereforethe1,600MWinannualcapacityisapproximate.IUSASOLWebsite,
http://www.iusasol.mx/Home/why_us,accessedJuly13,2017;Manufacturer,DesdeMxico,Solartec
seAbrePasoPorelMundo,August10,2016,
SolartecWebsite,http://solartec.mx/index.php(accessedJuly13,2017);SolarvatioWebsite,
http://solarvatio.com/energy/proceso/,accessedJuly13,2017;ERDMWebsite,http://stores.erdm
solar.com/AboutUs.html(accessedJuly13,2017);SunPower,SunPowerAwardedApproximately500
MegawattsofSolarinMexico'sFirstElectricityAuction,Newsrelease,April1,2016,
http://newsroom.sunpower.com/20160401SunPowerAwardedApproximately500Megawattsof
SolarinMexicosFirstElectricityAuction.
17
Osborne,Mark,SunPowerStreamliningProjectDevelopmentFocusandClosingModuleAssembly
Plant,PVTech,August9,2016,https://www.pvtech.org/news/sunpowerstreamliningproject
developmentfocusandclosingmoduleassembly.
IV19

ThreecompaniesclosedmoduleplantsinMexicoduring201216.Panasonicclosedits
50MWmoduleplantin2012,Silikenclosedits75MWmoduleplantin2012,andKyocera
closedits150MWmoduleplantin2016.18
SeveralotherfirmsproducedmodulesinMexicoonacontractbasisduring201216,but
haveclosedorthestatusoftheirmanufacturingoperationsisunclear.FlexLimitedstarted
productionofmodulesinMexicoin2015forSunEdison,butthesubsequentbankruptcyof
SunEdisonledtotheendofmanufacturingforthispartner.19Informationisnotavailableon
whetherthefirmmanufacturesinMexicoforanyothercompanies.Productioncapacityatthe
plantwasapproximately400MW.20Othercontractmanufacturersthatannouncedproduction
plantsinMexicobutmaynolongeractivelyproduceCSPVproductsincludeJabilCircuitand
FoxconnsubsidiaryFoxEnergy.21
18
USITCPublication4519,p.VII35;USITCPublication4360,p.VII17;Dennis,William,Panasonic
ConsolidatesSolarPanelProduction,EngineeringandTechnology,August23,2012,https://prod
eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2012/08/panasonicconsolidatessolarpanelproduction/;Stromsta,
KarlErik,SilikenShutsDoorsatMexicanPVPlantAfterJust16Months,Recharge,September6,2012,
http://www.rechargenews.com/solar/840385/silikenshutsdoorsatmexicanpvplantafterjust16
months;NikkeiAsianReview,KyoceraProfitSeenSlumping18%forFiscal2016,January18,2017,
http://asia.nikkei.com/Markets/TokyoMarket/Kyoceraprofitseenslumping18forfiscal2016.
19
Osborne,Mark,FlextronicstoProduceSolarModulesforSunEdisoninMexico,PVTech,April7,
2015,https://www.pv
tech.org/news/flextronics_to_produce_solar_modules_for_sunedison_in_mexico;Osborne,Mark,Flex
ConfirmsSolarBusinesswithSunEdisonWentFromUS$500MilliontoZero,PVTech,January27,2017,
https://www.pvtech.org/news/flexconfirmssolarbusinesswithsunedisonwentfromus500million
tozero.
20
Grajeda,Jose,CiudadJuarezDominatesSolarPanelManufacturinginMexico,August4,2015,
https://www.tecma.com/solarpanelmanufacturinginmexicoisdominantinciudadjuarez/.
21
USITCPublication4519,p.VII35.
IV20

ThetworespondingMexicanproducersreportedcapacity,production,capacity
utilization,andshipmentsgenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV10).22Capacityand
productionincreasedby***percentand***percent,respectively,from2012to2016,andthe
capacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVmodulesinMexicorangedfrom***percentto
***percentduring201216.TherespondingMexicanproducersprojectcapacity,production,
andcapacityutilizationtoincreasein201718.InventoriesofCSPVmodulesheldbythesetwo
firmsinMexicohavefluctuatedovertheperiod,butwere***percenthigherin2016compared
with2012.Aggregatehomemarketsales,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipments
bytheMexicanproducersin2016,increasedby***percentduring201216.Meanwhile,
exportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotal
shipmentsbytheMexicanproducersin2016,increasedby***percentfrom***kWto***kW
duringtheperiod.RespondingfirmsprojectfurtherincreasesinexportstotheUnitedStates
during2017and2018,althoughtheyprojectthattheexportstotheUnitedStateswillaccount
foraslightlysmallershareoftotalshipments,decliningfrom***percentoftotalshipmentsin
2016to***percentin2018.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodules
producedinMexicoaccountedforbetween***percentand***percentoftheresponding
Mexicanproducerstotalshipmentssince2012,althoughrespondingfirmsprojectthatthese
exportswillaccountforaslightlylargershareoftheirtotalshipmentsduring201718.Other
majorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinMexicoforCSPVmodulesinclude***.
22
Twoproducers/exportersinMexicorespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireinthis
proceeding.
IV21

Table IV-10
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Mexico, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
End-of-period
inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Capacity utilization *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
All other markets *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV22

Homemarket
ProducersofCSPVproductsinMexicowereaskedwhethertheycompetewithimports
ofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket.***,whichreported***shipmentsofCSPVproductsto
thehomemarketduringtheperiodofinvestigation,indicatedthatitdoesnotcompetewith
importsinthehomemarket.***,whichreported***shipmentsofCSPVproductsweretothe
homemarketduringtheperiodofinvestigation,indicatedthatitcompeteswithimportsinthe
homemarketandcommentedon***,althoughitnotedthatthetrendinhomemarket
competitionwithimportshasdecreasedsinceJanuary1,2012.
Exportmarkets
ProducersofCSPVproductsinMexicowereaskedtoidentifyexportmarketsotherthan
theUnitedStatesthattheyhavedevelopedorwheretheyincreasedsalessinceJanuary1,
barriersidentifiedinthisinvestigationwithrespecttocertainCSPVproductsoriginatingin
Mexico.23ExportdatacompiledbyGTAforMexicoarenotpresentedinthisreportbecausethe
PVspecificdatadonotappeartocaptureallexportsofPVproducts.
23
IV23

TheindustriesinAsia
China
Overview
TheCommissionissuedforeignproducerquestionnairesto274firmsbelievedto
produceCSPVproductsinChina.ThirtyfivefirmsinChinarespondedtotheCommissions
questionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforapproximately55percentoftotalCSPV
cellproductionand63percentoftotalCSPVmoduleproductioninChina.TableIV11liststhe
ChineseproducersofCSPVproductsthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireand
certainsummarydatareportedinthoseresponses.
IV24

Table IV-11
CSPV products: Summary data on firms in China, January 2012 through December 2016, by
product type
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
Exports exports exported
Share of to the to the to the
reported United United Total United
CSPV cells:
Anji DaSol *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canadian Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Changzhou Trina *** *** *** *** *** ***
Chint Zheijiang *** *** *** *** *** ***
Cixi Rixing *** *** *** *** *** ***
Delsolar WuJiang *** *** *** *** *** ***
ET Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
GCL System *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha Qidong *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hengdian DMEGC *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jiawei Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jinizhou Huachang *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jinko Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jolywood Suzhou *** *** *** *** *** ***
Lightway Green *** *** *** *** *** ***
Longi Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Neo Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Ningbo Komaes *** *** *** *** *** ***
Risen Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shanghai BYD *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shanghai JA Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
ShenZhen Jiawei *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shenzhen Sungold *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shenzhen Topray *** *** *** *** *** ***
Star Power *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sumec Hardware *** *** *** *** *** ***
Suzhou Talesun *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wanxiang Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wuhan FYY *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wuxi Suntech *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wuxi Tianran *** *** *** *** *** ***
Yingli Green *** *** *** *** *** ***
Zhejiang Era *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total 94,190,736 100.0 *** *** *** ***
IV25

Table IV-11Continued
CSPV products: Summary data on firms in China, January 2012 to December 2016, by product
type
Share of Share of
reported firm's
exports total
Share of to the shipments
reported Exports to United Total exported
Production production the United States shipments to the U.S.
CSPV modules:
Anji DaSol *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canadian Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Changzhou Trina *** *** *** *** *** ***
Chint Zheijiang *** *** *** *** *** ***
Cixi Rixing *** *** *** *** *** ***
Delsolar WuJiang *** *** *** *** *** ***
ET Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
GCL System *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha Qidong *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hengdian DMEGC *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jiawei Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jinizhou Huachang *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jinko Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jolywood Suzhou *** *** *** *** *** ***
Lightway Green *** *** *** *** *** ***
Longi Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Neo Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Ningbo Komaes *** *** *** *** *** ***
Risen Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shanghai BYD *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shanghai JA Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
ShenZhen Jiawei *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shenzhen Sungold *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shenzhen Topray *** *** *** *** *** ***
Star Power *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sumec Hardware *** *** *** *** *** ***
Suzhou Talesun *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wanxiang Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wuhan FYY *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wuxi Suntech *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wuxi Tianran *** *** *** *** *** ***
Yingli Green *** *** *** *** *** ***
Zhejiang Era *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total 115,123,001 100.0 *** *** 112,885,289 ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. Most China modules assemblers use ***.
IV26

Changesinoperations
Oftheresponding35producersinChina,27firmsreportedoperationalor
organizationalchangessinceJanuary1,2012.Detailsconcerningthechangesreportedare
presentedintableIV12.
Table IV-12
CSPV products: Reported changes in operations by producers in China, since January 1, 2012
Plant openings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Plant closings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
IV27

Relocations:
*** ***
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
IV28

Acquisitions/mergers/buyouts:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Consolidations:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
IV29

Other:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
RegardinganticipatedchangesinthecharacteroftheiroperationsrelatingtoCSPV
products,27firmsreportedthattheydonotanticipateanychanges,whereas8firmsreported
thefollowingdetailspresentedintableIV13concerningtheanticipatedchanges.
IV30

Table IV-13
CSPV products: Chinese producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Accordingtopubliclyavailableinformation,ChinasproductionofCSPVcellsnearly
doubledfrom21GWin2012to41GWin2015.CSPVcellproductioncapacitytotaled53GWin
2015,upfrommorethan40GWin2012.24CSPVcellcapacity,production,capacityutilization,
inventories,andshipmentsasreportedbyChinesefirmsrespondingtotheCommissions
questionnaireinthisinvestigationgenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV14).Capacity
andproductionincreasedby98.4and149.7percent,respectively,from2012to2016,andthe
capacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVcellsinChinaincreasedfrom66.6percentin2012
to83.8percentin2016.Likewise,inventoriesofCSPVcellsincreasedby301.5percentduring
201216.Furtherincreasesintheseindicatorsareprojectedduring2017and2018.
24
NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinChina2012,InternationalEnergyAgencyCo
OperativeProgrammeonPhotovoltaicPowerSystems,July16,2013,http://www.ieapvps.org/?id=93;
NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinChina2015,InternationalEnergyAgency,
PhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme,http://www.ieapvps.org/?id=93.
IV31

Table IV-14
CSPV cells: Data on industry in China, 2012-16 and projected 2017 and 2018
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity 16,698,039 19,299,708 22,186,285 26,457,091 33,133,986 39,838,953 42,936,065
Production 11,124,972 14,027,686 18,537,642 22,720,444 27,779,992 33,929,420 37,287,607
End-of-period inventories 337,542 515,034 889,532 792,602 1,355,270 1,436,005 1,560,587
Shipments:
Home market
shipments:
transfers 9,674,468 11,896,126 16,131,422 18,760,718 24,213,257 29,589,168 32,215,243
Commercial home
market shipments 1,003,794 1,162,736 1,175,209 3,502,607 2,551,812 3,136,876 3,245,012
Total home
market shipments 10,678,262 13,058,862 17,306,631 22,263,325 26,765,069 32,726,044 35,460,255
1
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union2 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports 404,262 810,543 871,646 519,073 504,106 1,153,448 1,735,693
Total
Shipments 11,082,524 13,869,405 18,178,277 22,782,398 27,269,175 33,879,492 37,195,948
Inventories/production 3.0 3.7 4.8 3.5 4.9 4.2 4.2
Inventories/total
shipments 3.0 3.7 4.9 3.5 5.0 4.2 4.2
Share of shipments:
Home market
shipments:
transfers 87.3 85.8 88.7 82.3 88.8 87.3 86.6
Commercial home
market shipments 9.1 8.4 6.5 15.4 9.4 9.3 8.7
Total home
1
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union2 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
3
Total exports 3.6 5.8 4.8 2.3 1.8 3.4 4.7
Total
shipments 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1
Antidumping and countervailing duty orders associated with the CSPV 1 investigations became effective December 7,
2012. Antidumping and countervailing duty orders associated with the CSPV 2 investigations became effective February
18, 2015.
2
3
IV32

HomemarketshipmentsofCSPVcells(includinginternalconsumptionandcommercial
homemarketsales),whichaccountedfor98.2percentoftotalshipmentsbytheChinese
producersin2016,increasedby150.7percentduringtheperiod.Conversely,exportsofCSPV
cellstotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheChinese
producersin2016,declinedfrom***kWto***kW(or by***percent)during201216.
Respondingfirmsprojectthattherewillbe***exportsofCSPVcellsfromChinatotheUnited
Statesduring2017and2018.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVcells
producedinChinaaccountedfor***percentoftherespondingChineseproducerstotal
shipmentsin2016.OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinChinaforCSPVcells
include***.
IV33

PubliclyavailableinformationindicatesthattotalproductionofCSPVmodulesinChina
reached45.8GWin2015,nearlydoublethe2012productiontotalof23GW.Maximum
productioncapacityforCSPVmodulestotaled71GWin2015comparedtomorethan40GWof
maximumcapacityavailabletoproducemodulesin2012.25
CSPVmodulecapacity,production,capacityutilization,inventories,andshipmentsas
reportedbyChineseproducersrespondingtotheCommissionsquestionnaireinthis
investigationgenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV15).Capacityandproduction
increasedby130.5and184.6percent,respectively,from2012to2016,andthecapacity
utilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVmodulesinChinaincreasedfrom61.9percentin2012to
82.9percentin2015,beforedecliningsomewhatto76.4percentin2016.Likewise,inventories
ofCSPVmodulesincreasedby142.2percentduringthesameperiod.Furtherincreasesin
production,capacity,andinventoriesofCSPVmodulesinChinaareexpectedduring2017and
2018.
25
NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinChina2012,InternationalEnergyAgencyCo
OperativeProgrammeonPhotovoltaicPowerSystems,July16,2013,http://www.ieapvps.org/?id=93;
NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinChina2015,InternationalEnergyAgency,
PhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme,http://www.ieapvps.org/?id=93.
IV34

Table IV-15
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in China, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity 20,131,407 22,767,513 27,994,412 34,715,630 46,399,800 55,038,389 78,766,489
Production 12,462,092 16,326,264 22,071,981 28,792,042 35,470,622 45,703,333 51,174,260
End-of-period inventories 996,167 1,029,494 1,862,398 1,997,237 2,412,340 2,783,744 2,999,914
Shipments:
Internal consumption/ transfers 968,505 2,092,486 2,523,312 3,057,385 3,520,910 6,332,468 8,201,620
Commercial home market
shipments 1,487,587 3,851,669 5,210,754 9,807,680 17,165,586 21,212,011 23,345,830
Total home market
shipments 2,456,092 5,944,155 7,734,066 12,865,065 20,686,496 27,544,479 31,547,450
1
United States 1,316,838 2,115,531 3,409,946 3,655,744 2,916,685 738,216 770,204
European Union2 4,394,209 2,953,923 2,633,524 2,157,664 858,562 1,162,273 1,012,757
All other markets3 3,896,496 5,323,014 7,601,138 9,812,562 10,153,579 15,889,776 17,325,548
Total exports 9,607,543 10,392,468 13,644,608 15,625,970 13,928,826 17,790,265 19,108,509
Total shipments 12,063,635 16,336,623 21,378,674 28,491,035 34,615,322 45,334,744 50,655,959
Inventories/total shipments 8.3 6.3 8.7 7.0 7.0 6.1 5.9
Share of shipments:
Internal consumption/ transfers 8.0 12.8 11.8 10.7 10.2 14.0 16.2
Shipments 12.3 23.6 24.4 34.4 49.6 46.8 46.1
Total home market
Shipments 20.4 36.4 36.2 45.2 59.8 60.8 62.3
United States1 10.9 12.9 16.0 12.8 8.4 1.6 1.5
European Union2 36.4 18.1 12.3 7.6 2.5 2.6 2.0
All other markets3 32.3 32.6 35.6 34.4 29.3 35.0 34.2
Total exports 79.6 63.6 63.8 54.8 40.2 39.2 37.7
Total shipments 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1
Antidumping and countervailing duty orders associated with the CSPV 1 investigations became effective December 7,
2012. Antidumping and countervailing duty orders associated with the CSPV 2 investigations became effective February
18, 2015.
2
3
IV35

HomemarketshipmentsofCSPVmodules(includinginternalconsumptionand
commercialhomemarketsales),whichaccountedfor59.8percentoftotalshipmentsof
modulesbytheChineseproducersin2016,increasedby742.3percentduring201216.Exports
ofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor8.4percentoftotalshipmentsby
theChineseproducersin2016,increasedfrom1,316,838kWto3,655,744kWbetween2012
and2015,butdeclinedin2016to2,916,685kW,121.5percenthigherthanthatreportedfor
2012.FirmsprojectthattheirexportsofCSPVmodulesfromChinatotheUnitedStatesduring
2017and2018willdecline.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodules
producedinChina,whichaccountedfor31.8percentoftherespondingChineseproducers
totalshipmentsin2016,representedadecliningshareoftotalshipmentsfrom2012to2016.
OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinChinaforCSPVmodulesinclude
EuropeanUnioncountrymarkets(***)andothermarkets(***).
IV36

Homemarket
Regardingcompetitioninthehomemarket,twentyeightrespondingproducersinChina
indicatedthattheydonotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket;whereassixproducersin
Chinaindicatedthattheydocompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.FiveChineseproducers
notedthatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshasremainedconstant,one
indicatedthatithasincreased,andoneindicatedthatithasfluctuatedsinceJanuary1,2012.
ExplanationsforthetrendsinhomemarketcompetitioninChinawithimportsprovidedby
Chineseproducersincludethefollowing:
***
***.
***.

IV37

Exportmarkets
ProducersofCSPVproductsinChinawereaskedtoidentifyexportmarketsotherthan
2012.Theseothermajorexportmarketsincludethefollowing:***.Chineseproducer***
explainedthatthe***.***notedthat,***.Italsonotedthat***.Asnotedindetailin
PartIofthisreport,tradebarriersexistintheUnitedStatesandseveralothercountriesfor
certainCSPVproductsoriginatinginChina.26
Accordingtoofficialexportstatistics,27theleadingexportmarketsforCSPVproducts
fromChinaareJapan,India,andtheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor22.6,1.6,and11.8
percent,respectively,ofthetotalexportsofCSPVproductsfromChinaduring2016(tableIV
16).
26
27
OfficialexportsstatisticsunderChinaspecificHSnumbers8541.40.20asreportedbyChina's
statisticalauthorityintheGTAdatabase,accessedJuly14,2017.
IV38

Table IV-16
CSPV products: China exports by destination market, 2012-16
Calendar year
Destination market 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
China exports to the United States 1,402,183 1,206,397 1,816,973 1,634,309 1,342,504
China exports to other major destination
markets.--
Japan 892,923 2,794,321 4,395,596 3,341,568 2,558,643
India 193,756 510,191 488,652 1,356,333 2,448,109
Netherlands 3,829,267 1,496,753 1,037,245 945,463 576,655
Korea 109,257 234,524 416,780 378,369 357,115
Australia 732,282 427,169 397,404 366,473 354,404
Brazil 2,628 4,465 4,969 34,309 341,121
Pakistan 8,489 56,056 188,939 366,794 328,211
Turkey 6,712 41,974 80,542 256,953 321,683
All other destination markets 5,597,675 3,378,370 3,493,044 4,218,518 2,708,604
Total China exports 12,775,173 10,150,221 12,320,143 12,899,089 11,337,050
China exports to the United States 11.0 11.9 14.7 12.7 11.8
China exports to other major destination
markets.--
Japan 7.0 27.5 35.7 25.9 22.6
India 1.5 5.0 4.0 10.5 21.6
Netherlands 30.0 14.7 8.4 7.3 5.1
Korea 0.9 2.3 3.4 2.9 3.1
Australia 5.7 4.2 3.2 2.8 3.1
Brazil 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.0
Pakistan 0.1 0.6 1.5 2.8 2.9
Turkey 0.1 0.4 0.7 2.0 2.8
All other destination markets 43.8 33.3 28.4 32.7 23.9
Total China exports 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Official exports statistics under China-specific HS number 8541.40.20 as reported by China's
statistical authority in the GTA database, accessed July 14, 2017.
IV39

India
Overview
TheCommissionissuedforeignproducerquestionnairesto113firmsbelievedto
produceCSPVproductsinIndia.FivefirmsinIndiarespondedtotheCommissions
questionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforapproximately***percentofcell
productioncapacityand***percentofmoduleproductioncapacityinIndia.TableIV17lists
theIndianproducersofCSPVcellsthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireand
Table IV-17
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in India, January 2012 to December 2016
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
Share of Exports to to the to the
reported the United United Total United
CSPV cells:
Indosolar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Renewsys *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sonali Energees *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sova Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Udhaya Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
Indosolar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Renewsys *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sonali Energees *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sova Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Udhaya Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
IV40

Changesinoperations
ThreeofthefiverespondingproducersinIndiareportedoperationalororganizational
changessinceJanuary1,2012(tableIV18).
Table IV-18
CSPV products: Indian producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Item / Firm Reported changed in operations
Plant openings:
*** ***
Plant closings:
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
Other:
*** ***
IV41

products,fourproducersinIndiareportedthattheydonotanticipateanychangesinthe
characteroftheirCSPVoperations.Onefirm(***)reportedthatitanticipates***.
Accordingtopubliclyavailableinformation,Indiassolarcellmanufacturingcapacity
increasedfrom848MWattheendof2012to1,753MWattheendof2016.28Ofthe1,753
MWininstalledcapacity,1,448MWwasoperationalattheendof2016.29Indiahad16
producersofCSPVcellsattheendof2016,withanaverageproductioncapacityof110MW.
Capacityatthelargestproducerwas300MW.30TheAdaniGroup,asofthesecondhalfof2016,
wasbuildinga1,200MWplantthatwasexpectedtobecommissionedbytheendoftheyear.
Thecompanyindicatedthatitplanstoexpandthisplantto2,000MWin2017.31
28
Intersolar,StatusofPVManufacturinginIndia,http://www.intersolar.in/en/news
press/news/industrynews/statusofpvmanufacturinginindia.html(accessedJuly13,2017);Ministry
ofNew&RenewableEnergy,NationalSolarMissionDivision,SolarCellandModuleCapacities,January
31,2017,p.2,http://mnre.gov.in/filemanager/UserFiles/informationsoughtfromallSolarCell&
Modulemanufacturers31012017.pdf.
29
MinistryofNew&RenewableEnergy,NationalSolarMissionDivision,SolarCellandModule
Capacities,January31,2017,p.2,http://mnre.gov.in/filemanager/UserFiles/informationsoughtfrom
allSolarCell&Modulemanufacturers31012017.pdf.
30
31
TheIndianExpress,AdanisSolarEquipmentMfgFacilityMayCommencebyYearend,The
IndianExpress,August30,2016,http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/adanissolar
equipmentmfgfacilitymaycommencebyyearend3004201/.
IV42

Twofirms(IndosolarandRenewsys)providedaresponsetotheCommissions
questionnaireinthisproceedingconcerningproductionofCSPVcellsinIndia.TableIV19
presentsinformationontheCSPVcelloperationsoftherespondingproducers/exportersin
India.
Indiancapacity,production,andcapacityutilizationforCSPVcellsproducedbythe
respondingIndianfirmsgenerallyincreasedduring201216.Capacityreportedbythe
respondingIndianproducersincreasedby***percentfrom2012to2016,whereasproduction
increasedby***in2012.CapacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVcellsinIndiaincreased
from***percentin2012to***percentin2016.Thefirmsprojecttheseupwardtrendsto
continueinto2017and2018.InventoriesofCSPVcellsheldbyproducersinIndiafluctuated
duringtheperiodofinvestigation,althoughtheratioofinventoriestoproductionand
shipmentsrevealsteadydeclinesfrom2012to2016.Inventoriesaccountedfor***percentof
respondingIndianproducersproductionandtotalshipmentsduring2016.
Homemarketshipments,allofwhichwerecommercialsales,accountedfor***percent
oftotalshipmentsbytherespondingIndianproducersin2016.Thesehomemarketshipments
in2016were***higherthanthelevelreportedin2012.Conversely,exportsofCSPVcellsto
theUnitedStates,were***during201216,with***shipmentsreportedduring201416.
RespondingfirmsinIndiareportedthattheyexpectexportsofCSPVcellstotheUnitedStates
toincreaseto***kWby2018.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVcells
producedinIndiaaccountedfor***percentoftherespondingIndianproducerstotal
shipmentsin2016.Other
IV43

majorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinIndiaforCSPVcellsinclude***.
Table IV-19
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in India, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total home market
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total home market
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV44

Accordingtopubliclyavailableinformation,IndiasPVmodulecapacityincreasedfrom
2,000MWattheendof2012to6,913MWattheendof2016.32Ofthis2016capacity,5,287
MWwasoperational.Indiahad103moduleproducersattheendof2016,withanaverage
capacityof67MW.Thethreelargestplantswere500MWeach.33TheAdaniGroupwasalso
planning1,200MWofmoduleproductionbytheendof2016,withplanstoexpandproduction
to2,000MWin2017.34
Fourfirms(Renewsys,SonaliEnergees,SovaSolar,andUdhayaEnergy)provideda
responsetotheCommissionsquestionnaireinthisproceedingconcerningproductionofCSPV
modulesinIndia(tableIV20).
32
Intersolar,StatusofPVManufacturinginIndia,http://www.intersolar.in/en/news
press/news/industrynews/statusofpvmanufacturinginindia.html(accessedJuly13,2017);Ministry
ofNew&RenewableEnergy,NationalSolarMissionDivision,SolarCellandModuleCapacities,January
31,2017,p.2,http://mnre.gov.in/filemanager/UserFiles/informationsoughtfromallSolarCell&
Modulemanufacturers31012017.pdf.
33
34
TheIndianExpress,AdanisSolarEquipmentMfgFacilityMayCommencebyYearend,The
IndianExpress,August30,2016,http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/adanissolar
equipmentmfgfacilitymaycommencebyyearend3004201/.
IV45

Table IV-20
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in India, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total home market
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total home market
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV46

Indiancapacity,production,capacityutilization,inventories,andshipmentsCSPV
modulesgenerallyincreasedduringtheperiod.Capacityincreasedfrom***kWin2012to***
kWin2016andproductionincreasedfrom***kWin2012to***kWin2016.Capacity
utilizationforrespondingfirmsproducingCSPVmodulesinIndiaincreasedfrom***percentin
2012to***percentin2016.AlthoughinventoriesofCSPVmodulesheldbytheresponding
moduleproducersinIndiaincreasedfrom***kWin2012to***kWin2016,theyfluctuated
downwardto***percentoftotalshipmentsby2016.Therespondingproducersproject
substantialincreasesintheseindicatorsin2017and2018.
Homemarketsales,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheIndian
producersin2016,declinedduring201214,butincreasedsubstantiallyin2015and2016.
Conversely,exportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***percentof
totalshipmentsofmodulesbytherespondingIndianproducersin2016,increasedfrom***in
2012and2013to***kWin2016.TheseIndianproducersprojecttheirexportsofCSPV
modulestotheUnitedStateswillincreasefurtherto***kWby2018.Exportmarketsother
thantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodulesproducedinIndiabytherespondingproducers
increasedbetween2012and2016,bothinabsolutequantityandasashareoftotalshipments.
ExportstomarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesaccountedfor***percentoftheresponding
Indianproducerstotalshipmentsofmodulesduring2016.Othermajorexportmarkets
identifiedbyproducersinIndiaforCSPVmodulesinclude***.
IV47

Homemarket
Accordingtopubliclyavailableinformation,Indianmanufacturerssuppliedlessthan15
percentoftheIndianmodulemarketduringApril2016toMarch2017(includingnonsubject
thinfilmproducts).ThelargestIndiansupplier,VikramSolar,accountedfor3.3percentofthe
market,andthesecondlargest,Waaree,accountedfor2.0percentofthemarket.35
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,one
producerinIndiaindicatedthatitdoesnotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket,whereas
theremainingrespondingproducersinIndiaindicatedthattheydocompetewithimportsin
thehomemarket.Twofirmsnotedthatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimports
hasdecreased,twofirmsindicatedthatithasincreased,andonenotedthatithasfluctuated
sinceJanuary1,2012.Commentsconcerningthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwith
importsincludethefollowing:
***:***.
***:***.
***:***.
***:***.

35
BridgetoIndia,IndiaSolarMap,March2017,http://www.bridgetoindia.com/reports/indiasolar
mapmarch2017edition/.
IV48

Exportmarkets
RespondingproducersofCSPVproductsinIndiaidentifiedexportmarketsotherthan
barriersidentifiedinthisproceedingwithrespecttocertainCSPVproductsoriginatingin
India.36
Accordingtoofficialexportsstatistics37ofCSPVproductsfromIndia,theleadingexport
marketforCSPVproductsfromIndiaistheUnitedKingdom,whichaccountedfor47.1percent
ofthetotalexportsofCSPVproductsfromIndiaduring2016(tableIV21).
36
37
OfficialexportsstatisticsunderIndiaspecificHSnumber8541.40.11asreportedbyIndia's
statisticalauthorityintheGTAdatabase,accessedJuly14,2017.
IV49

Table IV-21
CSPV products: Exports from India, 2012-16
Calendar year
India exports to the United States 5,102 1,324 57,310 10,201 5,358
India exports to other major destination
markets.--
United Kingdom 461 36,096 75,485 74,327 53,889
Belgium 766 6,044 6,407 7,737 8,320
Italy 8,927 3,204 4,752 1,830 5,558
Nepal 600 1,310 1,559 1,352 5,047
China 1,993 3,239 497 5,222 4,867
Spain 190 4,555 1,383 2,104 4,217
Canada 512 169 669 1,553 3,632
Germany 10,925 78,949 28,350 2,156 2,918
All other destination markets 73,275 101,939 36,574 27,766 20,530
Total India exports 102,752 236,828 212,986 134,248 114,337
India exports to the United States 5.0 0.6 26.9 7.6 4.7
India exports to other major destination
markets.--
United Kingdom 0.4 15.2 35.4 55.4 47.1
Belgium 0.7 2.6 3.0 5.8 7.3
Italy 8.7 1.4 2.2 1.4 4.9
Nepal 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 4.4
China 1.9 1.4 0.2 3.9 4.3
Spain 0.2 1.9 0.6 1.6 3.7
Canada 0.5 0.1 0.3 1.2 3.2
Germany 10.6 33.3 13.3 1.6 2.6
Total India exports 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Official exports statistics under India-specific HS number 8541.40.11 as reported by India's
statistical authority in the GTA database, accessed July 14, 2017.

IV50

Indonesia
Overview
TheCommissionissuedforeignproducerquestionnairestoonemajorfirm(PTLen
IndustriPersero(Persero))thatwasbelievedtobearelativelylargeproducerofCSPV
productsinIndonesiaandotherwisemadethequestionnaireavailableontheCommissions
websiteforadditionalfirmsinIndonesiatodownloadandcomplete.Perseroandtwo
additionalfirmsinIndonesia(CanadianSolarandSkyIndustry)respondedtotheCommissions
questionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforanestimated***percentofCSPV
capacityinIndonesia.38TableIV22liststheIndonesianproducersofCSPVproductsthat
respondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertainsummarydatareportedinthose
responses.
38
ProductionandcapacitydataforIndonesiaarenotreadilyavailableanditisdifficulttoestimate
thecoverageoftotalIndonesiaproductionattributabletotherespondingthreefirms,butthereare
believedtobeatleastfiveadditionalmanufacturersofCSPVproductsinIndonesia.Thefiveadditional
firmsincludePTAdyawinsaElectrical&Power,PTSuryaUtamaPutra,PTSwadayaPrimaUtama,PTAzet
SuryaLestari,andPTWijayaKaryaInatradeEnergi.ThesefivefirmsandPerserocomprisethe
IndonesianSolarModuleManufacturerAssociation(APAMSI).FirmsintheAPAMSIarereportedto
haveacombinedannualproductioncapacityof90mw.GlobalBusinessGuide,SolarPanelsin
Indonesia:ABrightFuture?July21,2014,
http://www.gbgindonesia.com/en/main/business_updates/2014/upd_solar_panels_in_indonesia_a_bri
ght_future_.php.
IV51

Table IV-22
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Indonesia, January 2012 to December
2016, by product type
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
CSPV cells:
Canadian Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Persero *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sky Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
Canadian Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Persero *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sky Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
Changesinoperations
OneproducerinIndonesiareportedoperationalandorganizationalchangessince
January1,2012(tableIV23).
Table IV-23
CSPV products: Indonesian producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Plant openings:
*** ***
IV52

productsinthefuture,threerespondingproducersinIndonesiareportedthattheydonot
anticipateanychangesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations.
TheonlyrespondingproducerofCSPVcellsinIndonesia(SkyEnergy)reportedthatit
beganproductionofCSPVcellsin2016andthatitscapacity,production,capacityutilization,
andshipmentsareprojectedtoincreasein2017comparedwith2016(tableIV24).Thefirms
capacityutilizationforCSPVcellsinIndonesiawas***percentin2016asitrampedup
capacity.SkyEnergy***.SkyEnergyreportedthatallofitsproductionofcellsinIndonesia***.
Thefirmindicatedthatit***.
IV53

Table IV-24
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Indonesia, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
IV54

Indonesiancapacity,production,inventories,andshipmentsforCSPVmodule
operationsgenerallyincreasedduring201216(tableIV25).Capacityandproductionwere***
larger,respectively,in2016comparedwith2012,andthecapacityutilizationforfirms
producingCSPVmodulesinIndonesiarangedfrom***percentto***percentduring201216.
Likewise,inventoriesofCSPVmodulesincreasedduringthesameperiod.Production,
inventories,andcapacityutilizationareprojectedtoincreasein2017and2018.Homemarket
sales,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheIndonesianproducersin2016,
declinedfrom***percentin201214.ExportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStatesbeganin
2015andreached***kWin2016,accountingfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbythe
Indonesianproducersin2016.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodules
producedinIndonesiaaccountedforbetween***percentand***percentoftheresponding
Indonesianproducerstotalshipmentssince2015.Othermajorexportmarketsidentifiedby
producersinIndonesiaforCSPVmodulesinclude***.
IV55

Table IV-25
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Indonesia, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV56

Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,two
producersinIndonesiaindicatedthattheydonotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.
TheoneproducerinIndonesiathatindicatedthatitcompeteswithimportsinthehomemarket
notedthatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshasincreasedsinceJanuary1,
2012.
Exportmarkets
RespondingproducersofCSPVproductsinIndonesiaidentifiedexportmarketsother
thantheUnitedStatesthattheyhavedevelopedorwheretheyhaveincreasedsalessince
January1,2012.Theseothermajorexportmarketsincludethefollowing:***.Therewereno
tradebarriersidentifiedinthisproceedingwithrespecttocertainCSPVproductsoriginatingin
Indonesia.39
Accordingtoofficialexportsstatistics,40theleadingexportmarketsforCSPVproducts
fromIndonesiaaretheUnitedStatesandCanada(tableIV26).During2016,theUnitedStates
wasthetopexportmarketforCSPVproductsfromIndonesia,accountingfor66.6percent,
followedbyCanada,accountingfor14.8percentoftotalIndonesianexports.
39
40
OfficialexportsstatisticsunderIndonesiaspecificHSnumbers8541.40.2100and8541.40.2200as
reportedbyIndonesia'sstatisticalauthorityintheGTAdatabase,accessedJuly14,2017.
IV57

Table IV-26
CSPV products: Indonesia exports by destination market, 2012-16
Calendar year
Indonesia exports to the United States --- --- 1 568 1,868
Indonesia exports to other major
destination markets.--
Canada --- --- --- 88 415
Japan 108 256 239 317 246
Yemen --- --- --- 39 91
Germany --- --- 27 23 87
Singapore 565 976 2,271 77 46
Maldives --- --- --- --- 29
China --- --- --- --- 16
United Arab Emirates --- --- 0 --- 3
All other destination markets 57 9 1,087 1,174 4
Total Indonesia exports 731 1,241 3,625 2,286 2,806
Indonesia exports to the United States --- --- 0.0 24.9 66.6
Indonesia exports to other major
Canada --- --- --- 3.9 14.8
Japan 14.8 20.6 6.6 13.9 8.8
Yemen --- --- --- 1.7 3.2
Germany --- --- 0.8 1.0 3.1
Singapore 77.4 78.7 62.6 3.4 1.6
Maldives --- --- --- --- 1.0
China --- --- --- --- 0.6
United Arab Emirates --- --- 0.0 --- 0.1
Total Indonesia exports 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Official exports statistics under Indonesia-specific HS numbers 8541.40.2100 and 8541.40.2200
as reported by Indonesia's statistical authority in the GTA database, accessed July 14, 2017.
IV58

Japan
CSPVproductsinJapanandotherwisemadethequestionnaireavailableontheCommission
websiteforadditionalfirmsinJapantodownloadandcomplete.However,theCommissiondid
notreceiveanyresponsestoitsquestionnaireinthisproceedingfromfirmsinJapan.
Accordingtopubliclyavailableinformation,approximately12firmsmanufacturedCSPV
cellsand/ormodulesinJapanin2015,thelargestofwhichwasKyocera.ShipmentsofallCSPV
cellsbytheindustryinJapandeclinedby20percentduring201416to1.5GW.Multicrystalline
cellsrepresented56percentoftheseshipmentsin2014,growingto65percentin2016(table
IV27).Duringthesameperiod,shipmentsofCSPVmodulesbytheindustryinJapanfellby38
percentto1.7GW(tableIV28).Monocrystallinemodulesaccountedforthelargershareofthe
industrysshipmentsuntil2016,whenmulticrystallinemodulesgainedthelargershare.
ExportsofcellsfromJapan,ontheotherhand,grewby161percenttonearly250MW
during201416,whereasexportsofmodulesdeclinedby42percentduringtheperiodto58
MW.41TheshareoftotalshipmentsfortheindustryinJapanrepresentedbyexportsofcells
roseovertheperiod,from5percentin2014to17percentin2016.Exportsofmodules,
however,accountedforamorestableshareoftotalshipmentsfortheindustryinJapanduring
theperiod,rangingbetween3and4percent.
41
ExportdatapresentedforJapanarefromtheJapanPhotovoltaicEnergyAssociation.Exportdata
compiledbytheGTAforJapanarenotpresentedinthisreportbecausedataspecifictoPVproductsare
notavailable.
IV59

Table IV-27
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Japan, 2014-16
Item 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
Shipments
Monocrystalline 829,517 754,470 519,317
Mutlicrystalline 1,038,059 1,019,014 966,543
Total 1,867,576 1,773,484 1,485,860
Exports
Mutlicrystalline 28,863 309,431 214,065
Total 95,635 347,583 249,732
Note.Data reflect fiscal year from April to March.
Source: Data compiled from the Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association, PV shipment statistics,
http://www.jpea.gr.jp/en/statistic/index.html.
Table IV-28
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Japan, 2014-16
Item 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kW)
Shipments
Monocrystalline 1,457,569 1,119,077 761,204
Mutlicrystalline 1,304,793 1,015,517 954,987
Total 2,762,362 2,134,594 1,716,191
Exports
Mutlicrystalline 79,854 35,672 27,982
Total 99,898 66,374 58,303
Note.Data reflect fiscal year from April to March.
Source: Data compiled from the Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association, PV shipment statistics,
http://www.jpea.gr.jp/en/statistic/index.html.
IV60

Duringtheperiodofinvestigation,severalcompaniesreportedchangesinoperations.
NewentriestoCSPVmanufacturingincludeDenkaShinkiandINFINI(JapanSolar),which
startedoperatingofnewPVmodulefactoriesin2015.42ESolarKKopenedan80MWCSPV
moduleplantinMatsuyamain2015.43ItsTaiwanparentcompany,EversolCorporation,isa
leadingproducerofwafers,whichESolarindicateshelpstocutcost.44Kyoceraadded200MW
ofcapacitytoitsYasuCSPVcellmanufacturingplantin2013.Thefirmalsoadded200MWof
capacitytoitsShigaPrefecturecellmanufacturingfacilityin2012.45
Korea
Overview
CSPVproductsinKorea.FourfirmsinKorearespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnairewith
useableinformation,accountingforapproximately***percentofcellproductionand***
percentofmoduleproductioninKoreain2015.TableIV29liststheKoreanproducersofCSPV
productsthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertainsummarydata
reportedinthoseresponses.
42
NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinJapan2015,http://www.ieapvps.org/?id=93.
43
BloombergNewEnergyFinancedatabase,https://about.bnef.com/,accessedApril27,2017.
44
AboutESolar,ESolarcompanywebsite,http://www.esolar.co.jp/corp_en.html#corp,accessed
July13,2017.
45
IV61

Table IV-29
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Korea, January 2012 to December 2016, by
product type
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
CSPV cells:
DCT *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha *** *** *** *** *** ***
HHI Green *** *** *** *** *** ***
LG Electronics *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
DCT *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha *** *** *** *** *** ***
HHI Green *** *** *** *** *** ***
LG Electronics *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. Responding Korean module assemblers indicated that ***.
IV62

Changesinoperations
FourproducersinKoreareportedoperationalororganizationalchangessinceJanuary1,
2012(tableIV30).
Table IV-30
CSPV products: Korean producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Item/Firm Description of change
Plant openings:
*** ***
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
Acquisitions/mergers/
buyouts:
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Other:
*** ***
IV63

productsinthefuture,threeproducersinKoreareportedthattheydonotanticipateany
changesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations.Onefirmreportedthefollowingdetails
concerninganticipatedchanges(tableIV31).
Table IV-31
CSPV products: Korean producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
ReportedKoreancapacity,production,capacityutilization,inventories,andshipments
generallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV32).Capacityandproductionwere***and***
larger,respectively,in2016comparedwith2012,andthecapacityutilizationforfirms
producingCSPVcellsinKorearangedfrom***percentto***percentduring201216.
ReportedinventoriesofCSPVcellswere***largerin2016comparedwith2012.Responding
firmsprojectcapacityandproductiontoincreaseby***percentand***percent,respectively,
andproductinventorytoremainconstant.
IV64

Table IV-32
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Korea, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
End-of-period
inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV65

Homemarketsales,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbythe
respondingKoreanproducersin2016,remainedrelativelystablefrom2012to2016.Exportsof
CSPVcellstotheUnitedStateswere***percentoftotalshipmentsin2016.Exportmarkets
otherthantheUnitedStates46forCSPVcellsproducedinKoreaaccountedforbetween***
percentand***percentoftherespondingKoreanproducerstotalshipmentssince2012.
OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinKoreaforCSPVcellsinclude***.
ReportedKoreancapacity,production,inventories,andshipmentsgenerallyincreased
from2012to2016(tableIV33).Capacityandproductionwere***and***larger,respectively,
in2016comparedwith2012,andthecapacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVmodulesin
Korearangedfrom***to***percentduring201216.InventoriesofCSPVmoduleswere***
higherin2016comparedwith2012.Reportingfirmsprojectcapacity,production,capacity
utilization,inventories,andshipmentstoincreasein2017and2018.Homemarketsales,which
accountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheKoreanproducersin2016,areattheir
lowestsharesince2012.Conversely,exportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,which
accountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheKoreanproducersin2016,increased***,
from***kWto***kWduringtheperiod.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesfor
CSPVmodulesproducedinKoreaaccountedforbetween***percentand***percentofthe
respondingKoreanproducerstotalshipmentssince
46
ExportsofKoreanCSPVcellstoU.S.***percentoftotalexportsin2016.
IV66

2012.OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyrespondingproducersinKoreaforCSPV
modulesinclude***.
Table IV-33
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Korea, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV67

Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,two
producersinKoreaindicatedthattheydonotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.One
producerinKoreathatindicatedthatitcompeteswithimportsinthehomemarketnotedthat
thetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshasremainedconstantsinceJanuary1,
2012,whilethefourthproducerinKoreathatindicatedthatitcompeteswithimportsinthe
homemarketbutnotedadecreaseincompetition.
Exportmarkets
ProducersofCSPVproductsinKoreaidentifiedexportmarketsotherthantheUnited
StatesthattheyhavedevelopedorwheretheyhaveincreasedsalessinceJanuary1,2012
including:***.Therewerenotradebarriersidentifiedinthisproceedingwithrespecttocertain
CSPVproductsoriginatinginKorea.47
Accordingtoofficialexportsstatistics,48theleadingexportmarketsforCSPVproducts
fromKoreaaretheUnitedStatesandJapan(tableIV34).During2016,theUnitedStateswas
thetopexportmarketforCSPVproductsfromKorea,accountingfor67.9percent,followedby
Japan,accountingfor12.3percentoftotalexportsfromKorea.
47
48
OfficialexportsstatisticsunderKoreaspecificHSnumbers8541.40.9010and8541.40.9020as
reportedbyKorea'sstatisticalauthorityintheGTAdatabase,accessedJuly14,2017.
IV68

Table IV-34
CSPV products: Korea exports by destination market, 2012-16
Calendar year
Korea exports to the United States 299,274 134,495 238,900 634,051 1,288,914
Korea exports to other major destination
markets.--
Japan 133,827 503,062 384,736 323,211 234,338
Malaysia 10,724 5,830 20,101 61,512 76,880
Netherlands 1,430 49,285 88,490 59,112 68,876
Germany 119,037 58,273 49,233 15,109 56,941
China 16,860 40,969 22,160 29,887 31,555
Thailand 6,474 2,993 3,211 3,398 21,673
Hong Kong 12,165 12,667 20,103 17,586 19,242
Australia 19,031 11,271 15,110 11,543 18,014
Total Korea exports 748,233 906,640 974,222 1,323,097 1,897,523
Korea exports to the United States 40.0 14.8 24.5 47.9 67.9
Korea exports to other major destination
markets.--
Japan 17.9 55.5 39.5 24.4 12.3
Malaysia 1.4 0.6 2.1 4.6 4.1
Netherlands 0.2 5.4 9.1 4.5 3.6
Germany 15.9 6.4 5.1 1.1 3.0
China 2.3 4.5 2.3 2.3 1.7
Thailand 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.1
Hong Kong 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.3 1.0
Australia 2.5 1.2 1.6 0.9 0.9
Total Korea exports 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Official exports statistics under Korea-specific HS numbers 8541.40.9010 and 8541.40.9020 as
reported by Korea's statistical authority in the GTA database, accessed July 14, 2017.

IV69

Malaysia
Overview
CSPVproductsinMalaysia.TenfirmsinMalaysiarespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaire
withuseableinformation,accountingforallknowncellcapacityand***percentofmodule
capacityin2015inMalaysia.49TableIV35liststheMalaysianproducersofCSPVproductsthat
respondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertainsummarydatareportedinthose
responses.
49
AneleventhfirminMalaysia(***)providedaquestionnaireresponsewithdataconcerningexports
fromMalaysia;***.
IV70

Table IV-35
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Malaysia, January 2012 to December 2016,
by product type
Share of
Share of Exports to reported Share of firm's
reported the United exports to Total total shipments
Production production States the U.S. shipments exported to the
Firm (kW) (percent) (kW) (percent) (kW) U.S. (percent)
CSPV cells:
First Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Flextronics *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha *** *** *** *** *** ***
JA Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jinko Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Longi Kuching1 *** *** *** *** *** ***
Panasonic *** *** *** *** *** ***
Promelight *** *** *** *** *** ***
SunPower Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
TS Solartech *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
First Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Flextronics *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha *** *** *** *** *** ***
JA Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Jinko Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Longi Kuching1 *** *** *** *** *** ***
Panasonic *** *** *** *** *** ***
Promelight *** *** *** *** *** ***
SunPower Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
TS Solartech *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
***.
IV71

Changesinoperations
TenproducersandoneexporterinMalaysiareportedoperationalororganizational
Table IV-36
CSPV products: Malaysian producers/exporters reported changes in operations, since January 1,
2012
Plant openings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Plant closings:
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
IV72

CSPV products: Malaysian producers/exporters reported changes in operations, since January 1,
2012
*** ***
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
Other:
*** ***
*** ***
TheCommissionalsoaskedMalaysianproducerstoreportanticipatedchangesinthe
characteroftheiroperationsrelatingtoCSPVproductsinthefuture.EightfirmsinMalaysia
reportedthattheydonotanticipateanychangesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations,
whereasthreefirmsanticipatedchanges(tableIV37).
Table IV-37
CSPV products: Malaysian producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***

IV73

Basedonquestionnaireresponses,capacity,production,capacityutilization,
inventories,andshipmentsoftheindustryinMalaysiaincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV
38).Capacityandproductionincreasedby***and***percent,respectively,from2012to
2016,andthecapacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVcellsinMalaysiafluctuatedupward
from***percentin2012to***percentin2016.Futureincreasesareprojectedforthese
indicatorsin2017and2018.
Malaysianproducersin2016,increasedfrom***kWin2012to***kWin2016.Exportsof
CSPVcellstotheUnitedStateswerenonexistentuntil2016,when***kWwereexportedto
theUnitedStates,andareexpectedtoincreasefurtherin2017and2018.Exportmarketsother
thantheUnitedStatesforCSPVcellsproducedinMalaysiaaccountedfor***percentofthe
respondingMalaysianproducerstotalshipmentsin2016.Othermajorexportmarkets
identifiedbyproducersinMalaysiaforCSPVcellsinclude***.
IV74

Table IV-38
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Malaysia, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV75

Basedonquestionnaireresponses,capacity,production,capacityutilization,
inventories,andshipmentsoftheindustryinMalaysiaincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV
39).Capacityandproductionin2016were***higherthanreportedin2012,respectively.
CapacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVmodulesinMalaysiarangedfromalowof***
percentin2012toahighof***percentduring2014.InventoriesofCSPVmodulesincreased
during201216toalevelin2016thatwas***higherthanthelevelreportedin2012.
Malaysianproducersin2016,increasedfrom***in2012to***kWin2016.Futureincreases
in2017and2018areexpectedbythefirms.ExportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,
whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheMalaysianproducersin2016,
increasedto***kW.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodulesproduced
inMalaysiaaccountedfor***percentofthetotalshipmentsin2016.Othermajorexport
marketsidentifiedbyproducersinMalaysiaforCSPVmodulesinclude***.
IV76

Table IV-39
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Malaysia, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV77

Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,sevenfirms
inMalaysiaindicatedthattheydonotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.Fourfirms
indicatedthattheydocompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.Twofirmsnotedthatthe
trendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshasdecreasedsinceJanuary1,2012,onefirm
reportedthatthetrendwasconstant,andthefourthfirmindicatedthatthetrendfluctuated.
Companyexplanationsforthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportsincludethe
following:
***:***.
***:***.
***:***.
Exportmarkets
ProducersofCSPVproductsinMalaysiaidentifiedexportmarketsotherthantheUnited
StatesthattheyhavedevelopedorwheretheyhaveincreasedsalessinceJanuary1,2012for
MalaysianCSPVproductsincluding:***.AsnotedindetailinPartIofthisreport,tradebarriers
existintheEuropeanUnionandIndiaforcertainCSPVproductsoriginatinginMalaysia.50
ExportdatacompiledbytheGTAforMalaysiaarenotpresentedinthisreportbecausedata
specifictoPVproductsarenotavailable.
50
IV78

Philippines
Overview
TheCommissionissuedforeignproducerquestionnairestotwofirmsbelievedto
produceCSPVproductsinthePhilippines.OnefirminthePhilippinesrespondedtothe
Commissionsquestionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforallknownproductionof
CSPVproductsinthePhilippines.TableIV40identifiestherespondingproducerofCSPVcells
andmodulesinthePhilippinesandprovidescertainsummarydatareportedinthatresponse.
Table IV-40
CSPV products: Summary data on the responding firm in the Philippines, January 2012 to
December 2016, by product type
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
CSPV cells:
SunPower *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
SunPower *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. The responding module assembler from the Philippines
indicated that it used *** cells.
Changesinoperations
TheproducerinthePhilippinesreportedoperationalororganizationalchangessince
IV79

Table IV-41
CSPV products: Reported changes in operations by the producer in the Philippines, since January
1, 2012
Plant openings:
*** ***
Plant closings:
*** ***
Consolidations:
*** ***
Reportedanticipatedchangesinthecharacterofthesolerespondingfirmsoperations
relatingtoCSPVproductsinthefuturearepresentedintableIV42.
Table IV-42
CSPV products: Anticipated changes in operations by the producer in the Philippines
*** ***
BasedonquestionnairedatafromtheonerespondingproducerinthePhilippines,
production,capacityutilization,inventoriesandshipmentsgenerallyincreasedfrom2012to
2016(tableIV43).Productionincreasedby***percentfrom2012to2016,andthecapacity
utilizationforthefirmproducingCSPVcellsinthePhilippinesrangedfrom***percentto***
percentduring201216.Thefirmscapacityremainedconstantfrom2012to2016.Thefirm
projectsadecreaseincapacity,production,andshipmentsin2017and2018.Reported
inventorylevelsofCSPVcellswere***largerin2016comparedwith2012.
IV80

Table IV-43
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in the Philippines, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
End-of-period
inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
IV81

Homemarketsalesaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheproducerinthe
Philippinesduring2016.Thefirmreported***exportsofCSPVcellstotheUnitedStatesduring
2016.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVcellsproducedinthePhilippines
accountedforbetween***percentand***percentoftherespondingproducerstotal
shipmentssince2012.MajorexportmarketsidentifiedbytheproducerinthePhilippinesfor
CSPVcellsinclude***.
Accordingtoquestionnairedata,capacityandproductionforCSPVmodulesinthe
Philippinesdecreasedby***percentand***percent,respectively,from2012to2016,andthe
capacityutilizationforthefirmproducingCSPVmodulesinthePhilippinesrangedfrom***
percentto***percentduring201216(tableIV44).InventoriesofCSPVmodulesdecreasedby
***percentfrom2012to2016.Homemarketsalesaccountedfor***percentoftotal
shipmentsbytheproducerinthePhilippinesduring2016.ExportsofCSPVmodulestothe
UnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheproducerinthe
Philippinesduring2016,decreasedby***percentfrom2012to2016.Exportmarketsother
thantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodulesproducedinthePhilippinesaccountedforbetween
***percentand***percentoftherespondingproducerstotalshipmentssince2012.Other
majorexportmarketsidentifiedbytheproducerinthePhilippinesforCSPVmodulesinclude
***.***.
IV82

***.Therefore,itprojected***for2017and2018.
Table IV-44
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in the Philippines, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV83

Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsinitshomemarket,theproducer
inthePhilippines,whichreported***U.S.shipmentstothehomemarketduringtheperiodof
investigation,indicatedthatitdoesnotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.
Exportmarkets
TheproducerofCSPVproductsinthePhilippinesidentifiedexportmarketsotherthan
theUnitedStatesthatitdevelopedorwhereitincreasedsalessinceJanuary1,2012.These
exportmarketsincludethefollowing:***.Therewerenotradebarriersidentifiedinthis
proceedingwithrespecttocertainCSPVproductsoriginatinginthePhilippines.51Exportdata
compiledbyGTAforthePhilippinesarenotpresentedinthisreportbecausethePVspecific
datadonotappeartoaccuratelycaptureexportsofPVproducts.
51
IV84

Singapore
Overview
TheCommissionissuedforeignproducerquestionnairestotwofirmsbelievedto
produceCSPVproductsinSingapore.OnefirminSingaporerespondedtotheCommissions
questionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforallknownproductionofCSPVproducts
inSingapore.TableIV45identifiestherespondingproducerofCSPVcellsandmodulesin
Singaporeandprovidescertainsummarydatareportedinthatresponse.
Table IV-45
CSPV products: Summary data on firms in Singapore, January 2012 through December 2016, by
product type
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
CSPV cells:
REC Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
REC Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. The responding module assembler in Singapore indicated
that it used *** cells.

IV85

Changesinoperations
OneproducerinSingaporereportedoperationalandorganizationalchangessince
Table IV-46
CSPV products: Singaporean producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Expansions:
*** ***
Technology:
*** ***
ThesolerespondingproducerinSingaporeindicatedthatitdoesnotanticipateany
changesinthecharacterofitsCSPVoperations.
Accordingtoquestionnairedata,capacity,production,capacityutilization,and
shipmentsinSingaporegenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV47).Capacityand
productionincreasedby***percentand***percent,respectively,from2012to2016,and
capacityutilizationforthefirmproducingCSPVcellsinSingaporerangedfrom***percentto
***percentduring201216.Thefirmprojectscapacityandproductiontoincreaseby***
percentand***percent,respectively,in2017andconstantlevelsofcapacityandproductionin
2018.Thefirm***ofCSPVcellsfrom2012to2016andprojects***growthininventoryin
2017and2018.
IV86

Table IV-47
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Singapore, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
IV87

Singaporeanproducerin2016,increasedby***percentfrom2012to2016.Thefirm***
exportCSPVcellstotheUnitedStatesfrom2012to2016anddoesnotexpectgrowthin
exportstotheUnitedStatesin2017or2018.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesfor
CSPVcellsproducedinSingaporeaccountedforbetween***percentand***percentofthe
respondingSingaporeanproducerstotalshipmentssince2012.Othermajorexportmarkets
identifiedbyproducersinSingaporeforCSPVcellsinclude***.
Basedonquestionnairedata,capacity,production,capacityutilization,inventories,and
shipmentsoftheproducerinSingaporegenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV48).
Capacityandproductionincreasedby***percentand***percent,respectively,from2012to
2016,andthecapacityutilizationforthefirmproducingCSPVmodulesinSingaporeranged
from***percentto***percentduring201216.Thefirmprojectscapacityandproductionto
declineby***percentand***percent,respectively,in2017andthenincreaseby***percent
and***percent,respectively,in2018.Likewise,inventoryofCSPVmodulesincreasedby***
percentfrom2012to2016.Thefirmexpectsinventorytodecreaseby***percentfrom2016
to2018.
IV88

Table IV-48
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Singapore, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
End-of-period
inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
European Union country markets include shipments into ***.
2
IV89

Singaporeanproducerin2016,declinedby***percentfrom2012to2016.ExportsofCSPV
modulestotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbythe
producerinSingaporeduring2016,increasedby***percentduring201216.Exportmarkets
otherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodulesproducedinSingaporeaccountedforbetween
***percentand***percentoftherespondingSingaporeanproducerstotalshipmentssince
2012.OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinSingaporeforCSPVmodules
include***.
Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsinthehomemarket,theproducer
inSingaporeindicatedthatitcompeteswithimportsinthehomemarketandcommentedthat
***.Italsonoted,however,thatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshas
decreasedsinceJanuary1,2012.
IV90

Exportmarkets
TheproducerofCSPVproductsinSingaporewasaskedtoidentifiedexportmarkets
otherthantheUnitedStatesthatithasdevelopedorwhereithasincreasedsalessinceJanuary
1,2012,anditreportedseveralexportmarkets,including:***.Therewerenotradebarriers
identifiedintheseproceedingswithrespecttocertainCSPVproductsoriginatinginSingapore.52
ExportdatacompiledbyGTAforSingaporearenotpresentedinthisreportbecausethePV
specificdatadonotappeartoaccuratelycaptureexportsofPVproducts.
Taiwan
Overview
CSPVproductsinTaiwan.FifteenfirmsinTaiwanrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaire
withuseableinformation,accountingforapproximately82percentofcellcapacityand32
percentofmodulecapacityinTaiwanin2016.TableIV49liststheTaiwaneseproducersof
CSPVproductsthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertainsummarydata
reportedinthoseresponses.
52
IV91

Table IV-49
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Taiwan, January 2012 to December 2016,
by product type
Share of
reported shipments
Share of Exports to exports to exported to
reported the United the United Total the United
CSPV cells:
Anji Technology *** *** *** *** *** ***
AU Optronics *** *** *** *** *** ***
Big Sun Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
EEPV *** *** *** *** *** ***
E-Ton Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Gintech Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Gintung Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventec Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
LOF Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Motech *** *** *** *** *** ***
Neo Solar Power *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sino-American *** *** *** *** *** ***
Solartech *** *** *** *** *** ***
TSEC *** *** *** *** *** ***
Win Win *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total 30,468,920 100.0 921,580 100.0 30,247,574 3.0
CSPV modules:
Anji Technology *** *** *** *** *** ***
AU Optronics *** *** *** *** *** ***
Big Sun Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
EEPV *** *** *** *** *** ***
E-Ton Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Gintech Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Gintung Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventec Energy *** *** *** *** *** ***
LOF Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Motech *** *** *** *** *** ***
Neo Solar Power *** *** *** *** *** ***
Sino-American *** *** *** *** *** ***
Solartech *** *** *** *** *** ***
TSEC *** *** *** *** *** ***
Win Win *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total 2,672,535 100.0 198,695 100.0 2,645,921 7.5
classification used for U.S. import statistics. Taiwan module assemblers indicated that they primarily
sourced *** cells.
IV92

Changesinoperations
ElevenproducersinTaiwanreportedoperationalororganizationalchangessince
Table IV-50
CSPV products: Taiwanese producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Plant openings:
*** ***
Plant closings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Relocations:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
IV93

Taiwaneseproducerswereaskedwhethertheyanticipatedchangesinthecharacterof
theiroperationsrelatingtoCSPVproductsinthefuture,withtwelveproducersindicatingthat
theydonotanticipateanychangesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations.Conversely,three
firmsanticipatedseveralchanges(tableIV51).
Table IV-51
CSPV products: Taiwanese producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Accordingtoquestionnairedata,capacity,production,capacityutilization,inventories,
andshipmentsoftheindustryinTaiwangenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV52).
Capacityandproductionincreasedby75.3and100.7percent,respectively,from2012to2016,
andthecapacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVcellsinTaiwanfluctuatedupwardfrom
76.7percentin2012to87.8percentin2016.InventoriesofCSPVcellsincreasedby107.6
percentfrom2012to2016.TheindustryinTaiwan,however,projectsdeclinesinthese
indicatorsin2017and2018.
IV94

Table IV-52
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Taiwan, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity 4,962,979 5,797,147 7,146,811 8,112,324 8,698,953 8,174,602 8,271,988
Production 3,806,669 5,165,941 6,313,934 7,544,196 7,638,180 6,911,256 7,115,248
End-of-period
inventories 168,633 176,910 291,513 231,037 350,131 240,520 217,180
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 123,562 148,340 269,222 516,473 901,882 728,032 1,032,728
Commercial
Shipments 262,480 372,743 359,552 510,665 358,081 417,493 450,584
Subtotal, home
market shipments 386,042 521,083 628,774 1,027,138 1,259,963 1,145,525 1,483,312
United States 271,448 228,707 62,962 183,715 174,748 39,362 43,421
European Union1 1,209,500 1,148,384 835,618 1,088,477 1,160,656 1,164,405 1,157,346
All other markets2 1,919,091 3,257,099 4,644,512 5,306,768 4,932,889 4,671,575 4,454,509
Total exports 3,400,039 4,634,190 5,543,092 6,578,960 6,268,293 5,875,342 5,655,276
Total shipments 3,786,081 5,155,273 6,171,866 7,606,098 7,528,256 7,020,867 7,138,588
Inventories/total
shipments 4.5 3.4 4.7 3.0 4.7 3.4 3.0
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 3.3 2.9 4.4 6.8 12.0 10.4 14.5
Commercial
shipments 6.9 7.2 5.8 6.7 4.8 5.9 6.3
Subtotal, home
United States 7.2 4.4 1.0 2.4 2.3 0.6 0.6
European Union1 31.9 22.3 13.5 14.3 15.4 16.6 16.2
Total exports 89.8 89.9 89.8 86.5 83.3 83.7 79.2
Total shipments 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1
2
IV95

Homemarketshipments,whichaccountedfor16.7percentoftotalshipmentsbythe
respondingTaiwaneseproducersin2016,werelargelyinternalconsumption.Thesehome
marketshipmentsweremorethanthreetimeshigherin2016thanthelevelreportedin2012.
ExportsofCSPVcellstotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedforadecliningshareoftotal
shipmentsbyproducersinTaiwan,fluctuateddownwardfrom271,448kWto174,748kW
during201216.Anoticeabledeclineinexportswasobservedin2014,whichwastheyearin
whichtheCommissionconductedtheCSPV2investigationsthatincludedCSPVproductsfrom
Taiwan.ExportstotheUnitedStatesaccountedfor2.3percentoftotalshipmentsbythe
Taiwaneseproducersin2016.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVcells
producedinTaiwanaccountedfor80.9percentoftherespondingTaiwaneseproducerstotal
shipmentsin2016.OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinTaiwanforCSPVcells
includecountrieswithintheEUmarket(i.e.,***)andothercountries(i.e.,***).
Accordingtoquestionnairedata,capacity,production,capacityutilization,inventories,
andshipmentsoftheindustryinTaiwangenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV53).
Capacityandproductionincreasedfrom2012to2015,butdeclinedin2016tolevelsthatwere
67.6and183.8percenthigher,respectively,thanreportedin2012.Thecapacityutilizationfor
respondingfirmsproducingCSPVmodulesinTaiwanincreasedfrom37.6percentin2012to
70.0percentin2015,butdeclinedto63.6percentin2016.Increasesincapacity,production,
IV96

andcapacityutilizationoverthe2016levelsareprojectedbyfirmsinTaiwanfor2017and
2018.InventoriesofCSPVmodulesincreasedby187.9percentfrom2012to2016.
Table IV-53
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Taiwan, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity 559,900 714,850 1,003,184 1,188,644 938,177 1,071,972 1,498,820
Production 210,415 370,057 663,285 831,700 597,078 754,793 1,192,080
End-of-period inventories 17,090 17,659 41,363 45,920 49,195 33,193 36,584
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 7,899 13,155 42,477 56,509 61,793 91,113 185,281
Commercial
shipments 60,560 151,480 226,006 311,639 221,359 371,393 616,310
Subtotal, home
market shipments 68,459 164,635 268,483 368,148 283,152 462,506 801,591
United States 74,901 26,817 22,349 56,069 18,559 24,303 42,633
European Union1 40,140 52,233 150,211 247,766 204,911 193,367 220,022
All other markets2 20,369 129,584 198,538 163,415 87,182 90,619 122,443
Total exports 135,410 208,634 371,098 467,250 310,652 308,289 385,098
Total shipments 203,869 373,269 639,581 835,398 593,804 770,795 1,186,689
Inventories/total shipments 8.4 4.7 6.5 5.5 8.3 4.3 3.1
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 3.9 3.5 6.6 6.8 10.4 11.8 15.6
Commercial
Shipments 29.7 40.6 35.3 37.3 37.3 48.2 51.9
Subtotal, home
United States 36.7 7.2 3.5 6.7 3.1 3.2 3.6
European Union1 19.7 14.0 23.5 29.7 34.5 25.1 18.5
Total exports 66.4 55.9 58.0 55.9 52.3 40.0 32.5
Total shipments 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1
2
IV97

Homemarketsales,whichaccountedfor47.7percentoftotalshipmentsbythe
respondingTaiwaneseproducersin2016,wasmorethanfourtimeshigherin2016thanthe
levelreportedin2012.ExportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfora
decliningshareoftotalshipmentsbyproducersinTaiwan,fluctuateddownwardfrom2012to
2016.ExportstotheUnitedStatesaccountingfor3.1percentoftotalshipmentsbythe
Taiwaneseproducersin2016.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodules
producedinTaiwanaccountedfor49.2percentoftherespondingTaiwaneseproducerstotal
shipmentsin2016.OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyrespondingproducersinTaiwan
forCSPVmodulesinclude***.
Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,twelve
producersinTaiwanindicatedthattheydonotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.
Conversely,threeproducersinTaiwanthatindicatedthattheycompetewithimportsinthe
homemarketnotingthatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshasremained
constantorincreasedsinceJanuary1,2012.Commentsmadebyindividualfirmsonthetrend
inhomemarketcompetitionwithimportsincludethefollowing:
***:***.
***:***.
***:***.

IV98

Exportmarkets
ProducersofCSPVproductsinTaiwanidentifiedexportmarketsotherthantheUnited
including:***.***notedthat***.TradebarriersexistintheUnitedStatesandinthe
EuropeanUnionandIndiaforcertainCSPVproductsoriginatinginTaiwan.53
AccordingtoGTA,theleadingexportmarketsforCSPVproductsfromTaiwanareChina
andVietnam,accountingfor31.3percentand20.8percent,respectively,oftotalexportsfrom
Taiwanin2016(tableIV54).During2016,theUnitedStateswastheseventhlargestexport
marketforCSPVproductsfromTaiwan,accountingfor2.8percentoftotalexports.
53
IV99

Table IV-54
CSPV products: Exports from Taiwan, 2012-16
Calendar year
Taiwan exports to the United States 265,142 183,913 85,618 109,040 79,458
Taiwan exports to other major destination
markets.--
China 651,109 1,144,906 1,383,605 1,071,635 884,957
Vietnam 416 668 8,802 261,710 587,722
Germany 323,687 307,377 263,494 283,046 238,848
Japan 235,414 617,010 725,597 329,629 176,934
Netherlands 81,637 43,784 127,532 160,349 128,016
Singapore 23,283 58,129 95,666 148,394 111,374
Canada 147,162 52,917 135,500 178,836 64,217
Turkey 2,770 11,056 58,456 57,249 59,995
Total Taiwan exports 2,521,047 3,022,270 3,692,102 3,305,709 2,828,722
Taiwan exports to the United States 10.5 6.1 2.3 3.3 2.8
Taiwan exports to other major destination
markets.--
China 25.8 37.9 37.5 32.4 31.3
Vietnam 0.0 0.0 0.2 7.9 20.8
Germany 12.8 10.2 7.1 8.6 8.4
Japan 9.3 20.4 19.7 10.0 6.3
Netherlands 3.2 1.4 3.5 4.9 4.5
Singapore 0.9 1.9 2.6 4.5 3.9
Canada 5.8 1.8 3.7 5.4 2.3
Turkey 0.1 0.4 1.6 1.7 2.1
Total Taiwan exports 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Official exports statistics under Taiwan-specific HS numbers 8541.40.21 and 8541.40.22 as
reported by Taiwan's statistical authority in the GTA database, accessed July 14, 2017.
IV100

Thailand
Overview
CSPVproductsinThailand.FourfirmsinThailandrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaire
withuseableinformation,accountingforapproximately***percentofcellproductioncapacity
in2016and***percentofmodulecapacityinThailandin2016.TableIV55liststheThai
producersofCSPVcellsandmodulesthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireand
IV101

Table IV-55
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Thailand, January 2012 to December 2016,
by product type
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
CSPV cells:
Canadian Solar (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
Celestica (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
MLT Solar (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
Trina Solar (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
Canadian Solar (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
Celestica (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
MLT Solar (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
Trina Solar (Thailand) *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. Thailand module assemblers indicated ***.
Changesinoperations
SinceJanuary2012,therehavebeenseveralfirmsinThailandthathaveexperienced
changesinthecharacteroftheiroperations.Nearyearend2015,ZhongliTalesunSolarCo.fully
commissionedamanufacturingplantwithcapacityfor500MWofcrystallinesiliconcellsand
modules.GintechEnergyannouncedtheconstructionofa350MWcellandmoduleplantin
IV102

2015.54TrinaSolarLtd.startedproductionatitsnewRayongfacilityinearly2016,with700MW
ofcellcapacityand500MWofmodulecapacity.55
RegardingoperationalororganizationalchangessinceJanuary1,2012,fourproducers
inThailandprovideddetailsconcerningsuchchanges(tableIV56).
Table IV-56
CSPV products: Thai producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Plant openings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Plant closings:
*** ***
productsinthefuture,twoproducersinThailandreportedthattheydonotanticipateany
changesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations,whereastwofirmsreportedthefollowing
detailspresentedintableIV57concerningtheanticipatedchanges.
Table IV-57
CSPV products: Thai producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
*** ***

54
55
TrinaSolarLaunchesOperationsatThailandManufacturingFacilityandSignsaUS$143million
SyndicatedFinancingFacilitiesAgreement,March28,2016,
http://ir.trinasolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=206405&p=irolnewsArticle&ID=2151042.
IV103

ReportingfirmsoperatingintheCSPVcellindustryinThailandbeganproductionin2016
sohistoricaldataareunavailable.ReportingfirmsestimateThaicapacity,production,capacity
utilization,inventories,andshipmentswillincreasefrom2016to2018(tableIV58).Home
marketsalesaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheThaiproducersin2016and
areanticipatedtofallto***percentby2018.ThaiCSPVcellproducersdidnotreport***and
donotanticipate***in2017or2018.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPV
cellsproducedinThailandaccountedfor***percentoftherespondingThaiproducerstotal
shipmentsin2016.OthermajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinThailandforCSPV
cellsinclude***.
IV104

Table IV-58
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Thailand, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
End-of-period
inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV105

RespondingfirmsoperatingintheCSPVmoduleindustryinThailandreported
productiononlyfor2015and2016sohistoricaldataarelimited.ReportingfirmsestimateThai
capacity,production,andshipmentswillincreasefrom2016to2018(tableIV59).Thecapacity
utilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVmodulesinThailandincreasedfrom***percentin2015to
***percentin2016.Likewise,inventoriesofCSPVmodulesincreasedfrom2015to2016.
Homemarketsalesaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheThaiproducersin2016.
ExportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStatesaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsby
theThaiproducersin2016.ReportingfirmsprojectanoveralldeclineinexportstotheUnited
StatesandanincreasetononU.S.,nonEUmarketsin2018over2016levels.Exportmarkets
otherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVmodulesproducedinThailandaccountedfor***percent
oftherespondingThaiproducerstotalshipmentsin2016.Othermajorexportmarkets
identifiedbyproducersinThailandforCSPVmodulesinclude***.
IV106

Table IV-59
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Thailand, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
End-of-period
inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV107

Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,threeof
therespondingproducersinThailandindicatedthattheydonotcompetewithimportsinthe
homemarket.TheoneproducerinThailandthatindicatedthatitcompeteswithimportsinthe
homemarketnotedthatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshasincreased
sinceJanuary1,2012,commentingthatthereare***.
Exportmarkets
RespondingproducersofCSPVproductsinThailandidentifiedexportmarketsother
January1,2012including:***.Therewerenotradebarriersidentifiedinthisproceedingwith
respecttocertainCSPVproductsoriginatinginThailand.56
AccordingtoGTA,theleadingexportmarketforCSPVproductsfromThailandisthe
UnitedStates,whichaccountedfor62.0percentoftotalexportsfromThailandin2016(table
IV60).TheNetherlandsandMalaysiaaccountedforanother12.6percentand6.6percent,
respectively,ofCSPVproductexportsfromThailandin2016.
56
IV108

Table IV-60
CSPV products: Exports from Thailand, 2012-16
Calendar year
Thailand exports to the United States 360 224 7 44,617 442,073
Thailand exports to other major
Netherlands 68 681 833 41 89,794
Malaysia 312 45 125 1,624 47,350
Vietnam 0 0 0 323 37,953
Turkey --- --- --- 1 25,925
Korea South 212 --- --- 14 19,080
Switzerland 0 7 16 4 10,247
Germany 89 201 114 152 10,105
South Africa --- 1 2 2,400 9,499
Total Thailand exports 5,506 3,889 4,341 61,349 712,698
Thailand exports to the United States 6.5 5.8 0.2 72.7 62.0
Thailand exports to other major
Netherlands 1.2 17.5 19.2 0.1 12.6
Malaysia 5.7 1.2 2.9 2.6 6.6
Vietnam 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 5.3
Turkey --- --- --- 0.0 3.6
Korea South 3.8 --- --- 0.0 2.7
Switzerland 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 1.4
Germany 1.6 5.2 2.6 0.2 1.4
South Africa --- 0.0 0.0 3.9 1.3
Total Thailand exports 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Official exports statistics under Thailand-specific HS numbers 8541.40.1000, 8541.40.2000 and
8541.40.9001 as reported by Thailand's statistical authority in the GTA database, accessed July 14,
2017.
IV109

Vietnam
Overview
CSPVproductsinVietnam.FivefirmsinVietnamrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaire
withuseableinformation,accountingforapproximately***percentofcellcapacityand***
percentofmodulecapacityinVietnamin2016.TableIV61liststheVietnameseproducersof
CSPVcellsandmodulesthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertain
summarydatareportedinthoseresponses.
Table IV-61
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Vietnam, January 2012 to December 2016,
by product type
Share of Exports to Share of Share of firm's
reported the United reported Total total shipments
Production production States exports to the shipments exported to the
Firm (kW) (percent) (kW) U.S. (percent) (kW) U.S. (percent)
CSPV cells:
Red Sun *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canadian Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Trina Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vina Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Boviet Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
Red Sun *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canadian Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Trina Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vina Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Boviet Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. Vietnam module assemblers indicated ***.
IV110

Changesinoperations
AllfiverespondingproducersinVietnamreportedoperationalororganizationalchanges
sinceJanuary1,2012.Fourfirmsprovideddetailsconcerningplantopeningsandthreefirms
provideddetailsconcerningplantexpansions(tableIV62).
Table IV-62
CSPV products: Vietnamese producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Plant openings:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
productsinthefuture,fourproducersinVietnamreportedthattheydonotanticipateany
changesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations,whereasonefirmindicatedthatit
anticipatesincreasesinthecapacitytoproduceCSPVcellsandmodules(tableIV63).
Table IV-63
CSPV products: Vietnamese producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
IV111

TherewasnoreportedcapacityorproductionofCSPVcellsinVietnamin2012or2013.
TwooftherespondingfirmsinVietnam(***)openedCSPVcellmanufacturingfacilitiesin***
andonefirm(***)begancellmanufacturinginVietnamin***(tableIV64).Since2014,
reportingVietnamesefirmscapacity,production,capacityutilization,inventories,and
shipmentsincreasedasproductionrampedupatthethreecellfacilities.Vietnamese
productionwasreportedat***percentofthe***kWofcapacityduring2016.Further
increasesincapacity,production,andcapacityutilizationareprojectedbythethreefirmsinto
2017and2018.ReportedyearendinventoriesofCSPVcellsincreasedfrom2014to2016,but
areprojectedtodeclinein2017and2018.
IV112

Table IV-64
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Vietnam, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV113

Homemarketshipments,allofwhicharereportedasinternalconsumption,accounted
for***percentoftotalshipmentsbytherespondingVietnameseproducersin2016.These
shipmentsareexpectedtodeclineasashareoftotalshipmentsin2017and2018,asexportsto
nonU.S.marketsandnonEuropeanmarketsareprojectedtogrow.Theseothermajorexport
marketsidentifiedbyallthreerespondingproducersofcellsinVietnaminclude***.There
were***exportsofCSPVcellstotheUnitedStatesreportedduringtheperiodofinvestigation
and***exportstotheUnitedStatesareprojectedfor2017and2018.ExportsofCSPVcellsto
theEUwerereportedby***onlyduring2016andaccountedfor***percentoftotal
shipmentsbytheVietnameseproducersinthatyear.ExportstotheEUareprojectedtobe***
in2017and2018.EuropeanUnioncountrymarketsidentifiedby***forCSPVcellsinclude***.
Accordingtoquestionnairedata,capacity,production,inventories,andshipmentsofthe
industryinVietnamincreasedoverallfrom2012to2016asthreeofthefourreportingfirmsin
Vietnamreportedopeningandrampingupmoduleassemblyoperationsduringthatperiod.
Vietnameseproductionwasreportedat***percentofthemorethan***kWofcapacity
during2016(tableIV65).Furtherincreasesincapacity,production,andcapacityutilizationare
projectedbythefourmoduleassemblersinto2017and2018.Reportedyearendinventoriesof
CSPVmodulesincreasedfrom2012to2016,butareprojectedtodeclinein2017and2018.
IV114

Table IV-65
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Vietnam, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union1 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
2
IV115

Homemarketshipmentsofmodules,allofwhicharereportedascommercialsales,
accountedforadecliningshareoftherespondingVietnameseproducerstotalshipmentssince
2013.During2016,homemarketshipmentsofCSPVmodulesbyproducersinVietnam
accountedfor***percentoftotalshipments.However,therespondingfirmsprojectincreasing
homemarketsalesto***percentoftotalshipmentsby2018.ExportsofCSPVmodulestothe
UnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheresponding
Vietnameseproducersin2016,increasedfrom***kWin2012toalmost***kWin2016.They
projectfurtherincreasesintheirexportstotheUnitedStatesin2017and2018,althoughthey
expectexportswillaccountforadecliningshareoftotalshipmentsastheyexpectgreater
increasesforexportstononU.S.andnonEUmarkets.TheEUexportmarketforCSPVmodules
producedinVietnamaccountedfor***percentoftherespondingVietnameseproducerstotal
shipmentsin2016andothernonU.S.exportmarketsaccountedfor***percentoftotal
shipments.MajorexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinVietnamforCSPVmodulesinclude
***.
Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,fourfirms
inVietnamindicatedthattheydonotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket,whereasone
firm(***)indicatedthatithascompetedwithimportsinthehomemarketsinceJanuary1,
2012.Concerningtheimportcompetitioninitshomemarket,***noted***.
IV116

Exportmarkets
ProducersofCSPVproductsinVietnamidentifiedexportmarketsotherthantheUnited
including***.Therewerenotradebarriersidentifiedinthisinvestigationwithrespectto
certainCSPVproductsoriginatinginVietnam.57ExportdatacompiledbytheGTAforVietnam
arenotpresentedinthisreportbecausedataspecifictoPVproductsarenotavailable.
TheindustriesinothercountrieswithfreetradeagreementswiththeUnitedStates
AlthoughtheforeignproducerquestionnairewasavailableontheCommissionswebsite
fordownloadandcompletionbyfirms,theCommissiondidnotreceiveanyresponsestoits
questionnaireinthisproceedingfromfirmsinAustralia,CAFTADRcountries,Colombia,Israel,
Jordan,Panama,orPeru.
Australia
Overview
TindoSolar,whichiswhollyAustralianowned,isthesoleknownCSPVproducerin
Australia.Thefirmstartedproductionin2012atitsplantinAdelaide,withamaximum
productioncapacityformulticrystallinesilicon(mcSi)modulesof60MWthroughoutthe
57
IV117

periodofinvestigation.TindoproducesbothDCandACpanelswith250Wattoutputthatare
soldtobothwholesaleandretailPVmarkets.58Productiondataarenotavailable.
Exports
ExportdatacompiledbyGTAforAustraliaarenotpresentedbecausedataspecifictoPV
productsarenotavailable.
CAFTADR
Overview
OftheCAFTADRmembercountries,onlytheDominicanRepublicandElSalvadorare
knowntohavehadcapacitytoproduceCSPVmodulesduringtheperiodofinvestigation.Inthe
DominicanRepublic,FluitecnikSA(Spain)openeda12MWCSPVmoduleproductionfacilityin
2008.59InElSalvador,AlbaPetrleosandSpeedtechEnergy(Taiwan)operatea15MWcapacity
CSPVmoduleplantthatstartedproductionin2015.60
Exports
ExportdatacompiledbyGTAfortheDominicanRepublicandElSalvadorarenot
presentedbecausedataspecifictoPVproductsarenotavailable.
58
IEA,NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinAUSTRALIA2015,http://www.iea
pvps.org/?id=93.
59
60
BloombergNewEnergyFinancedatabase,https://about.bnef.com/,accessedApril27,2017;
InauguradaprimerafbricademdulossolaresdeCentroamrica,March2,2015,https://www.pv
magazinelatam.com/2015/03/02/inauguradaprimerafbricademdulossolaresdecentroamrica/.
IV118

Jordan
Overview
PhiladelphiaSolaristheonlyknownCSPVproducerinJordan.Itproducesboth
monocrystallineandmulticrystallinemodules,andhasanannualproductioncapacityof120
MW.61
Exports
ExportdatacompiledbyGTAforJordanarenotpresentedbecausedataspecifictoPV
Panama
Overview
ViselGroupistheonlyproduceridentifiedinPanama.ThefirmproducesPVmodules,
andhasaproductioncapacityof15MWatitsplantinPanama.Thefirmproduces
monocrystallineandmulticrystallinemodulesfrom80to340wattsforgridconnectedandoff
gridapplications,thoughitisnotclearwhetheralloftheseproductsareproducedattheirplant
inPanama.62
Exports
ExportdatacompiledbyGTAforPanamaarenotpresentedbecausedataspecifictoPV
61
LinkedInWebsite,https://www.linkedin.com/company/philadelphiasolar(accessedJuly21,2017).
62
Thefirmalsohas35MWofproductioncapacityinChina.ViselGroup,MovingtheSunLighttothe
World,pp.14,1718,http://viselpaneles.com/sites/default/files/viselpaneles.pdf(accessedJuly21,
2017).
IV119

OthercountrieswithFTAs
NoproductionofCSPVcellsormoduleswasidentifiedforotherFTApartnercountries
nototherwiseseparatelypresentedinthispartofthereport,includingCaribbeancountries,
Colombia,Israel,andPeru.
Theindustriesinothercountries
Brazil
Overview
TheforeignproducerquestionnairewasavailableontheCommissionswebsitefor
downloadandcompletionbyfirmsinBrazil.OnefirminBrazilrespondedtotheCommissions
questionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingfor***percentof2016moduleproduction
capacityinBrazil.TableIV66identifiestheBrazilianproducerofCSPVmodulesthatresponded
totheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertainsummarydatareportedinthatresponse.
Table IV-66
CSPV products: Summary data on firms in Brazil, January 2012 through December 2016
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
CSPV modules:
Flextronics *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics.

IV120

Changesinoperations
OneproducerinBrazilreportedoperationalandorganizationalchangessinceJanuary1,
2012(tableIV67).
Table IV-67
CSPV products: Brazilian producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Firm Description of change
*** ***
productsinthefuture,theproducerinBrazilreportedthatitdoesnotanticipateanychangesin
thecharacterofitsCSPVoperations.
TherewasnocapacitytoproduceCSPVcellsreportedbythesolerespondingfirmin
Brazil.
ThesolerespondingfirminBrazilbeganproductionin2016sotherearenohistoricdata
tocompare.Theproducerprojectshighercapacity,production,andshipmentsin2017and
2018comparedwith2016levels(TableIV68).Thecapacityutilizationforthefirmproducing
CSPVmodulesinBrazilwas***percentduring2016andthefirm***.Homemarketsales
accountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbytheBrazilianproducerin2016andthe
producerprojectsthiswillcontinuein2017and2018.Theproducer***CSPVmodulesin2016
and***in2017or2018.
IV121

Table IV-68
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Brazil, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
IV122

Accordingtopubliclyavailableinformation,thenumberofPVmoduleproducersin
Brazilincreasedfromonepriorto2015toatleastnineasofJuly2017.Productioncapacity
duringthistimeperiodincreasedfrom25MWtomorethan1GW.63Inordertoqualifyfor
BNDESfinancingforBrazilianprojects,companiesarerequiredtoassemblemodulesinBrazil.64
Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsinthehomemarket,theproducer
inBrazilthatindicatedthatitcompeteswithimportsinthehomemarketnotedthatthetrend
inhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshasincreasedsinceJanuary1,2012becausethe
firmsproductionbeganin2016.
63
BYD,BYDLaunchesR$150MillionSolarPanelFactoryinBrazil,Newsrelease,April9,2017,
http://www.byd.com/news/news391.html;CanadianSolar,CanadianSolarOpensBrazil'sLargest
CapacitySolarModuleManufacturingFacility,Newsrelease,December12,2016,
http://investors.canadiansolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196781&p=irolnewsArticle&ID=2228908;Globo
BrasilWebsite,http://www.paineisglobobrasil.com.br/globobrasil(accessedJuly23,2017);Lopez,
BlancaDiazandEdgarMeza,Brazil:PureEnergySecures$10MillionforNewModuleFab,PV
Magazine,January7,2015,https://www.pvmagazine.com/2015/01/07/brazilpureenergysecures10
millionfornewmodulefab_100017679/;Photon.info,SolikertoBuildPVModuleFactoryinBrazilian
StateofTocantins,March4,2015,https://www.photon.info/en/news/solikerbuildpvmodulefactory
brazilianstatetocantins;Osborne,Mark,S4SolardoBrazilReadiesModuleProductioninBrazil,PV
tech,June3,2016,https://www.pvtech.org/news/s4solardobrazilreadiesmoduleproductionin
brazil;AssociaoBrasileiradeDistribuidoreseProcessadoresdeVidrosPlanos(Abravidro)Website,
http://abravidro.org.br/en/umaluzparaonossosetor/(accessedJuly23,2017);MinistryofEconomic
AffairsofTheNetherlands,MarketStudy:PVEnergyinBrazil,April23,2015,p.15,
https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2015/04/Final%20
%20Solar%20PV%20Study%20Brazil%2024%20April%202015.v2.pdf.
64
Startingin2020,BNDESwillalsorequiredomesticcellproduction.Kenning,Tom,BrazilSolar
PolicyNeededtoSupportDomesticManufacturingAbsolar,PVTech,September7,2015,
https://www.pvtech.org/news/specific_policy_needed_for_brazilian_solar_manufacturing_absolar.
IV123

Exportmarkets
TherespondingproducerofCSPVproductsinBrazildidnotidentifyanymajorexport
marketsotherthantheUnitedStatesthatithaddevelopedorwhereithadincreasedsales
sinceJanuary1,2012.Therewerenotradebarriersidentifiedinthisproceedingwithrespectto
certainCSPVproductsoriginatinginBrazil.65
AccordingtoGTA,theleadingexportmarketsforCSPVcellsandmodulesfromBrazilare
Colombia,Paraguay,theUnitedStates,andGermany(tableIV69).Theleadingexportmarket
forCSPVproductsfromBrazilduring2016wasColombia,whichaccountedfor36.3percentof
totalexports.Paraguay,theUnitedStates,andGermanyaccountedfor12.5,12.1,and10.9
percentoftotalexportsfromBrazilduring2016,respectively.
65
IV124

Table IV-69
CSPV products: Brazil exports by destination market, 2012-16
Calendar year
Brazil exports to the United States 1 1 10 1 9
Brazil exports to other major destination
markets.--
Colombia 2 8 1 0 26
Paraguay 0 6 2 8 9
Germany 2 10 17 0 8
Chile 7 --- 1 1 4
Argentina 5 2 13 15 4
Ecuador 4 1 1 1 3
Uruguay 4 1 1 2 3
Bolivia 2 0 --- 3 2
All other destination markets 61 34 73 118 4
Total Brazil exports 89 63 117 149 71
Brazil exports to the United States 1.3 1.5 8.4 0.8 12.1
Brazil exports to other major destination
markets.--
Colombia 2.0 12.8 1.0 0.3 36.3
Paraguay 0.4 9.8 1.3 5.2 12.5
Germany 2.7 15.3 14.3 0.0 10.9
Chile 8.2 --- 0.4 0.9 5.7
Argentina 5.6 3.4 10.9 9.8 5.3
Ecuador 4.3 0.8 0.6 0.9 4.1
Uruguay 4.0 1.1 0.9 1.3 3.9
Bolivia 2.5 0.4 --- 1.8 3.3
Total Brazil exports 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Official exports statistics under Brazil-specific HS numbers 8541.40.16, 8541.40.32 and
8541.40.39 as reported by Brazil's statistical authority in the GTA database, accessed July 14, 2017.
IV125

Germany
Overview
CSPVproductsinGermany.FivefirmsinGermanyrespondedtotheCommissions
questionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforallknowncellcapacityand***percent
ofmoduleproductioncapacityinGermanyin2016.TableIV70liststheGermanproducersof
CSPVcellsandmodulesthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertain
summarydatareportedinthoseresponses.***,accountingfor***percentofreportedCSPV
cellproductionand***percentofreportedCSPVmoduleproductioninGermanyduring2012
16.
Table IV-70
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in Germany, January 2012 to December 2016,
by product type
Share of
reported shipments
Share of exports to exported to
reported Exports to the United Total the United
Production production the United States shipments States
CSPV cells:
Aleo Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Aleo Sunrise *** *** *** *** *** ***
Astroenergy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha *** *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
CSPV modules:
Aleo Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Aleo Sunrise *** *** *** *** *** ***
Astroenergy *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hanwha *** *** *** *** *** ***
SolarWorld *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics. The module assemblers in Germany reported ***.
IV126

Changesinoperations
ThreeoftherespondingproducersinGermanyreportedoperationalororganizational
Table IV-71
CSPV products: German producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Plant closings:
*** ***
Expansions:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Consolidations:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***

IV127

CSPV products: German producers reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2012
Technology:
*** ***
*** ***
*** ***
Other:
*** ***
*** ***
IV128

productsinthefuture,fourproducersinGermanyreportedthattheydidnotanticipateany
changesinthecharacteroftheirCSPVoperations,whereasonefirm(***)reportedthe
followingconcerningchangesitanticipated(tableIV72).
Table IV-72
CSPV products: German producers anticipated changes in operations
*** ***
Germancapacity,production,inventories,andshipmentsincreasedfrom2012to2016
(tableIV73).Aggregatecapacityandproductionwere***greaterin2016thanthelevel
reportedin2012,whilecapacityutilizationforfirmsproducingCSPVcellsinGermany
fluctuatedbetween***and***percentduring201216.YearendinventoriesofCSPVcells
fluctuatedsomewhatbutincreasedoverallby***percentatyearend2016overthelevel
reportedatyearend2012.
IV129

Table IV-73
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in Germany, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union2 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union2 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
Aggregate data are not presented because the *** reporting producer in Germany (***) was unable to provide
projections for 2017 and 2018. ***.
2
3
IV130

Homemarketshipments,whichwerevirtuallyallinternalconsumptionofcellsinthe
productionofmodules,accountedfor***percentoftotalcellshipmentsbytheresponding
Germanproducersin2016.Thesehomemarketshipmentsin2016were***homemarket
shipmentsreportedin2012.ExportsofCSPVcellstotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor
***percentoftotalshipmentsbytherespondingGermanproducersin2016,increasedfrom
***kWin2012to***kWin2016.OtherexportmarketsforCSPVcellsproducedinGermany,
whichaccountedfor***percentoftherespondingGermanproducerstotalshipmentssince
2012,include***.
IV131

PubliclyavailabledataforGermanyindicatedthatmoduleproductioncapacitytotaled
2,795MWin2016,downfrom3,472MWin2011.66SolarWorldAG,67afullyintegrated
manufacturer,isGermanyslargestPVfirm.ManufacturingcapacityatitstwoGermanlocations
totaled860MWformodulesin2016.Atleast18otherfirmsproduceonlymodules,witha
combinedproductioncapacityofmorethan1,935MW.68
ReportedquestionnairedatashowthatGermancapacity,production,andtotal
shipmentsgenerallyincreasedfrom2012to2016(tableIV74).Capacityandproduction
increasedby***and***percent,respectively,from2012to2016,asonefirm(***)opened
moduleassemblyfacilitiesandanother(***)increasedcapacityin2014.Capacityutilizationfor
firmsproducingCSPVmodulesinGermanyfluctuatedwithintherangeof***and***percent
during201216.Likewise,inventoriesofCSPVmodules,whichwere***and***percentof
productionandtotalshipments,respectively,in2016,fluctuatedfrom2012to2016.
66
PhotovoltaicsMadeInGermany,GermanyTrade&Invest,October2016.
Industrie/pdf_solar.pdf?v=2;LotharWissing,NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsin
Germany2011,p.21,http://www.ieapvps.org/?id=93.
67
SolarWorldAGFiledforBankruptcyinMay2017.JonathanGifford,Breaking:SolarWorld
Insolvent,PVMagazine,May10,2017,https://www.pvmagazine.com/2017/05/10/breaking
solarworldinsolvent/.
68
PhotovoltaicsMadeInGermany,GermanyTrade&Invest,October2016.
Industrie/pdf_solar.pdf?v=2.
IV132

Table IV-74
CSPV modules: Data on the industry in Germany, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union2 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
Shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union2 *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
Aggregate data are not presented because the *** reporting producer in Germany (***) was unable to provide
projections for 2017 and 2018. ***.
2
3
4
***.
IV133

Homemarketshipments,whichwerevirtuallyallcommercialsalesduring201216,
accountedfor***percentoftotalCSPVmoduleshipmentsbytherespondingGerman
producersin2016.Thesehomemarketshipmentsdeclinedby***percentfrom2012to2014,
beforeincreasingin2015and2016toalevelin2016thatwas***percentbelowthatreported
in2012.ExportsofCSPVmodulestotheUnitedStates,whichaccountedfor***percentof
totalshipmentsbytheGermanproducersin2016,increasedfrom***kWin2012to***kWin
2016.OtherexportmarketsforCSPVmodulesproducedinGermanyaccountedforarelatively
largeandincreasingshareoftheGermanproducerstotalshipments.ExportsofCSPVmodules
toothercountriesintheEuropeanUnionaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsby
Germanproducersin2016.EuropeanUnionexportmarketsidentifiedbyproducersinGermany
forCSPVmodulesinclude***.Exportstootherthirdmarketcountriesaccountedfor***
percentoftotalshipmentsbyGermanproducersin2016.Thesethirdmarketcountries
identifiedbyrespondingproducersinGermanyinclude***.
Homemarket
RegardingcompetitionwithimportsofCSPVproductsintheirhomemarket,one
producerinGermanyindicatedthatitdidnotcompetewithimportsinthehomemarket.Three
oftheremainingrespondingproducersinGermanythatindicatedthattheycompetewith
importsinthehomemarketnotedthatthetrendinhomemarketcompetitionwithimportshas
IV134

increasedsinceJanuary1,2012,whereastheothersnotedthatcompetitionwithimportshas
eitherbeenconstantorfluctuatedovertime.Individualcompanyexplanationsfortrendsin
homemarketcompetitionwithimportsincludethefollowing:
***:***.
***:***.
***:***.

IV135

Exportmarkets
RespondingproducersofCSPVproductsinGermanyidentifiedexportmarketsother
January1,2012including***.SolarWorldnotedthat***.
Therewerenotradebarriersidentifiedintheseproceedingswithrespecttocertain
CSPVproductsoriginatinginGermany.69ExportdatacompiledbytheGTAforGermanyarenot
presentedinthisreportbecausedataspecifictoPVproductsarenotavailable.
69
IV136

TheNetherlands
Overview
TheforeignproducerquestionnairewasavailableontheCommissionswebsitefor
downloadandcompletionbyfirmsintheNetherlands.OnefirmintheNetherlandsresponded
totheCommissionsquestionnairewithuseableinformation,accountingforallknown
productionofCSPVproductsintheNetherlands.TableIV75liststheproducerofCSPVcellsin
theNetherlandsthatrespondedtotheCommissionsquestionnaireandcertainsummarydata
reportedintheresponse.
Table IV-75
CSPV products: Summary data on responding firms in the Netherlands, January 2012 to
December 2016
Share of
firm's
Share of total
reported shipments
exports exported
CSPV cells:
Trina Solar *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total *** *** *** *** *** ***
classification used for U.S. import statistics.
Changesinoperations
TherespondingproducerintheNetherlandsreportedoperationalororganizational
IV137

Table IV-76
CSPV products: Reported changes in operations by the producer in the Netherlands, since
January 1, 2012
Firm Description of change
*** ***
productsinthefuture,theproducerintheNetherlandsreported***.
TheonlyrespondingfirmintheNetherlandsbeganproductionin2016sothereareno
historicdatatocompare.Theproducerprojectssignificantlylowercapacity,production,and
shipmentsin2017and2018comparedwith2016levels(tableIV77).Thecapacityutilization
forthefirmproducingCSPVcellsintheNetherlandswas***percentin2016.Homemarket
salesaccountedfor***percentoftotalshipmentsbyproducersintheNetherlandsandthe
producer***in2016.ExportmarketsotherthantheUnitedStatesforCSPVcellsproducedin
theNetherlandsaccountedfor***percentoftherespondingDutchproducerstotalshipments
in2016andthecompanyprojectsfutureproductionwillbe***in2017and2018.Othermajor
exportmarketsidentifiedbytheproducerintheNetherlandsforCSPVcellsinclude***.
IV138

Table IV-77
CSPV cells: Data on the industry in the Netherlands, 2012-16 and projected 2017-18
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Commercial
shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Subtotal, home
United States *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
European Union *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total exports *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
1
IV139

Therespondingproducer/exporterintheNetherlandsdidnotreportanyproductionor
exportsofCSPVmodulesin2016,nordiditprojectanyfutureproductionfor2017and2018.
Homemarket
RegardingcompetingwithimportsofCSPVproductsinitshomemarket,theonlyfirm
theNetherlandsthatrespondedtothequestionnaireindicatedthatitdoesnotcompetewith
importsinthehomemarket.
Exportmarkets
TheproducersofCSPVproductsintheNetherlandsdidnotidentifyanyexportmarkets
thatithasdevelopedorwheretheyincreasedsalesbecause2016wasitsfirstyearin
operation.Therewerenotradebarriersidentifiedintheseproceedingswithrespecttocertain
CSPVproductsoriginatingintheNetherlands.70ExportdatacompiledbytheGTAforthe
NetherlandsarenotpresentedinthisreportbecausedataspecifictoPVproductsarenot
available.
Therespondingindustriescombined
CombinedinformationontheCSPVproductoperationsofthe99producers/exportersin
all16countriesthatprovidedresponsestotheCommissionsforeignproducer/exporter
questionnaireinthisinvestigationforcalendaryears201216,aswellastheircombined
70
IV140

projectionsfor201718,ispresentedintableVII78(CSPVcells)andtableVI79(CSPV
modules).
Table IV-78
CSPV cells: Data on industry in all sources, 2012-16 and projected calendar years 2017 and 2018
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity 26,137,286 30,020,500 35,239,876 42,141,003 55,677,024 64,276,392 68,985,416
Production 17,743,213 23,015,234 30,117,404 36,826,633 46,945,261 55,812,989 61,510,568
End-of-period
inventories 664,204 858,421 1,422,907 1,451,376 2,438,250 2,208,907 2,351,748
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 11,299,210 13,889,344 19,087,603 22,777,697 33,074,178 40,887,749 45,324,708
Commercial
shipments 1,299,882 1,577,769 1,607,903 4,146,612 3,113,585 4,228,746 4,496,413
Subtotal, home
market
shipments 12,599,092 15,467,113 20,695,506 26,924,309 36,187,763 45,116,495 49,821,121
Export shipments
to:
United States 274,108 247,001 117,695 252,896 607,797 439,855 536,685
European Union 1,689,294 1,721,314 1,627,561 1,925,903 1,441,285 1,637,417 1,667,336
All other markets 3,069,039 5,373,824 7,055,581 7,688,450 7,842,416 8,729,700 9,375,508
Total exports 5,032,441 7,342,139 8,800,837 9,867,249 9,891,498 10,806,972 11,579,529
Total
shipments 17,631,533 22,809,252 29,496,343 36,791,558 46,079,261 55,923,467 61,400,650
Inventories/total
shipments 3.8 3.8 4.8 3.9 5.3 3.9 3.8
Share of shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 64.1 60.9 64.7 61.9 71.8 73.1 73.8
Commercial
shipments 7.4 6.9 5.5 11.3 6.8 7.6 7.3
Subtotal, home
market
shipments 71.5 67.8 70.2 73.2 78.5 80.7 81.1
United States 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.9
European Union 9.6 7.5 5.5 5.2 3.1 2.9 2.7
All other markets 17.4 23.6 23.9 20.9 17.0 15.6 15.3
Total exports 28.5 32.2 29.8 26.8 21.5 19.3 18.9
Total
shipments 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
IV141

Table IV-79
CSPV modules: Data on industry in all sources, 2012-16 and projected calendar years 2017 and 2018
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Quantity (kW)
Capacity 24,540,429 28,435,177 35,671,804 47,112,657 65,811,870 75,349,494 100,819,724
Production 15,406,277 20,306,190 28,046,547 37,750,865 50,845,110 62,876,068 70,621,329
End-of-period
inventories 1,379,303 1,371,654 2,435,685 2,863,176 3,710,439 3,904,019 4,131,156
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 1,058,294 2,281,890 2,878,594 3,390,611 3,597,380 6,432,549 8,397,106
Commercial
shipments 2,015,476 4,804,285 6,258,608 10,783,328 18,160,647 22,861,097 25,536,450
Subtotal, home
market
shipments 3,073,770 7,086,175 9,137,202 14,173,939 21,758,027 29,293,646 33,933,556
Export shipments
to:
United States 2,184,919 3,016,585 4,620,072 7,569,194 11,607,802 8,770,633 8,429,592
European Union 5,396,870 4,080,856 4,400,436 3,911,418 4,357,654 4,808,192 5,734,442
All other markets 4,270,515 6,176,012 9,040,159 11,619,823 11,822,125 19,720,333 21,989,157
Total exports 11,852,304 13,273,453 18,060,667 23,100,435 27,787,581 33,299,158 36,153,191
Total
shipments 14,926,074 20,359,628 27,197,869 37,274,374 49,545,608 62,592,804 70,086,747
Capacity 62.8 71.4 78.6 80.1 77.3 83.4 70.0
Production 9.0 6.8 8.7 7.6 7.3 6.2 5.8
End-of-period
inventories 9.2 6.7 9.0 7.7 7.5 6.2 5.9
Shipments:
Home market:
Internal
consumption/
transfers 7.1 11.2 10.6 9.1 7.3 10.3 12.0
Commercial
shipments 13.5 23.6 23.0 28.9 36.7 36.5 36.4
Subtotal, home
market
shipments 20.6 34.8 33.6 38.0 43.9 46.8 48.4
Export shipments
to:
United States 14.6 14.8 17.0 20.3 23.4 14.0 12.0
European Union 36.2 20.0 16.2 10.5 8.8 7.7 8.2
All other markets 28.6 30.3 33.2 31.2 23.9 31.5 31.4
Total exports 79.4 65.2 66.4 62.0 56.1 53.2 51.6
Total
shipments 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
IV142
PARTV: OTHERCOMPETITIVEDYNAMICSOFTHEU.S.MARKET
U.S.supply
U.S.producerscapacityandproductionofCSPVcellsincreasedyearonyear
throughouttheperiod.Additionally,globalcapacitytoproduceCSPVcellsincreasedrapidly
from2012to2016,withChinaandTaiwanaccountingforthelargestshareofglobal
production.1TableV1reportsU.S.producersandmajorforeignproducerscapacity,capacity
utilization,inventoriesofCSPVcells,aswellassalesofCSPVmodulestovariousmarketsin
2012and2016.
Table V-1
CSPV products: U.S. and foreign producers capacity, capacity utilization, inventories, ability to
shift to alternate products, and sales to various markets
* * * * * * *
1
http://www.ieapvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/Trends_2016__mr.pdf.SeePartIVfor
moreinformation.
V1
Table V-1Continued
CSPV products: U.S. and foreign producer capacity, capacity utilization, inventories, ability to
shift to alternate products, and sales to various markets
* * * * * * *
U.S.producers
U.S.producersoverallcapacityandproductionforCSPVcellsincreasedduring201216.
DomesticcapacityutilizationforCSPVcellsismoderate,increasingfrom***percentin2012to
***percentin2016(tableV1).U.S.producersinventoriesofCSPVcells,asaratiotototal
shipments,fellfrom***percentin2012to***percentin2016,withU.S.producersreporting
thattheygenerallysellproducedtoorderproducts(seeLeadTimeslaterinthischapter).
ExportshipmentsofCSPVmodulesrepresentedasmallshareofU.S.producerstotalshipments
during201216.
Basedonavailableinformation,U.S.producersofCSPVproducts2havetheabilityto
respondtochangesindemandwithmoderatelylargechangesinthequantityofshipmentsof
2
CSPVproductsisdefinedascertaincrystallinesiliconphotovoltaiccells,whetherornotpartiallyor
fullyassembledintootherproducts.
V2
U.S.producedCSPVproductstotheU.S.market.Themaincontributingfactorstothisdegree
ofresponsivenessofsupplyaretheavailabilityofunusedcapacityandsomeinventories;
factorsmitigatingresponsivenessofsupplyincludeoverallcapacityandlimitedabilitytoshift
shipmentsfromalternatemarkets.3
Foreignproducers
Foreignproducersreportedcapacityincreasedsubstantiallyinthenineidentified
countries(tableV1).Dataforrespondingforeignproducerssuggestthatcapacityutilizationis
moderatelyhigh.Ingeneral,foreignproducersinventoriesofCSPVcells,asaratiotototal
shipments,weresmall.SimilarlytoU.S.producers,mostrespondingimportersreportedthat
theygenerallysellproducedtoorderproducts.Foreignproducersshipsubstantialamountsof
CSPVmodulestononU.S.markets.Thevastmajorityofrespondingforeignproducersreported
thattheycouldnotproduceotherproductswiththesameequipmentandworkersusedto
produceCSPVproducts.
Basedonavailableinformation,foreignproducersofCSPVproductshavetheabilityto
respondtochangesindemandwithlargechangesinthequantityofshipmentsofCSPV
productstotheU.S.market.Themaincontributingfactorstothisdegreeofresponsivenessof
supplyarelargeandincreasingcapacity,theavailabilityofunusedcapacity,andtheabilityto
shiftshipmentsfromalternatemarketsandinventories.Factorsmitigatingresponsivenessof
supplyincludelimitedabilitytoshiftproductiontoorfromalternateproducts.
3
ReportedU.S.capacitytoproduceCSPVcellsgrewataslowerratethanapparentU.S.consumption
from2012to2016.
V3
ChangesinavailabilityofU.S.supply
Accordingtofirmsresponses,theavailabilityofbothdomesticallyproducedand
importedCSPVproductsintheU.S.markethaschangedsince2012.MostU.S.producers,
importers,andpurchasersreportedthattheavailabilityofU.S.producedCSPVproductshas
declinedprimarilyduetoanumberofplantclosureswhiletheavailabilityofimportedCSPV
productsintheU.S.markethasincreasedsince2012.AccordingtoU.S.producer***,while
U.S.capacityhasremainedrelativelyflat,foreigncapacityhasrapidlyincreasedparticularlyin
China,Taiwan,Thailand,Vietnam,Malaysia,Singapore,Korea,Mexico,andCanadainthelast
fiveyears.
Mostfirmsanticipatefurtherchangestotheavailabilityofbothdomesticallyproduced
andimportedCSPVproducts.MostU.S.producers,importers,andpurchasersstatedthatthey
anticipatefurtherreductionsintheavailabilityofdomesticallyproducedCSPVproductswith
firmsnotingthependingbankruptciesofSolarWorldandSuniva.Mostfirmsanticipatethatthe
decreasedavailabilityofdomesticCSPVproductswillbeoffsetbyanincreaseinimported
product.
Supplyconstraints
Twothirdsofrespondingpurchasers(65of101)reportedthattheirsupplierswere
unabletosupplyCSPVproductssince2012.Otherfirmsnotedthatoccasionallydemandhas
outpacedtheavailablesupply.Purchaser***statedthatbothSunivaandSolarWorldhavehad
delayeddeliveries.Afewpurchasersstatedthatglobalmarketconditionshaveanimpacton
U.S.supply,with***specifyingthatincreaseddemandinChinahascreatedsupplyconstraints
anddelayedshipmentsintheU.S.market.***statedthat
V4
therehavebeensupplyconstraintsforhighvolumepurchasesofhigherwattagemodules.
Severalpurchasersalsoreportedthatsincethefilingofthe201safeguardinvestigation,their
supplyhasbeendisruptedduetoasurgeindemandasfirmspurchaselargequantitiesofCSPV
productsatcurrentpricelevelsaheadofanyfinalrulingonthepetition.
U.S.demand
Basedonavailableinformation,theoveralldemandforCSPVproductsislikelyto
experiencemoderatelylargetolargechangesinresponsetochangesinprice.Themain
contributingfactorsaretheavailabilityofsubstituteproductsandthelargecostshareofCSPV
productsinmostofitsenduseproducts.
ThedemandforCSPVproductsandmodulesisderivedfromthedemandforsolar
electricity.Theincreasingdemandforsolarelectricityisattributedtoincreasingpowerrates
andenergyconsumption,environmentalconcernsandthegeneralmovementtowardgreen
energyalternatives,costcompetitivenesswithtraditionalenergysources,adesirefornational
energyindependence,andtheavailabilityoffederal,state,andlocalincentives.
ElectricitydemandintheUnitedStatesissuppliedprimarilybyconventionalsources,
withcoalandnaturalgasaccountingforalmosttwothirdsofallelectricitygeneratedin2016
(figureV1).Renewableenergysectors(excludinghydroelectric)accountedfor9percentof
electricitygeneratedintheUnitedStatesin2016,withsolarenergyaccountingfor1.4percent
oftotalgeneratedelectricity.However,theshareofelectricitygeneratedfromrenewable
energysources,suchassolar,hasbeensteadilyincreasing.Whilesolargeneratedelectricityis
oneofthesmallestsectors,itsyearlyaverageoutputhasgrown749percentfrom2012to
V5
2016.4In2016,solarwasthelargestsourceofnewelectricgeneratingcapacity,accountingfor
39percentofallnewelectricgeneratingcapacityinstalledintheUnitedStates(figureV2).
Figure V-1
Net U.S. electricity generation, by sector, 2016
Conventional
Nuclear hydroelectric
20% 7%
Wind
5.6%
Natural gas
34% Renewable energy
9%
Solar
1.4% Geothermal
0.4%
Biomass
1.5%
Coal
31%
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/, retrieved

July 3, 2017.
Figure V-2
New U.S. electricity generating capacity additions, 2012-2016
100% 4% 3%
9% 5% 6%
90% 7%
25% 26%
80% 10% 39%
41%
70% 1%
60%
29%
50% 16% 47% 43%
29%
40%
30%
31%
20% 39%
27% 27% 30%
10%
9%
0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Solar Natural gas Coal Wind Other
Source: GTM Research Study for SEIA, U.S. Solar Market Insight Report, 2016.
4
U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration,http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/,retrieved
July3,2017.
V6
Endusesandcostshare
CSPVproductsaccountforalargeshareofthecostoftheenduseproductsinwhich
theyareused.TheprimaryenduseforCSPVcellsaremodules,andformodules,theprimary
enduseissomeformofsolarpowergenerationinstallationorsystem(seePartIformore
information).Firmsreportedtheshareofthetotalproductioncostoftheenduseproducts
(modules,residentialsystems,commercialsystems,andutilitysystems)thatisaccountedforby
CSPVcells(tableV2).TenU.S.producers,39importers,and33purchasersreportedthatthe
costshareofCSPVcellsinamoduleaveraged56to60percent.Generally,thecostshareof
CSPVcellsincreasesasthesizeoftheinstallationprojectincreases.Forresidentialsystems,two
U.S.producers,18importers,and35purchasersreportedthattheaveragecostshareofCSPV
cellswasbetween19to25percent.Forcommercialsystems,twoU.S.producers,16importers,
and49purchasersreportedthattheaveragecostofCSPVcellswasbetween18and27percent.
Forutilitysystems,oneU.S.producer,12importers,and37purchasersreportedthatthe
averagecostshareofCSPVcellswasbetween30and31percent.Foroffgridportable
consumergoods,13importersand11purchasersreportedthattheaveragecostshareofCSPV
cellswasbetween24and30percent.5
Table V-2
CSPV products: Firms estimates of cost share for CSPV cells in the following end uses
Producers Importers Purchasers
Item Average Range Average Range Average Range
Module 58 30 to 100 60 30 to 100 56 23 to 100
Residential system 19 11 to 28 25 7 to 67 25 10 to 65
Commercial system 18 17 to 19 27 9 to 67 27 10 to 70
Utility system 30 30 31 10 to 67 30 10 to 45
Off grid portable consumer goods -- -- 30 15 to 67 24 10 to 58
Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires
5
NoU.S.producerprovidedanestimateforthecostshareofCSPVcellsusedinoffgridportable
consumergoods.
V7
Businesscyclesandconditionsofcompetition
ThemajorityofU.S.producers(8of10),importers(30of48),andpurchasers(54of98)
indicatedthatthemarketforCSPVproductswassubjecttobusinesscycles.Firmsreported
seasonalfluctuationsduetoweatherconditionsaswellasincentiveprogramdeadlines.A
pluralityoffirmsindicatedthatdemandistypicallyheavierinthelatterhalfoftheyear,during
thewarmersummermonthsupuntiltheendofthecalendaryear,inordertofinishprojectsto
qualifyforvariousincentiveprogramsfortaxaccountingpurposes.Purchaser***estimated
thattwothirdsofresidentialsystemsareinstalledduringthesecondhalfoftheyear.Another
firm,***,statedthatsalesbookingsweretheheaviestduringthesecondandthirdquarters,
andinstallationsandrevenueweretheheaviestinthethirdandfourthquarters.
MostU.S.producers(6of10)andimporters(23of48)andnearlyhalfofresponding
purchasers(45of98)indicatedthatthemarketwassubjecttodistinctconditionsof
competition.Mostfirmsidentifiedgovernmentincentiveprogramsandchangesinglobal
supplyanddemand.Severalfirmsreportedthatpolicychangesinothercountries(e.g.,Chinas
suspensionofitsfeedintariffprogram)rapidlyimpactsdemandinthosecountriesandcanalso
haveanimpactonpricesintheU.S.market.Otherfactorsidentifiedincludedtechnology
improvementsandcostreductions.Importer***statedthattheaveragesellingpriceofCSPV
cellsisdrivenbythetopfivetotenCSPVcellproducers.
ThemajorityofU.S.producers(6of9),importers(22of38),andpurchasers(54of86)
indicatedthattherehavebeenchangestothebusinesscycleandconditionsofcompetition
since2012.Specifically,firmsidentifiedincreasedcompetition,marketsaturation,increased
efficiencyofCSPVcells,introductionandextensionofvarioussolarincentiveprogramssuchas
V8
theInvestmentTaxCredit(ITC),lowerinterestrates,anddecliningglobalpricesofCSPVcells
andsystems.
Demandtrends
ThevastmajorityoffirmsreportedthatU.S.demandforCSPVproductshasincreased
since2012(tableV3).MostfirmsattributedtheincreaseddemandtoareductioninCSPV
systempricesandinstallationcosts,aswellasfederal,state,andlocalincentiveprograms.
Firmsalsoattributedtheincreaseddemandtothepublicsincreasedknowledgeandgeneral
interestinrenewableenergy,6increasedtechnologyimprovementsincludingmoduleefficiency,
andincreasedmilitaryuseofsolarenergy.
Table V-3
CSPV products: Firms responses regarding U.S. demand, by number of responding firms
Item Increase No change Decrease Fluctuate
Demand inside the United States:
U.S. producers 9 0 2 0
Importers 43 1 1 4
Purchasers 87 2 3 6
Demand outside the United States:
Importers 37 3 0 6
Purchasers 57 3 2 6
ThevastmajorityoffirmsalsoreportedthatdemandforCSPVproductsoutsidethe
UnitedStateshasincreasedsince2012(tableV3).Theincreaseindemandoutsideofthe
UnitedStateswasattributedtosimilarreasonsasthegrowthintheUnitedStates:overallcost
reductions,reducedmoduleprices,increasedtechnologyimprovements,theexistenceof
governmentincentivesandmandatoryrenewableenergygoals,andagrowingtrendtowards
6
Onefirm,***,statedthatinthepasttwoyears,therehasbeenanincreaseindemandfor
communitysolarandcorporatesolar.
V9
greenenergy.SeveralfirmsnotedthatdemandforCSPVproductsinChina,Japan,India,
Australia,theMiddleEast,andSouthAmericaisgrowingrapidly.
Substituteproducts
Themajorityoffirmsreportedthatnonsolarrenewableenergyproductscouldnotbe
substitutedforCSPVproductsattheinitialpurchasedecision.However,4of7U.S.producers,
14of51importers,and23of99purchasersindicatedthattherewerenonsolarrenewable
energysubstitutesforCSPVproducts.Themostoftenidentifiednonsolarrenewableenergy
substituteproductforCSPVproductswaswindturbines.OneU.S.producer,tenimporters,and
14purchasersindicatedthatthechangeinwindenergypricesaffectsthepriceofCSPV
products.Theremainingtwoimportersandthreepurchasersreportedthatwindturbinesdid
notaffectthepriceofCSPVproducts,citingthelackofdirectcompetitionformostinstallations
andthehistoricallylowerpricesforwindenergy.Othersubstitutescitedbyfirmsinclude
biomass,geothermal,andhydroelectric.
Morethanhalfofrespondingimportersandpurchasersindicatedthatothersolar
energyproductscannotbesubstitutedforCSPVproductsattheinitialpurchasedecision.
However,amajorityofU.S.producers(7of11),22of50importers,and47of96responding
purchasersindicatedthatothersolarenergyproducts,suchasthinfilm,canbesubstitutedfor
CSPVproducts.7ThreeU.S.producers,14importers,and18purchasersindicatedthatchanges
inthinfilmpricesaffectthepriceforCSPVproducts.Theremaining4U.S.producers,7
importers,and25purchasersreportedthatpricesforthinfilmdidnotaffectthepriceofCSPV
products.
7
ThinfilmwasthemostoftencitedsolarenergysubstituteforCSPVproductsbyfirms.
V10
SUBSTITUTABILITYOFDOMESTICANDIMPORTEDCSPVPRODUCTS
ThedegreeofsubstitutionbetweendomesticandimportedCSPVproductsdepends
uponsuchfactorsasrelativeprices,quality(e.g.,standards,reliabilityofsupply,defectrates,
etc.),andconditionsofsale(e.g.,pricediscounts/rebates,leadtimesbetweenorderand
deliverydates,paymentterms,productservices,etc.).Basedonavailabledata,staffbelieves
thatthereisahighdegreeofsubstitutabilitybetweendomesticallyproducedCSPVproducts
andimportedCSPVproducts.
Leadtimes
CSPVproductsareprimarilyproducedtoorder.U.S.producersreportedthat54.0
percentoftheircommercialshipmentswereproducedtoorder,withleadtimesaveraging43
days.Theremaining46.0percentoftheircommercialshipmentscamefrominventories,with
leadtimesaveraging4days.Importersreportedthat54.6percentoftheircommercial
shipmentswereproducedtoorder,withleadtimesaveraging62days;37.9percentof
importerscommercialshipmentscamefromU.S.inventories,withleadtimesaveraging13
days.Theremaining7.5percentoftheirsalescamefromforeigninventories,withleadtimes
averaging62days.
Factorsaffectingpurchasingdecisions
Themostoftencitedtopthreefactorsfirmsconsiderintheirpurchasingdecisionsfor
CSPVproductswereprice(79firms),quality/performance(75firms),andavailability(40firms),
asshownintableV4.Quality/performancewasthemostfrequentlycitedfirstandsecond
mostimportantfactor,followedbyprice;andpricewasthemostfrequentlyreportedthird
mostimportantfactor.
V11
Table V-4
CSPV products: Ranking of factors used in purchasing decisions as reported by U.S. purchasers,
by factor
Factor First Second Third Total
Price 20 25 35 79
Quality/performance 42 29 11 75
Availability 8 18 15 40
Bankability 10 1 4 15
Country of origin/U.S. produced 6 2 2 10
Technology/works with purchaser
technology 5 1 2 6
Producers financial stability 1 2 3 6
Delivery time/delivery dependability 1 5 3 9
Credit/terms 2 4 6 12
Specification/product range/custom built 3 2 4 9
Relationship with supplier/contract 3 1 2 6
Warranty 5 2 3 10
Customer support 1 1 3 5
Other1 0 7 6 NA
1
Other factors include how long, longevity, and equity in consumer market for second factor; and shipping costs,
ease of working with, distribution, appearance, and customer demand for the third factor.
U.S.purchasersidentifiedvariousprincipalfactorstheyconsideredindeterminingthe
qualityofCSPVproducts.Reportedfactorsincludedoutputefficiency,longevityandlongterm
performancedegradation,outputtolerances,warranty(suppliersabilitytobackupthe
warranty),historicalfailurerates,appearance(matchingcellcolorsandframestructure),sales
support,bankability,financialstrengthofmanufacturer,thirdpartytesting,andUL
certification.
Purchaserswereaskedhowfrequentlytheypurchasedthelowestpricedproduct.A
pluralityofpurchasersindicatedthattheysometimespurchasethelowestpricedproduct(table
V5).
Table V-5
CSPV products: Frequency purchase decisions are based on price
Always Usually Sometimes Never
3 29 48 22
V12
WhenaskediftheypurchasedCSPVproductsfromonesourcealthoughacomparable
productwasavailableatalowerpricefromanothersource,61purchasersreportedreasons
includingproductquality,availability,productreliability,levelofcustomerservice,andfinancial
viabilityofthemanufacturer.Onethirdofpurchasers(29of94)reportedthatcertaintypesof
productwereonlyavailablefromasinglesource.Severalpurchasersstatedthatthehigher
efficiencymodulesaremanufacturedprimarilyinAsiaandarenotavailablefromanyU.S.
producers.SixpurchasersreportedthatmulticrystallinePERCcellsareprimarilyonlyavailable
inTaiwan,Korea,Japan,China,andMalaysia.TwopurchasersstatedthatNtype
monocrystallinecellsareonlyavailablefromLGinKorea.
Mostpurchasersalwaysorusuallymakepurchasingdecisionsbasedontheproducer,
whilemostoftheircustomerseithersometimesornevermakepurchasingdecisionsbasedon
theproducer(tableV6).However,mostpurchasersandtheircustomerssometimesornever
makepurchasingdecisionsbasedonthecountryoforigin.Ofthe41purchasersthatreported
thattheyalwaysmakedecisionsbasedonthemanufacturer,21firmscitedqualityorquality
factors(technology,longtermperformance,efficiency,solarscorecard,andreliability);other
reasonscitedincludequalityofthefirm(bankablemanufacturer,capacity,financials,warranty
history,andbrandrecognition),andapreferencefordomesticallyproducedproduct.
Table V-6
CSPV products: Purchasing decisions based on producer and country of origin
Purchaser/Customer Decision Always Usually Sometimes Never
Purchaser makes decision based on producer 41 22 16 20
Purchasers customers make decision based on producer 12 22 34 19
Purchaser makes decision based on country 20 10 32 37
Purchasers customers make decision based on country 5 16 45 22
V13
Supplierqualification
Mostpurchasersreportedthatnodomesticorforeignsupplierhadfailedinitsattempt
toqualifyproduct,orhadlostitsapprovedstatus,since2012.However,eighteenof92
respondingpurchasersreportedthatadomesticorforeignsupplierhadfailedinitsattemptto
qualifyproduct,orhadlostitsapprovedstatussince2012.Reasonssupplierswerenotqualified
orweredisqualifiedincluded:customerservice,financialstrength,brokencommitments,cell
cracks,useofthinnerframe,qualitycontrol,bankability,failedaudit,efficiency,deliveryrates,
andpreferlocalmanufacturer.ThreepurchasersstatedthatbothSolarWorldandYinglilost
theirapprovedstatusduetofinancialdistress.***.
Changesinpurchasingpatterns
PurchaserswereaskedaboutchangesintheirpurchasingpatternsfromtheUnited
StatesandallothercountriessinceJanuary2012(tableV7).Morethanhalfofresponding
purchasersindicatedthattheyhadnotpurchasedU.S.originCPSVproducts.Sevenpurchasers
providedreasonsfornotpurchasingdomesticproductwhichincludedthatU.S.manufacturers
failedbankabilityrequirements,didnotmeetqualityrequirements,hadlimitedavailability,and
didnotsellstandaloneCSPVproducts.ReasonsreportedforincreasingpurchasesofU.S.origin
CPSVproductsincludedincreaseddemand,expansionofbusiness,preferencefordomestically
producedCSPVproductsandsuperiorPowerPurchaseAgreement(PPA)pricingforlocally
producedmodules.ReasonsreportedfordecreasingpurchasesofU.S.originCPSVproducts
includedlowerimportprices,lackofavailability,andlongerleadtimes.Themajorityof
V14
purchasersreportedthattheyhadincreasedtheirpurchasesofforeignoriginCSPVproducts.
ThemostoftencitedreasonsforincreasingpurchasesofforeignoriginCPSVproductswas
lowerprice;otherreasonsincludedbusinessexpansion,availability,moduleefficiency,and
increaseddemand.
Table V-7
CSPV products: Changes in purchase patterns from United States, all other countries
Did not
Source of purchases purchase Decreased Increased Constant Fluctuated
US-origin CPSV products 35 16 20 11 19
Foreign-origin CPSV products 4 11 49 18 22
Comparisonsofdomesticproductsandimportedarticles
MostU.S.producers,importers,andpurchasersreportedthatU.S.producedCSPV
productswereinterchangeablewithimportedCSPVproducts(tableV8).However,roughly
onethirdofrespondingimportersandonefourthofrespondingpurchasersreportedthatU.S.
producedCSPVproductswerenotinterchangeablewithimportedCSPVproducts.Importer***
statedthatcertaincellsarecopyrightedandcanonlybeusedinspecificapplications.Three
importersstatedthatperformancedataandbankabilityoftheCSPVproductcanlimitthe
degreeofinterchangeability.Theyalsonotedthatcertificationrequirementsandstandardsare
differentforeverycountryandCSPVproductsproducedinacertaincountrymaynotbe
certifiedforinstallationinothercountries.Importer***reportedthattherearenoU.S.
manufacturersproducingthetypeofcellrequiredforsmallportablesolarproducts.Three
importersandonepurchaserreportedthatinterdigitatedbackcontact(IBC)solarcellsarenot
domesticallyproducedandarenotinterchangeablewithfrontcontactCSPVproducts.One
purchasernotedthatthepaceoftechnologicaladvancementhasbeenveryfast,resultingin
technologicaldifferentiationandcompetitionamongsuppliers.
V15
Table V-8
CSPV products: Interchangeability and importance of factors other than price between product
produced in the United States and in other countries
Number of U.S. Number of U.S. Number of purchasers
producers reporting importers reporting reporting
Item No Yes No Yes No Yes
Interchangeable 1 10 14 33 24 75
Factors other than price 3 8 11 34 9 89
Inaddition,themajorityofrespondingU.S.producers,importers,andpurchasers
indicatedthatdifferencesotherthanpricebetweenCSPVproductsproducedintheUnited
Statesandinothercountrieswereasignificantfactorinsalesoftheproducts.Infurther
comments,firmsidentifiedtechnology,quality,availability,bankability,warrantyterms,
productrange(PERCcells,small100Wpanels,Ntypecells,etc.),leadtime,andcredittermsas
importantnonpricefactors.Importer***statedthatqualityandtechnicalsupportaremore
advancedinJapanandGermany.Importer***reportedthatpriceandavailabilityarethekey
purchasingfactors.U.S.producer***statedthatregardlessoftheadvantagesthatU.S.
producedCSPVproductscanoffer,theydonotovercometheverylowpricesofimported
product.Threeimportersstatedthatdevelopers,installers,andprojectownerschosemodule
supplierswithhighbankabilitythatarelistedasTier1byBloombergandthatfundingfor
projectsusinglowTiermodulesareoftenrejectedbyfinanciers.
V16
ELASTICITYESTIMATES
Thissectiondiscusseselasticityestimates;partiesareencouragedtocommentonthese
estimatesandshoulddosoasanattachmenttotheirprehearingorposthearingbrief.
U.S.supplyelasticity
Thedomesticsupplyelasticity8forCSPVproductsmeasuresthesensitivityofthe
quantitysuppliedbyU.S.producerstochangesintheU.S.marketpriceofCSPVproducts.The
elasticityofdomesticsupplydependsonseveralfactorsincludingthelevelofexcesscapacity,
theeasewithwhichproducerscanaltercapacity,producersabilitytoshifttoproductionof
otherproducts,theexistenceofinventories,andtheavailabilityofalternatemarketsforU.S.
producedCSPVproducts.AnalysisofthesefactorsearlierindicatesthattheU.S.industryhas
theabilitytosubstantiallyincreaseordecreaseshipmentstotheU.S.market;anestimatein
therangeof4to6issuggested.
Importsupplyelasticity
Theimportsupplyelasticity9forCSPVproductsmeasuresthesensitivityofthequantity
suppliedbyU.S.importers(inconnectionwithforeignproducers)tochangesintheU.S.market
priceofCSPVproducts.Itdependsonthesametypeoffactorsastheelasticityofdomestic
supply.AnalysisofthesefactorsaboveindicatesthatU.S.importshavetheabilitytogreatly
increaseordecreaseshipmentstotheU.S.market;anestimateintherangeof6to8is
suggested.
8
Asupplyfunctionisnotdefinedinthecaseofanoncompetitivemarket.
9
Ibid.
V17
U.S.demandelasticity
TheU.S.demandelasticityforproductmeasuresthesensitivityoftheoverallquantity
demandedtoachangeintheU.S.marketpriceofproduct.Thisestimatedependsonfactors
discussedearliersuchastheexistence,availability,andcommercialviabilityofsubstitute
products,aswellasthecomponentshareoftheproductintheproductionofanydownstream
products.Basedontheavailableinformation,theaggregatedemandforCSPVproductsislikely
tobeelastic;arangeof1.0to1.5issuggested.
Substitutionelasticity
Theelasticityofsubstitutiondependsupontheextentofproductdifferentiation
betweenthedomesticandimportedproducts.10Productdifferentiation,inturn,dependsupon
suchfactorsasquality(e.g.,appearance,efficiency,etc.)andconditionsofsale(e.g.,
availability,salesterms/discounts/warranty,etc.).Basedonavailableinformation,theelasticity
ofsubstitutionbetweenU.S.producedproductandimportedproductislikelytobeinthe
rangeof3to5.
10
ThesubstitutionelasticitymeasurestheresponsivenessoftherelativeU.S.consumptionlevelsof
thesubjectimportsandthedomesticlikeproductstochangesintheirrelativeprices.Thisreflectshow
easilypurchasersswitchfromtheU.S.producttothesubjectproducts(orviceversa)whenprices
change.
V18
FACTORSAFFECTINGPRICES
Rawmaterialcosts
Rawmaterialcostsisthelargestcomponentoftotalcostofgoodssold(COGS)for
bothcellsandmodules.RawmaterialcostsfortheproductionofCSPVcellsaccountedfor***
percentofU.S.cellproducerstotalCOGSduring2016,upfrom***percentin2012.Themain
underlyingrawmaterialinputforCSPVcellsispolysilicon.Rawmaterialcostsfortheproduction
ofCSPVmodules(muchofwhicharethecostofcellswhichreflectspurchasedcellsand
internallyproducedcells)accountedfor84.9percentofU.S.moduleproducerstotalCOGSin
2016,upfrom58.2percentin2012.
ThemajorityofU.S.producers(9of11)andimporters(32of44)reportedthatpricesof
rawmaterialsforCSPVproductshavedeclinedsince2012.Severalfirmsreportedthat
polysiliconandwaferpriceshavedeclinedsince2012.U.S.producer***statedthatraw
materialpriceshavedeclineduntilrecently;itreportedthatinlate2016andinto2017,the
priceofmonocrystallinewafersbegantoincreaseduetohighglobaldemand.Importer***
statedthatinadditiontothepriceofwafers,thepriceforsilverpastehasdeclinedoverthe
pastyears.
Accordingtoindustryreports,duetoovercapacityofpolysilicon,thepriceofpolysilicon
ingotsandwafersfell52.6percentand54.5percent,respectively,fromthefirstquarterof
2012tothefourthquarterof2016(figureV3).
V19
Figure V-3
Quarterly price trends for polysilicon ingots and wafers, January 2012-December 2016
35 0.35
30 0.3
Dollars per kilogram
Dollars per watt

25 0.25
20 0.2
15 0.15
10 0.1
5 0.05
0 0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Polysilicon ($/kg) Wafer ($/W)
Source: GTM Research Study for SEIA, U.S. Solar Market Insight Report, 2012-2016.
U.S.inlandtransportationcosts
SevenoftenrespondingU.S.producersand40of46importersreportedthatthey
typicallyarrangetransportationtotheircustomers.MostU.S.producersreportedthattheir
U.S.inlandtransportationcostsrangedfrom2to3percent,whilemostimportersreported
costsof1to5percent.U.S.producersreportedthat***percentofsaleswereshippedwithin
100milesoftheirproductionfacility,***percentwereshippedbetween101and1,000miles,
and***percentwereshippedover1,000miles.ImportersofCSPVproductsreportedthat33.9
percentofsaleswereshippedwithin100milesoftheirU.S.pointofshipment,51.9percent
between101and1,000miles,and14.1percentwereshippedover1,000miles.
V20
PRICINGPRACTICES
Pricingmethods
U.S.producersandimportersreportedusingtransactionbytransactionnegotiations,
contracts,andpricelists.AspresentedintableV9,U.S.producersandimporterssellprimarily
onatransactionbytransactionbasis.
Table V-9
CSPV products: U.S. producers and importers reported price setting methods, by number of
responding firms1
Method U.S. producers Importers
Transaction-by-transaction 9 34
Contract 4 22
Set price list 4 21
Other 3 6
Responding firms 11 51
1
The sum of responses down may not add up to the total number of responding firms as each firm was
instructed to check all applicable price setting methods employed.
BothU.S.producersandimportersreportedsellingtheirCSPVproductsprimarilyunder
contractsin2016(tableV10).U.S.producersreportedsellingthemajorityoftheirCSPV
productsthroughshorttermcontractswiththeremainingsharesoldonaspotbasis,while
importersreportedsellingmostoftheirCSPVproductsthroughamixofshortterm,annual,
andlongtermcontracts.
Table V-10
CSPV products: U.S. producers and importers shares of U.S. commercial shipments by type of
sale, 2016
U.S. producers Importers
Type of sale Share (percent)
Long-term contracts *** 17.0
Annual contracts *** 24.3
Short-term contracts *** 47.8
Spot sales *** 10.8
Total 100.0 100.0
Note.--Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
V21
FiveU.S.producersreportedusingshorttermcontractswithanaverageduration
rangingfrom30to183daysand23importersreportedusingshorttermcontractsaveraging
105days.AllfiverespondingU.S.producersandmostimportersreportedthattheirshortterm
contractsdidnotallowforpricerenegotiation,havefixedpricesandquantities,anddidnot
havemeetorreleaseprovisions.FourU.S.producersand16importersreportedusingannual
contracts.U.S.producersresponsesweresplit,withtwofirmsreportingthattheirannual
contractsdidnotallowforpricerenegotiations,havefixedpricesandquantities,anddidnot
havemeetorreleaseprovisions.ThemajorityofU.S.importersreportedthattheirannual
contractsallowedforpricerenegotiations,havefixedpricesandquantities,anddidnothavea
meetorreleaseprovision.Sevenimportersreportedusinglongtermcontractsaveragingtwo
years.Mostimportersreportedthattheirlongtermcontractsallowedforpricerenegotiations,
fixedbothpriceandquantity,anddidnothaveameetorreleaseprovision.
Salestermsanddiscounts
SevenofnineU.S.producersreportedthattheytypicallyquotepricesonanf.o.b.basis,
while***mostimportersreportedthattheytypicallyquotepricesonadeliveredbasis.11A
pluralityofU.S.producers(6of11)andimporters(23of50)donotofferanytypeofdiscount.
However,fiveU.S.producersand20importersreportedofferingquantitybaseddiscountsand
twoU.S.producersandnineimportersoffervolumediscounts.Inaddition,oneimporteroffers
seasonalpromotions,oneimporter***offersdiscountsattheretailorpromotionallevel,and
oneimporteroffersdifferentdiscounts
11
***.
V22
fordealers,distributors,andmasterdistributors.12Typicalsalestermsformostresponding
producersandimportersisnet30days;however,manyfirmsnotedthatpaymenttermsvaried
dependingoncustomerscreditandpurchasevolume.
PRICEDATA
TheCommissionrequestedU.S.producersandimporterstoprovidequarterlydatafor
thetotalquantityandf.o.b.valueofthefollowingCSPVproductsshippedtounrelatedU.S.
customersduring201216.
Product1.Monocrystallinecellswithanefficiencybetween17.0%and22.0%.
Product2.60cellMulticrystallinesiliconmodule,withapeakpowerwattagebetween
240wto290w,inclusive,PmaxorWp.
Product3.60cellMonocrystallinesiliconmodule,withapeakpowerwattagebetween
250wto300w,inclusive,PmaxorWp.
Product4.72cellMulticrystallinesiliconmodule,withapeakpowerwattage
between290wto340w,inclusive,PmaxorWp.
Product5.72cellMonocrystallinesiliconmodule,withapeakpowerwattage
between300wto350w,inclusive,PmaxorWp.
TwoU.S.producersand31importersprovidedusablepricingdataforsalesofthe
requestedproducts,althoughnotallfirmsreportedpricingforallproductsforallquarters.1314
12
***.
13
PerunitpricingdataarecalculatedfromtotalquantityandtotalvaluedataprovidedbyU.S.
producersandimporters.Theprecisionandvariationofthesefiguresmaybeaffectedbyrounding,
limitedquantities,andproducerorimporterestimates.
14
Pricedatawererequestedbytheoriginofthecell.U.S.moduleassemblersthatusedimported
cellswererequestedtoreporttheirpricedataintheimporterquestionnaire.
V23
Pricingdatareportedbythesefirmsaccountedforapproximately83.3percentofU.S.
producersU.S.shipmentsofCSPVproductsand75.0percentofU.S.importersU.S.shipments
ofCSPVproductsin2016.15
Thepricingproductdefinitionsconsistedofamonocrystallinecellwithanefficiency
rangeof5percent,andfourmodules,eachwithpeakpowerrangeof50watts.U.S.producers
andimportersreportedtheircommercialshipmentvolumesforthesepricingproducts,broken
intonarrowerefficiencyandwattageranges.AsshownintableV11,U.S.producersand
importersgenerallyreportedsalesofCSPVcellsandmoduleswithinsimilarefficiencyand
wattageranges.16
15
Products25overlapwiththepricingproducts18fromthepreviousAD/CVDinvestigations.The
widerwattagerangesinproducts25encompasstheshiftstohigherwattagemodulesduringthefive
yearperiodofinvestigation.TableV11providesabreakoutofthereportedpricedatabynarrower
wattageranges.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsfromChinaandTaiwan,Invs.Nos.701
TA511and731TA12461247(Final)USITCPublication4519February2015atp.V5.
16
Forproduct5,U.S.producersreportedpricedataweresplitbetweenthetwowattagecategories,
whileimportersreportedpricedatafellinthelowerwattagecategoryin2015.
V24
Table V-11
CSPV products: Sales of U.S. produced and imported cells and modules, by wattage ranges, 2012-
16
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Item Share of reported U.S. sales by quantity (percent)
U.S. producers' price data
Cells 17.0 to 19.5 percent *** *** *** *** ***
Product 1
Cells 19.6 to 22.0 percent *** *** *** *** ***
60 cell, multi, 240w to 265w *** *** *** *** ***
Product 2
60 cell, multi, 266w to 290w *** *** *** *** ***
60 cell, mono, 250w to 275w *** *** *** *** ***
Product 3
60 cell, mono, 276w to 300w *** *** *** *** ***
72 cell, multi, 290w to 310w *** *** *** *** ***
Product 4
72 cell, multi, 311w to 340w *** *** *** *** ***
72 cell, mono, 300w to 325w *** *** *** *** ***
Product 5
72 cell, mono, 326w to 350w *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. importers' price data
Cells 17.0 to 19.5 percent *** *** *** *** ***
Product 1
Cells 19.6 to 22.0 percent *** *** *** *** ***
60 cell, multi, 240w to 265w 98.3 99.9 99.8 96.7 86.8
Product 2
60 cell, multi, 266w to 290w 1.7 0.1 0.2 3.3 13.2
60 cell, mono, 250w to 275w 100.0 82.3 59.8 34.0 15.8
Product 3
60 cell, mono, 276w to 300w 0 17.7 40.2 66.0 84.2
72 cell, multi, 290w to 310w 99.8 99.0 99.7 71.3 17.8
Product 4
72 cell, multi, 311w to 340w 0.2 1.0 0.3 28.7 82.2
72 cell, mono, 300w to 325w *** *** *** *** ***
Product 5
72 cell, mono, 326w to 350w *** *** *** *** ***
U.S.producerspricedatavolumesforsalesofmonocrystallinemodules***accounted
forthe***ofreportedpricedata.U.S.producersreported***quantitiesofsalesof
monocrystallinecells(product1),accountingfor***ofdomesticpricedatain2016.Importers
reportedpricedataprimarilyforsalesofmulticrystallinemodules,withproducts2and4
accountingforthemajorityofpricedatavolumesofforeignoriginproduct.U.S.producersand
importersreported***quantitiesofsalesofmonocrystallinecells(product1),accountingfor
***percentofdomesticpricedataand***percentofpricedataforimports.
V25
Pricedataforproducts15arepresentedintablesV12toV16andfiguresV4toV8.
PricesarereportedbyimportsourceinAppendixG.
Table V-12
CSPV products: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product
1,1 by quarters, 2012-16
* * * * * * *
V26
Table V-13
U.S.-origin Foreign-origin
Price Price
(dollars per Quantity (dollars per Quantity
Period kilowatt) (kilowatts) kilowatt) (kilowatts)
2012:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 1,059 84,005
Apr.-June *** *** 910 151,062
July-Sept. *** *** 837 193,745
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 805 188,753
2013:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 723 178,906
Apr.-June *** *** 713 240,438
July-Sept. *** *** 726 338,025
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 738 259,915
2014:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 735 216,823
Apr.-June *** *** 728 287,980
July-Sept. *** *** 751 289,276
Oct.-Dec. --- *** 735 367,474
2015:
Jan.-Mar. --- *** 713 333,306
Apr.-June --- *** 692 494,227
July-Sept. --- *** 674 482,561
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 667 517,662
2016:
Jan.-Mar. --- *** 641 360,330
Apr.-June --- *** 632 330,869
July-Sept. --- *** 592 335,198
Oct.-Dec. --- *** 535 265,793
1
Product 2: 60 cell Multicrystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 240w to 290w,
inclusive, Pmax or Wp.
V27
Table V-14
Price Price
2012:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 1,150 43,890
Apr.-June *** *** 1,047 16,101
July-Sept. *** *** 926 19,683
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 886 37,438
2013:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 838 21,131
Apr.-June *** *** 819 38,406
July-Sept. *** *** 832 30,857
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 859 36,513
2014:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 871 45,340
Apr.-June *** *** 900 38,027
July-Sept. *** *** 979 42,339
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 948 58,410
2015:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 946 47,957
Apr.-June *** *** 840 54,802
July-Sept. *** *** 826 57,795
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 811 78,697
2016:
Jan.-Mar. *** *** 807 63,589
Apr.-June *** *** 751 78,152
July-Sept. *** *** 698 92,818
Oct.-Dec. *** *** 563 141,216
1
Product 3: 60 cell Monocrystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 250w to 300w,
V28
Table V-15
Price Price
2012:
Jan.-Mar. --- *** 869 67,598
Apr.-June --- *** 851 92,580
July-Sept. --- *** 749 92,542
Oct.-Dec. --- *** 716 85,968
2013:
Jan.-Mar. --- *** 702 111,822
Apr.-June --- *** 706 244,778
July-Sept. --- *** 697 329,372
Oct.-Dec. --- *** 690 323,929
2014:
Jan.-Mar. --- *** 683 413,580
Apr.-June --- *** 687 666,572
July-Sept. --- *** 721 469,675
Oct.-Dec. --- *** 713 408,065
2015:
Jan.-Mar. --- *** 716 310,628
Apr.-June --- *** 682 675,210
July-Sept. --- *** 650 1,221,632
Oct.-Dec. --- *** 626 1,763,922
2016:
Jan.-Mar. --- *** 626 1,820,336
Apr.-June --- *** 623 2,130,333
July-Sept. --- *** 605 1,880,659
Oct.-Dec. --- *** 472 1,253,620
1
Product 4: 72 cell Multicrystalline silicon module, with a peak power wattage between 290w to 340w,
V29
Table V-16
* * * * * * *
V30
Figure V-4
CSPV products: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, by
quarters, 2012-16
* * * * * * *
V31
Figure V-5
quarters, 2012-16
* * * * * * *
V32
Figure V-6
quarters, 2012-16
* * * * * * *
V33
Figure V-7
quarters, 2012-16
* * * * * * *
V34
Figure V-8
quarters, 2012-16
* * * * * * *
V35
Aggregatepricingtrends
Pricesforallfivepriceproductsdecreasedduring201216.AsshownintableV17,price
decreasesofU.S.originCSPVproductsrangedfrom***to***percentduring201216while
pricedecreasesofforeignoriginCSPVproductsrangedfrom***to***percent.
Table V-17
CSPV products: Summary of weighted-average f.o.b. prices for products 1-5 from the United
States and from other countries
Change in
Low price High price price over
Number of (dollars per (dollars per period1
Item quarters kilowatt) kilowatt) (percent)
Product 1:
U.S.-origin 17 *** *** ***
Foreign-origin 19 *** *** ***
Product 2:
U.S.-origin 12 *** *** ***
Foreign-origin 20 535 1,059 (49.4)
Product 3:
U.S.-origin 20 *** *** ***
Foreign-origin 20 563 1,150 (51.0)
Product 4:
U.S.-origin --- *** *** ***
Foreign-origin 20 472 869 (45.7)
Product 5:
U.S.-origin 20 *** *** ***
Foreign-origin 19 *** *** ***
1
Percentage change from the first quarter to the last quarter, if available.
Pricecomparisons
PricesforforeignoriginCSPVproductswerelowerthanpricesofU.S.originCSPV
productsin35instancesandhigherin32instances(tableV18).
V36
Table V-18
CSPV products: Summary of price comparisons, January 2012-December 2016
Foreign-origin lower than Foreign-origin higher than
U.S.-origin U.S. origin
Total number of Number of Quantity Number of Quantity
Products comparisons quarters (kilowatts) quarters (kilowatts)
Product 1 16 *** *** *** ***
Product 2 12 *** *** *** ***
Product 3 20 *** *** *** ***
Product 4 --- --- --- --- ---
Product 5 19 *** *** *** ***
Total 67 35 *** 32 ***
Note.No domestic data were reported for product 4.
Publishedpricedata
U.S.pricesofmodulescanvarywidelybasedonordervolume,countryoforigin,and
individualfirm.However,averagepricesofcellsandmodulesintheU.S.markethavedeclined
during201216(figureV9).Accordingtoindustryreports,pricesforbothcellsandmodules
declinedsteeplyin2012andthenbegantoincreasethroughthefourthquarterof2013.17
Pricescontinuedtoincreasethrough2014,drivenprimarilybytheAD/CVDdutiesimposedon
TaiwaneseandChinesecellsandmodules.Bythefirstquarterof2016,pricesofbothcellsand
modulesbegantofall.18Overall,cellandmodulepricesfellby60.4percentand58.5percent,
respectively,from2012to2016.
17
GTMResearchStudyforSEIA,U.S.SolarMarketInsightReport,2013.InDecember2012,
AD/CVDdutieswereimposedoncertainCSPVproductsfromChina,andinFebruary2015,ADduties
wereimposedoncertainCSPVproductsfromTaiwan,andAD/CVDdutieswereimposedoncertainCSPV
productsfromChina.
18
GTMResearchStudyforSEIA,U.S.SolarMarketInsightReport,2016.
V37
Figure V-9
U.S. cell and module prices, quarterly, 2012-16
1.00
0.90
0.80
Dollars per watt
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Cell Module
Source: GTM Research Study for SEIA, U.S. Solar Market Insight Report, 2012-2016.
Lostsalesandlostrevenue
Ofthe12respondingU.S.producers,eightreportedthattheyhadtoreducepricesand
threereportedthattheyhadtorollbackannouncedpriceincreasesinordertoavoidlosing
salestocompetitorssellingimportedCSPVproductssince2012.ThreeoftheseU.S.producers
estimatedthattherevenuelosttotaledapproximately$140millionsince2012.SevenU.S.
producersreportedthattheyhadlostsalesofCSPVproductstoimportedproductsince2012.
FourU.S.producersestimatedthatthetotalsaleslostwereapproximately950,000kilowatts.19
AsnotedinPartI,theCommissionreceivedpurchaserquestionnaireresponsesfrom
103purchasers.Respondingpurchasersreportedthatmorethan90percentoftheirpurchases
wereforeignoriginCSPVcellsandCSPVmodulesduring201216(tableV19).Purchasers
reportedpurchasingfewerCSPVcellsandmoreCSPVmodulesonbothanactualbasisandasa
shareoftotalCSPVproducts(cellsandmodules)from2012to2016.Reportedpurchasesof
19
***didnotprovideaquantityestimatebutestimatedthatitslostsalestotaled$148.7million.
V38
CSPVcellsfromallsources,asashareoftotalCSPVproducts(cellsandmodules),decreasedby
15.9percentagepointsto4.2percentin2016,whilereportedpurchasesofCSPVmodulesfrom
allsources,asashareoftotalCSPVproducts,increasedby15.9percentagepointsto95.8
percentfrom2012to2016.Purchasesofdomesticallyproducedmodules,asashareoftotal
CSPVproducts,increasedby0.3percentagepointsto4.6percentwhilepurchasesofforeign
originCSPVmodules,asashareoftotalCSPVproducts,increasedby15.6percentagepointsto
91.2percentfrom2012to2016.
Table V-19
CSPV products: Purchasers' purchases by type, 2012-16
Calendar year
Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Quantity (kilowatts)
CSPV cells--
U.S.-origin 17,715 1,300 1,400 1,800 2,444
Foreign-origin 396,140 608,146 735,410 1,419,711 332,322
All origins 413,855 609,446 736,810 1,421,511 334,766
CSPV modules--
U.S.-origin 89,198 83,474 170,364 354,527 362,600
Foreign-origin 1,559,728 2,468,507 4,027,530 6,881,860 7,271,747
All origins 1,648,926 2,551,981 4,197,894 7,236,387 7,634,347
CSPV product (cells and modules)--
U.S.-origin 106,913 84,774 171,764 356,327 365,044
Foreign-origin 1,955,868 3,076,653 4,762,940 8,301,571 7,604,069
All origins 2,062,781 3,161,427 4,934,704 8,657,898 7,969,113
CSPV cells--
U.S.-origin 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Foreign-origin 19.2 19.2 14.9 16.4 4.2
All origins 20.1 19.3 14.9 16.4 4.2
CSPV modules--
U.S.-origin 4.3 2.6 3.5 4.1 4.6
Foreign-origin 75.6 78.1 81.6 79.5 91.2
All origins 79.9 80.7 85.1 83.6 95.8
CSPV products (cells and modules)--
U.S.-origin 5.2 2.7 3.5 4.1 4.6
Foreign-origin 94.8 97.3 96.5 95.9 95.4
All origins 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
V39
ThemajorityofpurchasersreportedincreasingpurchasesofdomesticCSPVmodules,in
actualkilowatts;however,theshareofdomesticCSPVmodulepurchasesremainedrelatively
unchanged,increasingfrom4.3percentoftotalpurchasesofCSPVproductsin2012to4.6
percentin2016.Lessthanonethirdofpurchasersbothdecreasedtheirpurchasesof
domesticallyproducedCSPVmodulesandincreasedtheirforeignoriginCSPVmodules,either
byactualkilowattsorasashareoftotalpurchasesfrom2012to2016(tableV20).No
purchaserreportedsimultaneouslydecreasingpurchasesofdomesticallyproducedCSPVcells
andincreasingpurchasesofforeignoriginCSPVcellsfrom2012to2016.
Table V-20
CSPV products: Number of changes in firm-level share of purchases of U.S.-origin and foreign-
origin CSPV products, 2012-16
Both decreased
U.S.-origin and
Decreased Increased increased foreign-
Item US-origin foreign-origin origin
Number of firms
CSPV cells.--
Absolute values (in kilowatts) 1 6 0
Relative values (percentage points) 1 4 0
CSPV modules.--
CSPV products (cells and modules).--
Ofthe101respondingpurchasers,88reportedthat,since2012,theyhadpurchased
importedCSPVproductsinsteadofU.S.producedproduct.Seventyoneofthesepurchasers
reportedthatimportpriceswerelowerthanU.S.producedproduct,and31ofthesepurchasers
reportedthatpricewasaprimaryreasonforthedecisiontopurchaseimportedproductrather
thanU.S.producedCSPVproducts.Twentyninepurchasersestimatedthequantityofimported
V40
CSPVproductspurchasedinsteadofdomesticCSPVproducts;quantitiesrangedfrom54kWto
1.7millionkW,totaling3.4millionkW.Fiftythreeof84purchasersindicatedthatpricewasnot
aprimaryreasonforpurchasingimportedproductratherthanthedomesticproduct.These
purchasersidentifiedfinancialstrength/bankability,customerservice,productrange
(technologyandefficiencies),quality,productavailability,warrantybackstopprotection,and
deliverytimeasnonpricereasonsforpurchasingimportedratherthanU.S.producedCSPV
products.
Ofthe100respondingpurchasers,37reportedthatU.S.producershadreducedprices
ofCSPVproductsinordertocompetewithlowerpricedimports(42purchasersreportedthat
theydidnotknow).Thereportedestimatedpricereductionrangedfrom3to70percent,
averaging31percent.Indescribingthepricereductions,purchasersindicatedthatdomestic
priceshavefallenthroughouttheperiodofinvestigation,withseveralpurchasersnoting
steeperpricereductionsin2016.
V41
OTHERDYNAMICSINTHEU.S.MARKET
Incentiveprogramsandregulations
ChangesintheavailabilityandscopeofFederal,state,andlocalgovernmentincentives
andregulationscontinueaffectsdemandforCSPVproducts.Variousmechanismswerecreated
tohelpsolarelectricityreachpriceparitywithtraditionalenergysources,therebystimulating
demandforsolargeneratedelectricity.Thesemechanismsincludefiscalincentivesand
regulatorymeasures.Thesefiscalandincentivesandregulatorymeasuresbenefitsystem
owners,andtypicallyarenotdirectedatanyparticulardomesticorforeignmanufacturerof
CSPVproducts.
Thereareawidearrayoffiscalincentivesthataredesignedtolowerthecostofsolar
projectdevelopment,includingvarioustaxcredits,revenuesfromthesaleofsolarrenewable
energycertificates(SRECs),cashgrantsinlieuofcredit,accelerateddepreciation,andloan
guarantees(tableV21).TaxcreditsarethemostcommonformofFederalfiscalincentive;
severaltypesoftaxcredits,whichhavebeenmodifiedandextendedatvarioustimes,have
affectedthetimingofthedevelopmentofsolarprojects.However,theseincentiveswere
designedtodeclineovertime,asthecosttogeneratesolarpoweredelectricitydeclined.20
20
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsfromChina,Inv.Nos.701TA481and731TA1190
(Final),USITCPublication4360,November2012,pp.2224.
V42
Table V-21
CSPV products: Selected U.S. fiscal incentives to promote solar energy
Type of incentive Description Expiration Date
Production tax credit Encourages solar energy production Project must have been under
(PTC) by providing a 10-year production- construction by end of 2013.
based tax credit equal to 2.3/kWh.
Investment tax credit A 30 percent tax credit for solar Project must be commissioned by
(ITC) system on residential and commercial end of 2019 for 30 percent tax credit;
properties. 26 percent tax credit in 2020, 22
percent in 2021 and after 2021
residential drops to zero while
community and utility drop to a
permanent 10 percent. Projects
commenced before December 31,
2021 may still qualify for ITC if they
are placed in service before
December 31, 2023.
Cash grant program Cash grant equal to up to 30 percent Project must be under construction
(Treasury 1603 of eligible capital expenditures in lieu by the end of 2011 and completed
program) of the ITC for commercial solar by the end of 2016.
projects.
Loan guarantee Authorized $16 billion in loan Must have begun construction before
program (DOE 1705 guarantees, mostly for wind and solar September 30, 2011.
loan program) generation projects.
Manufacturing tax Allocated $2.3 billion in investment Project must have been
credit (MTC) tax credits up to 30 percent of commissioned before February 17,
investment in manufacturing facilities 2013.
of clean energy products.
Source: Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments, USITC Publication 4421,
August 2013, pp. 2-11-12; and SEIA, Solar Investment Tax Credit, http://www.seia.org/policy/finance-
tax/solar-investment-tax-credit, retrieved July 2017.
Recently,thePublicUtilityRegulatoryPoliciesActof1978(PURPA)hasemergedasa
significantdriverofutilityscalesolarinstallationsincertainstates.21Thisregulationrequires
utilitiestopurchaseelectricityfromqualifyingfacilities(renewableprojectsthatmeetsize
requirements)attheutilitysavoidedcost.22Thedecliningcostofsolargeneratedelectricityhas
21
SEIA,U.S.SolarMarketInsightReport,ExecutiveSummary,2016YearinReview,p.12;EIA
Website,https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27632,retrievedJuly27,2017;Smith,
Colin,WhatDrivesUtilitySolarGrowthinaPostITCExtensionWorld?GreentechMedia,March24,
2016,https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/WhatDrivesUtilitySolarGrowthinaPostITC
ExtensionWorld.
22
Avoidedcostisthecostautilitywouldincurifitchosetoeitherprovidetheenergyitself(by
buildingnewcapacity)ortopurchasetheenergyfromnonqualifyingfacilities.EIAWebsite,
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27632,retrievedJuly27,2017;FederalEnergy
RegulatoryCommission(FERC)Website,https://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/geninfo/qual
fac/whatis.asp,retrievedJuly27,2017.
V43
ledtothedevelopmentofmoreutilityscalesolarunderPURPAinanumberofstatessuchas
NorthCarolinaandUtah.23Inmanyotherstates,however,PURPAhasnotbeenasignificant
driverofsolarinstallationssincestatessetcertaincriteriarelatedtoPURPA(whichcanmake
solarprojectsmoreorlessattractive)andtheEnergyPolicyActof2005allowedstateswith
competitiveelectricitymarketstooptoutofPURPA.24
Onewidespreadstateregulatorymeasureistherenewableportfoliostandards
(RPSs).25RPSsprimarilyaffectdemandforrenewableenergy,includingsolarelectricity,by
mandatingitsuseandtherebyincreasingthedemandforCSPVproducts.IntheUnitedStates,
29statesplustheDistrictofColumbiahadRPSpoliciesinplacein2016.Ofthese,18statesplus
theDistrictofColumbiahadRPSpolicieswithasolarordistributedgenerationcarveout(share
oftheRPSthatmustbesuppliedbythesesources).26SeveralofthesestateswithRPSsalsoset
23
EIAWebsite,https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27632,retrievedJuly27,2017;
Smith,Colin,WhatDrivesUtilitySolarGrowthinaPostITCExtensionWorld?GreentechMedia,
March24,2016,https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/WhatDrivesUtilitySolarGrowthin
aPostITCExtensionWorld;Warren,Chris,OnceanObscureLaw,PURPANowDrivesUtilityScale
Solar.RegulatoryConflictQuicklyFollowed,GreentechMedia,February23,2017,
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/purpaiscausingconflictinmontana.
24
EIAWebsite,https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27632,retrievedJuly27,2017;
Smith,Colin,WhatDrivesUtilitySolarGrowthinaPostITCExtensionWorld?GreentechMedia,
March24,2016,https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/WhatDrivesUtilitySolarGrowthin
aPostITCExtensionWorld;Warren,Chris,OnceanObscureLaw,PURPANowDrivesUtilityScale
Solar.RegulatoryConflictQuicklyFollowed,GreentechMedia,February23,2017,
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/purpaiscausingconflictinmontana.
25
AnRPSisaregulatorymandatethatrequiresentitiesthatsupplyelectricity,suchasutility
companies,togenerateorbuyaportionoftheirretailelectricitysalesfromrenewableenergysources,
includingsolar.
26
Anadditionalthreestateshavecreditmultipliers,whichawardadditionalcreditforcertaintypesof
renewableenergy.Barbose,Galen,U.S.RenewablesPortfolioStandards:2016AnnualStatusReport,
April2016,pp.56,https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl1005057.pdf.In2011,Californiaincreasedits
RPSgoalsto20percentbytheendof2013,25percentbytheendof2016,and33percentbytheendof
2020.InOctober2015,increaseditsrenewableenergymandateto50percentofallelectricitysupplied
byretailsellersandpubliclyownedutilities.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsfromChina
andTaiwan,Invs.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final)USITCPublication4519February2015.
V44
upamarketfortradeablecertificates.27During201216,amajorityofutilityscalesolar
additionswereforentities(suchasutilities)andmarketswithRPSrequirements.28By2016,
manyutilitieshadmetinterimorfinalrenewableenergymandatesand64percentofutilityPV
projectsindevelopmentaredrivenbynonRPSmechanisms.29Atthesametime,however,
sevenstatesincreasedtheirRPSrequirementsin2016.30
Statesandutilitieshaveimplementedanumberofprogramstoencouragethe
installationofsolar,includingrebatesandfeedintariffs(FITs).31Inrenewableenergyrebate
programs(suchastheCaliforniaSolarInitiative),customersthatinstallPVsystemsreceivea
refundtooveraportionofthecostofthesysteminstallation.32FITsprimarilyaffectthesupply
ofsolarenergybypayingasolarelectricitygeneratoraknownrateofreturn.IntheUnited
States,sixstateshaveFITsinplace(California,Hawaii,Maine,Oregon,Vermont,and
p.II25;CaliforniaEnergyCommissionWebsite,http://www.energy.ca.gov/portfolio/,retrievedJuly27,
2017.
27
ASRECiscreatedforeachmegawatthourofelectricitygeneratedfromsolarenergysystems.A
largecustomerorretailerofelectricityrequiredtomeetrenewableenergytargetscanpurchasea
certificateinlieuofdeployingMWhofitsown.Renewableenergygeneratorscanalsosellcertificates
toentitiescoveredbyRPS.SRECmarketshaveemergedintheUnitedStates,withNewJerseyasthe
largestmarket.Pricesoftradablecertificatescanbevolatile.CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaic
ProductsfromChinaandTaiwan,Invs.Nos.701TA511and731TA12461247(Final),USITCPublication
4519February2015.p.II25.
28
LBNLdefinesRPScapacityadditionsascapacitycontractedtoentitiessubjecttoanRPSorsoldon
amerchantbasisintoregionalRPSmarkets.Barbose,Galen,U.S.RenewablesPortfolioStandards:2017
AnnualStatusReport,July2017,pp.1718,
https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2017_annual_rps_summary_report.pdf.
29
Accordingtoindustryreports,64percentofutilityPVprojectsindevelopmentaredrivenbynon
RPSmechanisms.SEIA,U.S.SolarMarketInsightReport,ExecutiveSummary,2016YearinReview,p.
12.
30
Barbose,Galen,U.S.RenewablesPortfolioStandards:2017AnnualStatusReport,July2017,10.
31
AFIToffersaguaranteeofpaymentstosolarelectricitydevelopersfortheelectricitytheyproduce.
Paymentsarebasedonacertainpriceperkilowatthour(kWh)atwhichelectricityispurchased,
typicallyaspartofalongtermagreementsetoveraperiodof1520years.
32
NRELWebsite,
http://www.nrel.gov/tech_deployment/state_local_governments/basics_rebates.html,retrievedJuly
27,2017;GoSolarCaliforniaWebsite,http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/about/csi.php,retrievedJuly
27,2017.
V45
Washington).Thesepaymentsaregenerallyawardedaslongtermcontractssetoveraperiod
of15to20years.33
Netmeteringallowsresidentialandcommercialcustomersthatgeneratetheirown
electricityfromsolartofeedelectricitytheydonotneedbackontothegrid.Insomestates,
utilitiesmayoffernetmeteringprogramsvoluntarilyorasaresultofregulatorydecisions.
Differencesbetweenstateslegislationandimplementationmeanthatthebenefitsofnet
meteringcanvarywidelyforsolarcustomersindifferentareasoftheUnitedStates.Therewere
morethan43states,theDistrictofColumbiaandfourterritorieswithsomeformofnetenergy
meteringlegislationorregulationinprocessin2013.34However,sincethen,Hawaii,Arizona,
Maine,andIndianahavebeguntophaseouttheirnetmeteringincentives.35
Firmswereaskedhowtheleveloravailabilityoffederal,state,andlocalgovernment
incentiveshavechangedsince2012.MostU.S.producers,importers,andpurchasersindicated
thattheleveloravailabilityofFederalincentiveprogramshasnotchangedsinceJanuary1,
2012(tableV22).MostfirmsnotedthattheInvestmentTaxCredit(ITC),whichhadbeenset
toexpirein2016,wasextendedto2023,whiletheTreasury1603cashgrantexpiredin2016.36
33
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL),FeedInTariffs,
http://www.nrel.gov/tech_deployment/state_local_governments/basics_tariffs.html,retrievedJuly17,
2017.
34
SEIA,NetMetering,http://www.seia.org/policy/distributedsolar/netmetering.
35
AsofJuly2017,38states,theDistrictofColumbia,andthreeterritorieshavemandatorynet
meteringrulesinplace.DatabaseofStateIncentivesforRenewables&Efficiency(DSIRE),NetMetering,
July2017,http://ncsolarcenprod.s3.amazonaws.com/wp
content/uploads/2017/07/DSIRE_Net_Metering_July2017.pdf.NationalConferenceofState
Legislatures,StateNetMetering,November3,2016,http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/net
meteringpolicyoverviewandstatelegislativeupdates.aspx,retrievedJuly19,2017;andNewYork
Times,RooftopSolarDimsUnderPressurefromUtilityLobbyists,July8,2017.
36
LegislationextendingtheSolarInvestmentTaxCreditwassignedonDecember18,2015.Projects
eligibleundertheTreasurycashgrantprogram1603wererequiredtobeginconstructionbytheendof
2011andfinishby2016.Thegrantswereavailableforcommercialsolarprojects.
V46
Table V-22
CSPV products: Firms responses regarding the level or availability of federal, state, and local
government incentives for CSPV products since 2012
Item Increase No change Decrease Fluctuated
Federal government incentives
Importers 7 28 6 6
Purchasers 9 59 18 9
State and local government incentives
Importers 15 7 13 13
Firmsresponsesvariedregardinghowtheleveloravailabilityofstateandlocal
incentiveshaschangedsince2012.U.S.producer***notedthatFITsorsimilarincentivesvary
widelybystates.U.S.producer***reportedthatstateincentivesinsomesolarmarkets,such
asCalifornia,NewJersey,Nevada,andHawaiihavedecreased,whileincentivesinother
markets,suchasMassachusetts,NorthCarolina,andSouthCarolina,haveincreased.Ofthe
firmsthatindicatedadeclineinstateandlocalincentives,mostattributedthedecreaseto
changesinnetmeteringpolicies.
Firmswereaskedhowthechangesintheleveloffederal,state,andlocalgovernment
incentiveshaveaffectedthedemandforCSPVproductssince2012(tableV23).Forfederal
incentives,mostfirmsreportedthatchangestofederalincentiveshavenotchangedthe
demandforCSPVproducts.MostfirmsthatindicatedanincreaseindemandofCSPVproducts
wasduetotheleveloffederalincentivesnotedtheextensionoftheITC.Forstateandlocal
incentives,apluralityofU.S.producers,importers,andpurchasersreportedanincreaseinthe
demandforCSPVproductsduetotheavailabilityofstateandlocalincentives.U.S.producers,
V47
importers,andpurchasersmostoftendescribedstateRPSmandatesasamechanismthat
increaseddemandforCSPVproductinstallations.
Table V-23
CSPV products: Firms responses regarding how changes in the availability of government
incentives have affected the demand for CSPV products since 2012
Federal government incentives
Importers 17 19 2 9
State and local government incentives
Importers 18 8 8 13
Firmswereaskedhowchangesintheavailabilityofgovernmentincentiveshave
affectedthepriceofsolargeneratedelectricitysince2012(tableV24).Mostfirmsresponded
thatavailabilityofgovernmentincentiveshadledtoadecreaseinthepriceofsolargenerated
electricity.Severalfirmsattributedthedeclineinthepriceofsolargeneratedelectricitytothe
increaseinsupplyofsolargeneratedelectricityinthemarketplace.
Table V-24
CSPV products: Firms responses regarding how changes in the availability of government
incentives have affected the price of solar generated electricity since 2012
Importers 2 10 27 8
Firmswereaskedhowchangesinthepriceofsolargeneratedelectricityhaveaffected
thepriceofCSPVproductssince2012.MostU.S.producers(7of10),importers(24of44),and
purchasers(52of92)reportedthatchangesinthepriceofsolargeneratedelectricitydidnot
affectthepricesofCSPVproducts.Severalfirms,however,reportedthatthepriceofCSPV
V48
modulesisalargefactorinthepriceofsolarelectricity;andtherefore,decliningCSPVmodule
pricestranslatedirectlyintolessexpensivesolargeneratedelectricity.
Othersourcesofelectricity
ThedemandforCSPVproductsisderivedfromthedemandforsolarelectricity.
However,purchaserscanuseenergyandelectricityfromawidevarietyofsources,ranging
fromtraditionalfossilfuelstovariousformsofrenewableenergy(includingwind,solar,
geothermal,andbiomass).Electricityprovidersusingrenewableenergysourcesseektoachieve
gridparitywithothersourcesofelectricity.37Thelevelizedcostofelectricityvariesbyregion,
timeofday,andavailabilityofotherelectricitysources.38Duringperiodsofnonpeakelectricity
demandintheUnitedStates,onlylowestcostgeneratorswouldbeabletosellelectricitytothe
grid,whereasduringperiodsofpeakelectricitydemand,evengeneratorswithsomewhat
highercostsmaybeabletosellelectricityintothetransmissionordistributiongrid.Forpeak
periods,naturalgasgeneratedelectricitygenerallysetsthelevelizedcostofelectricitythat
CSPVandotherrenewablesystemsmustseektomeet,especiallyforsalestotheutility
segment.39
AsshowninfigureV10,thegeneraltrendofthepriceofcoalusedforelectricity
generationhasremainedrelativelyunchangedsince2012anditspriceisforecastedtostay
stablethrough2018.Thepriceofnaturalgasusedforelectricitygenerationincreasedinthe
latterhalfof2012and2013,peakinginFebruary2014andthendeclinedtoitslowestlevelin
37
Gridparityisthepriceatwhichthelevelizedcostofelectricitygeneratedfromrenewablesources
iscompetitivewiththecostofconventionalenergyfromthegrid.
38
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsfromChinaandTaiwan,Inv.Nos.701TA511and
731TA12461247(Final)USITCPublication4519,February2015,p.II21.
39
CertainCrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicProductsfromChina,Inv.Nos.701TA481and731TA1190
(Final),USITCPublication4360,November2012,pp.2122.
V49
March2016.Sincethen,thepriceofnaturalgashasrisen,andisprojectedtocontinueto
increase.
Figure V-10
Average cost of coal and natural gas for electricity generation, monthly, January 2012-May 2017
and projected June 2017-December 2018
8.00
Forecasted
7.00
Dollars per million Btu
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Coal Natural Gas
Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, January 2014- U.S. Energy Prices Table 2, U.S. Energy
Information Administration, and Short-Term Energy Outlook, June 2017- U.S. Energy Prices Table 2,
U.S. Energy Information Administration, retrieved July 5, 2017.
FirmswereaskedhowchangesinthepriceofU.S.conventionalenergyhaveaffected
demandforCSPVproducts,bysector,since2012(tableV25).Firmsresponseswerevariedand
didnotshiftbetweenthethreemarketsectors.Firmsthatreportedthatchangesinthepriceof
U.S.conventionalenergyhaveincreaseddemandcitedthepositiverelationshipbetween
electricityratesandthedemandforPVsystemsandmodules.
V50
Table V-25
CSPV products: Firms responses regarding how changes in the price of U.S. conventional energy
have affected demand for CSPV products, by sector, since 2012
Residential sector
Commercial sector
Importers 11 9 4 14
Utility sector
Importers 12 9 4 13
MostU.S.producersreportedthatchangesinthepriceofU.S.conventionalenergyhave
notaffectedthepriceofsolargeneratedelectricitysince2012(tableV26).However,aplurality
ofimportersandpurchasersreportedthatchangesinthepriceofU.S.conventionalenergyhas
decreasedthepriceofsolargeneratedelectricity.U.S.producersreportedthatthedecreasein
thepriceofsolargeneratedelectricityhasbeendrivenbyCSPVmarketcompetitionandnotby
fallingpricesofconventionalenergy.Furthermore,severalimportersandpurchasersstated
thatthereisnocorrelationbetweenconventionalenergypricesandpricesofsolargenerated
electricity.
Table V-26
CSPV products: Firms responses regarding how changes in the price of U.S. conventional energy
have affected the price of solar generated electricity since 2012

V51

APPENDIXA
FEDERALREGISTERNOTICES

A1
TheCommissionmakesavailablenoticesrelevanttoitsinvestigationsandreviewsonits
website,www.usitc.gov.Inaddition,thefollowingtabulationpresentsFederalRegisternotices
issuedbytheCommissionduringthecurrentproceeding.
Citation Title Link

82FR25331 CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCells https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk
June1,2017 (WhetherorNotPartiallyorFully g/FR20170601/pdf/2017
AssembledIntoOtherProducts); 11013.pdf
InstitutionandSchedulingof
SafeguardInvestigationand
DeterminationThattheInvestigationIs
ExtraordinarilyComplicated
82FR33927 CrystallineSiliconPhotovoltaicCells https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pk
July21,2017 (WhetherorNotPartiallyorFully g/FR20170721/pdf/2017
AssembledIntoOtherProducts); 15355.pdf
Institutionandschedulingofsafeguard
investigationanddeterminationthat
theinvestigationisextraordinarily
complicated,amendment

A3
APPENDIXB
LISTOFHEARINGWITNESSES{(RESERVED)}
B1
B2
APPENDIXC
SUMMARYDATA

C1
TableC1
CSPVproducts:SummarydataconcerningtheU.S.market,201216.......................................C3
TableC2
CSPVproducts:SummarydataconcerningthemerchantU.S.marketforcells,201216.........C5
TableC3
CSPVproducts:SummarydataconcerningthetotalU.S.marketformodules,201216...........C7
C2
Table C-1
CSPVproducts:Totalmarket
CSPV products: Summary data concerning the U.S. market, 2012-16
(Quantity=kW; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per kilowatt; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted)
Reported data Period changes

Calendar year Between calendar years
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
U.S. consumption quantity:
Amount................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Producers' share (fn1).......................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Importers' share (fn1):
Canada............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan............................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines........................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All other sources............................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All import sources.......................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. consumption value:

Amount................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canada............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan............................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines........................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. imports from:

Canada:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Ending inventory quantity.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China:
Quantity............................................................................ 326,846 82,264 1,263,270 3,311,513 2,720,193 732.3 (74.8) 1,435.6 162.1 (17.9)
Value................................................................................ 291,878 69,976 747,148 1,680,733 1,258,864 331.3 (76.0) 967.7 125.0 (25.1)
Unit value.......................................................................... $893 $851 $591 $508 $463 (48.2) (4.7) (30.5) (14.2) (8.8)
Germany:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Signapore:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan:
Quantity............................................................................ 1,065,160 2,113,220 2,090,974 852,758 1,118,967 5.1 98.4 (1.1) (59.2) 31.2
Value................................................................................ 743,337 1,349,271 1,274,305 467,820 606,449 (18.4) 81.5 (5.6) (63.3) 29.6
Unit value.......................................................................... $698 $638 $609 $549 $542 (22.3) (8.5) (4.6) (10.0) (1.2)
Ending inventory quantity.................................................. 128,249 116,508 200,189 170,345 91,083 (29.0) (9.2) 71.8 (14.9) (46.5)
Thailand:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam:
Quantity............................................................................ --- --- --- 161,195 472,682 fn2 fn2 fn2 fn2 193.2
Value................................................................................ --- --- --- 96,336 240,625 fn2 fn2 fn2 fn2 149.8
Unit value.......................................................................... --- --- --- 598 509 fn2 fn2 fn2 fn2 (14.8)
All other sources:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All import sources:
Quantity............................................................................ 2,163,012 3,100,788 4,582,898 8,430,393 12,813,568 492.4 43.4 47.8 84.0 52.0
Value................................................................................ 1,905,451 2,213,845 3,014,861 4,967,865 7,060,489 270.5 16.2 36.2 64.8 42.1
Unit value.......................................................................... $881 $714 $658 $589 $551 (37.5) (19.0) (7.9) (10.4) (6.5)
Ending inventory quantity.................................................. 302,785 327,638 560,211 1,107,536 1,238,641 309.1 8.2 71.0 97.7 11.8
C-3
Table C-1--Continued
CSPV products: Summary data concerning the U.S. market, 2012-16

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
U.S. producers':
Average capacity quantity..................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production quantity.............................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Capacity utilization (fn1)....................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments (fn3):
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value (fn4)........................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value (fn5)................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Export shipments:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Ending inventory quantity..................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total shipments (fn1)........................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production workers.............................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hours worked (1,000s)......................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wages paid ($1,000)............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hourly wages (dollars).......................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Productivity (watts per hour)................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit labor costs.................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Net sales: (fn6)
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Cost of goods sold (COGS).................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Gross profit or (loss)............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
SG&A expenses................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Operating income or (loss)................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Net income or (loss)............................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit COGS.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit SG&A expenses............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit operating income or (loss)............................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit net income or (loss)...................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
COGS/sales (fn1)................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1).................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1)............................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Notes:
fn1.--Reported data are in percent and period changes are in percentage points.
fn2.--Undefined.
fn3.--U.S. producers' U.S. shipments include U.S. producers' exports of cells that have been re-imported after being formed into modules in other countries.
fn4.--Value data includes value added foreign-origin cells. See part IV for details.
fn5.--AUVs calculated exclusive of the value added foreign-origin cells. See part IV for details.
fn6.--Financial results in this table include derived module revenue and costs based on relative production using domestic cells plus the data from merchant market cell operations.
C-4
Table C-2
CSPVcells:Merchantmarket
CSPV products: Summary data concerning the merchant U.S. market for cells, 2012-16

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Amount................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canada............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan............................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines........................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

Amount................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canada............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan............................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines........................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. imports from:

Canada:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Signapore:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All other sources:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All import sources:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
C-5
CSPV products: Summary data concerning the merchant U.S. market for cells, 2012-16

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
U.S. producers':
Average capacity quantity..................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production quantity.............................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Capacity utilization (fn1)....................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. shipments:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Export shipments:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total shipments (fn1) (fn3)................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production workers.............................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hours worked (1,000s)......................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Wages paid ($1,000)............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Productivity (watts per hour) (fn3)......................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit labor costs (fn3)............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Net sales:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Cost of goods sold (COGS).................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Gross profit or (loss)............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
SG&A expenses................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Operating income or (loss)................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Net income or (loss)............................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit COGS.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit SG&A expenses............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit operating income or (loss)............................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit net income or (loss)...................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
COGS/sales (fn1)................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1).................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1)............................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Notes:
Note.--Share and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.
fn2.--Undefined.
fn3.--These ratios are off of total market basis (i.e., inclusive of the shipments that were internally consumed or production of cells dedicated for internal consumption).
C-6
Table C-3
CSPVmodules:Totalmarket
CSPV products: Summary data concerning the total U.S. market for modules, 2012-16

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Amount................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canada............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan............................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines........................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

Amount................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Canada............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan............................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia........................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines........................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Singapore......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan.............................................................................. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
U.S. imports from:

Canada:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
China:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Germany:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Indonesia:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Japan:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Korea:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Malaysia:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mexico:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Philippines:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Signapore:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Taiwan:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Thailand:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Vietnam:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All other sources:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
All import sources:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
C-7
CSPV products: Summary data concerning the total U.S. market for modules, 2012-16

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012-16 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
U.S. producers':
Average capacity quantity..................................................... 929,827 913,452 866,900 921,603 1,245,807 34.0 (1.8) (5.1) 6.3 35.2
Production quantity.............................................................. 538,633 447,129 440,259 552,968 669,089 24.2 (17.0) (1.5) 25.6 21.0
Capacity utilization (fn1)....................................................... 57.9 48.9 50.8 60.0 53.7 (4.2) (9.0) 1.8 9.2 (6.3)
U.S. shipments:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Export shipments:
Quantity............................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Value................................................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit value.......................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Inventories/total shipments (fn1) (fn3)................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Production workers.............................................................. 1,293 1,080 963 1,106 1,340 3.6 (16.5) (10.8) 14.8 21.2
Hours worked (1,000s)......................................................... 3,041 2,335 1,794 2,246 2,519 (17.2) (23.2) (23.2) 25.2 12.2
Wages paid ($1,000)............................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Productivity (watts per hour) ................................................ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Unit labor costs ................................................................... *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Net sales:
Quantity............................................................................ 581,762 464,771 472,355 527,683 623,846 7.2 (20.1) 1.6 11.7 18.2
Value................................................................................ 607,615 410,608 420,661 476,920 484,359 (20.3) (32.4) 2.4 13.4 1.6
Unit value.......................................................................... $1,044 $883 $891 $904 $776 (25.7) (15.4) 0.8 1.5 (14.1)
Cost of goods sold (COGS).................................................. 858,747 545,848 422,574 432,924 488,577 (43.1) (36.4) (22.6) 2.4 12.9
Gross profit or (loss)............................................................ (251,132) (135,240) (1,913) 43,996 (4,218) (98.3) (46.1) (98.6) fn2 fn2
SG&A expenses................................................................... 125,946 68,803 56,642 54,526 210,773 67.4 (45.4) (17.7) (3.7) 286.6
Operating income or (loss)................................................... (377,078) (204,043) (58,555) (10,530) (214,991) (43.0) (45.9) (71.3) (82.0) 1,941.7
Net income or (loss)............................................................. (551,170) (217,135) (54,503) (21,071) (224,873) (59.2) (60.6) (74.9) (61.3) 967.2
Unit COGS.......................................................................... $1,476 $1,174 $895 $820 $783 (46.9) (20.4) (23.8) (8.3) (4.5)
Unit SG&A expenses............................................................ $216 $148 $120 $103 $338 56.1 (31.6) (19.0) (13.8) 227.0
Unit operating income or (loss)............................................. ($648) ($439) ($124) ($20) ($345) (46.8) (32.3) (71.8) (83.9) 1,627.0
Unit net income or (loss)...................................................... ($947) ($467) ($115) ($40) ($360) (62.0) (50.7) (75.3) (65.4) 802.7
COGS/sales (fn1)................................................................ 141.3 132.9 100.5 90.8 100.9 (40.5) (8.4) (32.5) (9.7) 10.1
Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1).................................. (62.1) (49.7) (13.9) (2.2) (44.4) 17.7 12.4 35.8 11.7 (42.2)
Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1)............................................ (90.7) (52.9) (13.0) (4.4) (46.4) 44.3 37.8 39.9 8.5 (42.0)
Notes:
Note.--Share and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero but less than "0.05" percent.
fn2.--Undefined.
C-8

APPENDIXD
COMPETITIVEEFFORTSANDPROPOSEDADJUSTMENTS

D1
TableD1
CSPVproducts:U.S.producerseffortstocompetemoreeffectivelyintheU.S.market,by
reportingfirm,January2012present........................................................................................D4
TableD2
CSPVproducts:U.S.producersanticipatedadjustmentsundersafeguardimportrelief..........D9
D2
U.S.producerswereaskedwhethertheirfirmhasundertakenorplannedanyeffortsto
competemoreeffectivelyintheU.S.marketforCSPVcells(whetherornotpartiallyorfully
assembledintootherproducts)(CSPVproducts)since2012.ThefollowingfiveU.S.producers
thattogetherrepresented***percentofreportedU.S.CSPVmoduleproductionduring
January2012December2016respondedthattheyhadnotmadeanyeffortstocompetemore
effectivelysince2012:***.***ofthesefirmsmanufacturedCSPVcellsintheUnitedStates
duringtheperiodofinvestigation.ThefollowingeightU.S.producersthattogetherrepresented
***percentofreportedU.S.CSPVcellproductionand***percentofreportedU.S.CSPV
moduleproductionduringJanuary2012December2016respondedthattheyhadmadeefforts
tocompetemoreeffectivelysince2012:***.Theaggregatereportedexpendituresinvolvedin
theseU.S.producerseffortstocompetewas$***.U.S.producerswerefurtherinstructedto
provideadescriptionof(1)theeffortsmadesince2012tocompetemoreeffectively,(2)the
yearinwhichtheeffortwasmade,(3)theexpenditureinvolved,and(4)thespecific
competitiveadvantagesoughtoracquired.TheresponsesoftheU.S.producerstothisrequest
arepresentedintableD1.
D3
Table D-1
CSPV products: U.S. producers efforts to compete more effectively in the U.S. market, by reporting firm,
January 2012 June 2017
* * * * * * *
D4
Table D-1Continued
January 2012 - present
* * * * * * *
D5
Table D-1Continued
January 2012 present
* * * * * * *
D6
Table D-1Continued
January 2012 present
* * * * * * *
D7
U.S.producerswereaskediftheyweretoreceiveimportreliefasaresultofthis
safeguardinvestigation,wouldthefirmand/oritsworkersmakeadjustmentsinitsoperations
producingCSPVproductsthatwouldpermitittocompetemoreeffectivelywithimportsof
CSPVproducts.ThefollowingsixU.S.producersthattogetherrepresented***percentof
reportedU.S.CSPVcellproductionand***percentofreportedU.S.CSPVmoduleproduction
duringJanuary2012December2016respondedthattheywouldnotmakeanyadjustmentsin
theiroperationsiftheyweretoreceiveimportrelief:***.ThefollowingsevenU.S.producers
thattogetherrepresented***percentofreportedU.S.CSPVcellproductionand***percent
ofreportedU.S.CSPVmoduleproductionduringJanuary2012December2016respondedthat
iftheyweretoreceiveimportrelief,theywouldmakeadjustmentsintheiroperations:***.The
aggregatereportedanticipatedexpendituresinvolvedwere$***.U.S.producerswerealso
instructedtodescribe(1)thespecificadjustmentactionsthattheywouldmakeduringany
periodofreliefthatwouldpermitthemtocompetemoreeffectivelywithimports,(2)the
anticipatedexpenditureinvolved,and(3)thespecificcompetitiveadvantageexpectedtobe
gainedbytheadjustment.Thefirmswereaskedtoincludeadjustmentactionsthatwerein
additiontothosethattheywouldincurnotwithstandinganyreliefundersection202andwhich
wasdescribedintheprevioustableabove.TheresponsesoftheU.S.producerstothisrequest
arepresentedintableD2.
D8
Table D-2
CSPV products: U.S. producers anticipated adjustments under safeguard import relief
* * * * * * *
D9
Table D-2Continued
* * * * * * *
D10
Table D-2Continued
* * * * * * *
D11
APPENDIXE

EffectsofimportsonU.S.producersandrelatedinformationbyfirm

Table E-1
CSPV products: Narrative relating to actual and anticipated negative effects of imports on
investment and growth and development, since January 1, 2012
* * * * * *
E2

Table E-1--Continued
* * * * * *
E3

* * * * * *
E4

* * * * * *
E5

* * * * * *
E6

* * * * * *
E7

* * * * * *
E8

Table E-2
CSPV products: U.S. producers financial results on cells (commercial sales and transfers) by
firm, 2012-16
* * * * * *
E9

CSPV products: U.S. producers financial results on cells (commercial sales and transfers) by firm,
2012-16
* * * * * *
E10

Table E-3
CSPV products: U.S. producers financial results on modules by firm, 2012-16
* * * * * *
E11

* * * * * *
E12

* * * * * *
E13

* * * * * *
E14

* * * * * *
E15

Table E-4
and investment in productive assets related to cells and modules by firm, 2012-16
* * * * * *
E16

and investment in productive assets related to cells and modules by firm, 2012-16
* * * * * *
E17

APPENDIXF
COMMENTSONTHEEFFECTSOFU.S.ORDERSONCRYSTALLINESILICON
PHOTOVOLTAICPRODUCTS

F1
TableF1
CSPVproducts:U.S.producersinjuryfromimports...................................................................F3
TableF2
CSPVproducts:RankingoftheimportanceoffactorscausinginjuryasreportedbyU.S.
producers,byfactor.....................................................................................................................F5
TableF3
CSPVproducts:U.S.producersdescriptionsoffactorsthathaveadverseimpactonfirm.......F6
TableF4
CSPVproducts:U.S.producersdescriptionsofsignificanceofexistingU.S.antidumping
andcountervailingdutyordersonimportsofCSPVproductsfromChinaandTaiwan............F11
TableF5
CSPVproducts:EffectofAD/CVDorderonU.S.importersimportsofCSPVcellsand
modules,bynumberofrespondingfirms.................................................................................F12
TableF6
CSPVproducts:U.S.importersexplanationsontheeffectofAD/CVDordersontheir
purchases...................................................................................................................................F13
TableF7
CSPVproducts:U.S.importersdescriptionsofsignificanceofexistingU.S.antidumping
andcountervailingdutyordersonimportsofCSPVproductsfromChinaandTaiwan............F18
TableF8
CSPVproducts:EffectofAD/CVDorderonU.S.purchaserspurchasesofCSPVcellsand
modules,bynumberofrespondingfirms.................................................................................F23
TableF9
CSPVproducts:U.S.purchasersexplanationsontheeffectofAD/CVDordersontheir
purchases...................................................................................................................................F24
TableF10
CSPVproducts:ForeignproducersdescriptionsofsignificanceofexistingU.S.antidumping
andcountervailingdutyordersonU.S.importsofCSPVproductsfromChinaandTaiwan....F29
F2
Tenof13respondingU.S.producersthataccountedfor***percentofU.S.production
ofCSPVcellsand***percentofU.S.productionofCSPVmodulesduringtheperiodof
investigationreportedthattheirfirm'soperationsconcerningCSPVcells(whetherornot
partiallyorfullyassembledintootherproducts)(CSPVproducts)hadbeeninjuredbyimports
ofCSPVproductssinceJanuary1,2012.1Explanationsoftheirresponsesarepresentedintable
F1.
1
ThethreerespondingU.S.producersthatindicatedthattheirfirm'soperationsconcerningCSPV
productshadnotbeeninjuredbyimportsofCSPVproductssinceJanuary1,2012include[MissionSolar,
Sunstream,andTesla].
F3
Table F-1
CSPV products: U.S. producers injury from imports
* * * * * * *
F4
Table F-1Continued
CSPV products: U.S. producers injury from imports
* * * * * * *
F5
U.S.producerswereaskedtorankanyfactorsthatarehavinganadverseimpactonthe
operationsoftheirfirmproducingCSPVproducts.AlthoughU.S.producerresponseswere
varied,themostoftencitedfactorasbeinganextremelyimportantcauseofinjurytoU.S.
producerswasimportcompetition,withninefirmsrankingita5andonefirmrankingita4
onthescale(tableF2).
Table F-2
CSPV products: Ranking of the importance of factors causing injury as reported by U.S.
producers, by factor
Importance rank1
Factor 1 2 3 4 5
Import competition --- --- --- 1 8
Exchange rates 2 --- --- 1 1
Domestic energy costs 3 --- 1 1 ---
Competition from other U.S. producers 3 3 2 --- ---
Competition from any substitute products --- 1 1 --- 1
Developments in technology 3 1 --- 2 ---
U.S. demand for CSPV cells 3 --- 1 --- ---
Inability to obtain adequate financing 1 2 --- 1 2
Change in raw material costs 3 2 --- --- 2
Labor problems or shortages 3 --- 1 --- ---
Production problems 1 1 --- --- ---
Change in composition of U.S. industry 3 --- 2 1 ---
Grid parity with natural gas 4 --- --- 1 ---
Grid parity with out-of-scope thin-film solar products 1 1 --- --- ---
Changes in government incentive programs 3 1 1 --- 2
Other factors --- --- --- 1 ---
1
Importance of factor in causing injury on a scale of 1 to 5 (with 5 being an extremely important cause of
injury). U.S. producers were instructed to leave blank or report a zero for "not applicable/ no opinion."
F6
U.S.producerswerealsoaskedtodescribetheimpactofimportsofCSPVproductson
theirU.S.operationsproducingCSPVproductsandtoidentifyanddescribeanyfactorsthatare
havinganadverseimpactontheoperationoftheirfirm.Theywerealsoaskedtodescribethe
roleplayedbyeachfactorthattheyidentified.TheresponsesofU.S.producerstothisrequest
arepresentedintableF3.
Table F-3
CSPV products: U.S. producers descriptions of factors that have adverse impact on firm
* * * * * * *
F7
Table F-3Continued
* * * * * * *
F8
Table F-3Continued
* * * * * * *
F9
Table F-3Continued
* * * * * * *
F10
Table F-3Continued
* * * * * * *
U.S.producerswereaskedtodescribethesignificance,ifany,oftheexistingU.S.
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersonimportsofCSPVproductsfromChinaand
Taiwanontheirfirmsproduction,capacity,U.S.shipments,inventories,purchases,
employment,revenues,costs,profits,cashflow,capitalexpenditures,researchand
developmentexpenditures,andassetvalues.Responsestothisrequestarepresentedintable
F4.
F11
Table F-4
CSPV products: U.S. producers descriptions of significance of existing U.S. antidumping and
countervailing duty orders on imports of CSPV products from China and Taiwan
* * * * * * *
F12
Thirtyfourof56respondingimportersreportedimportingCSPVproductspriorto2012.
ImporterswereaskediftheirpatternsofimportingCSPVproductshadchangedsincethe
UnitedStatesimposedantidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersonimportsfromChinaand
Taiwan.Importerresponseswerevaried.Ofthemostcitedresponses,17importersindicated
thattheyreducedtheirimportsfromChinabecauseoftheorders,16importersindicatedthat
theybeganimportingfromsourcesotherthanChinaandTaiwan,and12indicatedthatthey
discontinuedimportsfromChinabecauseoftheorders(tableF5).Tenimportersindicatedthat
theirpatternofimportsremainedessentiallyunchanged.
Table F-5
CSPV products: Effect of AD/CVD order on U.S. importers imports of CSPV cells and modules, by
number of responding firms1
Total
responding
Item Cells Modules firms
No, our pattern of imports is essentially unchanged. 4 6 10
2
Yes, we discontinued imports from China because of the orders. 3 9 122
Yes, we reduced imports from China because of the orders. 5 12 17
Yes, but changes in the pattern of our imports from China are for
reasons other than the orders. 0 93 93
Yes, we discontinued imports from Taiwan because of the order. 4 3 7
Yes, we reduced imports from Taiwan because of the order. 4 4 8
Yes, but changes in the pattern of our imports from Taiwan are for
reasons other than the order. 0 3 3
Yes, we began importing from sources other than China and
Taiwan. 3 13 16
Yes, we increased imports from sources other than China and
Taiwan. 3 6 9
Yes, but changes in the pattern of our imports from sources other
than China and Taiwan are for reasons other than the orders. 1 7 8
1
The sum of responses may not add up to the total number of responding firms as each firm was
instructed to check all applicable effects on imports.
2
Three of the reporting firms have a common corporate parent (i.e., ***).
3
Two of the reporting firms have a common corporate parent (i.e., ***).
F13

Importerswererequestedtoprovideanexplanationwhenidentifyinganeffectontheir
patternofimports.ImportersresponsesareprovidedintableF6.
Table F-6
CSPV products: U.S. importers explanations on the effect of AD/CVD orders on their imports
* * * * * * *
F14

Table F-6--Continued
* * * * * * *
F15

* * * * * * *
F16

* * * * * * *
F17

Importerswereaskedtodescribethesignificance,ifany,oftheexistingU.S.
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersonimportsofCSPVproductsfromChinaand
Taiwanontheirfirmsimports,U.S.shipmentsofimports,andinventories.Responsestothis
requestarepresentedintableF7.
Table F-7
CSPV products: U.S. importers descriptions of significance of existing U.S. AD/CVD orders on imports of
CSPV products from China and Taiwan
* * * * * * *
F18
Table F-7Continued
* * * * * * *
F19
Table F-7Continued
* * * * * * *
F20
Table F-7Continued
CSPV products: U.S. importers descriptions of significance of existing U.S. AD/CVD orders on imports of CSPV products from
China and Taiwan
* * * * * * *
F21
Table F-7Continued
* * * * * * *
F22
Seventysevenof103respondingpurchasersreportedpurchasingCSPVproductsprior
to2012.PurchaserswereaskediftheirpurchasepatternsofCSPVproductshadchangedsince
theUnitedStatesimposedantidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersonimportsfromChina
andTaiwan.Purchaserresponseswerevaried.Ofthemostcitedresponses,38purchasers
indicatedthattheirpatternofpurchasesremainedessentiallyunchanged,20purchasers
indicatedthattheybeganpurchasingCSPVproductsfromsourcesotherthanChinaandTaiwan,
16purchasersindicatedthattheyreducedtheirpurchasesofCSPVproductsfromChina,and12
indicatedthattheychangedtheirpatternofpurchasesofCSPVproductsfromothersourcesfor
reasonsotherthantheorders(tableF8).
Table F-8
CSPV products: Effect of U.S. AD/CVD order on U.S. purchasers purchases of CSPV cells and
modules, by number of responding firms1
Total
responding
Item Cells Modules firms
No, pattern of purchasing is essentially unchanged. 4 37 38
Yes, discontinued purchases from China because of the orders. 4 9 11
Yes, reduced purchases from China because of the orders. 1 15 16
Yes, but changes in purchases from China are for reasons other
than the orders. 0 9 9
Yes, discontinued purchases from Taiwan because of the order. 2 6 7
Yes, reduced purchases from Taiwan because of the order. 1 9 10
Yes, but changes in purchases from Taiwan are for reason other
than the order. 0 6 6
Yes, began purchasing from sources other than China and
Taiwan. 3 19 20
Yes, increased purchases from sources other than China and
Taiwan. 0 9 9
Yes, but changes in purchases from sources other than China and
Taiwan are for reasons other than the orders. 1 12 12
1
The sum of responses may not add up to the total number of responding firms as each firm was
instructed to check all applicable effects on purchases.
Purchaserswererequestedtoprovideanexplanationwhenidentifyinganeffecton
theirpatternofpurchasesofCSPVproducts.PurchasersresponsesareprovidedintableF9.
F23

Table F-9
SPV products: U.S. purchasers explanations on the effect of AD/CVD orders on their purchases of CSPV
products
* * * * * * *
F24

Table F-9Continued
CSPV products: U.S. purchasers explanations on the effect of AD/CVD orders on their purchases of
CSPV products
* * * * * * *
F25

Table F-9Continued
CSPV products
* * * * * * *
F26

Table F-9Continued
CSPV products
* * * * * * *
F27

Table F-9Continued
CSPV products
* * * * * * *
F28

Foreignproducerswereaskedtodescribethesignificance,ifany,oftheexistingU.S.
antidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersonCSPVproductsfromChinaandTaiwanontheir
firmsproduction,capacity,U.S.exports,inventories,purchases,orotherindicators.Responses
tothisrequestarepresentedintableF10.
Table F-10
CSPV products: Foreign producers descriptions of significance of existing U.S. AD/CVD orders on U.S.
imports of CSPV products from China and Taiwan
* * * * * * *
F29
Table F-10Continued
* * * * * * *
F30
Table F-10Continued
* * * * * * *
F31
Table F-10Continued
* * * * * * *
F32
Table F-10Continued
* * * * * * *
F33
Table F-10Continued
* * * * * * *
F34
Table F-10Continued
* * * * * * *
F35
APPENDIXG

PRICEDATABYCOUNTRYSOURCE

G1
Thirtyoneimportersreportedpricedata.Twentyimportersprovidedpricedatafor
Taiwan,13forChina,11forKorea,11forMalaysia,9forGerman,9forVietnam,6forThailand,
1forSingapore,and7forallothersources(Netherlands,India,Japan,Portugal,andTurkey).1
ThesepriceitemsandaccompanyingdataarecomparabletothosepresentedintablesV12to
V16.PriceandquantitydataforindividualcountrysourcesareshownintablesG1toG5.
1
ThereareantidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersinplaceonimportsfromChinaandTaiwan.Antidumping
andcountervailingdutyordersassociatedwiththeCSPV1investigationsbecameeffectiveDecember7,2012.
AntidumpingandcountervailingdutyordersassociatedwiththeCSPV2investigationsbecameeffectiveFebruary
18,2015.
G3
Table G-1
1,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G4
Table G-1Continued
1,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G5
Table G-2
2,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G6
Table G-2Continued
2,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G7
Table G-2Continued
2,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G8
Table G-3
3,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G9
Table G-3Continued
3,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G10
Table G-3Continued
3,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G11
Table G-4
4,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G12
Table G-4Continued
4,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G13
Table G-4Continued
4,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G14
Table G-5
5,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G15
Table G-5Continued
5,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G16
Table G-5Continued
5,1 2012-16
* * * * * * *
G17

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UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION

CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (WHETHER OR NOT

Source: SolarWorld Website, http://www.solarworld.de/en/group/from-sand-to-module/solar-cells/

Source: SolarWorld, SolarWorld Quality, brochure, May 2014, 10, https://www.solarworld-

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: SolarWorld AG Website, http://www.solarworld.de/en/products/products/solar-

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Final antidumping and anti-subsidy determination

CSPV cells China

CSPV Antidumping duties (124.4%)

Provisional antidumping duties (up to 57%) January United States

Source: Cited public articles in sections that follow.

Average unit value

(dollars per kW)

Import volume Import AUVs

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Reason for importing ***

Reason for importing ***

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Notes.This table is based on publicly available information. Information on producers of off-grid

Suniva filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2017. ***.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Table continued on next page.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Globalinstallations China 46%

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.

Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.