Micro Electronic Pill

Micro Electronic Pill Seminar Report
ABSTRACT
A micro electronic pill is basically a multi channel sensor used

for remote bio medical measurements using microtechnology this has been
developed for the internal study and detection of diseases and abnormalities
in the gastro intestinal GI tract where restricted access prevents the use of
traditional endoscopy the measurement parameters for detection include real
time remote recording of temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen
in the GI tract This paper with the design of the micro electronic pill which
mainly consists of an outer biocompatible capsule encasing 4 channel micro
sensors a control chip, a discrete component radio transmitter and 2 silver
oxide cells.
www.seminarstopics.com 1
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
BASIC COMPONENTS
PERFORMANCE
OTHER APPLICATIONS
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
FUTURE CHALLENGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
The invention of transistor enabled the first use of radiometry

capsules, which used simple circuits for the internal study of the gastro-
intestinal (GI) [1] tract. They couldnt be used as they could transmit only
from a single channel and also due to the size of the components. They also
suffered from poor reliability, low sensitivity and short lifetimes of the
devices. This led to the application of single-channel telemetry capsules for
the detection of disease and abnormalities in the GI tract where restricted area
prevented the use of traditional endoscopy.
They were later modified as they had the disadvantage of using

laboratory type sensors such as the glass pH electrodes, resistance
thermometers, etc. They were also of very large size. The later modification
is similar to the above instrument but is smaller in size due to the application
of existing semiconductor fabrication technologies. These technologies led to
the formation of MICROELECTRONIC PILL.
Microelectronic pill is basically a multichannel sensor used for

remote biomedical measurements using micro technology. This is used for
the real-time measurement parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity
and dissolved oxygen. The sensors are fabricated using electron beam and
photolithographic pattern integration and were controlled by an application
specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 1.
Microelectronic pill consists of 4 sensors (2) which are mounted on two

silicon chips (Chip 1 & 2), a control chip (5), a radio transmitter (STD-
type 1-7, type2-crystal type-10) & silver oxide batteries (8).
1-access channel, 3-capsule, 4- rubber ring, 6-PCB chip carrier
BASIC COMPONENTS
A. Sensors
Fig 2.
There are basically 4 sensors mounted on two chips- Chip 1 & chip 2. On
chip 1(shown in fig 2 a), c), e)), temperature sensor silicon diode (4), pH
ISFET sensor (1) and dual electrode conductivity sensor (3) are fabricated.
Chip 2 comprises of three electrode electrochemical cell oxygen sensor (2)
and optional NiCr resistance thermometer.
1) Sensor chip 1:
An array consisting of both temperature sensor & pH sensor

platforms were cut from the wafer & attached onto 100-m- thick glass cover
slip cured on a hot plate. The plate acts as a temporary carrier to assist handling
of the device during level 1 of lithography when the electric connections
tracks, electrodes bonding pads are defined. Bonding pads provide electrical
contact to the external electronic circuit.
Lithography [2] was the first fundamentally new printing

technology since the invention of relief printing in the fifteenth century. It is a
mechanical Plano graphic process in which the printing and non-printing
areas of the plate are all at the same level, as opposed to intaglio and relief
processes in which the design is cut into the printing block. Lithography is
based on the chemical repellence of oil and water. Designs are drawn or
painted with greasy ink or crayons on specially prepared limestone. The stone
is moistened with water, which the stone accepts in areas not covered by the
crayon. Oily ink, applied with a roller, adheres only to the drawing and is
repelled by the wet parts of the stone. Pressing paper against the inked
drawing then makes the print.
Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in Germany in

1798 and, within twenty years, appeared in England and the United States.
Almost immediately, attempts were made to print pictures in color. Multiple
stones were used; one for each color, and the print went through the press as
many times as there were stones. The problem for the printers was keeping
the image in register, making sure that the print would be lined up exactly
each time it went through the press so that each color would be in the correct
position and the overlaying colors would merge correctly.
Early colored lithographs used one or two colors to tint the entire
plate and create a watercolor-like tone to the image. This atmospheric effect
was primarily used for landscape or topographical illustrations. For more
detailed coloration, artists continued to rely on hand coloring over the
lithograph. Once tinted lithographs were well established, it was only a small
step to extend the range of color by the use of multiple tint blocks printed in
succession. Generally, these early chromolithographs were simple prints with
flat areas of color, printed side-by-side.
Increasingly ornate designs and dozens of bright, often gaudy,

colors characterized chromolithography in the second half of the nineteenth
century. Overprinting and the use of silver and gold inks widened the range
of color and design. Still a relatively expensive process, chromolithography
was used for large-scale folio works and illuminated gift books that often
attempted to reproduce the handwork of manuscripts of the Middle Ages. The
steam-driven printing press and the wider availability of inexpensive paper
stock lowered production costs and made chromolithography more
affordable. By the 1880s, the process was widely used for magazines and
advertising. At the same time, however, photographic processes were being
developed that would replace lithography by the beginning of the twentieth
century.
Chip 1 is divided into two- LHS unit having the diode while RHS
unit comprises the ISFET.
Fig. 3.
DT-470-SD Features
Monotonic temperature response from 1.4 K to 500 K*

Conformance to standard Curve 10 temperature response curve
Useful above 60 K in magnetic fields up to 5 T
The rugged, reliable Lake Shore SD package designed to withstand
repeated thermal cycling and minimize sensor self-heating Variety of
packaging options
ISFET: [4]
Ion Selective Field Effect Transistor; this type of electrode
contains a transistor coated with a chemically sensitive material to measure
pH in solution and moist surfaces. As the potential at the chemically active
surface changes with the pH, the current induced through the transistor
varies. A temperature diode simultaneously monitors the temperature at the
sensing surface. The pH meter to a temperature compensated pH reading
correlates the change in current and temperature.
This device [5] has an affinity for hydrogen ions, which is the
basis for the determination of the pH. The surface of the sensitive area of the
sensor contains hydroxyl groups that are bound to an oxide layer. At low pH
values hydrogen ions in the sample will bind to these hydroxyl groups
resulting in a positively charged surface. In alkaline environments hydrogen
ions are abstracted from the hydroxyl groups, leading to a negatively charged
surface.
Thus, each pH change has a certain influence on the surface

charge. On its turn, this attracts or repulses the electrons flowing between two
electrodes in the semiconductor device. The electronics compensates the
voltage in order to keep the current between the two electrodes at its set
point. In this way this potential change is related to the pH.
Attachment of a polymer membrane on the ISFET introduces the

possibility to go beyond the measurement of pH toward other ions. In this
plastic layer certain chemicals (ionophores), which can recognize and bind
the desired ion, are put in. Now, complex formations of the ionophore and the
ion introduce a charge. The potential change is a measure for the ion
concentration. Typically, these sensors can be used in a concentration range
between app. 10-5 up to 1 mol/l.
2.) Sensor chip2:
Level 1 pattern was defined in 0.9 m UV3 resist by electron

beam lithography. It contains three-electrode electrochemical oxygen sensor &
NiCr resistance thermometer.
Oxygen sensor detection principle: [6]
Most portable or survey instruments used for workplace

evaluation of oxygen concentrations make use of "fuel cell" type oxygen
sensors. "Fuel cell" oxygen sensors consist of a diffusion barrier, a sensing
electrode (cathode) made of a noble metal such as gold or platinum, and a
working electrode made of a base metal such as lead or zinc immersed in a
basic electrolyte (such as a solution of potassium hydroxide).
Oxygen diffusing into the sensor is reduced to hydroxyl ions at the cathode:
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- OH
Hydroxyl ions in turn oxidize the lead (or zinc) anode:

2Pb + 4OH 2PbO + 2H2O + 4e
This yields an overall cell reaction of:

2Pb + O2 2PbO
Fuel cell oxygen sensors are current generators. The amount of

current generated is proportional to the amount of oxygen consumed (Faraday's
Law). Oxygen reading instruments simply monitor the current output of the
sensor.
An important consideration is that fuel cell oxygen sensors are

used up over time. In the cell reaction above, when all available surface area of
the lead (Pb) anode has been converted to lead oxide (PbO), electrochemical
activity ceases, current output falls to zero, and the sensor must be rebuilt or
replaced. Fuel cell sensors are designed to last no more than one to two years.
Even when installed in an instrument which is never turned on, oxygen sensors
which are exposed to atmosphere which contains oxygen are generating
current, and being used up.
Oxygen sensors are also influenced by the temperature of the

atmosphere they are being used to measure. The warmer the atmosphere the
faster the electrochemical reaction. For this reason oxygen sensors usually
include a temperature compensating load resistor to hold current output steady
in the face of fluctuating temperature. (Microprocessor based instrument
designs usually provide additional signal correction in software to further
improve accuracy.) Another limiting factor is cold. The freezing temperature of
electrolyte mixtures commonly used in oxygen sensors tends to be about 5 o F
(- 20 o C). Once the electrolyte has frozen solid, electrical output falls to zero,
and readings may no longer be obtained. There are two basic variations on the
fuel cell oxygen sensor design. These variations have to do with the
mechanism by which oxygen is allowed to diffuse into the sensor. Dalton's
Law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of the various gases. The partial pressure for
oxygen is that fraction of the total pressure due to oxygen. Partial atmospheric
pressure oxygen sensors rely on the partial pressure (or pO 2) of oxygen to
drive molecules through the diffusion barrier into the sensor. As long as the pO
2 remains constant, current output may be used to indicate oxygen
concentration. On the other hand, shifts in barometric pressure, altitude, or
other conditions which have an effect on atmospheric pressure will have a
strong effect on pO 2 sensor readings. To illustrate the effects of pressure on pO
2 sensors, consider a sensor located at sea level where atmospheric pressure
equals 14.7 PSI (pounds per square inch). Now consider that same sensor at an
elevation of 10,000 feet. Although at both elevations the air contains 20.9
percent oxygen, at 10,000 feet the atmospheric pressure is only 10.2 PSI! Since
there is less force driving oxygen molecules through the diffusion barrier into
the sensor, the current output is significantly lower.
"Capillary pore" oxygen sensor designs include a narrow

diameter tube through which oxygen diffuses into the sensor. Oxygen is drawn
into the sensor by capillary action in much the same way that water or fluid is
drawn up into the fibers of a paper towel. While capillary pore sensors are not
influenced by changes in pressure, care must be taken that the sensor design
includes a moisture barrier in order to prevent the pore from being plugged
with water or other fluids.
Figure 4: Capillary pore type oxygen sensor
1.1. Effects of contaminants on oxygen sensors
Oxygen sensors may be affected by prolonged exposure to "acid"

gases such as carbon dioxide. Most oxygen sensors are not recommended for
continuous use in atmospheres which contain more than 25% CO 2.
1.2. Substance-specific electrochemical sensors
One of the most useful detection techniques for toxic

contaminants is the use of substance-specific electrochemical sensors
installed in compact, field portable survey instruments. Substance-specific
electrochemical sensors consist of a diffusion barrier which is porous to gas
but nonporous to liquid, reservoir of acid electrolyte (usually sulfuric or
phosphoric acid), sensing electrode, counter electrode, and (in three electrode
designs) a third reference electrode. Gas diffusing into the sensor reacts at the
surface of the sensing electrode. The sensing electrode is made to catalyze a
specific reaction. Dependent on the sensor and the gas being measured, gas
diffusing into the sensor is either oxidized or reduced at the surface of the
sensing electrode. This reaction causes the potential of the sensing electrode
to rise or fall with respect to the counter electrode. The current generated is
proportional to the amount of reactant gas present.
This two electrode detection principle presupposes that the

potential of the counter electrode remains constant. In reality, the surface
reactions at each electrode causes them to polarize, and significantly limits
the concentrations of reactant gas they can be used to measure. In three
electrode designs it is the difference between the sensing and reference
electrode which is what is actually measured. Since the reference electrode is
shielded from any reaction, it maintains a constant potential which provides a
true point of comparison. With this arrangement the change in potential of the
sensing electrode is due solely to the concentration of the reactant gas.
Figure 5: Three electrode electrochemical sensor
The oxidation of carbon monoxide in an electrochemical sensor

provides a good example of the detection mechanism:
Carbon monoxide is oxidized at the sensing electrode:

CO + H2O CO2 + 2H+ + 2e -
The counter electrode acts to balance out the reaction at the sensing electrode
by reducing oxygen present in the air to water:
1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H 2O
Similar reactions allow for the electrochemical detection of a

variety of reactant gases including hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine,
hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen, ethylene oxide, phosphine
and ozone. A bias voltage is sometimes applied to the counter electrode to
help drive the detection reaction for a specific contaminant. Biased sensor
designs allow for the detection of a number of less electrochemically active
gases such as hydrogen chloride and nitric oxide. Several other contaminants
(such as ammonia) are detectable by means of other less straight forward
detection reactions.
Electrochemical sensors are stable, long lasting, require very

little power and are capable of resolution (depending on the sensor and
contaminant being measured) in many cases to 0.1 ppm. The chief limitation
of electrochemical sensors is the effects of interfering contaminants on toxic
gas readings. Most substance-specific electrochemical sensors have been
carefully designed to minimize the effects of common interfering gases.
Substance-specific sensors are designed to respond only to the gases they are
supposed to measure. The higher the specificity of the sensor the less likely
the sensor will be affected by exposure to other gases which may be
incidentally present. For instance, a substance-specific carbon monoxide
sensor is deliberately designed not to respond to other gases which may be
present at the same time, such as hydrogen sulfide or methane.
Even though care has been taken to reduce cross-sensitivity,

some interfering gases may still have an effect on toxic sensor readings. In
some cases the interfering effect may be "positive" and result in readings
which are higher than actual. In some cases the interference may be negative
and produce readings which are lower than actual. Electrochemical sensor
designs may include a selective external filter designed to remove interfering
gases which would otherwise have an effect on the sensing electrode. The
size and composition of the filter are determined by the type and expected
concentration of the interfering contaminants being removed.
B. Control Chip:
Fig 6. Interfacing of ASIC with external components of the system
ASIC is the control chip that connects together the external

components of the micro system.
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit [7]
(ASIC) An integrated circuit designed to perform a particular

function by defining the interconnection of a set of basic circuit building
blocks drawn from a library provided by the circuit manufacturer.
ASIC is a novel mixed signal design that contains an analog

signal conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit ADC & DAC
converters & a digital data processing module. An RC relaxation oscillator

(OSC) provides the clock signal.
The analog module is based on the AMS OP05B opamp, which

offer a lot of power saving scheme (sleep mode) & a compact IC design. The
temperature circuitry biased the diode at constant current, so that a change in
temperature would result in corresponding change in diode voltage. The pH
ISFET sensor was biased as a simple source & drain follower at constant
current with D-S voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH.
Conductivity circuit operated at direct current measuring the resistance across
the electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity. An
incorporated potentiostat operated the amperometric oxygen sensor with a
10-bit DAC controlling the working electrode potential w.r.t. reference. The
analog signals were sequenced through a MUX prior to being digitized by the
ADC. The BW for each channel was limited by the sampling interval of 0.2
ms.
The digital data processing module conditioned the digitized

signals through the use of a serial bit stream data compression algorithm,
which decided when transmission was required by comparing the most recent
sample with the previous one. This minimizes the transmission length &
particularly effective when the measuring environment is at quiescent, a
condition encountered in many applications. The entire design is based on
low power consumption & immunity from noise interference. The digital
module is clocked at 32 kHz & employed in sleep mode to conserve power
from analog module.
C. Radio Transmitter
Its assembled prior to integration in the capsule using discrete
surface mount components on a single-sided PCB. Its designed to operate at a
transmission freq. of 40.01 MHz at 20C generating a signal of 10 kHz. BW. A
second crystal stabilized transmitter was also used. This unit is similar to the
free running STD transmitter, having a transmission freq. limited to 20.08 MHz
at 20C, due to crystal used. Pills incorporating the STD transmitter are Type 1,
where as the pills having crystal stabilized unit is Type 2. The transmission
range was measured as being 1 m & the modulation scheme FSK, with a data
rate of 1 kb/s.
Capsule
The microelectronic pill consists of a machined biocompatible
(non-cytotoxic), chemically resistant polyether-terketone (PEEK) capsule and a
PCB chip carrier acting as a common platform for attachment of sensors,
ASIC, transmitter & batteries (fig 1.). The fabricated sensors were each
attached by wire bonding to a custom made chip carrier made from a 10-pin,
0.5-pitch polymide ribbon connector. The connector in turn was connected to
an industrial STD. flat cable plug (FCP) socket attached to the PCB carrier
chip of the microelectronic pill, to facilitate the rapid replacement off the
sensors when required. The PCB chip carrier was made from 2 STD. 1.6 mm-
thick fiber glass boards attached back to back epoxy resin which maximized
the distance between the 2 sensor chips. The sensor chips are connected to both
sides of the PCB by separate FCP sockets, with sensor chip 1 facing the top
face, with the sensor chip 2 facing down. Thus, the oxygen sensor on chip 2
had to be connected to the top face by 3 200 nm copper leads soldered onto the
board. The transmitter was integrated in the PCB which also incorporated the
power supply rails, the connection points to the sensors, as well as the
transmitter & the ASIC & the supporting slots for the capsule in which the
carrier is located.
The ASIC was attached with double-sided Cu conducting tape

prior to wire bonding to the power supply rails, the sensor inputs & the
transmitter (a process which entailed the connection of 64 bonding pads). The
unit was powered by 2 STD. 1.55V SR44 Silver oxide (Ag2O) cells with a
capacity of 175mAh. The batteries were connected & attached to a custom
made 3-pin, 1.27 mm pitch plug by electrical epoxy. The connection on the
matching socket on the PCB carrier provided a three point power supply to the
circuit comprising a negative supply rail (1.55V).
The capsule was machined as two separate screw-fitting

compartments. The PCB chip carrier was attached to the front section of the
capsule (fig 1.). The sensor chips were exposed to the ambient environment
through access ports & were sealed by 2 stainless steel clamps incorporating a
0.8 m thick sheet of Viton fluoroelastometer seal. A 3 mm dia access channel
in center of each of the steel clamps (incl. the seal), exposed in sensing regions
of the chips. The rear section of the capsule is attached to the front section by a
13 mm screw connection incorporating a Viton rubber O-ring. The seals
rendered the capsule water proof, as well as making it easy to maintain (e.g.
during sensor & battery replacement)
The complete prototype was 16*55 mm & weighs 13.5 g

including the batteries.
PERFORMANCE
Fig 7. a) Temperature Channel Performance, b) pH channel performance
A. Temperature Channel Performance:
The linear sensitivity was measured over a temp. range from 0C

to 70C & found to be 15.4 mV/C. This amplified signal response was from
the analog circuit, which was later implemented in the ASIC. The sensor (fig
7a) a)), once integrated in the pill, gave a linear regression of 11.9 bits/C ,
with a resolution limited by the noise band of 0.4 C (Fig 7 a) b)). The diode
was forward biased with a constant current (15 A) with the n-channel
clamped to the ground, while p-channel was floating. Since the bias current
supply circuit was clamped to the negative V rail, any change in the supply
voltage potential would cause the temp. channel to drift. Thus, it was seen that
o/p signal changed by 1.45 mV/mV change in supply expressed in mV,
corresponding to a drift of 41.7 mV/h in the pill from a supply voltage
change of 14.5 mV/h.
B. pH Channel Performance:
The linear performance from pH 1 to 13 corresponded to

sensitivity of 41.7mV/pH unit at 23C. The pH ISFET sensor operated in a
constant current mode (15 A), with drain voltage clamped to positive supply
rail & the source voltage floating with the gate potential. The Ag/AgCl
reference electrode, representing the potential in which the floating gate was
referred to, was connected to ground. The sensor performance, once integrated
in the pill (fig 7 b)a)), corresponded to 14.85 bits/pH which give a resolution of
0.07 pH/ data point. The sensor exhibits a larger responsivity in alkaline
solutions. The sensor life time of 20h was limited by Ag\Agcl reference
electrode made from electroplated silver. The ph sensor exhibited a signal drift
of 6 mV /h (0.14ph), o f which 2.5mV/h was estimated to be due to the
dissolution of Agcl from the reference electrode. The temperature sensitivity of
the ph sensor was measured as 16.8mV/c. The changing of the ph of the
solution at 40c from ph 6.8 to 2.3 and 11.6 demonstrated that the two channels
were completely independent of each other and there was no signal
interference from the temperature channel (fig 7. b (b))
OTHER APPLICATIONS
The generic nature of microelectronic pill makes it adaptable for

use in corrosive environments related to environmental & industrial
applications, such as the evaluation of water quality, pollution detection,
fermentation process control & inspection of the pipelines. The integration of
radiation sensors & the application of indirect imaging technologies such as
ultrasound & impedance tomography, will improve the detection of tissue
abnormalities & radiation treatment associated with cancer & chronic
inflammation.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Further developments focus on the photo pattern able gel

electrolyte and oxygen and cat ion selective membranes. Also in the future,
these measurements will be used to perform physiological analysis of the GI
tract. For e.g., Temperature sensors can be used to measure the body core
temperature, also locate any changes corresponding to ulcers or tissue
inflammation; pH sensors may be used for determination of presence of
pathological conditions associated with abnormal ph levels etc.
FUTURE CHALLENGES
In the future, one objective would be to produce a device,

analogous to a micro total analysis system (TAS) or lab on a chip sensor
which is not only capable of collecting & processing data, but which can
transmit it from a remote location. The overall concept would be to produce
an array of sensor devices distributed throughout the body or environment,
capable of transmitting high-quality information in real time.
CONCLUSION
We have therefore described about the multichannel sensor,

which has been implemented in remote biomedical using micro technology, the
micro electronic pills, which is designed to perform real time measurements in
the GI tract providing the best in vitro wireless transmitter, multi channel
recordings of analytical parameters.
REFERENCES
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 2004,

MARCH, VOL. 51, No.3.
http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/color/lithogr.htm
http://www.lakeshore.comp/temp/sen/sd670_po.html
http://www.globalspec.com/specification/spechpal?
name=IonSelectiveElectrodes&comp=309
http://www.sentron.nl/nieuw/index.php?id=86
http://www.biosystems.com/appnotes/howoxyge.htm
http://computing_dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/applicatio_specific
%20integrated%20circuit

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Micro Electronic Pill Seminar Report

A micro electronic pill is basically a multi channel sensor used

The invention of transistor enabled the first use of radiometry

They were later modified as they had the disadvantage of using

Microelectronic pill is basically a multichannel sensor used for

Microelectronic pill consists of 4 sensors (2) which are mounted on two

An array consisting of both temperature sensor & pH sensor

Lithography [2] was the first fundamentally new printing

Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in Germany in

Increasingly ornate designs and dozens of bright, often gaudy,

Monotonic temperature response from 1.4 K to 500 K*

Thus, each pH change has a certain influence on the surface

Attachment of a polymer membrane on the ISFET introduces the

2.) Sensor chip2:

Level 1 pattern was defined in 0.9 m UV3 resist by electron

Oxygen sensor detection principle: [6]

Most portable or survey instruments used for workplace

Hydroxyl ions in turn oxidize the lead (or zinc) anode:

This yields an overall cell reaction of:

Fuel cell oxygen sensors are current generators. The amount of

An important consideration is that fuel cell oxygen sensors are

Oxygen sensors are also influenced by the temperature of the

"Capillary pore" oxygen sensor designs include a narrow

Figure 4: Capillary pore type oxygen sensor

1.1. Effects of contaminants on oxygen sensors

Oxygen sensors may be affected by prolonged exposure to "acid"

1.2. Substance-specific electrochemical sensors

One of the most useful detection techniques for toxic

This two electrode detection principle presupposes that the

Figure 5: Three electrode electrochemical sensor

The oxidation of carbon monoxide in an electrochemical sensor

Carbon monoxide is oxidized at the sensing electrode:

Similar reactions allow for the electrochemical detection of a

Electrochemical sensors are stable, long lasting, require very

Even though care has been taken to reduce cross-sensitivity,

Fig 6. Interfacing of ASIC with external components of the system

ASIC is the control chip that connects together the external

Application-Specific Integrated Circuit [7]

(ASIC) An integrated circuit designed to perform a particular

ASIC is a novel mixed signal design that contains an analog

converters & a digital data processing module. An RC relaxation oscillator

The analog module is based on the AMS OP05B opamp, which

The digital data processing module conditioned the digitized

The ASIC was attached with double-sided Cu conducting tape

The capsule was machined as two separate screw-fitting

The complete prototype was 16*55 mm & weighs 13.5 g

Fig 7. a) Temperature Channel Performance, b) pH channel performance

A. Temperature Channel Performance:

The linear sensitivity was measured over a temp. range from 0C

The linear performance from pH 1 to 13 corresponded to

The generic nature of microelectronic pill makes it adaptable for

Further developments focus on the photo pattern able gel

In the future, one objective would be to produce a device,

We have therefore described about the multichannel sensor,

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 2004,

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