NML Technical Journal Vol. 39. No. 3, July-September. 1997, pp.117-128.

Printed in Indio. O NML. ISSN No. 0027-6839.

Recovery of iron and metal values from red mud

possibilities in Indian scenario*

H.K. CHANDWANI, V. VISHWANATHAN, R.N. GOYAL and

P.M. PRASAD#

Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development Design Centre, Wadi,

Amravati Road, Nagpur - 440 023.

tCentre of Advanced Study, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Institute of

Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005.

Abstract : Disposal of large quantities of Red Mud - an alkaline solid waste gener-
ated in alumina plants, poses problems of storage, land wastage and also not
ecofriendly. Inspite of intensive R&D efforts for bulk utilization all over the world
a very small quantity of mud could be economically utilized. The mud contains
about fifteen mineralogical constituents, and chief among them being the iron bear-
ing hematite composition, has invited the attention of all the process technologists
for its economic extraction. During the course of characterization of Indian Red
Muds at JNARDDC, it has been found that the Red Mud generated from the east
coast bauxites contains large quantity of iron bearing constituents which can be
subjected to the large scale iron recovery in future. This can solve the Red Mud
disposal problem and conservation of agricultural land and can also change the eco-
nomic aspect of alumina production. In this paper the methods available for extrac-
tion of iron values are outlined and the possibility of using any suitable option in
commercial scale is discussed.

Keywords : Iron/Metal recovery, Red mud. Utilisation, Alumina production.

INTRODUCTION

The hydrometallurgical extraction of alumina from bauxite leaves behind solid resi-
due which is known as Red Mud. The installed capacity of the 84 alumina plants in the
world is around 60 million tons per annum. They produce around 1.2 to 1.6 tons of red
mud per ton of alumina production and about 70 million tons of red mud is disposed
annually. In Indian alumina plants, having 1.692 million tons annual capacity, the genera-
tion of the Red Mud is around 2 million tons. The major red mud constituents are oxides
of Fe, Al, Si, Ti, Na and Ca along with large number of minor constituents, chief among
them being V. Ga, P, Cr etc., as oxides. There are 15 mineralogical phases out of which 9
are identical to that of bauxite and 6 are generated in Bayer's process. The red mud resi-
due consists mostly of the minerals which do not dissolve during the caustic treatment of
bauxite i.e., hematite, anatase, rutile and quartz and the rest are known as desilication
products with the mineral phases of sodalite and cancrinite. The formation of DSP which
is alumina, soda and silica accounts for 40% of the total red mud produced " and the rest
are mostly in the form of iron and titanium bearing minerals.

This paper was presented in the National Seminar on "Extraction of Nonferrous Metals from Ores and
Byproducts", held at NML, Jamshedpur during February 13-14, 1997.

117
 II.K. C11ANDWANI. ct. ai.

The settling and washing of thud i n Bayer process is to extract the soluble caustic soda
associated with the mud while the causticization takes care of the extraction of hound
caustic soda. The application of vacuum drum filter is used to dewater the red mud for
conversion to 40-50% solids. But the viscosity of the red mud is very high at these consis-
tencies. Its pumping to disposal site and subsequent utilization aspect is the limiting fac-
tor from technical and economic point of view. The degree of the dewatering o1' red mud
is to he further improved by the use of the latest equipment like hyperharic filter 1''. This
is capable of reducing the moisture content and produce 75%J% solids consistency which
will definitely improve its storage on ground and its subsequent use For metallurgical
reduction by sintering processes.

Red mud rich in iron (more than 45%n Fe,O,), known as "Ferrosilt", is generated in the
processing of east coast bauxites in Indian refineries. Though the metallurgical reduction
of iron from the ore is well known but to use these Ferrosilt for extraction of iron and other
metal values is the topic of interest. Since, long these are being utilized in European coun-
tries specially in Germany, Italy, France, Hungary, and Yugoslavia particularly where
shortage of iron ores exists. The red mud is smelt in order to produce the high grade pig
iron and slag which contains the alumina, titania, and other valuable rare earth elements.
The present review outlines efforts on the effective utilization of red mud for reducing
ecological hazards and improving the economics of alumina production, in India

ROUTES FOR RECOVERY OF IRON VA 1,IJFS FROM RED MUD

The recovery of the iron bearing portion can he done either by ]rydionietallurgical
leaching process or by sintering process. The hydrometallnrgical processes have not hcen
used so far owing to the fact that iron separation fro m titanium and aluminum hearing red
mud is economically not feasible. Development of sintering processes was earlier handi-
capped due to high water content of the red mud needing drying operation. The red mud
has peculiar colloidal properties and the particle size. 60% below 1 micron is difficult to
handle. The advent of latest filtration techniques giving considerable reduction in water
content , has opened the newer avenues in this field. The dry disposed mud followed by
solar drying can be conveniently utilized. The hone dry red mud blended with dry dis-
posed mud along with the charcoal breeze when preheated to 70-90C had given best
resu Its.

REACTIVE SINTERING TECHNIQUES

In the reactive sintering process, under the effect of temperature increase, the charge
with solid multiphase system become more dense. Owing to decrease of the specific sur-
face area of charge its constituents react and the existing phases disappear while the new
phases are formed. The usually applied methods for red mud sintering are due to lithe
and/or soda addition or addition of coke breeze. The thermal digestion depends on the
composition of charge and sintering temperature. With calcium and sodium phases in the
feed the five constituent system of Na,O AI,O1-he,O; CaO-SiO, is formed. In an ideal
case the following reactions take place in reactive sintering

Na,O.AI,01.2SiO, + 4CaO -> 2 NaAIO2 -t 2(2CaO SiO 2)

118
RECOVERY OF IRON AND METAL VALUES FROM RED MUD-POSSIBILITIES IN INDIAN SCENARIO

Fe201 + Na2O -j 2NaFeO2

Al203 + Na20 --?^ 2NaAlOz

The sintering processes are grouped according to the sequence of operations: (a) Pro-
duction of pellets by sintering and its subsequent use in blast furnace/electric furnace in
steel plants as an additive with other iron ores, (b) Iron values recovery by reduction
followed by slag sintering and utilization, (c) Alumina and caustic soda recovery fol-
lowed by iron values recovery by reactive sintering, and (d)Use of other nearby chemical
wastes for iron and other metal values recovery

Production of Pellets by Sintering and Blast Furnace Uses

The dry red mud after reduction to 26-27% moisture content is mixed with dry coke or
charcoal breeze sent to sintering pan or belt or into balling disc to form pellets. The dry-
ing characteristics of red mud are very much useful for sintering and pelletizing process.
The drying of thin layer of red mud in conveyor belt preheated to 70C has given the good
results in industrial practice (V.G. Logomoerk). The red mud contact with the gas con-
taining SO2, H2O or sulfide are avoided due to the inability to combine with sulfur. The
resultant mud with 12-16% water content with 12-15% coke and 3-5% lime addition is
recommended. The sintering of red mud is usually similar to iron ore but with shorter
residence time. The resultant product has 47-50% Fe20,. The extrusion or pressing ap-
pears to he simplest and best way for red mud preparation. The solar dried mud is sent to

3000 Kg Red Mud

1
Briquetted, pelletized or sintered

2000-3000 Kg Mixer system -( 500 Kg Coke breeze

Dolomitic limestone

Furnace charge

3600 kWh
1
Electric furance )- Flue dust
15-20 Kg Electrodes - 1800C600 Nm3 Gas

1000 Kg Pig iron 3000 Kg Slag

Fig. I : Flow sheet of the electric furnace smelting process

( 10,000 kW Tysland -hole furnace of Siemens- Demag type), Yugoslavia.

119
 H.K. CHANDWANI. et. a].

RED MUD (5-8 Tons)

COAL MULLER -E LIME STONE

(0.4-0.6 Tons) (0.5-0.7 Tons)

MODIFIED DLM SINTER UNIT

ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE )N- SLAG

(1000- 1200 kWh)

PIG IRON (1 Ton)

LD CONVERTOR

STEEL

Fig. ]( A): Production of iron and steel f om red mud by

McDowell -Wellman Engineering Company's Approach (Gucci one 1971).

mixer where addition of coke breeze and lime, in the similar pattern as in iron ore pellet-
izing plant , is pressed in the moulds having 40-60 rnm ID and after that at l 100C tem-
perature, the firing will yield the pellets equivalent to the iron ore pellets for use in elec-
tric or blast furnace . The flowsheet showing material balance and employing the use of
electric furnace smelting process using 10,000 kWh rating Tysland Hole furnace of
Sieman Demag type is shown in Fig. 1. The use of briquetted or sintered red mud in blast
furnace with dolomite limestone for reduction in smelting temperature and viscosity of
the slag , is being practiced. The slag takes away alumina , titan s' with exception of vana-
dium and chromium which are dissolved in pig i ron. The limiting factor is 0.3% low
titania pig iron ,. silica upto_ 3% (in foundry pig iron ), while the sulfur content in the range
of 0.12 - 1.0% in pig iron depends on the basicity of slag . The slag is granulated with
water, agitated with sulfuric acid ( 30%) and then subjected to solid liquid separation for
recovery of titanium . The liquid portion is rich in titanium while the solid can be utilized
for synthesis of fertilizer.

Iron Recovery followed by Slag Sintering

DLM Method developed by Macdowell Wellman Engineering Co. USA as shown in

the Fig. 1(A) using sintered iron ore pellets, is also the possible option for red mud utili-
zation. In this process the red mud is dried and mixed with coal and lime then pre-reduced
in form of pellet which is fed to the travelling circular grate machine. In this process the
bed is fired and downward draft of hot combustible gases is passed through it thus ensur-
ing the pre-reduction of pellets. The pellets are further reduced to pig iron in electric arc
furnace where after reduction the slag floats on the surface and iron melt is then sent to
basic oxygen converter for steel making.

120
RECOVERY OF IRON AND METAL VALUES FROM RED MUD-POSSIBILITIES IN INDIAN SCENARIO

Gibr. Giulini (FRG) process

In this method reduction smelting for iron recovery is followed by slag utilization.
Giulini Ludwigshafen have developed two step metallurgical process for complete utili-
zation of red mud as shown in Fig. 2. In this process the reduction in moisture content of
red mud to 40% is carried our then it is mixed with limestone and coal. The slurry is fed
to rotary kiln which is 100 meter long and 1.8 meter wide. The mixture is dried and
granulated to 2-15 mm size and pre-reduced to 80% metallic iron. The temperature of
reduction is 1000C. The amount of air and fuel oil is controlled to have the proper com-
bustion and control of reduction so that the operation is crust free.The specially designed
discharge is to be used so that the complete reduction takes place to separate iron and
slag. The slag is discharged continuously and using water it is granulated and applied for
road building and concrete blocks/bricks. The molten iron is collected and taken out from
kiln and used for cast iron or steel making. In this process the slag is utilised but the Na
and Al contents of mud are lost. The 50 t/day plant is being operated and the capacity upto
200 t/day is possible at economically viable scale, but the limitation is the high Fe,O,
content which should be more than 50% in red mud. The energy consumption figures are
also high (in the range of 7-9 G cal/ton) in comparison to blast furnace operations of 3-4
Gcal/ton. The pig iron obtained by this process has the following composition :

C= 1-3%, S= 0.2-0.5%, Si = 0.03 -0.2%, Mn = 0 . 1-0.3%, P = 0 . 1-0.3%,

Ni = 0.l-0.18%, Ti = 0.01-0.03%, V = 0.01-0.07%, rest is Fe content.

Cud for reduction

Rueyding
(2..d pump Red mud shirty wag pump Rayctiog P=P pcmP(mio)
) Fe^O,r45% (Red mud ) (Red mud (coaq lime done erie) on
prying' s+sauded
RauaY ^m ^ uh [Ilan
oil buTOe

].Bin I

loom bag
Diec6asgwg Egrupmeol

Fig. 2 : Flow sheet of Gilini red mud two-step iron process.

121
 H.K. CHANDWANI, et. a].

Production of pig iron with directly leachable slag in one stage

With the development of this type of technology, the Fe2O., A1203 and Fe20, content
of red mud can be recovered in one stage. The red mud is mixed with limestone, reduced
and then quickly smelted. Increased temperature, smelting period and CaO content of
charge leads to increased Na20 loss (i.e., upto 50%). The slag produced along with the
iron contains sodium aluminate, calcium aluminate, dicalcium silicate, calcium titanate
and dicalcium ferrite.

Foster Wheeler process

Foster Wheeler has designed a plant of 200 kT/yr steel billets from red mud of
53%Fe203. The melt portion obtained has 98% iron. In this process red mud mixed with
coke and limestone is palletized and is reduced in submerged electric arc furnace. After
the smelting the slag floats on the surface and iron melt is refined in basic oxygen fur-
nace. The red mud consumption upto 67-70 tone/hr is possible with this capacity plant.
The cost figures were around 100 million US dollars for this capacity.

Alumina and Caustic Values Recovery Followed by Iron Recovery

Series combined process

In this process Sayer red mud is sintered with soda and limestone. Subsequently its
Na20 and A1201 content is leached out. This is being practiced in Pavloder in earstwhilc
Soviet Union. The residue is further processed to obtain iron and cement. The rurther
development involves sintering of the red mud in presence of reducing agents. The addi-
tion of 1-4% carbon is for Fe203 reduction. When red mud with higher Fe,O3 is being
used, the temperature necessary for sintering is to be raised considerably for elimination
of detrimental reactions for Na20 and A]20, recovery.

Hungarian Method of disintegrating Ca aluminate slag

The first attempt in Hungary was to utilize the red rnud by using Krupp Renn Process
and modified combined process "'I which is reduction in rotary kiln below melting tem-
perature (at 1250-1350C). The recovered components were the iron pellets from iron
reduction and residue which after limestone and soda sintering was used for cement
production . The process was ecofriendly but has the disadvantages for high fuel and
capital costs.

The elimination of further reduction was through direct. addition of CaO in the metal-
lurgical process but large amount of Na20 was lost. Due to this the prior causticisation
process for caustic recovery was employed. The direct alumina alkali leach of the red
mud with use of quick lime in the ratio of 3:1 has been tried by Solymar and coworker in
Aluterv-FKI Hungary (11-13), at 100-150C. Thus a recovery of 70-80% caustic soda
could be made possible at the industrial scale. The causticized and filtered mud is then
mixed with so much limestone that 12CaO. 7A1,07, 2CaO.SiO2, CaO.TiO2 and
2CaO.Fe2O should form in smelting process. When cooled, at determined rate the slag

122
RECOVERY OF IRON AND METAL VALUES FROM RED MUD-POSSIBILITIES IN INDIAN SCENARIO

will disintegrate . In Russia (LOZ-VAMI) the slag sinter technology is well developed
and the same is being practiced in Indian steel plants . In this manner about 70% Na20,
76% Al20, and 90 % Fe203 can be realized . The rest of gray mud can be used for cement
manufacture . The cement manufacture from gray mud originating from Nepheline is be-
ing practised for the last many years . This is the variant of the Russian lime -soda sinter
process for low Na2O content of mud except a prior recovery of valuable caustic soda in
causticization stage.

Carbon-Soda-Lime Sinter Process

Fursman and co-workers III of US Bureau of mines have devised the carbon-soda-lime
sinter process for simultaneous recovery of iron and alumina. This process has been
tested on pilot plant scale which consists of pelletizing Surinam/Jamaican red mud with
addition of adequate quantities of lime soda, and carbon and roasting in rotating shaft
furnace. The wet grinding of the reduced mass and its hot water leaching produce sodium
aluminate liquor which may be recycled to the Bayer process circuit. Subsequently, wet
high intensity magnetic separation of the leach residue results in an iron rich product.
This product on melting yields iron-alumina recovery of 85-90% and pig iron recovery of
75-80%. It is further subjected to sulphuric acid leaching to recover 87% titania. This
process is less complex from Hungarian "Separation-Melting process" and is superior
due to lesser energy consumption as only the magnetic portion of the reduced and leached
mud is smelted for iron recovery.

Use of Waste from other Industries for recovey of Iron Values

The other waste products of chemical industry like waste poly vinyl chloride, poly
vinyl or polystyrene products which also pose severe disposal problems can be used
for reduction. On heating, the chlorine content of these products react with the alkali
metals of red mud, to form NaCI while carbon phase of these materials can be utilized for
reduction. The caustic content will be the deciding factor for addition of chlorinated car-
bon compounds. On heating, the reduction of iron oxide yields metallic iron which can be
concentrated and used as an additive to blast furnace.

Recovery of Iron Values by Chlorination

The metals present in red mud can be chlorinated and separation of chlorides can be
achieved by fractional distillation . The boiling points follow the order: FeC1,>AICl,>
TiCl,>SiCl4. The products can be hydrated and need treatment to bring them in the anhy-
drous form. This is possible where the nearby caustic sodas and chlorine gas generation
facilities are available in addition to alumina extraction facility.

INDIAN SCENARIO

The alumina refineries in India generate about 2 million tons of red mud per annum.
The quantities of bauxite processed and red mud generated in alumina plants are listed in
Table 1. The inventories of red mud generated based on the production of alumina is
calculated approximately and given in Table 2.

123
 H.K. CHANDWANL, et. a[.

Table I : Bauxite processed and red mud generated at the Indian alumina plants

Plant Bauxite Red Mud Alumina Red Mud Red mud

Processed Generated Produced Generated with plant
(T/T Prodn.) (TIT Prodn.) (Tons) (Tons) Capacity
Utilization
*(Tons)
BALCO 2.5 1.3 188 244 260
NALCO 2.7 1.25 750 938 1000
14INDALCO 2.66 1.40 321 449 490
INDA!. ( MURI) 2.85 1.35 45 61 97
INDAL (BELGAUM) 2.64 1.16 183 212 255
MALCO 3.0 1.30 (50) (65) (65)
Total 1537 1969 2167
* Estimated value

Table 2: Red mud inventories in India

S1. Refineries Red Mud produced Alumina produced Red mud generated
No. Per ton of Alumina ( in million tons ) ( in million tons)
1. Indal (Muri) 1.35 2.31 3.12
2. Hindalco , Renukoot 1.35 5.71 7.71
3. BALCO, Korba 1.30 3.50 4.55
4. NALCO 1.25 5.7 7.13
5. Indal, (Belgaum) 1.16 3.52 4.08
6. Malco, Mettur 1.3 1.2 1.56
Total 21.94 28.15

The classification of the red mud alumina plants of India (Table 3) based on the
characterization studies done at JNARDDC and from the alumina producers, is as under:
high iron and low titania (East Cost bauxite processing); high titania and low iron (Cen-
tral India bauxite processing ); high alumina , high iron and low titania (Western cost
bauxites ) Red mud of 68-70% iron values from the processing of east cost bauxite shows
its suitability for iron recovery. However, the water content of the red mud must be

Table 3 : Chemical composition range for Indian red mud generated

Refinery FeZO11(%) AI2O,a(%) TiO2(%) Side(%) Na2O() CaO(%)

Nalco 58-65 12-14 4-6 4-6 2-3 0.8-1

Balco 27-29 18-20 16-18 6-8 4-6 6-12
Hindalco 28-32 18-20 19-20 7-9 5-6 1-2
Indal (M) 25-36 24-32 17-19 4-6 3-4 1-4
Indal (B) 40-50 18-20 8-11 5-7 3-4 13
Malco 50- 56 14-18 2-4 6-9 1-2 -

124
 RECOVERY OF IRON AND METAL VALUES FROM RED MUD-POSSIBILITIES IN INDIAN SCENARIO

reduced to 25-30% with the use of hyperbaric filters and solar drying of red mud. The
average iron ore quality used in steel plants is as follows:

Fe2O3 = 64%, Al + Si content = 6%, S = 0.04%, P = 0.75%, Moisture content = 8%

It is true that the substitution of red mud as iron ore can not be considered due to
abundant availability, but the iron extraction as the by-product will he of useful option
from the point of view of high land requirements and environmental hazards in disposal
and storage. In Russia for pig iron making 3-5% red mud is added to the sintering charge
of blast furnace. The iron, sodium and aluminum oxides in red mud stabilises the Beta-
dicalcium silicate in the sinter avoiding the transformation to gamma dicalcium silicate
leading to scrabbling of sinter. In addition the consumption of coke and gas is reduced to
5%. The sodium content of the red mud makes the feed alkaline, however it is to be
controlled to 1-1.5%. The total utilization of red mud using the Giulini's process can be a
suitable option for the processing of red muds generated from the processing of east coast
bauxites, as the requirement of the process is 50% Fe2O, content.

The ELGAI Process

This process developed by V.K. Vhatkar I'll in India is based on the beneficiation tech-
niques utilized for recovery of total metal values from the aluminoferrous ore which is
processed with coke and soda ash by using semi pyretic and semi chemical process shown
in Fig. 3. The light metals react with alkali while coke reduces the oxides of metal. In the

Reactions
When roes 1. A12(OH)3+Na2CA,^NaAIO2
Coke at 750C +H 2o+ CO 2
I.
Breeze Fe2(OH)3+C='e+Fe3O4+CO2
Red Mud +H2O
3.2NaA102+ CO2+H2O-Na2CO3
+Al2(OH)3
4. SiO,+Ca(OH)2+HO=CaSiO3
+H20
5.2NaA1o2Si02 +Ca(OH)2+H2O
NaOH +A12(OH) 3+CaSiO3
+H2O

Foundry
Cupola
Furnace

10

Pig Iron

Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of ELGAI process (developed by V K. Vhatkar)

125
 N.K. CHANDWANI, ec. al.

case of processing red mud the coke will reduce iron oxide in the kiln at temperature of
900C while soda will react with alumina to form sodium aluminate. After recovering Al
vlaues, the enriched mass containing iron can be recovered from red mud as well. A pilot
plant run can be tried as stated above.

Ferrotitanium

Aluminothermy of upgraded Red Mud produced by dilute HC1 leaching I'll as shown
in Fig. 4, is reported by proper selection of charge mix (TiO, rich product made from RM
mill side, flux like CaO, CaF2, or NaNO, and aluminum powder) and preheating of charge
etc. It is possible to produce various grades of Ferro-titanium (Ti - 8.3%) using Balco and
Hindalco titanium rich mud generated from processing of Central Indian hauxites. This
process for producing ferrotitanium is in vogue in UK and USA.

HINDALCO RED MUD

COMM IICI
9MA KE-UP)

HCt LEACHING

V-EXTRACTION SOLUTION L/S SEPARATION

SPRAY FIRING V-RECOVERY DRYING

SOLID RESIDUE
(Fe203 & A]201)

IV V
IICI^GAS TITANIA-RICH PRODUCT

ABSORPTION
TOWER
RESIDUE H,SODIGESTION

SELECTIVE HYDROLYSI
MILL SCALE

Al V
POWDER ----a1 ALUM INOTHERMY DRYING
LIME

SLAG
1
TI TAN IA
FERROTITANIUM (PIGMENT GRADE)

Fig. 4 : Conceptual flow sheet for the recovery

of titanic and ferrotitanium from red mud

126
RECOVERY OF IRON AND METAL VALUES FROM RED MUD-POSSIBILITIES IN INDIAN SCENARIO

RED MUD

PELLETIZING

SMELTING

PIG IRON SLAG

1
SODA ASH REATMENT
1 H2S04 L ACHING

LD SODIUM SELECTIVE RESIDUE

CONVERTOR VANADATE EXTRACTION &
STRIPPING

AL203
V205 -E T102 ROCK
RECOVERY Recovery of PHOSPHATE
SLAG STEEL Rear Earths

FERTILIZER

Fig. 5: Recovery of total values fr orn red nnud.

Total Value Recovery of Red Mud

As suggested by Prasad and co-workers 171, the flow sheet (Fig. 5) for recovery of all
the metal values will be able to find a place in the total utilization of red mud. This may he
the potential long term solution for the utilization of iron rich red mud. This approach will
be able to solve the difficult and pending problems related to the economics of extraction
in terms of recovered metals and other valuables. Only need is through studies, know-
how generation, implementation and to realize the impact of environmental management.

CONCLUSIONS

The suitable approach to solution of the bulk and economical utilization problem of
Indian red mud is necessary because the future plants will be of higher capacity of I
million tons per year or even more. For the green field alumina plants the recovery of iron
values will be able to change the economics of operation so also the disposal problem of

127
 H.K. CHANDWANI, et. a1.

huge amount of red mud. The brown field expansions of the present alumina plants will
also be benefited with the better economy of operation and by-product recoveries. The
intensive research in this field is needed at this juncture which can be initiated with the
help of present and future alumina producers, R&D organization in aluminium and steel
sector, academicians of universities in this field, and CS1R Laboratories. This will lead to
find the economically viable option of disposal and utilization of red mud produced in
Indian alumina plants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to record their sincere appreciation to the primary aluminium pro-
ducers in India, for their kind co-operation . They are thankful to Dr. T. R. Ramachandran,
Director, Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre,
(Nagpur) and the Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, for their generous support
and cooperation.

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[201 Work on preparation of guidelines for alumina plants for red mud disposal CPCB report pre-
pared by JNARDDC, Feb. 96.

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