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Members Subjected to
Axial Tension
Introduction
Where do tension members live in a steel structure?
Geschwindner (2012)
Geschwindner (2012)
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Introduction
Typical Shapes Used for Tension Members
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LRFD ASD
Design Tensile Strength Allowable Tensile Strength
Tn
Td Tn Ta
Yielding
Uniformly distributed stress throughout the entire cross-
section of the tension member reaches the yield stress
over the entire member length.
The yielding limit state is attained with large
deformations and thus, warning of failure is present.
Tn, yield Fy Ag
Area of Gross
Yield Stress
Cross-Section
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Geschwindner (2012)
Rupture (continued)
Tn,rupture Fu Ae
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Computation of Areas
Gross Area
Gross area can be thought of as the full cross-sectional area
without deduction for bolt holes.
For structural steel shapes commonly used in construction, the
AISC Manual Part 1 contains gross areas for shapes.
The gross-area for HSS shapes is computed using 93% of the
nominal wall thickness (AISCS B4.2). (Side Bar. this is likely to
change as the result of work by Foley and Marquez 2010).
Computation of Areas
Net Area
Computed by subtracting the area of holes made within the members cross-
section from the gross cross section area.
Holes considered are those used for mechanical fasteners (e.g. bolts) and
welds (e.g. plug or slot welds).
Standard Holes that are DRILLED are 1/16 greater in diameter than the
nominal dimension of the mechanical fastener passing through it (AISCS
B4.3b).
Punched Holes result in some damage to the material surrounding the holes.
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Computation of Areas
Oversize and Slotted Holes
When bolt diameters of 5/8 and 3/4 (common in buildings) are utilized,
oversize (OVS), short-slotted (SSL), and long-slotted (LSL) hole dimensions are
as shown below (AISCS J3.2).
Geschwindner (2012)
OVS, SSL and LSL bolt hole dimensions for bolt diameters larger than 3/4
are provided in the Specifications J3.2.
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Computation of Areas
Short Connecting Elements
The previous discussion regarding yielding prior to rupture implied that it is
better to have a longer member where yielding over the members cross-
section can occur over a long length thereby generating larg(er) deformations
prior to rupture.
When the connecting elements are short, there is limited opportunity for
large deformations to develop and therefore, when splice plates and other
short connection elements are used (AISCS J4.1),
Ae 0.85 Ag
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Computation of Areas
Angle gage
dimensions, g, can
be found in the
AISC Manual.
Geschwindner (2012)
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Computation of Areas
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EXAMPLE 1
Data:
Consider the L6x6x3/4 angle below with 7/8 diameter bolts used in the
tension member connection.
Geschwindner (2012)
Determine:
Compute the gross and net areas of the angle tension member. Assume
that standard holes (could be punched or drilled) are created in each leg.
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EXAMPLE 1 (continued)
Solution:
Gross Area
This is relatively easy, as gross cross-sectional areas are provided in
the AISC Manual.
Net Area
The bolt lines do not include stagger. Furthermore, we are not sure if
the holes will be punched or drilled. Thus, we will assume punched.
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EXAMPLE 2
Data:
Consider the L6x4x1/2 with staggered bolt pattern below.
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The bolts to be used are 7/8 nominal diameter and punched holes.
Determine:
Compute the gross and net areas for the angle.
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EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
Solution:
We can treat the angle as a folded flat plat, or we can use the AISC
Manual Table 1-7 to compute the gross area.
We will look at the flattened angle shown in the previous figure and will
evaluate fracture (failure) paths 1-1, 2-2, and 2-1-2.
We will look at net areas along each of the failure paths and will select the
smaller of the three.
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EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
Failure Path (chain) 1-1:
An 2 bn 2 t (7.50")(0.50") 3.75 in 2
(2.50") 2 (2.50") 2
bn 3 9.5" (3)(0.875" 0.125") 7.49 in
4(2.50") 4(4.25")
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EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
An An 2 An 3 3.75 in 2
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Geschwindner (2012)
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(Vinnakota 2006)
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L L x x
U 1
L L L
The length of the connection is similar when bolts and welds are utilized
(refer to Slide 20 in this section).
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(Vinnakota 2006)
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EXAMPLE 3
Data:
The angle shown below is connected to the gusset plate via one leg. The
bolts used in the connection are 3/4 diameter (nominal) and the angle is
made of A36 steel. Assume holes are punched.
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Determine:
Compute the design strength (LRFD) and allowable strength (ASD) of the
L4x4x1/2 angle tension member shown below
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EXAMPLE 3 (continued)
Solution:
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EXAMPLE 3 (continued)
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EXAMPLE 3 (continued)
Nominal Tensile Strength of Angle
We consider two limit states: tensile yielding and tensile rupture.
Tensile Yielding:
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EXAMPLE 3 (continued)
Allowable Tensile Strength of Angle - ASD
135 kips
Ta1 81 kips
1.67
154 kips
Ta 2 77 kips
2.00
Rupture Controls: Ta 77 kips
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EXAMPLE 4
Data:
The WT shown below is composed of A992 steel. The flange of the WT
is connected to the gusset plate via fillet welds that are 6 inches long.
Geschwindner (2012)
Determine:
Compute the design strength (LRFD) and allowable strength (ASD) of the
WT6x32.5 tension member shown below
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EXAMPLE 4 (continued)
Solution:
Compute the Gross Area and Net Area
The force is transmitted to the gusset plate via fillet welds. Thus,
there is no need to deduct bolt holes.
An Ag
b f 12.0"
(AISC Manual Table 1-8)
d 6"
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EXAMPLE 4 (continued)
Compute the Effective Net Area (continued)
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EXAMPLE 4 (continued)
Nominal Tensile Strength of WT
We consider two limit states: tensile yielding and tensile rupture.
Tensile Yielding:
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EXAMPLE 4 (continued)
Allowable Tensile Strength of WT - ASD
477 kips
Ta1 286 kips
1.67
559 kips
Ta 2 279 kips
2.00
Rupture Controls: Ta 279 kips
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Block Shear
There is a rather interesting scenario that can occur in the connection
region of a tension member. This phenomena called block shear is shown
below.
(carried by
bolts)
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Geschwindner (2012)
The basic behavior is for part of the tension member to tear out and remain
connected, while the rest of the member moves away from the connection.
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(carried by
bolts)
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The nominal strength of the tension member considering block shear is defined
by the Specification in Section J4.3.
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EXAMPLE 5
Data:
The gusset plate shown below has a thickness of 1/2 inch. The steel plate is
composed of A36 steel. Bolts are 7/8 diameter with punched holes.
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Solution:
The required strength for LRFD is 225 kips and the require strength for ASD is
150 kips. Does the gusset plate have sufficient capacity with regard to block
shear?
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EXAMPLE 5 (continued)
Solution:
Compute Needed Areas
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EXAMPLE 6
Data:
Two W14x43 wide flange shapes are spliced together using two 1/2 thick
flange cover plates as shown below. The W14 are composed of A992 steel.
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Solution:
The LRFD design strength of (6) 7/8 diameter bolts in single shear as used in
the connection is 227 kips. The cover plates will not define the strength limit
state. What is the design strength (LRFD) for the connection?
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EXAMPLE 6 (continued)
Solution:
Design Strength for Limit State of Yielding: W14x43
Ag 12.6 in 2
t f 0.530 in
Compute the Net Area. It is computed by deducting 2 bolt hole areas
at 2 locations (one in each of two flanges) . Assume punched holes.
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EXAMPLE 6 (continued)
Design Strength for Limit State of Tensile Rupture (continued)
Compute the Effective Net Area: The W14x43 is treated as two
WT7x21.5 sections.
x 1.31"
U 1 1 0.782 WT Data from AISC Manual Table 1-8
L 6"
2
b f 8.0" (6.00") 4.00" U 0.90 CONTROLS
3
Ae 0.90 10.5 in 2 9.45 in 2
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EXAMPLE 6 (continued)
Design Strength for Limit State of Block Shear Rupture
Computation of block shear limit state strength will be computed by
considering the strength of one block (as shown below) and adding up
the results for each of the four flanges.
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EXAMPLE 6 (continued)
Design Strength for Limit State of Block Shear Rupture (continued)
Rupture on the Tension Plane (1/2 of a bolt hole deducted)
U bs Fu Ant (1.00)(65 ksi ) 2.00" (1 / 2) 0.875" 0.125" (0.530")
51.7 kips
Yield on the Shear Plane
0.6 Fy Agv (0.60 50 ksi)(8.00")(0.530") 127 kips
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EXAMPLE 6 (continued)
Design Strength for Limit State of Block Shear Rupture (continued)
Design Strength for Limit State of Bolt Failure (given for problem)
Td 454 k
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EXAMPLE 7
Data:
Consider the diagonal tension member within a truss shown below. The
diagonal member is composed of a single L4x3x3/8.
Determine:
Determine the allowable
tension strength of the angle
truss member (ASD).
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EXAMPLE 7 (continued)
Solution:
Allowable Strength for Limit State of Yielding: (one L4x3x3/8)
Ag 2.48 in 2
t 0.375 in
An 2.48 in 2 (0.375")(0.75" 0.125") 2.15 in 2
x 0.775"
U 1 1 0.871 WT Data from AISC Manual Table 1-7
L 6"
Ae 0.871 2.15 in 2 1.873 in 2
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EXAMPLE 7 (continued)
Allowable Strength for Limit State of Tensile Rupture: L4x3x3/8 (continued)
108.6 k
Ta 2 54.3 kips
2.00
Allowable Strength for Limit State of Block Shear Rupture
Rupture on the Tension Plane (1/2 of a bolt hole deducted)
U bs Fu Ant (1.00)(58 ksi ) 1.50" (1 / 2) 0.75" 0.125" (0.375")
23.1 kips
Yield on the Shear Plane
0.6 Fy Agv (0.60 36 ksi )(7.25")(0.375") 58.7 kips
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EXAMPLE 7 (continued)
Rupture on the Shear Plane (2-1/2 bolt holes deducted)
0.6 Fu Anv (0.60 58 ksi ) 7.25" (2.5)(0.75" 0.125") (0.375")
66.1 kips
Tn1 0.6 Fu Anv U bs Fu Ant 89.2 kips
Tn 3 81.8 kips
Tn 2 0.6 Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant 81.8 kips
81.8 k
Ta 3 40.9 kips
2.00
Allowable Strength for Limit State of Bolt Failure (given for problem)
Ta 4 35.7 kips
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EXAMPLE 7 (continued)
Td 35.7 k
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References
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