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CHAPTER II

RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON CONCURRENT


FORCE SYSTEM
Coplanar Non-concurrent Force System

This is the force system in which lines of action of


individual forces lie in the same plane but act at different
points applications.

F2 F1 F2
F1

F5 F3
F3 F4

Fig. 1 Fig. 2
TYPES

1. Parallel Force System Lines of action of individual


forces are parallel to each other.
2. Non-Parallel Force System Lines of action of the
forces are not parallel to each other.
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT AN AXIS

The applied force can also tend to rotate the body about
an axis in addition to motion. This rotational tendency is
known as moment.

Definition: Moment is the tendency of a force to make a


rigid body to rotate about an axis.

This is a vector quantity having both magnitude and


direction.
Moment Axis: This is the axis about which
rotational tendency is determined. It is
perpendicular to the plane comprising
moment arm and line of action of the force.

Moment Center: This is the position of axis


on co-planar system. (A). A B
d

Moment Arm: Perpendicular distance from F


the line of action of the force to moment
center.
Distance AB = d.
EXAMPLE FOR MOMENT

Consider the example of pipe wrench.


The force applied which is
perpendicular to the handle of the
wrench tends to rotate the pipe about
its vertical axis. The magnitude of
this tendency depends both on the
magnitude of the force and the
effective length d of the wrench
handle. It can perpendicular to the handle is more effective.
MAGNITUDE OF MOMENT

It is computed as the product of the


of the force and the perpendicular
distance from the line of action to the
B
point about which moment is d A
computed. (Moment center).
F

MA = Fd

Unit Unit of Force Unit of distance


kN-m, N-mm etc.
SENSE OF MOMENT

The sense is obtained by Right Hand Thumb rule.


If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the
direction of rotational tendency of the body, the extended
thumb represents the sense of moment vector.
M M

For the purpose of additions, the moment direction may


be considered by using a suitable sign convention such as +ve
for counterclockwise and ve for clockwise rotations or vice-
versa.
VARIGNONS THEOREM
(PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS)
Statement: The moment of a force about a moment center or
axis is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of
component forces about the same moment center (axis).
Proof (by Scalar Formulation):
Let R be the given force. Y
P & Q are component forces
of R.
Ry
O is the moment center. Q R
p, r and q are moment arms from Qy
O of P, R and Q respectively. q r P
, and are the inclinations of Py p

P, R and Q respectively w.r.to
A O X
X axis.
We have, Y
Ry = Py + Qy Ry
R Sin = P Sin + Q Sin ----(1) Q R
From le AOB, p/AO = Sin Qy
From le AOC, r/AO = Sin r q
P
Py
From le AOD, q/AO = Sin
p

From (1), A O X
R (r/AO) = P (p/AO) + Q (q/AO)
i.e., R r = P p + Q q
Moment of resultant R about O = algebraic sum
of moments of component forces P & Q about
same moment center O.
VARIGNONS THEOREM PROOF BY VECTOR
FORMULATION
Consider three forces F1, F2, and F3
concurrent at point A as shown in fig.
Let r is the position vector from O to
point A. The sum of moments about O
for these three forces by cross-product is,
Mo = (rF) = (rF1) + (rF2) + (rF3).
By the property of cross product,
Mo = r (F1+F2+F3)
=rR
where, R is the resultant of three original
forces.
APPLICATIONS OF VARIGNONS
THEOREM

1. Simplifies the computation of moments by judiciously


selecting the moment center.
Moment can be determined by resolving a force into x
& y components because finding x & y distances in
many circumstances may be easier than finding
perpendicular distance from moment center to line of
action (d).
2. Location of resultant - location of line of action of
resultant in case of non-concurrent force system
which is an additional information required in the
resultant problems.
COUPLE
Two parallel, non collinear (separated by certain
distance) forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction form couple.
F
The algebraic summation of the
two forces forming couple is zero. d
Hence, couple does not produce any
translation and produces only rotation. F
Moment of a Couple: Consider two equal and opposite
forces separated by a distance d. Let O be the moment
center at a distance a from one
of the forces. The sum of moments F
d
of two forces about the point O is,
a
+ Mo = F ( a + d) F a = F d
O
Thus, the moment of the couple about O is independent
of the location as it is independent of a. F

The moment of a couple about any point is constant


and is equal to the product of one of the forces and the
perpendicular distance between them.
RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO A
FORCE-COUPLE SYSTEM

F F
F
F
d
Q Q
= M=F d
=
P P

F
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Fig. (c)
A given force F applied at a point can be replaced
by an equal force applied at another point Q together with
a couple which is equivalent to the original system.
Two equal and opposite forces of same magnitude F
and parallel to the force F at P are introduced at Q.
F F F F
M=F d

Q d Q
= =
P
P
Fig. (a) F Fig. (b) Fig. (c)
Of these three forces, two forces i.e., one at P and the
other oppositely directed at Q form a couple.
Moment of this couple, M = F d.
Third force at Q is acting in the same direction as that at P.
The system in Fig. ( c ) is equivalent to the system in Fig. ( a ).
Thus, the force F acting at a point such as P in a rigid
body can be moved to any other given point Q, by adding a
couple M. The moment of the couple is equal to moment of
the force in its original position about Q.
PROBLEM - 1

A 100N vertical force is applied to the end of a lever


at A, which is attached to the shaft at O as shown
in the figure.
A

60

O
Determine,
a) The moment of 100N force about O.
b) Magnitude of the horizontal force applied at A,
which develops same moment about O.
c) The smallest force at A, which develops same
effect about O.
d) How far from the shaft a 240N vertical force must
act to develop the same effect?
e) Whether any of the above systems is equivalent to
the original?
SOLUTION
Case a) Perpendicular distance from the line of
action of force F to moment center O = d
A
= 240 cos 60
= 120 mm.
F
Moment about O = F d = 100 120 60

= 12,000 N-mm O
d

(Clockwise)
Case b)
Perpendicular distance between the line of
F
action of horizontal force F at A to moment
center O= d = 240 sin 60
d
=207.85 mm.
60
Moment about O = F d
A
O
= F 207.85
= 12,000 N-mm (Clockwise)
Therefore, F = 12,000/207.85 = 57.73 N
Case c)
F = M/d
Force is smallest when the perpendicular
A
distance is maximum so as to produce
same M.
i.e., d = 240 mm. F

60
Therefore, Fmin = 12,000/240 = 40N.
O
Case d)
Distance along x-axis, X = M/F
A
= 12,000/240
= 50 mm.
Distance along the shaft axis
d = X/cos 60 d
60
= 50/cos 60
= 100 mm O X F
Case e) Observations:
I) None of the above force system is equivalent to
the original even though all of them produce same
moment.
II) Shaft rotates in the same manner but the pulling
effect on the shaft is different in different cases.
PROBLEM - 2
A 100N force acts on the corner of a 4m x 3m box as
shown in the Fig. Compute the moment of this force about
A by a) Definition of Moment
b) Resolving the force into components along CA
and CB.
F=50 kN
D 4m C
60

3m

A B
SOLUTION
a) By Definition of Moment: F=50 kN

To determine d: D 4m C
60

36.87
AC = 4 3 5m
2 2
60 3m

CAD = tan-1(3/4) = 36.87


ECD = 60 A d B
E
ACE = 60 36.87 = 23.13
From le ACE, d = AC sin ( ACE)
= 5 sin 23.13 = 1.96 m.
Moment about A = 50 1.96 = 98.20 kNm.
b) By Components: Fy
F=50kN
Fx = 50 cos 60 = 25kN.
Fy = 50 sin 60 = 43.30kN. D 4m C 60

Fx
+ MA = - Fx 3 + Fy 4 3m
= - 25 3 + 43.3 4
= + 98.20kNm. A B
PROBLEM - 3

An equilateral triangle of sides 200mm is acted upon by 4


forces as shown in the figure. Determine magnitude and
direction of the resultant and its position from point D.
50kN

60kN

30 60 30kN

200mm

80kN
SOLUTION

Resultant & its inclination:


50 sin 60
50kN
Resolving forces vertically,
+ Fx = Rx = +30 + 60 cos30 50 cos60
50 cos 60 60 sin30
60kN
+ 0 = +56.96kN.
+ Fy = Ry = -80 + 60 sin30 + 50 sin60 60 cos30

+ 0 = -6.69kN. 30 60 30kN
R=
200mm
Inclination w.r.to horizontal = R
80kN
= tan-1(Ry/Rx)
= tan-1(6.69/56.96) = 6.7
b) Position w.r.to D:
Moment of the component forces about D:
+ MD = - 60 100 + 80 100 = 2000kNm.
=R d
where d = perpendicular distance from point D to the line
of action of R.
= 2000 d.
d = 57.35/2000 = 0 .029m.
PROBLEM - 4
Find the resultant and its position w.r.to O of the non-
concurrent system of forces shown in the figure.

F1=2500N
F5=2000N F2=500N

1 4 2
1 1m
5 F3=1000N

O
1m
F4=1500N
SOLUTION
A) To find the resultant F1=2500N
F5=2000N F2=500N

2 = tan-1(1/2) = 26.56 1 4 2

4 = tan-1(3/2) = 56.31 1
5
1m
F3=1000N
5 = tan (1/1) = 45
-1
O
+ Fx = Rx = F2 cos2 +F3 1m
-F4 cos4-F5 cos 5
F4=1500N

= 500 cos26.56 + 1000


1500 cos56.31-2000 cos45
= -799.03N = 799.03N
+Fy = Ry= F1+F2 sin 2-F4 sin 4+F5 sin 5
= 2500+500 sin26.56-1500 sin56.31+2000 sin45
=2889.70N
Ry
Resultant R = R

y
R
= 2998.14N
R = tan R = tan-1(2889.7/799.03) = 74.54
-1 R
x
Rx
B) Position of Resultant w.r.to O:
By Varignons theorem, Moment of the resultant about O
= Algebraic sum of the moments of its components
about O.
+ Mo =Rd = +25002 + 500sin26.565 500
cos26.563 - 10001- 1500 cos56.310
1500sin56.31+2500 cos451-2500sin450
= 2998.14 d
d = 1.43 m from O.
TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS
1. Concentrated Loads This is the load acting for very
small length of the beam.
2. Uniformly distributed load This is the load acting
for a considerable length of the beam with same intensity
of W kn/m throughout its spread.
W kN/m
Total intensity = W L
(acts at L/2 from one end of the spread) L

3. Uniformly varying load This load acts for a


considerable length of the beam with intensity varying
linearly from 0 at one end to W kN/m to the other
representing a triangular distribution.
Total intensity of load = area of triangular spread
of the load = 1/2 W L. (acts at W kN/m
2L/3 from Zero load end) L
PROBLEM - 5
Determine the resultant of three forces acting on a dam
section shown in the figure and locate its intersection with
the base. Check whether the resultant passes through the
middle one-third of the base.

120 kN
50 kN 30 kN
2m
3m 1m
60

A B
6m
SOLUTION

120 kN
50 kN 30 kN
2m 60
3m
60 1m

A B
6m

+ Fx = Rx = 50 30 cos 60 = 35 kN
= 35 kN
+ Fy = Ry = -120 30 sin 60 = -145.98 kN
= 145.98 kN

Resultant, R= R x R y 35 2 145.98 2 150 .12 kN


2 2
R= tan-1(Ry/Rx) = tan-1(145.98/35) = 76.52
Location of the resultant w.r.t. B:
MB= 301 + 120 (6-2) - 50 3 = Ry X
360 = 145.98 X
Therefore, X = 360/145.98 = 2.47m from B.
From A, X = 6 2.46 = 3.53 m.
Middle 1/3rd distance is between 2m and 4m.
2m<3.53<4m
Hence, the resultant passes through the muddle 1/3rd
of the base.
PROBLEM - 6
Locate the resultant w. r. to point A.
30kN 20kN/m
40kN-m B
A
45

3m 2m 1m 2m

SOLUTION:
Resultant:
+ Fx = Rx = -30 cos45 = - 21.21kN = 21.21kN
+ Fy = Ry = -30 sin45 20x2 = -61.21kN = 61.21kN
Rx
R=
R
R=tan-1(Ry/Rx) = tan-1(61.21/21.21) = 70.89 Ry

R
Position w.r.to A:
+ MA = -40 30cos450 30sin45(3+2) 202
(3+2+1+2/2) = -426.07 = 426.07 kNm
For this clockwise moment, the line of action must be
onto the right of A.
The perpendicular distance to the line of action of R from A
d = M/R = 426.0/64.78 = 6.58m
The X-distance from A along the beam, X=M/Ry
= 426.07/61.21 = 6.96m
PROBLEM - 7
Locate the resultant w. r. to point A.
10kN 10kN
1m 30 5kN/m
2kN/m 1m
A B

2m 2m 1m 2m

SOLUTION:
Resultant:
+ Fx = Rx = -10 cos30 = - 8.66 kN = 8.66kN
+ Fy = Ry = -1/222-10-10sin30-52 = -27kN
= 27kN
Rx R y 8.66 2 27 2 28.35kN
2 2
R=
Rx
R
R=tan-1(Ry/Rx) = tan-1(27/8.66) = 72.22
R
Position w.r.to A:
Ry
+ MA = - (1/222)2/32 10(2+2) + 10 cos301
10 sin30(2+2+1+1) 52(2+2+1+1/22) = -124.006kNm
= 426.07kNm
For this clockwise moment, the line of action must be
onto the right of A.
The perpendicular distance to the line of action of R
from A, d = M/R = 124.06/28.35 = 4.38m.
The X-distance from A along the beam, X=M/Ry
= 124.06/27 = 4.59m
PROBLEM 8
A 50 N force is applied to the corner of a plate as
Shown in the fig. Determine an equivalent
force-couple system at A. Also determine an equivalent
Consisting of a 150 N force at B and another force at A.

30 mm

50 mm

100 mm 30
50 N
PROBLEM 8
Force Couple System at A:
Fx = 50 sin 30 = 25 N. 30 mm

Fy = 50 Also determine an 50 mm 50 sin 30


equivalent 50 N

Consisting of a 150 N force at


100 mm 30
B and another force at A. 50N

50 cos 30
SOLUTION
A) Force Couple System at A:
B
Fx = 50 sin 30 = 25 N. 30 mm
A
Fy = 50 cos 30 = 43.3 N 50 mm Fx=50 sin 30
These forces can be moved to
A by adding the couple.
30
Moment of the couple about A 100 mm
50N
+ MA= Fx50-Fy100 Fy=50 cos 30
= 2550 - 43.3100
= -3080 N-mm. Fx=50 sin 30
A
= 3080 N-mm 50 mm Ma=3080N-mm

Fy=50 cos 30

100 mm
SOLUTION
150 N
B) Forces at A and B :
The couple MA is because of two
B
equal and opposite forces at A 30 mm
A
and B.
i.e., MA = 150 cos 30 50 mm

= 3080
Therefore, = 46.8. 100 mm
Resultant force at A:
FX=50sin30-150cos46.8 =46.8 Fx=50 sin 30
A
= -77.68N = 77.68N 50 mm

FY=-50cos30-150sin46.8 150N
= -152.65N = 152.65N
100 mm
Fy=50 cos 30
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. Determine the resultant of the parallel coplanar


force system shown in fig.
(Ans. R=800N towards left, d=627.5mm)

600 N 60 o 30 1000 N

2000 N 10 60 400 N
2. Four forces of magnitudes 10N, 20N, 30N and 40N
acting respectively along the four sides of a square
ABCD as shown in the figure. Determine the
magnitude, direction and position of resultant w.r.t. A.
(Ans:R=28.28N, =45, x=1.77a)
20N
D
30N C

A 10N
a B

40N
3. Four parallel forces of magnitudes 100N, 150N, 25N
and 200N acting at left end, 0.9m, 2.1m and
2.85m respectively from the left end of a horizontal
bar of 2.85m. Determine the magnitude of resultant
and also the distance of the resultant from the left
end.
(Ans:R=125N, x=3.06m)
4. Reduce the given forces into a single force and a
couple at A.
(Ans:F=320kN, =14.48, M=284.8kNm)

70.7kN
200kN
45 30

1.5m

A
1m 30
100N
80N
5. Determine the resultant w.r.t. point A.
(Ans:R=450kN, X=7.5kNm)
150Nm

150N

1.5m 3m 1.5m

100N 500N

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