CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 55

CHAPTER 3

Answer to Checkpoint Questions

1. (a) 7 m; (b) 1 m
2. (c), (d), (f)
3. (a) +, +; (b) +, ; (c) (3) +, +
4. (a) 90 ; (b) 0 (vectors are parallel); (c) 180 (vectors are antiparallel)
5. (a) 0 or 180 ; (b) 90

Answer to Questions

1. A and B
2. (a) yes; (b) yes; (c) no
3. No, but a and b are commutative: a + ( b) = ( b) + a.
4. s, p, r or p, s, r.
5. (a) a and b are parallel; (b) b = 0; (c) a and b are perpendicular
6. (a) no; (b) no; (c) yes; (d) no
7. (a) yes; (b) yes; (c) yes (example: 5 i and 2 i)
8. yes (when they are in the same direction)
9. all but (e)
10. On many calculators, you get the correct  for a and d but not for b and c, for
which you must add 180 .
11. (a) minus, minus; (b) minus, minus
12. 1 and 4 tie, 2, 3
13. (a) B and C, D and E; (b) D and E
14. zero (A and B are perpendicular)
15. no (their orientations can dier)
56 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

16. (a) positive direction of x; (b) negative direction of x; (c) positive direction of z ;
(d) no
17. (a) 0 (vectors are parallel); (b) 0 (vectors are antiparallel)

Solutions to Exercises & Problems

1E
Let the two vectors be a and b, respectively.
(a) If a and b are parallel to each other, then ja + bj = a + b = 7 m:
(b) If a and b are antiparallel to each other, then ja + bj = ja p bj = 1 m: p
(c) If a and b are perpendicular to each other, then ja + bj = a2 + b2 = 32 + 42 = 5 m:

2E
(a) Refer to the gure to the right. The mag-
nitude of the resultant displacement r is y
N
q
r = rx2 + ry2 b
p
= (a sin 30 + b)2 + (a cos 30 )2
a
p
= (250 sin 30 + 175)2 + (250 cos 30 )2 m 30o r

= 370 m : W E x

The angle  between r and the positive x axis

is given by S

 = tan 1

ry  = 36o ;
rx
i.e., the direction of r is 36 north of east.
(b) The total distance she walked is d = 250 m + 175 m = 425 m: The magnitude of her
displacement is 370 m, which is 55 m shorter than the distance she walked.

3E
(a) The vector diagram is shown in the next page.
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 57

(b) The distance the bird would have to y is 2.1 km

p
D = (3:1 km 5:2 km)2 + (2:4 km)2 = 3:2 km :
3.1 km
The direction of the ight is such that 5.2 km

1  3:1 5:2  = 41 ;

  A
 = tan 
2:4  D

i.e., 41 south of west. B

4E
y
N

30 o
25 km

30 km

E
x
50 km

(a) From the vector diagram shown above, we can write

r = [(50 + 25 sin 30) i + (30 +p25 cos 30) j] km
= [(50 + 12:5) i + (30 + 12:5 3) j] km ;
which gives q
p
r = (50 + 12:5)2 + (30 + 12:5 3)2 km = 81 km
and
 = tan 1

ry  = 40 ;
rx
i.e., r points at 40 north of east.
58 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

5P
(a) The vector a + b is as shown below. Its magnitude is 4.2, and it is directed 40 east of
north.

a+b b
o
35
40o

a E

(b) The vector b a is shown below. Its magnitude is 8.0, and it is directed 24 north of
west.

b -a+b

24o
W -a

6P
Refer to the vector diagram to the right.
The three successive ights the thieves made
~ , AB
are illustrated as OA ~ , and BC
~ , respec- O
45 o
E

tively, where O is the location where the B 33 mi

robbery took place. The three displacement 20 mi

W

16 mi
vectors can be written in terms of their com- 18 o 26 o
ponents as follows: OA ~ = jOA ~ j(cos 45 i A
~ = jAB
sin 45 j); AB ~ j( cos 26 i+sin 26 j); C
and BC ~ = jBC ~ j(sin 18 i cos 18 j): The S
~ , is then
resultant vector, OC
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 59

~ = OA
OC ~ + AB ~ + BC ~
~ j(cos 45 i sin 45 j) + jAB
= jOA ~ j( cos 26 i + sin 26 j) + jBC
~ j(sin 18 i cos 18 j)
= 20 mi(cos 45 i sin 45 j) + 33 mi( cos 26 i + sin 26 j) + 16 mi(sin 18 i cos 18 j)
= ( 11 i 15 j) mi :
Thus the thieves end up in a town located 11 miles west and 15 miles south of Boston.
Checking the map in the book, you will nd that it is Walpole, the state prison.

7P
The three vectors a, b, and c can be expressed in terms of their components as
a = ax i + ay j = 50 cos 30i + 50 sin 30j ;
b = bx i + by j = 50 cos 15i 50 sin 15j ;
and
c = cx i + cy j = 50 cos 45i 50 sin 45 j :

(a) The vector r1 = a + b + c is as shown, with

y
r1 = ja + b + cj
q
= (ax + bx + cx )2 + (ay + by + cy )2
a
= 38 (units) 30 o
x
15 o 45 o
and b
c a+b+c

 = tan 1

r1y = tan

1

ay + by + cy = 320 :


r1x ax + bx + cx
(b) The vector r2 = a b + c is as shown, with
r2 = ja b + cj
q y
= (ax bx + cx )2 + (ay by + cy )2
= 130 (units)
and a-b+c

x
 = tan 1

r2y  = tan 1

ay by + cy  = 1:2 :
r2x ax bx + cx
60 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

(c) From (a + b) (c + d) = 0, we nd
d = a + b c: y
The vector d = a + b c is as shown, with
d = ja + b cj d
q
= (ax + bx cx )2 + (ay + by cy )2

= 62 (units) x

and
1

dy

1

ay + by
= tan d = tan a + b c = 130 : cy


x x x x

8E
(a)
20:0 = 20:0

 

180 = 0:349 rad ;

50:0 = 50:0

 

180 = 0:873 rad ;

100:0 = 100:0

 

180 = 1:75 rad :

(b)
  

0:330 rad = 0:330 180 

 = 18:9 ;

 

2:10 rad = 2:10 180 

 = 120 ;

 

7:70 rad = 7:70 180

 = 441:

9E
The x component is given by ax = 7:3 cos 250 = 2:5 and the y component is given by
ay = 7:3 sin 250 = 6:9. Notice that the vector is 70 below the negative y axis, so the
components can also be computed using ax = 7:3 cos 70 and ay = 7:3 sin 70 . It is also
20 from the negative x axis, so you might also use ax = 7:3 sin 20 and ay = 7:3 cos 20 .
All of these give the same result.

10E q p
(a) Use a = a2x + a2y to obtain a = ( 25:0)2 + (+40:0)2 = 47:2 units.
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 61

(b) The tangent of the angle between the vector and the positive x axis is tan  = ay =ax =
40:0=25:0 = 1:6. The inverse tangent is 58:0 or 58:0 + 180 = 122 . The rst
angle has a positive cosine and a negative sine. It is not correct. The second angle has a
negative cosine and a positive sine. It is correct for a vector with a negative x component
and a positive y component.

11E
The x and y components are given by
rx = r cos 30 = (15 m) cos 30 = 13 m
and
ry = r sin 30 = (15 m) sin 30 = 7:5 m :

12E
(a) The height raised above the ground is
h = (12:5 m) sin 20:0 = 4:28 m ;
and the distance moved horizontally is
D = (12:5 m) cos 20:0 = 11:7 m :

13E
(a) Refer to the gure. The displacement vector
is given by r1 , whose magnitude is y (12)
p
r1 = (10 cm)2 + (10 cm)2 = 14 cm :
The angle 1 which it makes with the x axis is r2
10 cm
 = 225 . (9) x (3)
(b) The displacement vector is now given by r2 ,
1

with r2 = (2)(10 cm) = 20 cm: The angle 2 r1

which r2 makes with the x axis is 2 = 90 .
(c) The tip repeats its motion every hour. There-
fore the displacement vector in one hour is zero. (6)

14E
The distance the ship has to sail is
p
D = (120 km)2 + (100 km2 ) = 156 km :
62 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

The direction it must sail is such that its path makes an angle  with the north direction,
where  
100 km
 = tan 120 km = 39:8 ;
1

i.e. it must sail at 39:8 west of north.

15P
Refer to the vector diagram to the right. The N
shortest distance is given by

3.40 km
dmin = (3:40 km)(sin 35:0 + cos 35:0 )
= 4:74 km : 35 o E

16P
(a) The magnitude of the net displacement is
p p
jAB j = jADj2 + jAC j2 = (17:0) m2 + (22:0 m)2 = 27:8 m :
(b) The magnitude of the vertical component of AB is jADj sin 52:0 = 13:4 m:

17P
From the gure we see that the the displacement vec-
tor D can be written as D = (R)i + (2R)j; where
R = 45:0 cm is the radius of the wheel. The magni-
tude of D is y
Pfinal
p
D = (R)2 + (2R)2 R
p
= (45:0 cm) 2 + 22 = 168 cm ;
D

while x
2R = 32:5 :
 
Pinitial
 = tan 1
R
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 63

18P
(a) The magnitude of the displacement is the distance from
one corner to the diametrically opposite corner:
p
d = (10:0 ft)2 + (12:0 ft)2 + (14:0 ft)2 = 21:0 ft :
To see this look at the diagram of the room, with the dis-
placement vector shown. The length of the diagonal across
the oor, under the displacement
p 2 vector, is given by the
Pythagorean theorem: L = ` + w , where ` is the length
2 h

and w is the width of the room. Now this diagonal and the
room height form a right triangle with the displacement
vector as the hypotenuse,
p so the length
p of the displacement L w

vector is given by d = L2 + h2 = `2 + w2 + h2 . l

(b) The displacement vector is along the straight line from the beginning to the end point of
the trip. Since a straight line is the shortest distance between two points the length of the
path cannot be less than the magnitude of the displacement. It can be greater, however.
The y might, for example, crawl along the edges of the room. Its displacement would be
the same but the path length would be ` + w + h. The path length is the same as the
magnitude of the displacement if the y ys along the displacement vector.
(c) Take the x axis to be out of the page, the y axis to be to the right, and the z axis to be
upward. Then the x component of the displacement is w = 12 ft, the y component of the
displacement is 14 ft, and the z component is 10 ft. Thus d = (12 i + 14 j + 10 k) ft. You
may write an equally correct answer by interchanging the length, width, and height.
(d) Suppose the path of the y is as shown
by the dotted lines and let s be the distance
shown. pThe length p of the path is then given
by L = s2 + w2 + (` s)2 + h2 . Find the l

value of s for which this is a minimum. The

derivative dL= ds = 0 at a minimum so s[s2 + h
w2 ] 1=2 (` s)[(` s)2 + h2 ] 1=2 = 0. Solve
this equation by moving one of the terms to the
right side and squaring both sides. Following a
little algebra you should obtain s2 (w2 h2 )
w
s

2`w2 s + w2 `2 = 0. This quadratic equation

has the two solutions s = `w=(w h) and s =
`w=(w + h). The rst leads to a value that is
larger than ` and must be rejected on physical
grounds.
Take s = `w=(w + h). This value is substituted into the equation for L to nd the minimum
path length:
p p
Lmin = `2 + w2 + h2 + 2wh = (14 ft)2 + (12 ft)2 + (10 ft)2 + (2)(12 ft)(10 ft) = 26:1 ft :
64 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

19E
The x component of r is given by
rx = cx + dx = 7:4 + 4:4 = 12 ;
the y component of r is given by
ry = cy + dy = 3:8 2:0 = 5:8 ;
and the z component of r is
rz = cz + dz = 6:1 + 3:3 = 2:8 :

20E
(a) Let r = a + b. Then rx = ax + bx = 4:0 13 = 9:0 and ry = ay + by = 3:0 + 7:0 = 10.
Thus r = 9:0 i + 10 j. q p
(b) The magnitude of the resultant is r = rx2 + ry2 = ( 9)2 + (10)2 = 13. The angle 
between the resultant and the positive x axis is given by tan  = ry =rx = 10=9 = 1:1. 
is either 48 or 132 . The rst angle has a positive cosine and a negative sine while the
second angle has a negative cosine and positive sine. Since the x component of the result
is negative and the y component is positive you accept the second and reject the rst.

21E
(a) a + b = (3:0 i + 4:0 j) + (5:0 i 2:0 j) = 8:0 i + 2:0 j: The x component is thus 8.0, and
the y component is 2.0. The magnitude of a + b is
ja + bj = 8:02 + 2:02 = 8:2 :
p

The vector makes an angle 1 with the positive x axis, where


2:0


1 = tan 8:0 = 14 :

1

(b) b a = (5:0 i 2:0 j) (3:0 i + 4:0 j) = 2:0 i 6:0 j: The x component is thus 2.0 and
the y component is 6:0. The magnitude of a + b is
ja + bj = 2:02 + ( 6:0)2 = 6:3:
p

The vector makes an angle 2 with the positive x axis, where

2 = tan 1

6:0


2:0 = 72 :

22E
(a) Let r = a + b. Then rx = ax + bx = 4 1 = 3, ry = ay + by = 3 + 1 = 2, and
rz = az + bz = 1 + 4 = 5. Thus r = 3 i 2 j + 5 k.
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 65

(b) Let r = a b. Then rx = ax bx = 4 + 1 = 5, ry = ay by = 3 1 = 4, and

rz = az bz = 1 4 = 3. Thus r = 5 i 4 j 3 k.
(c) Since a b + c = 0, c = b a = ( 1 4) i + (1 + 3) j + (4 1) k = 5 i + 4 j + 3 k.

23E
(a) The magnitude of a is jaj = 4:02 + ( 3:0)2 = 5:0; and a makes an angle 1 with the
p

positive x axis, where 1 = tan 1 ( p3:0=4:0) = 37 :

(b) The magnitude of b is jbj = 6:02 + 8:02 = 10; and b makes an angle 2 with the
positive x axis, where 2 = tan 1 (8:0=6:0)p= 53 :
(c) The magnitude of a + b is ja + bj = 102 + 5:02 = 11; and a + b makes an angle 3
with the positive x axis, where 3 = tan 1p(5:0=10) = 27 :
(d) The magnitude of b a is jb aj = 2:02 + 112 = 11; and b a makes an angle 4
with the positive x axis, where 4 = tan 1 (11=2:0) = 80 :
(e) The vector a b has the same magnitude (=11) as that of b a, but it makes an angle
of 80 + 180 = 260 with the positive x axis.

24P
From a b = 2c and a+b = 4c, we solve for a and b and get a = 3c = 3(3 i+4 j) = 9 i+12 j;
and b = c = 3 i + 4 j:

25P
From the information given, we may write A + B = 6:0 i + 1:0 j and A B = 4:0 i + 7:0 j.
Add these two equations to obtain 2A = 2:0 i + 8:0 j, which gives
jAj = 1:02 + 4:02 = 4:1 :
p

26P
Let B = Bx i + By j. Then B + C = (Bx + 3:0) i + (By + 4:0) j. Since
p B 2+ C has no x
component, Bx = 3:0. Also, since jB + Cj = jCj, we get By + 4:0 = 3:0 + 4:0 = 5:0,
2
which gives By = 1:0. Thus the magnitude of B is
q
B = Bx2 + By2 =
p
3:02 + 1:02 = 3:2 :

27P
(a) The vector a has magnitude 10:0 and makes the angle 30 with the positive x axis, so
its components are ax = 10 cos 30 = 8:67 and ay = 10:0 sin 30 = 5:0. The vector b has
magnitude 10:0 and makes an angle of 135 with the positive x axis, so its components are
bx = 10:0 cos 135 = 7:07 and by = 10:0 sin 135 = 7:07. The components of the resultant
are rx = ax + bx = 8:67 7:07 = 1:60 and ry = ay + by = 5:0 + 7:07 = 12:1.
66 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

q
(b) The magnitude of r is r = rx2 + ry2 = (1:60)2 + (12:1)2 = 12:2.
p

(c) The angle  between r and the positive x axis is given by tan  = ry =rx = 12:1=1:60 =
7:56.  is either 82:5 or 262:5 . The rst angle has a positive cosine and a positive sine
and so is the correct answer.

28P
Let the displacements of the three putts be a, b, y
and c, respectively. Choosing the coordinate sys-
tem as shown, we may write 45o
b

a = aj; a c
b = (b cos 45) i (b sin 45) j ; 45 o

and W r E
c = (c sin 45) i (c cos 45) j ; S

where a = 12 ft, b = 6:0 ft, and c = 3:0 ft. Thus the net displacement r, which is also the
one needed to get the ball into the hole on the rst putt, is given by
r=a+b+c
= a j + (b cos 45 ) i (b cos 45 ) j (c sin 45 ) i (c cos 45 ) j
p p p p
=

6 :0 2 3 :0 2 i +


12

6:0 2 3:0 2 j


2 2 2 2
= 2:1 i + 5:6 j ;
where the suppressed unit of r is ft. The magnitude of r is
p
r = (2:1)2 + (5:6)2 ft = 6:0 ft ;
and the direction of r is such that it is at an angle  east of north, where

 = tan 1

rx  = tan 1

2:12 ft = 21 ;


ry 5:64 ft
i.e. r is pointed at 21 east of north.

29P
Refer to the vector diagram shown in the next page. The displacement of the airplane is
~ = OB
given by AB ~ OA ~ , where
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 67

y
~ = jOB j( sin  i + cos  j)
OB
= (2580 ft)( sin 73 i + cos 73 j) A
= ( 2467 i + 754:3 j) ft B
= 73
= 40
and W E x
O
~ = jOAj(cos  i + sin  j)
OA
= (1200 ft)(cos 40 i + sin 40 j)
= (919:3 i + 771:3 j) ft :

Thus the displacement is

~ = OB
AB ~ OA ~ = ( 3387 i 17:0 j) ft :
The magnitude of AB ~ is then jAB ~ makes an angle
~ j = p33872 + (117)2 = 3390 ft. AB
with negative x axis, where
= tan 1

17 :0


= 0:28 = 170  0 ;
3387
which means that the airplane ies almost horizontally.

30P
(a) Choose an xyz coordinate system with the positive x axis pointing east, the posi-
tive y axis pointing north, and the positive z axis pointing vertically upward. Then the
displacement of the penny is r = (1000 m) i + (2000 m) j (500 m) k:
(b) Since he goes back to his original position, the net displacement of the man is zero.

31P
y C
r

W 6.00 m E
x
O
4.00 m
60 o
A 5.00 m B
S
68 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

(a) As shown in the vector diagram, the particle moves from O to A to B to C . The three
~ = 4:00(cos 45 i sin 45 j) m = ( 2:83 i 2:83 j) m;
displacement vectors are given by OA
~ = 5:00 i m, and BC
AB ~ = 6:00(cos 60 i + sin 60 j) m = (3:00 i + 5:20 j) m:
(b) The resultant displacement is
~ = OA
OC ~ + AB ~ + BC ~ = (5:17 i + 2:37 j) m :
(c) The magnitude of OC ~ is jOC~ j = p5:172 + 2:372 m = 5:69 m: The angle  that OC
~
makes with the positive x axis (east direction) is

2:37


 = tan 5:17 = 24:6 :

1

(d) The displacement that would be required to bring the particle back to the starting
~ = CO
point is OC ~ = (5:17 i + 2:37 j) m.

32P
Let the two vectors be a and b, respectively.
Then (a+b) ? (a b): The resultant vector,
c, of (a + b) and (a b) is c = (a + b) + c=2a
(a b) = 2a; while the dierence between
them is d = (a + b) (a b) = 2b: These a+b
d=2b
vectors are illustrated in the gure to the
right, from which it is apparent that c = 2a
and d = 2b are the two diagonal lines of a
rectangle. Thus a = b. a-b

33P
Place the x axis along a and place the y axis so a and b are in the xy plane, with b
making the angle  with the positive x axis. a has the components ax = a, ay = 0
and b has the components bx = b cos , by = b sin . The resultant r has the com-
ponents
q x
r = ax +pbx = a + b cos , ry = ay +p by = b sin  and has the magnitude
r = rx2 + ry2 = (a + b cos )2 + (b sin )2 = a2 + 2ab cos  + b2 cos2  + b2 sin2  =
p2 2
a + b + 2ab cos . The trigonometric identity cos2  + sin2  = 1 was used.

34P
(a) There are 4 such lines, one from each of the corners on the lower face to the diametrically
opposite corner on the upper face. One is shown on the diagram in the next page. Place the
coordinate system as shown, with the origin at the back, lower, left corner. The position
vector of the starting point of the diagonal shown is ai and the position vector of the
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 69

ending point is a j + a k so the vector along

z

the line is a j + a k a i. The point diamet-

rically opposite the origin has position vector
a

a i + a j + a k and this is the vector along the

diagonal. Another corner of the bottom face
is at a i + a j and the diametrically opposite
corner is at a k, so another cube diagonal is a
a k a i a j. The fourth diagonal runs from y
a j to a i+a k, so the vector along the diagonal
is a i + a k a j. a
x

(b) Consider the vector from the back, lower, left corner to the front, upper, right corner.
It is a i + a j + a k. We may think of it as the sum of the vector a i parallel to the x axis and
the vector a j + a k perpendicular to the x axis. The tangent of the angle between the vector
and the x axis is the perpendicular component divided p 2 by2the pparallel component. Since
the magnitude of the perpendicular component
p pis a + a = 2a and the magnitude of
the parallel component is a, tan  = 2a=a = 2. Thus  = 54:7 . The angle between
the vector and each of the other two adjacent sides (the y and z axes) is the same as is
the angle between any of the other diagonal vectors and any of the cube sides adjacent to
them. p p
(c) The length of any of the diagonals is given by a2 + a2 + a2 = 3a.

35E
(a) ax = a cos 56 = (17:0 m) cos 56 = 9:51 m;
ay = a sin 56 = (17:0 m) sin 56 = 14:1 m:
(b) a0x = a cos(56:0 18:0 ) = (17:0 m) cos 38:0 = 13:4 m;
a0y = a sin(56:0 18:0 ) = (17:0 m) sin 38:0 = 10:5 m:

36E
(a) The magnitude of 4.0d is (4:0)(2:5 m) = 10 m, and the vector points north.
(b) The magnitude of 3:0d is j( 3:0)(2:5 m)j = 7:5 m, and the vector points south (oppo-
site of north).

37E
(a) b=d is in the positive y direction if d is posivitve.
(b) b=d is in the negative y direction if d is negative.
(c) a
b = a i
b j = (ab)( i
j) = 0:
(d) a
b=d = 0=d = 0.
(e) a  b = ab i  j = ab k; i.e., a  b is in the positive z direction.
(f) a  b = a  b = ab k; i.e., b  a is in the negative z direction.
(g) jb  aj = jb  aj = ab:
70 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

(h) a  b=d = (ab=d) k; i.e., its magnitude is ab=d and it is in the positive z direction.

38E
Since the angle between a vector and itself is zero,
i
i = j ijj ij cos 0 = (1)(1)(1) = 1 :
Similarly, j
j = k
k = 1: Also, since the angle between any pair of unit vectors among i,
j and k is 90, the scalar product of any of these pairs is then proportional to cos 90 = 0.
thus i
j = j
k = k
i = 0:
If the coordinate system is rectangular but not right-handed, these results will not change.
For example, you can easily verify this by checking any of the results in a left-handed
system in which i ! i, j ! j, and k ! k.

39E
Since by denition j i  ij = j ijj ij sin 0 = 0; we get i  i = 0. Similary, j  j = k  k = 0:
The magnitude of the vector i  j is j i  jj = j ijj jj sin 90 = 1 = j kj. Also, you can easily
check (using the right-hand rule) that i  j is in the positive z direction. Thus i  j = k.
Similary, k  i = j and j  k = i.
If the coordinate is left-handed, then we take k ! k and get
ii= jj= kk=0
and
i  j = k; k  i = j; j  k = i:

40E
Since the angle between any vector a and itself is zero, by denition
a
a = jajjaj cos 0 = a2
and
ja  aj = jajjaj sin 0 = 0 ;
i.e., a  a = 0:

41E
(a) \north cross west"=\up", with a unit magnitude;
(b) \ down dot south" = 0;
(c) \east cross up"=\south", with a unit magnitude;
(d) \ west dot west" = 1;
(e) \ south cross south" = 0:

42E
(a) The scalar product is given by a
b = ab cos  = (10)(6:0) cos 60 = 30.
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 71

(b) The magnitude of the vector product is given by ja  bj = ab sin  = (10)(6:0) sin 60 =
52.

43E
We may write
r = (r cos 320) i + (r sin 320) j
= (4:50 cos 320 ) i + (4:50 sin 320 ) j
= 3:45 i 2:89 j
and
s = (r cos 85:0) i + (r sin 85:0) j
= (7:30 cos 85:0 ) i + (7:30 sin 85:0 ) j
= 0:64 i + 7:27 j :
Thus
r
s = (3:45 i 2:89 j)
(0:64 i + 7:27 j)
= (3:45)(0:64)( i
i) + ( 2:89)(7:27)( j
j)
= 18:8
and
r  s = (3:45 i 2:89 j)  (0:64 i + 7:27 j)
= 3:45 i  7:27 j 2:89 j  0:64 i
= 26:9 k ;
where we have used i  j = j  i = k; and i  i = j  j = 0: The direction of r  s is the
same as that of k, the unit vector along the positive z axis.

44E
Denote the the angle between a and b as (a; b), etc.
(a)
a
b = ab cos(a; b) = ab cos 90 = 0 :
(b) 
a 

a
c = ac cos(a; c) = ac c = 42 = 16 :
(c)
b
c = ab cos(b; c) = bc

b  = 32 = 9 :
c
72 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

45E
(a) a  b = ab sin(a; b) k = (4)(3)(sin 90 ) k = 12 k; where k is the unit vector pointing
out of the page.
(b) a  c = ac sin(a; c)( k) = ac(b=c) k = ab k = 12 k:
(c) b  c = bc sin(b; c) k = bc(a=c) k = ab k = 12 k.

46P
a
b = (ax i + ay j + az k)
(bx i + by j + bz k)
= (ax bx i
i + ay by j
j + az bz k
k)
+ (ax by + ay bx ) i
j + (ax bz + az bx ) i
k + (by az + ay bz ) j
k
= ax bx + ay by + az bz ;
where in then last step we used the results of 38E.

47P
(a) The vector r is given by
r=a+b+c
= (5:0 i + 4:0 j 6:0 k) ( 2:0 i + 2:0 j + 3:0 k) + (4:0 i + 3:0 j + 2:0 k)
= 11 i + 5:0 j 7:0 k ;
i.e., the x, y, and z components of r are 11, 5.0, and 7:0, respectively. The magnitude of
r is p
r = 112 + 5:02 + ( 7:0)2 = 14 :
(b) The angle between r and the positive z axis is

 = cos 1

rz  = cos 1

7:0 = 120 :


r 14

48P
Since ab cos  = ax bx + ay by + az bz , cos  = (apx bx + ay by + az bz )=ab. The magnitudes
of the vectors given in the problem are a = (3:0)2 + (3:0)2 + (3:0)2 = 5:2 and b =
p
(2:0)2 + (1:0)2 + (3:0)3 = 3:7. The angle  between them satises

cos  = (3:0)(2:0) + (5
(3:0)(1:0) + (3:0)(3:0) = 0:926 ;
:2)(3:7)
which yields  = 22 .
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 73

49P
Express both a and b in their respective component forms: a = ax i + ay j + az k, b =
bx i + by j + bz k. Thus

a  b = (ax i + ay j + az k)  (bx i + by j + bz k)
= ax i  by j + ax i  bz k + ay j  bx i + ay j  bz k + az k  bx i + az k  by j
= ax by k ax bz j ay bx k + ay bz i + az bx j az by i
= (ay bz az by ) i + (az bx ax bz ) j + (ax by ay bx ) k ;
where we have used the results of 40E.

50P
(a)
a  b = (3:0 i + 5:0 j)  (2:0 i + 4:0 j) = [(3)(4) (2)(5)] k = 2 k :
(b)
a
b = (3:0 i + 5:0 j)
(2:0 i + 4:0 j) = (3)(2) + (5)(4) = 26 :
(c)
(a + b)
b = (5:0 i + 9:0 j)
(2:0 i + 4:0 j) = (5:0)(2:0) + (9:0)(4:0) = 46 :

51P
(a) The angle  between a and b can be computed from a
b = ab cos , which gives

 = cos 1

a
b 

= cos 1

ax bx + ay by 
ab ab
= cos 1

ax bx + ay by
q


(a2x + a2y )(b2x + b2y )

1
= cos p 2

(3:2)(0 :50) + (1: 6)(4:5)


(3:2 + 1:62 )(0:502 + 4:52 )

= 57 :
= cx i + cy j; then since a ? c, a
c = ax cx + ay cy = 0; i.e., 3:2cx + 1:6cy = 0:
(b) Let c q
Also, c = c2x + c2y = 5:0: Solve the two equations above for cx and cy to obtain cx = 2:2
and cy = 4:5:
74 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

52P
(a) The components of a are given by ax = 0, ay = 3:20 cos 63 = 1:45 units, and az =
3:20 sin 63 = 2:85 units. The components of b are given by bx = 1:40 cos 48 = 0:937 units,
by = 0, and bz = 1:40 sin 48 = 1:04 units. Thus
a
b = axbx + ay by + az bz = (0)(0:937) + (1:45)(0) + (2:85)(1:04) = 2:97 units :
(b)
a  b = (ay bz az by ) i + (az bx axbz ) j + (axby ay bx) k
= [(1:45)(1:04) (0)(2:85)] i + [(2:85)(0:937) (0)(1:04)] j + [(0)(0) (1:45)(0:94)] k
= (1:51 i + 2:67 j 1:36 k) units :
(c) The angle  between a and b is given by

 = cos 1 a
b = cos 1 2:96

   

ab = 48 :
(3:30)(1:40)

53P
(a)
a
(b  c) = (3:0 i + 3:0 j 2:0 k)
[( 1:0 i 4:0 j + 2:0 k)  (2:0 i + 2:0 j + 1:0 k)]
= (3:0 i + 3:0 j 2:0 k)
( 8:0 i + 5:0 j + 6:0 k)
= 21 :
(b)
a
(b + c) = (3:0 i + 3:0 j 2:0 k)
[( 1:0 i 4:0 j + 2:0 k) + (2:0 i + 2:0 j + 1:0 k)]
= (3:0 i + 3:0 j 2:0 k)
(1:0 i 2:0 j + 3:0 k)
= 9:
(c)
a  (b + c) = (3:0 i + 3:0 j 2:0 k)  [( 1:0 i 4:0 j + 2:0 k) + (2:0 i + 2:0 j + 1:0 k)]
= (3:0 i + 3:0 j 2:0 k)  (1:0 i 2:0 j + 3:0 k)
= 5:0 i 11 j 9:0 k :
CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 75

54P p
In 34P we showed that each diagonal has a length given by 3a, where a is the length of
a cube edge. Vectors along two diagonals are b = a i + a j + a k and c = a i + a j + a k.
Use the technique outlined in Problem 48 to nd the angle between them:

cos  = bx cx + bybccy + bz cz = a +3aa2 + a = 31 :

2 2 2

The angle is  = cos 1 (1=3) = 70:5 .

55P
The area of the triangle is given by

S = 21 ah = 21 ab sin  = 21 ja  bj :
b h
a

56P
(a) (b  a) is a vector that is perpendicular to a, so the scalar product of a with this vector
is zero.
(b) Let c = b  a. Then the magnitude of c is c = ab sin . Since c is perpendicular to a
the magnitude of a  c is ac. The magnitude of a  (b  a) is therefore ja  (b  a)j =
ac = a2 b sin . The vector a  (b  a) is in the plane of a and b and is perpendicular to a.

57P
Let b  c = Ae, where A is the magnitude
of bc and e is a unit vector perpendicular
to the plane containing b and c. Thus
A
b
h=he
a
(b  c) = Aa cos  : a
c

On the other hand, we know from 55P that A = jb  cj is equal to the area of the
parallelogram formed by b and c. Thus the volume of the parallepiped is V = Ah =
Aa cos . Compare this with the expression for a
(b  c) above to obtain V = a
(b  c).
76 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS

58P
(a) The x and y components of a, b, and c are given by ax = 3:00, ay = 0; bx =
b cos 30 = 4:00 cos 30 = 3:46; by = b sin 30 = 4:00 sin 30 = 2:00; cx = c cos(90 + 30 ) =
10:0 cos 120 = 5:00; cy = c sin(90 + 30 ) = 10:0 sin 120 = 8:66:
(b) Let
c = pa + qb = p(3:00 i) + q(3:46 i + 2:00 j) = (3:00p + 3:46q) i + 2:00q j :
Compare this with c = cx i + cy j = 5:00 i + 8:66 j to obtain an equation set for p and q:
3:00p + 3:46q = 5:00; 2:00q = 8:66: Solve for p and q: p = 6:67, q = 4:33: