OFFICIAL GUIDANCE NOTE PAA I GN04

Issue 3
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EXAMPLE CALCULATION 3:

1. OBJECTIVE:
To determine the number of top-over lashings required to prevent tipping of a chocked
cuboidal payload.

2. ASSUMPTIONS:
The payload is adequately chocked at its base inside the container, so all restraint
against tipping must be provided by the lashings.
The centre-of-gravity of the payload is over the midpoint in both the longitudinal (X)
and lateral (Y) directions.
The lashings are orientated across the width of the container.
The lashings are arranged symmetrically with respect to the centre of gravity of the
cargo.
The package will be transported by road and sea.
The payload has sufficient strength to withstand the loading from the lashings.

Figure 1: Geometry of Payload and Lashings

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OFFICIAL GUIDANCE NOTE PAA I GN04
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3. CALCULATION OF RESTRAINING FORCES TO PREVENT TIPPING:

To prevent the payload tipping, the lashings restraining it must be capable of resisting the
tipping forces arising from accelerating motions of the container. These forces are
associated with the mass of the payload, the position of its centre-of-gravity, and the
assumed acceleration coefficient values (provided in TeSe 1006 - Reference 6).

3.1. Known Values and Constants etc:

m = 500kg Mass
d = 0.6m Height of C-of-G above base
L = 1.2m Length of payload (in longitudinal direction)
W = 1.0m Width of payload (in lateral direction)
c, = 1 Longitudinal (x-direction) acceleration coefficient for
road and sea transport (Table 2 of TCSe 1006 -
Reference 6)
cy = 1.0 Lateral (y-direction) acceleration coefficient for road and
sea transport (Table 2 of TCSC 1006 - Reference 6)
g = 9.81ms-~ Gravitational constant
a =650 Angle under each lashing measured from the base

3.2. Number of Top-over Lashings Required to Prevent Tipping:

The number of lashings needed to prevent tipping can be found using equations in
BS EN 12195-1 (Reference 15). In particular, Equation 12 is relevant to lateral
tipping and Equation 15 is relevant to longitudinal tipping.
However, some alteration of the equations is necessary: -
The value of FT (tension force in the lashing) must be no greater than the
maximum permitted base lattice anchor point loading (10KN, or 1000daN).
Cz is regarded as zero (refer to TCSe 1006 - Reference 6).

Consequently, for tipping in the longitudinal direction, Equation 15 becomes .....

L
2xnx FT x sin a x "2 ;:::: m x 9 x Cx x d x fs (long)

Rearranging ...
mx9 x Cx x d x fs (long)
n > ---------'---'=
- FT x sina x L

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x
(Longitudinal axis)

Tipping point
L
(chocks are fitted at floor level)

Assuming safety factor fs(long), which covers uncertainties of distribution of tension

forces for frictional lashing in the longitudinal direction, has a value of 1.25 ....

500 x 9.81 x 1 x 0.6 x 1.25

n ~ --:-:--:-:--:-----:-::----:--
10000 x sin 65 x 1.2

n ~ 0.3
Therefore, one lashing is required to prevent longitudinal tipping.

For tipping in the lateral direction, Equation 12 becomes .....

m x 9 x cy x d x is (lat)
n X FT ~ .
Wxsma

Rearranging ...
m x 9 x cy x d x is (lut)
n > ---....:....._------''---'..
- FT X W x sina

(Lateral axis)

w \_ Tipping point
(chocks are fitted at floor level)

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Assuming safety factor fs(Iat), which covers uncertainties of distribution of tension

forces for frictional lashing in the lateral direction, has a value of 1.1....

SOOx 9.81 x 1 x 0.6 x 1.1

n ~ ---------
1000 x 1.0 x sin 65

n ~ 0.4

Therefore, one lashing is required to prevent lateral tipping.

4. CONCLUSION:

TCSC 1006 (Reference 6) recognises that because cuboidal packages will tend to tip
about one edge only, the superimposition of lashing forces arising from simultaneous
tipping in both longitudinal and lateral axes does not need to be considered.
It is concluded that: -
One top-over lashing is required to prevent tipping in the longitudinal direction.
One top-over lashing is required to prevent tipping in the lateral direction.
Each lashing must have a lashing capacity (LC) not less than 10kN (1OOOdaN).
The calculated maximum tension force in any lashing is within the permitted 10KN
capacity of the base lattice anchor points in the floor of the container.

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