In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the course:

Architectural Building Technology 5

Wall Panel Systems and Prestressed Concrete

Purchia Jeda A. Pague

Submitted to: Ar. Nurvin Bustillo

Submitted on: July 21, 2017
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 Wall Panel Systems

WHAT ARE WALL PANEL SYSTEMS?

A Wall Panel is a single piece of material, usually
flat and cut into a rectangular shape, that served
as the visible and exposed covering for a wall.
Wall panels are functional as well as decorative,
providing insulation and soundproofing,
combined with uniformity of appearance, along
with some measure of durability or ease of
replacement (Allen & Iano, 2008)

Insulated Composite Backup Panel

WHAT ARE ITS FEATURES AND Image source: Centria Performance
ADVANTAGES?
Air barrier and secondary water barrier standard in all wall panel styles.
Continuous EIFS insulation
Energy efficient and highly durable
Protects against water intrusion
Minimizes thermal bridging
Virtually unlimited opportunities for unique building wall aesthetics (Allen &
Iano, 2008)

Flat Type Wall Panel System

WHAT IS ITS FEATURES AND BENEFITS?

It has a special interlocking joint design that allows
panels to easily lock into for faster installation. It can
be combined with other Butler wall systems, or
bricks, glass and other conventional materials.
Typically has a 16 panel width. It enables
application of almost any conventional finish on the
interior of the wall system (Archi Expo, n.d.).

Flat Type Wall Panel System

Image Source: Zamil Steel
WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATIONS?

Commercial and Industrial:

Architectural:

Retail buildings
Low and Mid-Rise Offices
Hangars
Convention Centers
Prison Facilities
Performing Arts Centers
Manufacturing Facilities
Arenas
Warehouses
Airport Terminal Buildings
Distribution Centers
Schools and Universities
Self-storage complexes
Hospitals
Utility Buildings
(Allen & Iano, 2008)

Ribbed Type Wall Panel System

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF

RIBBED TYPE WALL PANEL
SYSTEMS?
Usually available in 26, 24 or 22
gauges. Comes in 36 wide panel with
1-1/4 high ribs with 12 on center. Also
available up to 41 in length. Variety of
color options with KXL finish. Installed
with self-drilling color-matched
fasteners. Last but not the least, also Star Shield
has a crimped base feature (Allen & Image source: Star Building Systems
Iano, 2008).

WHAT ARE ITS USES AND APPLICATION?

Architectural: Commercial and Industrial:

Low and Mid-Rise Offices Retail buildings
Convention Centers Hangars
Performing Arts Centers Prison Facilities
Arenas Manufacturing Facilities
Airport Terminal Buildings Warehouses
Schools and Universities Distribution Centers
Utility Buildings (Allen & Iano,
2008)
 Window Type Wall Panel System

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF WINDOW TYPE

WALL PANEL SYSTEMS?
These provide the designer with an unlimited
architectural vocabulary of expression. Provides a
significant design feature for any building type.
Offers quality and cost-effective construction (Allen
& Iano, 2008).
They may contain a single opening of a series of
windows. They are either one-storey in height and
made as wide as possible, or cast narrower to span
vertically for two or three floors (Allen & Iano, 2008).
Stick system curtain wall/
insulated glass panel
Image source: Archi Expo
WINDOW DETAILING (Allen & Iano, 2008)
They can be recessed to optimize
seasonal solar heat or to reduce glare.
They can be in the same plane
(punched), without sills or projections.
They can be set in a deep coffer with
margins projecting slightly.
They can be boxed out from the
general wall face
They can be set in a deep recess with Window Detailing
or without a projecting sill. Image source: Allen & Iano,
2008

FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN (Allen & Iano, 2008)

Promotes the use of a master
mold.
Provides curved surfaces and
works as corner units.
Offer flat or heavily sculpted
profiles.

Flexible Design
Image source: Allen & Iano,
2008
ADVANTAGES OF WINDOW TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM (Allen & Iano, 2008)
Cost and time efficient
Allows the fast fabrication of window frames and glass
Has flexible design options
Addresses vulnerabilities

DISADVANTAGES OF WINDOW TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM (Allen & Iano,

2008)
Heavy equipment for installation
Changes are difficult because panels are pre-fabricated.

Wall Type Wall Panel System

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF WALL TYPE

WALL PANEL SYSTEMS?
It is a curtain wall system consisting or performed
metal cut stone, precast concrete of panelized brick
wall units, which may be preglazed or glazed after
installation. The framing is attached to the building
structure and does not carry the floor or rood loads of
the building. The wind and gravity loads of the curtain
wall are transferred to the building structure, typically
at the floor line (Allen & Iano, 2008).
Wall Panel Systems
Image source: Oremonte
.
ADVANTAGES OF WALL TYPE WALL PANEL
SYSTEM (Allen & Iano, 2008)
Lightweight
Economical
Easy to Install
Faster
Has a wide range of product design
Comprehensive Wall Panel

Insulated Wall Panel

Image source: Kings Pan Panel
 Tilt-Up Wall Panel System

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF

TILT-UP WALL TYPE WALL
PANEL SYSTEMS?

It is a technique of site casting

concrete walls or elements, typically
done on a horizontal surface and
once cured, it is tilted vertically into
a place using a mobile crane. It is
temporarily braced into its final
position and is tied into the
buildings roof and flooring system
(Allen & Iano, 2008).
Insulated Til-UpWall Panel
Image source: JK Thermal Solutions

HOW IS IT DONE?

How are Tilt-Up Panels Built?

Image source: Charles Apple
ADVANTAGES OF TILT-UP WALL TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM (Allen & Iano,
2008)
Fast, simple, and economical technique of construction.
It eliminates the need for expensive transportation of materials.
No expensive vertical formwork is required to finish the job.
Low maintenance, it is not affected by moisture and weathering.
It is flexible, it can be easily removed and relocated if future expansion
became necessary
The fire safety rating of a concrete building will provide a fire endurance of two
hours or more.
DISADVANTAGES OF TILT-UP WALL TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM (Allen &
Iano, 2008)
Panels are engineered before work begins making changes difficult.
Complicated reinforcing patterns of layout of openings.
Lifting panels requires specialized equipment and third part engineering to
calculate the lifting loads.

Prestressed Concrete

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE?

Prestressing removes a number of design limitations conventional concrete places

on span and load and permits the building of roofs, floors, bridges, and walls with
longer unsupported spans. This allows architects and engineers to design and
build lighter and shallower concrete structures without sacrificing strength
(Portland Cement Association, n.d.).

The principle behind prestressing is applied when a row of books is moved from
place to place. Instead of stacking the books vertically and carrying them, the
books may be moved in a horizontal position by applying pressure to the books at
the end of the row. When sufficient pressure is applied, compressive stresses are
induced throughout the entire row, and the whole row can be lifted and carried
horizontally at once (Portland Cement Association, n.d.).

Illustrations of How Concrete is Prestressed

Image source: Quora
 Pre-tensioned Concrete

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF PRE-TENSIONED CONCRETE?

Pre-tensioning is accomplished by stressing wires or strands, called tendons, to

predetermined amount by stretching them between two anchorages prior to placing
concrete as shown in fig.1. the concrete is then placed and tendons become bounded
to concrete throughout their length. After concrete has hardened, the tendons are
released by cutting them at the anchorages. The tendons tend to regain their original
length by shortening and in this process transfer through bond a compressive stress
to the concrete. The tendons are usually stressed by the use of hydraulic jacks. The
stress in tendons is maintained during the placing and curing of concrete by anchoring
the ends of the tendons to abutments that may be as much as 200m apart. The
abutments and other formwork used in this procedure are called prestressing bench
or bed (The Constructor, n.d.).

Section View of How Concrete is Pre-tensioned

Image source: The Constructor.Org

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE?

The alternative to pre-tensioning is post-tensioning. In a post-tensioned beam, the

tendons are stressed and each end is anchored to the concrete section after the
concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient strength to safely withstand the
prestressing force as shown in fig.2. in post-tensioning method, tendons are coated
with grease or a bituminous material to prevent them from becoming bonded to
concrete. Another method used in preventing the tendons from bonding to the
concrete during placing and curing of concrete is to encase the tendon in a flexible
metal hose before placing it in the forms. The metal hose is referred to as sheath or
duct and remains in the structure (The Constructor, n.d.).

Section View of How Concrete is Post-tensioned

Image source: The Constructor.Org
References
Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2008). Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods (6th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Archi Expo. (n.d.). Products. Retrieved from Archi Expo: http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/bluescope-

steel/product-5607-1277133.html

Portland Cement Association. (n.d.). Prestressed Concrete. Retrieved from Portland Cement
Association : http://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-basics/products/prestressed-
concrete

The Constructor. (n.d.). Pre Tentioning and Post Tentioning in Prestressed Concrete. Retrieved from
The Constructor: https://theconstructor.org/concrete/prestressed/pre-tensioning-and-post-
tensioning/3291/