Study on development of Grid code and operation

scheme of Jeju Island with high wind penetration

Seung-Il Moon*, Gi-Chan Pyo*, and Jin-Woo Park*
*School Of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National Univ, Seoul, Korea

Abstracts Lots of large-scale projects on wind generation are currently being commissioned, with more
planned for the near future in Jeju Island of Korea. The large-scale wind generation, however, could have
adverse impacts on stable operation of power system. Accordingly for the stable operation of Jeju power
system, the necessity to limit the wind power installation is brought up recently and new large-scale wind
power projects are restricted for now. To overcome the limit and increase the wind penetration in Jeju
Island, solutions which ensure the stable operation of the Jeju power system as well as increase of wind
penetration is presented in this paper; Establishment of grid code for wind generation and development
of coordinated operation schemes of Jeju power system.

1. Introduction

Recently, due to international restriction on CO2 emission and fossil fuel exhaustion problem, various efforts
to reform the energy production structure are continued in Korea. Investment of Korean government in the
research and development of renewable energy will be come to about 11 billion dollars up to 2030 and various
political supports are planned in the future. According to long-term strategy that will determine the direction of
national energy policy, fossil fuels will account for 61 percent of total energy consumption by 2030, down from
the current 83 percent, while the use of renewable energy will increase to 11 percent from 2.4 percent in 2007.
Among these, wind generations are planned to be installed about total capacity of 2,250MW until 2012 and
quite a few portions of total capacity are concentrated in Jeju Island.
Wind generation is one of the most attractive renewable energy in many countries due to its technical and
economic feasibility. Accordingly, many advanced European countries of wind generation have relied on it for
the considerable part of their own energy demand in practice. The large-scale wind generation, however, could
have adverse impacts on stable operation of power. First of all, drastic changes of active power output according
to the change of wind speed make it difficult to maintain the active power balance of the system. In addition,
wind generation tends to be interconnected to the point of weak-grid, such islands, mountain areas, and seaside
areas, because the average wind speed determines its economic feasibility. These wind generation predisposes
the system to disturbance such a fault. It means that increase of wind generation regardless of the supports to the
power system has limits. Many countries in which wind generation is increasing rapidly have experienced this
problem and Jeju Island is one of the example cases[1].
In Korea, Jeju Island has the highest average wind speed among the promising sites for wind power
generation. Many companies have shown interest in the wind power business of Jeju Island due to favorable
wind conditions. As a result, the total capacity of wind power installed in Jeju system reached 94MW in the year
of 2009. It is a considerable quantity compared to the minimum load of 300MW and enough to threaten the
stable operation of system. Further, considering that the wind generation planned to be installed is more than
200MW, stable operation of the Jeju power system can be difficult in the near future. Thus the necessity to limit
the wind power installation in Jeju Island is brought up recently and several researches related to maximum
penetration limit are performed. Finally, new large-scale wind power business or projects in Jeju Island are
restricted for now[2][3].
To overcome the limit and increase the wind penetration in Jeju Island, solutions which ensure the stable
operation of the system in spite of high wind penetration can be provided in two respects; Establishment of grid
code for wind generation and development of coordinated operation schemes of Jeju power system. Thus the
technical considerations which are discussed to establish the grid code for wind generation of Korea and
relevant regulations are presented and briefly discussed in the first section of this paper. Then coordinated
operation schemes of Jeju power system considering wind generation and HVDC is proposed in the second
section of the paper.

2. Establishment of Grid Code for wind generation

The wind power generations recently spread over many countries; numerous large-scale wind projects are
currently being planned under the political supports of governments. However, the grid code for wind power
generation is not established yet in most countries which are in the early stage of wind power introduction.
There are few limitations or qualifications of system operator to the interconnection of wind turbines or wind
farms in power system. Moreover, the wind power generations are considered to impact rarely on stable
operation of entire power system until now, because most wind turbines are connected to distribution system on
a small-scale and their penetration is relatively low comparing with conventional generations. There is a limit to
increasing the wind generations while maintaining the system stability in this situation.
To increase wind penetration, wind turbines should provide proper supports to system operation, like the
conventional generator. It is necessary to utilize the various control functions, such as active and reactive power
control, of wind turbine which uses the advanced power-electronics technologies[4]. Major wind manufacturers
of the world recently tend to produce the wind turbines which have these functions or provide wind farm system
in which the functions are included. However it may require additional cost and accordingly the voluntary
investment of each individual wind power provider is hard to expect. Thus system operator should enact the grid
codes for interconnection and operation of wind generation and demand technical requirements which need to
maintain the stable operation of the system according to operating condition. The grid codes of advanced
countries in wind generation and various regulations included can be a good example[5].
The biggest barrier against vigorous driving of large-scale wind power business in Jeju Island is also the
absence of grid codes for wind farm interconnection and operation. There are only interconnection standards
and operation requirements for the general distributed generation, but grid codes being directly applicable to
wind turbine or wind farm are not established yet. However many researches to enact the grid codes for
interconnection and operation of wind generation are being executed, and grid codes that reflects the
characteristics of Korean power system, especially Jeju power system will be established sooner or later. To
develop the principal requirement in grid codes various cases of advanced countries are investigated, and a lot of
system studies are performed to apply the characteristics of Korean power system into detailed regulations. The
principal requirements of grid codes discussed currently are as following

- Active power regulation

- Reactive power regulation
- Fault ride through
- Communication
- Central dispatch of System operator

1) Active power regulation

Active power regulation facilitates the wind turbines or wind farms to receive dispatch orders from system
operator and operate by them. This regulation can contribute to increase the installation of large-scale wind farm
in small power system, like Jeju Island. Thus European countries, such as Denmark, Norway, Germany, and
Ireland, with high wind penetration in general have various regulations related to active power
control[6][8][9][11]. In the case of Denmark- Eltra and Elkraft, especially, system operators require detailed and
strict rules on active power control to maintain the system stability against increase of wind generation. In
addition to absolute power, delta, and ramp rate control, wind power turbines are regulated to have several
active power control functions. As result, Denmark can be the developed country in which wind power
penetration is over twenty percent of total domestic equipments despite the country has small power system.
In Korea, as the wind penetration level of main land is insignificant comparing with scale of power system
and the existing generation until now, particular active power regulations are rarely required in mainland.
However, the wind penetration of Jeju-Island is increasing rapidly due to favorable wind conditions and the
necessity to limit the wind power installation in Jeju -Island is brought up recently. Since Jeju Island also has the
plan to increase wind power penetration more than Denmark, to solve the wind penetration limit in Jeju-Island,
active power regulations for wind generation should be considered. Thus such active power regulations are
expected to be included in grid code being developed in Korea. Considering the characteristics of Jeju power
system, detailed regulations in active power control requirement and their substantial roles are as following:

a) Active power controllability

It regulate that wind farms or wind turbines should be capable to limit the active power production in the
range of 20100 percent of its rated capacity according to dispatch order. This regulation is not to be applied
when the wind farm or wind turbine isnt able to produce active power as ordered due to low wind velocity. It
means that wind turbine or wind farm should have the proper equipment and control system which enables each
control, such as absolute power, delta, and ramp rate control, defined in grid code.
b) Wind farm control system
Wind farms should be equipped with control system which ensures the remote and autonomous control of
each wind turbine included in according to requirements described in grid code. The example that this regulation
is applied actually can be found in Denmark case[6]. According to Danish grid code, for each wind farm the
function called "farm controller" is to be implemented and ensure that regulating orders to the wind farm's total
production are met in the connection point. The farm controller shall enable ordering of the various types of
regulation as total orders which can be given both locally and via remote control and considering lots of wind
turbines as just one wind farm. Fig. 1 shows the farm controller schematically.

Fig. 1. Wind farm supervisory control system

c) Absolute power limitation

Absolute power limitation is used as a means that restricts maximum power output of wind generation
systems according to occasion demands such that the expectation of wind power output exceeds the maximum
penetration limit. Wind farm or wind turbine should have the function which decreases the output power to
reference value. When the regulation is applied to actual operation, spinning reserve to compensate the variation
of wind generation can be decreased and instabilities of active power balance due to sudden increase of wind
generation can be prevented. The wind penetration limit of isolated power system is also to be calculated
simultaneously considering the corresponding state of loads and generations at that time not minimum load
condition. It means that installation of wind generation need not to be suppressed by wind penetration limit any
more. Actual output power of wind generations is to be limited only by operating condition regardless of total
installation capacity. Fig. 2 shows the application of this regulation in practice.

d) Ramp rate limitation

For stable operation, this regulation limits the power gradient of wind generation to a set point defined by
system operator when the output power of wind generations increases rapidly. The commitment of conventional
generators decrease as the wind penetration largely increases. In this case, conventional generator committed
may not decrease its output power according to rapid increase of wind generation simultaneously. It causes the
frequency problem and unstable operation of power system in the worst-case. To prevent the frequency problem,
this regulation limits the increasing speed of output power when the changes of load and wind generation are
getting larger than total ramp rate capacity of conventional generators. Thus a set point of this regulation should
be assessed considering the load following capability of main thermal plants. In the case of Nordel and AESO,
system operator of Europe and Canada, only 10% of upward change per minute of wind generations is allowed
in grid code. In Denmark, system operator determines and instructs the power gradient limits base on system
condition.

e) Delta control
Delta control which limits the wind power output below the available power by fixed amounts defined by
system operator is necessary to secure the spinning reserve in small and isolated power system. It means that
wind generations have to operate with its own reserve, like conventional generator. Thus this regulation can be
used to solve the problems caused by decrease of spinning reserve of conventional generation and increase of
controlling power for wind generation, similarly as ramp rate limitation. The delta control as well as ramp rate
limitation in fact can be selective options excepting for in isolated power system with extremely high wind
penetration. For example, Jeju power system is basically isolated but it has interconnection to mainland with
HVDC system. The HVDC system performs important roles to maintain the system frequency in Jeju power
system. The HVDC operated in frequency control mode can damp the frequency deviation caused by wind
power fluctuation quickly and also provide sufficient reserve. It means that these regulations may be rarely
needed for the time being although its wind penetration is relatively high.

Fig. 2. Practical application of active power regulations; Absolute power limitation, Ramp rate limitation, and
Delta control in order

As the wind penetration is largely increased, active power regulations mentioned above at least must be
included in grid cod. They are, however, to be applied according to operating condition of the power system and
restrict the wind generation if needed only. Thus the losses resulted from the regulation are expected to be
relatively small while active power regulations enable the increase of wind generation over the wind penetration
limits in the cases, like Jeju Island in which the additional wind projects are restricted to maintain the system
stability. Although the investment to prepare the equipments for active power regulations will be necessary,
these active power regulations will enable and encourage a lot of wind projects in Jeju Island consequently.

2) Reactive power regulation

To maintain the voltage of overall system stably, reactive power compensators should be equipped
sufficiently and controlled continuously according to change of reactive power demand. The characteristics of
reactive power consumption of entire power system can be changed largely according to erratic changes of wind
generation and it may not be fully compensated due to decrease of conventional generation if the wind
penetration is increased. Therefore wind turbines are required to have the reactive power compensation
capability and the related equipments which come close to that of conventional generation recently. The related
regulations can be founded from the grid code of many countries.
In the case of isolated power system, such a Jeju power system that has low SCR(Short Circuit Ratio), strict
reactive power regulations should be applied to improve voltage stability. Thus it is important to use the DFIG
type generators or direct drive type generator of the newest technology which are expected to have a
controllability required in wind projects hereafter. It is also needed to improve the control system of existing
wind generator to satisfy such various regulations in grid codes for wind generation.

a) Reactive power controllability

The wind farms and wind generators should be capable to perform the reactive power control or voltage
control at the PCC (Point of Common Connection) according to system opertors order if the power system is in
normal operating condition. Because the existing wind generator of constant speed type needs the additional
reactive power compensation to voltage control at the PCC, it was standard to operate the wind generators under
the constant power factor regulation, especially unit power factor, until the recent past. However as the wind
generators of DFIG type which is able to control reactive power continuously as well as active power using
power electronic converters are used in the most wind farms recently, the importance of voltage control is being
emphasized. Voltage control ensures the wind generators use its reactive capability efficiently and contribute the
recovery of entire power system during and after fault. Therefore, the regulations for voltage control are
included or planed to be included in grid code of advanced countries of wind generation, such as Denmark,
Nordel, Canada, Ireland, and Germany[6][7][8][9][11].
b) Range of reactive power control
This regulation defines the reactive power capability of wind generator and wind farms to apply the reactive
power control. The wind generator and wind farm should be capable to control the reactive power in the range
defined. The ranges of reactive power control required in most grid codes have similar shape and characteristics.
Then the range of reactive power control which is expected to be required in grid code being developed in Korea
is presented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. The range of reactive power control

3) Dimensioning frequency

As mentioned above, increase of wind generation in isolated system such a Jeju Island make it difficult to
control the system frequency stably due to decrease of conventional generators which are responsible to
maintain the system frequency. Sudden change of demand or wind generation can cause frequency problems in
this situation. Thus the wind generations are required to increase or decrease its output power immediately
according to changes of system frequency and maintain the connection to grid for a certain time even if the
system frequency changes dramatically. Such countries as Ireland, Germany and Denamrk with high wind
penetration have related regulation in grid code and demand wind generation to participate in the frequency
control of system actively[6][8][9].

Fig. 4. Dimensioning frequency

a) Dimensioning frequency
This regulation defines the region of frequency in which the wind generator and wind farms should increase,
decrease or maintain its active power output. Fig. 4 shows active power regulation related dimensioning
frequency which is expected to be included in grid code being developed in Korea. In this figure, the operating
point A, B, C and D should be determined based on consultation between the wind provider and system operator
and approved by system operator consequently. The operation schemes of each region are as following; first, the
region between A and B means that the wind generators and wind farm should increase its output power to
available power like the droop operation of conventional generators according to drops of system frequency.
Next, wind generation is to operate with spinning reserve for operation of above region as if the delta control is
applied in the region between B and C point. On the other hand, the wind generation is to decrease its output
power in proportional to the increase of system frequency in the region between C and D. As a result, the wind
generation can participate in frequency control of entire system automatically. Then wind generators and wind
farm can be tripped immediately to protect its power electronic equipments when the system frequency varies
out of the range between A and D. In the case of Germany, regulations which define active power regulation
according to frequency variation are included in grid code, and Ireland also has the same regulation as described
above.

b) Low and Over frequency ride through

Sudden trip of wind generation due to changes of the system frequency, especially drops, causes further
frequency drops and it can make the entire system unstable. It is necessary to keep the operation of wind
generator like conventional generator when the system frequency even changes largely in the system with high
wind penetration. Thus the related regulations in the most grid codes of advance countries of wind generation
are stipulated.
This regulation is to be included in the grid code of Korea. Then the wind generators and wind farms should
be capable to maintain the normal operation continuously when the system frequency varies in the range of
601.5Hz and during 20 seconds at least even if the frequency drops to 57.5Hz. Here, the range of frequency
variation is same as that of conventional generator which is defined in the standard for Reliability of Power
Supply and Quality of Korea.
As the grid codes for wind generation are tend to strengthen, the various regulations which require the wind
generation to participate the frequency control actively are getting larger importance. Accordingly, many studies
on coordinated operation of wind generator and wind farm related to frequency control are researched in Korea.
Recently, researches on frequency supports of wind generation utilizing its wide control range and functions
mainly studied.

4)Fault Ride Through capability

It was common practice that the wind generators are disconnected immediately to prevent the damage of its
equipment and system when the system voltage decreases under the certain level during fault. Trip of wind
generator and the accompanying loss of generation, however, can disturb the recovery of system and cause
additional frequency problems as the wind penetration increases over a certain level[12]. To prevent these
undesired trips of large wind generation due to under voltage and unstable operation, the regulation which
requires the wind generator and wind farm to maintain the operation during the fault is being included in grid
codes of many countries. This regulation is called as Fault Ride Through(FRT) or Low Voltage Ride
Through(LVRT). The most grid codes demand the wind generator to equip these FRT capabilities and make
them support recovery of the system after the fault cleared applying the additional requirements. Moreover, this
regulation is tend to strengthen to the Zero Voltage Ride Through(ZVRT) in most countries.[13]
Fault Ride Through regulations of various countries are presented in Fig. 5 and they have a lot in common
defining the residual voltage, fault duration, and voltage recovery to maintain the operation of wind generation.
Thus wind generators which are being connected to grid should maintain the operation and not be tripped even
though low voltage is applied at the PCC during the fault if residual voltage and fault duration are upper side of
the graphs. On the other hand, if the residual voltage becomes lower and fault duration is longer than FRT
capability, wind generators can be tripped to protect its equipment.

Fig. 5. Fault Ride Through regulations of various countries

 Table 1. presents the main parameters, such as residual voltage, fault duration, and voltage recovery, of Fault
Ride Through capability in grid codes modified recently and shows that Zero Voltage Ride Through are required
in most grid codes. In the countries which do not require the Zero Voltage Ride Through, Spain and Ireland
define the relatively lower voltage and longer duration.

Table 1. Main parameters of Fault Ride Through capability

Countries Voltage dip(P.U.) Duration(ms) Recovery(ms)

England & Wales 0 150 2500 (85%)
Scotland 0 100 1200 (80%)
Nordel 0 150 750 (90%)
USA(WECC) 0 150 1750 (90%)
Denmark 0 150 700 (60%)
Australia 0 120 150 (90%)
Germany 0 150 Type
Canada 0 150 3000 (90%)
Spain 0.2 500 1000 (80%)
Ireland 0.15 625 3000 (90%)

Considering characteristics of Jeju Island in which severe low voltages are applied during the fault in general,
the Fault Ride Through regulation should be include in the grid code being developed. Fig. 6 shows the FRT
capability curve expected to be established. In this figure, the detailed parameters are determined through a lot
of studies on voltage profile and dynamic stability of Jeju power system during the fault although they can be
modified. The fault duration is defined based on setting of voltage relay installed in Jeju power system. Then the
residual voltage and voltage recovery are determined considering the voltage profile of Jeju power system
during the fault so that the wind generators can maintain the operation for almost all possible faults. This FRT
capability curve can be relaxed if considering only the power system of main-land in which the SCR and the
voltage profiles are quite high during the fault. This capability curve, however, is likely to be applied to FRT
regulation almost as it is, because the wind penetration is highest in Jeju Island and expected to increase largely
in the foreseeable future.

Fig. 6. FRT capability curve expected to be established in Korea

5) Communication and Supervisory Control of wind generator

For successful active and reactive power control of wind turbines and wind farms, communication between
system operator and wind farm operator as well as technical abilities of wind turbines is very important. The
dispatch orders and reactive power controls from system operator are given to each wind generator or wind farm
using the communication system. Thus technical abilities of wind generations described above cannot be
utilized properly without the communication system well defined. The remote and supervisory control system
which operates the wind generators in wind farm according to dispatch order from system operator is also
essential. It makes the wind generations work as such conventional generators being controlled by system
operator on real-time demands. Communication system also enables the wind generator transmit the various
information of each wind farm and wind generator to system operator. Then the system operator determines the
dispatch orders efficiently using this information in addition to operating condition of the entire system.
The most grid codes define the regulation related to communication and information delivery system for wind
generation with active and reactive power regulations recently. In the case of Denmark especially, detailed
regulations about the external control and metering of wind turbines are stipulated in grid code. In newly
developed Korean grid code for wind generation, specifications for communication protocols and systems will
be also included.

a) Communication and information delivery

Available active and reactive power of wind generation in controllable range can change continuously, as their
operating condition changes according to wind speed. Thus the system operator should know about specific
information respecting the operating conditions of wind farm or wind generator including wind speed in
addition to general information required to conventional generators, when the system operator dispatches wind
generations. The regulations for communication and information delivery are included or expected to be
included in the grid code of Denmark, Ireland, Canada, and USA[6][7][9][10]. The following table specifies the
data which shall be transferable between wind farms (or wind generators) and system operator. The overview is
indicative, and details shall be agreed for the individual wind farm and wind generator with the system operator.

Table 2. Summary data overview for the wind generation

Summary data overview for the wind generation
Operating condition of wind farm:
Active and reactive power measurement at PCC [MW, Mvar]
Voltage measurement at PCC [V, RMS]
Available active and reactive power estimation [MW, Mvar]
Active power limitation [MWh/5min]
Operating condition of wind generators:
Number of turbines stopped due to low and high wind
Number of turbines stopped due to maintenance and forced outage
Total number of turbines out of operation
Number of turbines with limited capacity
Circumstances information of wind farm:
Wind speed [m/sec]
Wind direction
Temperature [C]
Atmospheric pressure [atm]

In practical application, these regulations require that the SCADA system for wind generation is constructed.
Then the EMS of the system should be modified to utilize the information from wind generation in the
procedure to determine dispatch orders of entire system. Thus it is also necessary to define the protocol and
requirements for communication between system operator and wind farm (or wind generator).

b) Active power prediction and notification

Wind farms or wind generators should be equipped with the prediction system for active power estimation of
the next day and notify active power prediction to system operator in advance. Then the predictions should be
updated for certain time periods continuously to ensure the reliable market operation of power system.
As the wind penetration increase, wind generation prediction is getting larger importance. If predictions for
wind generation are not considered, power system should always prepare the reserve for entire wind capacity
installed as well as the load change. It costs additional expenses and makes the system operate inefficiently.
Thus in the system with high wind penetration, predictions for wind generations should be notified to system
operator in advance so that system operator operates system and makes the plans efficiently. In Denmark,
Ireland, and Canada, the regulations for active power prediction and notification are included in their grid codes
and applied actually. Moreover, for accurate prediction of wind generation, the technical developments and
various researches on the prediction of wind speed are being preceded actively. In the case of Ireland, especially,
the regulation require that wind generator and wind farm perform the prediction for active power generation on
a daily basis for the following 48 hours for each 30 minute time-period and notify it to system operator.
3. Coordinated control scheme in power system of Jeju Island

The maximum load on Jeju is about 600MW and the minimum is approximately 300MW. Jeju power system
is mainly fed by diesel plant, thermal plant and gas turbine plant. Total cumulative capacity of conventional unit
is 685MW. Jeju is interconnected with mainland by 2 poles of HVDC links which capacity of 300MW; the 12
pulse bi-polar HVDC system normally transmits 150 MW from main land to Jeju power system, corresponding
to 60% of the total load demand in Jeju Island [2]. HVDC is used only for sending cheap electricity from
mainland to Jeju, thus control system of Jeju HVDC is designed for uni-directional operation. Meanwhile,
another HVDC will be installed in 2012. New HVDC was originally planned only to operate in one direction:
from the mainland to Jeju Island. However S/O has modified recently the operation scheme in order to allow a
change in the direction of the power flow, so it will be possible to transmit the surplus power to the mainland.
The number of wind turbines reached 40, with a total installed capacity of 80MW. Because average wind
speed of Jeju Island is the highest among several candidates and it means the highest business earning rate,
many business proprietors have the intention of wind power generation in this area. However, there is a risk of
too high wind power penetration level compare with the size of the system. Therefore S/O restricted wind power
penetration below 20% (120MW) of the maximum load and additional business licenses were withheld [14].
Recently, there are various efforts to increase wind power penetration limit. As mentioned before,
development of grid code for the wind power interconnection can help the stable and steady increase of wind
power penetration. And efforts to develop the coordinated control scheme of installed devices wind power
generation, conventional generation and HVDC are now in progress.
In this chapter, the overall coordinated control scheme of Jeju power system is presented. The following
figure shows the conceptual diagram of coordinated control scheme of Jeju Island.

Fig. 7. Coordinated control scheme of Jeju Island

1) Coordinated control scheme of conventional unit

Operation scheme of conventional generator will not be changed basically. But the utilization factor of the
conventional generator will be reduced significantly. At 2012, two HVDC transmissions and few other
generators will be needed only to supply the Jeju system load. However stability of DC-AC system must be
considered. For satisfactory performance, the ac system should have a minimum inertia relative to the size of the
dc links. Thus two diesel power plants and four thermal plants should operate to secure the inertia of AC system.
Generators turned on is to be operated at minimum operating point, overall efficiency of generators is expected
to decrease.

2) Coordinated control scheme of HVDC

a) Operation range and control mode of HVDC #1, #2

It is hard to change the control system of existing HVDC #1. Thus the operational constraints of HVDC #1
will be maintained. Maximum transmission capacity of HVDC #1 is to be limited as 150MW considering N-1
contingency. Minimum transmission capacity is 40MW. N-1 contingency will also be applied to new HVDC #2
thus maximum transmission capacity will be 200MW; the rated capacity of HVDC #2 will be 400MW. Overall
maximum transmission capacity of HVDC #1 and #2 will be 350MW. Next figure shows the above concept.
When one pole of HVDC #2 is tripped, then another line of HVDC #2 will increase transmission capacity
immediately by pole transfer function. After that operating point of each HVDC will be rearranged by S/O.
There is frequency control loop in control logic of HVDC #1 thus the frequency of Jeju power system has been
controlled by HVDC #1 until now on. However this role of frequency control is more suitable for the HVDC #2,
because HVDC #2 can control the flow at the range from +200MW to -200MW. Thus HVDC #1 should be
operated in power control mode. And HVDC #2 should be operated in frequency control mode. System operator
should determine the active power reference of both HVDC considering the system condition.

Fig. 8. Coordinated control during HVDC 1 pole trip event

b) Coordinated control scheme of HVDC

To increase the efficiency of the system operation, coordinated control scheme of both HVDC is needed. Each
HVDC has different control scheme and S/O must consider this characteristic. HVDC #1 is only able to send
electricity from mainland to Jeju Island, but HVDC #2 can send surplus power to the mainland. Without
coordinated control scheme, inefficient system operation may be occurred. For example HVDC #1 may receive
more electricity from mainland during HVDC #2 send surplus power to mainland. To prevent circulating power
problem, frequent change of operating point and haunting, coordination control scheme is needed. Following
figure shows the coordinated control scheme of both HVDC.

- State 1 (Both HVDC receive power from mainland)

In situations with low wind speed and high local load, both HVDC should receive more than 100MW (HVDC
#1: 40MW, HVDC #2: 60MW) from mainland. In this state, each HVDC is to operate according to dispatch
order which is distributed dividing total transmission power in proportional to its maximum capacity
respectively.

- State 2 (HVDC #1: Minimum power, HVDC #2: Frequency control)

When receiving power reduces below 100MW, HVDC #1 should switch mode to constant power control and
maintain minimum power. Instead HVDC #2 reduces receiving power and changes power direction. Frequency
control is continuously performed by HVDC #2. In this case, power circulating is occurred, however HVDC #1
should be operated to avoid frequent shut down and start up of HVDC #1.

- State 3 (HVDC #1: Shut down, HVDC #2: Frequency control)

When system load of Jeju Island decreases and active power generation of wind power increases continuously
and reverse transmission of HVDC #2 is expected for long period. In this case, HVDC #1 should be shut down
to prevent power circulating loss. With the expected significant increase of wind power on Jeju Island in the
near future, the island will export power during considerable hours. Especially this coordinated control scheme
of HVDC will accelerate the increase of wind power in Jeju Island.
 Fig. 9. Bidirectional power transmission using coordinated control

3) Coordinated control scheme of wind power generator

There is no grid code for wind power interconnection in Korea until now. Thus even the grid code for wind
power interconnection is established in near future, the existing wind farms will not be applied by the grid code
and dont have any motive to enhance their controllability. Different operating scheme should be applied to
existing wind farms and planned wind farms accordingly.
There are already 6 wind farms (Hangwon, Hankyoung, Sinchang, Weoljung, Samdal) which capacity of
79MW in Jeju Island. And 3 more wind farms (Sungsan#2, Sammu offshore, Nansan) which capacity of
48.5MW have received the permission of construction. These wind farms are not obliged to reject more
production than the one dictated by the wind power penetration limit by the grid code. It means that total
amount of uncontrollable wind farms in Jeju Island will be reached to 127.5MW which is huge amount
compared with size of the Jeju power system. Therefore these wind farms should have monitoring and control
system to secure the safe operation of power system. And they have to cooperate with S/O in emergency
condition.

Fig. 10. Wind farm supervisory control system

 Wind farms which will be installed after the establishment of grid code should have abilities to control the
active and reactive power. They will also be equipped protection devices including fault ride through capability.
It means these wind farms have same control capability with conventional generators. In general, wind power
generation has a higher priority than conventional generator. Thus active power control such as downward
regulation will only be used in rare instances. S/O will order the wind turbines to reduce or suspend their
production if the remaining transmission grid malfunction or the total production is larger than wind power
penetration limit. Voltage control is only needed if wind farm is connected at the weak point of the grid.
However wind farms can provide proper supports to system operation by these control abilities and it will
contribute to allow more wind power generation in Jeju Island.
These wind farms should communicate with system operator in real time. All of information about wind
farms such as P, Q, voltage, wind velocity and operating status should be provided. And they have to control
each turbine generator in wind farm. Supervisory control system is needed to enable these tasks. The fig.10
shows the concept of the wind farm supervisory control system. Wind farm supervisory control system mainly
consists of communication module, wind farm controller and individual turbine controller.

4. Conclusion

The power system of Jeju Island is basically weak and small. Thus the increased penetration of wind power in
Jeju Island may raise a number of operational concerns due to the intermittent nature of wind and lack of
stability of wind turbine. S/O of Jeju Island wanted to set the maximum wind power penetration limit. S/O has
withheld additional business license of wind farm.
In this paper, various ways to increase the wind power penetration are presented. Establishment of grid code
for wind power generator is most important in the case of Jeju Island. Various requirements such as active power
control, reactive power control, fault ride through and etc., will be included in the Korean grid code. Technical
innovations of the wind turbine generator will be needed to meet the requirements in the grid code. Coordinated
control scheme of Jeju Island is also presented in this paper. More flexible and stable operation of Jeju power
system will be possible with the coordinated control scheme even if the wind power penetration level is
extremely high.

5. References

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