Conductor

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS MISSAN UNIVERSITY\ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING /ELECTRICAL DEP.
Chapter Seven
Under Ground Cables
Construction of cables
In the fig (7.1)below, shows the general construction of
(3-condctor) cable
The various part of cable are :
1- Core or conductor
A cable may have one or more than one core (conductor) depending
upon the type of service for which it is intended.
For instance, the 3- conductor cable shown in the fig. (7.1) is used for
service.
The conductors are made of tinned copper or aluminum an are usually
stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable.
2- insulation
Each core or conductor is provide with a suitable thickness of insulator,
the thickness of layer depending upon the voltage
To be with stood by the cable. The commonly used materials for
insulation are impregnated paper, varnished cambric or rubber mineral
compound.
3- Metallic sheath.
In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging
liquids (acids or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of
lead or aluminum is provided over the insulation as shown in the fig.
(7.1)
4- Bedding
Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of
a fibrous material like jute or hessian tape. The purpose of bedding is to
protect the metallic a against corrosion of bedding is to protect the
metallic against corrosion and from mechanical in jury due to
armoring.
5- Armouring :
Over the bedding armaouring is provide which consists of one or two
layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose is to protect the
cable from mechanical injury while laying it and during the course of
handling . Armouring may not be done in the case of some cable.
6- Serving :.
In order to protect armouring from atmospheric condition. Layer of
fibrous material (like jute) similar to bedding is providing over the
armouring. This is known as serving. It may not be out of place to
mention here that bedding, armouring and serving are only applied to
the cable for protection of conductor insulation and to protect the
metallic sheath from mechanical in jury.
Under Ground Cable

The most materials that used for made the insulator of cable is the
paper that saturate by oil like manila hemp or wood pulp or Ray. Also
there is another impotent materials that used for made the insulator
which is P.V.C. ( poly ving chloride) .
R
The fig. (7.2) represent a cross- section
For a single core cable where
r is the radius of the conductor
R is the radius of the cable or
( the inside radius of the sheath)
r
(q) represent the charge on the
Surface of the conductor for
Each on mater from the length
Of the cable.
Fig . (7-2)
is the electric flux density at aradius X meter from the center of

the cable ( for one mater of the length of conductor)
Coulomb/
(1)
The electric field intensity or voltage gradient or electric stress at the same
distance X is
Volt / meter
(2)
Where o is the relative permittivity of free space
( o= and is the relative permittivit of insulator.
V is the voltage difference between the conductor and sheath.
Volt
(3)
The capacity for each meter of the length of single core cable is
( one meter of length of conductor )
F/m
(4)
MF/m
(5)
Electric stress in single core cable :.

The direction of the electric field in the insulator will be radial and the
value of its will as follow :
Where q is the charge

Of the cable and
Of the cable.

As shown in eq.(2) at a distance x
v/cm at a distance X
(6)
The maximum electric stress will be at the surface of the conductor

(at x=r)
v/cm
(7)
The minimum electric stress will at the inside surface of the sheath of the
cable (at X= R )
V/cm
(8)
Also
* In the case of the stranded conductor. The electric stress will be increase
by 15 %, 25% from the value of the smooth conductor.
*If the value of the voltage V and the inside radius of the sheath R are
constant and r is variable where ( r is the radius of the conductor of the
cable )
*Most economical conductor size in the cable

The minimum value of the electric stress on the surface of the conductor
( will be when is amaximum value.
Now
Assume
The maximum value will be when

The grading of cables :.

The grading of the cable is redistribution the electric stress on the
insulator where the value of the electric stress will be increase at the
outside layer of insulator and it is value will be remain constant at the
surface of the conductor as before the grading. Also by this method we
can reduce the thickness of the insulator.
There are two method for grading the cable
1-Capacitive grading :.
By using a different insulator layers have a different relative permittivity.
2-Metallic inter sheath grading :.

By using the same insulator material for the different insulating layers and
separate these layers by a metallic inter sheath in order to control the
voltage across the insulator.
Capacitive grading
Where is the maximum electric stress of the cable of the first layer
is the minimum electric stress of the first layer
is the maximum electric stress of the second lager
is the minimum electric stress of the second lager
is the maximum electric Stress of the third layer
is the minimum electric Stress of the third layer and

for the cable
Ex1) single core cable covered by the lead and design for 66 kv. If the
radius of the conductor is 0.5 cm and the insulator consists of three layers
have a relative permittivity of 5,4,3 respectively and the electric stresses
on these layers are 40,30,20 kv/cm respectively. Find inside of the sheath
of the cable.
So1)
Also
Ex2) 66 kv single core cable covered by the lead the radius of it's
conductor is 0.5cm. The insulating materials consists of two layers the
thickness of each layers is 1.5cm . The relative permittivity of inside
layers is 3 and for the outside layer is 2.5 calculate the electric stress at the
surface of the conductor.
So1)
R
*Inter sheath grading

In this method the insulator of the cable is consists of two layers or more
than two layers from the same material and spate each of two next layers
by a screen or metallic inter sheath has a cylindrical shape and the inter
sheaths are connected to tapping from the supply transform where the
voltage across these sheath make the layers of the insulator take each it's
voltage from the total voltage.
Supply
Transformer
Ex3) A single core cable covered by the lead and design for 100 kv. The
radius of it's conductor is 1 cm the inside radius of the outside sheath is 4
cm. If an metallic inter sheath is placed at a radius 2.5 cm and connected
to supply transformer through an switch. The relative permittivity of the
insulator is 3.5. Find :.
1-The maximum electric stress of the cable and the voltage of the
inter sheath to the surface of the conductor when this inter sheath is
not connected to supply transformer ( the switch is open )
2-When the switch is closed, find the electric stress on the surface of
the conductor and on the two sides of the inter sheath when the
voltage of the inter sheath to the conductor surface is 44 kv. Also
find the voltage of the transformer.
3-Compare the cable in (2) which is a grading cable with section (1)
which is not grading cable.
So1)
Supply
Transformer
( the voltage between surface of conductor

and the inter sheath )
2) when the switch closed
The electric stress at the inside surface of metallic inter sheath
The electric stress at the outside of the inter sheath
Where
3) Comparing
The using of inter sheath grading cause a reduction in the maximum
electric stress by
In the case of not grading cable in section (1) , and

order to reduce this max. electric stress to the value of grading cable
without using metallic inter
sheath grading with same cable :.
We must increase the radius of cable in other words increase the distance
of insulator as follow :.
We must increase the thickness of insulator by 4.03 cm in order to get the

same maximum electric stress of grading cable without using metallic
inter sheath grading.
Ex4) A single core cable covered by the lead and design for 120 kv and 50
HZ. The radius of it's conductor is 1cm and the inside radius of the outside
sheath is 4.2cm. An metallic inter sheath of radius 2 cm is used for
grading the cable. The relative permittivity of the insulator is 3.8. the
length of the cable is 6.4 km. find :.
1-The capacity of each of the two layers that have the same insulator
materials.
2-The overall efficiency
3-The maximum electric stress when the inter sheath is not connected
to the supply to the supply transformer.
4-The voltage of the inter sheath to the surface of the conductor in
order to keep the electric stress on the surface of the conductor at 55
kv/cm (the inter sheath is connected to supply transformer)
5-The charging current.
So1)
r
R
2)
OR
3)
Not grading
4)
grading
5)
-- Optimal or best location of the inter sheath inside the cable
If we have a cable having a two metallic inter sheath as shown in the fig.
below:.
And in order to get the
Optimal or best location
Of the inter sheath, we
Must put
R r
O V
- The maximum and minimum electric stress of cable with

optimal location of metallic inter sheath
In order to make the maximum electric stress at the surface of conductor

and the minimum electric stress at the inside surface of the sheath of cable
we must put:.
Kv/cm
For 3 layer
2 metallic inter sheath
Also
Kv/cm
For 3 layers
2 metallic inter sheath
As before
For the same distance of grading cable, we have un grading cable has the
same distance of grading cable
un
Or
..........
We see that if the voltage across the cable is constant and the volume
(distance (r,R)) is constant the grading cable by the inter sheath grading
cause a reduction in the value of maximum electric stress by
.........
Also in other sides

For the same value of maximum electric stress and with remain the
distance of cable constant (r,R) we can increase the voltage across the
cable due to the inter sheath grading of cable.
We see that if the voltage across the cable is constant and the volume
(distance (r,R) ) is constant. The grading cable by the inter sheath grading
cause a reduction in the value of maximum electric stress by
-- Also in other side :.

For the same value of maximum electric stress and with remain the
distance of cable (r . R) constant, we can increase the voltage across the
cable by due to the inter sheath grading of cable.
*Note
When there is one metallic inter sheath
R r
Kv/ cm
Also
Ex5) 33kv single core cable has a conductor diameter of 2.5cm and the
diameter of the inside sheath of the cable is 6 cm. It is design to reduce
the maximum electric stress by using a two metallic inter sheath.
Determine the best position of the inter sheath and the reduction in electric
stress.
So1) Best position of inter sheath means
The reduction is
Ex6) single core cable of 66kv has a radius of conductor of 1cm. The
radius of the cable is 6 cm. The insulator consists of one layer. If a two
metallic inter sheath is placed into the insulator and connected to supply
transformers through an switches. If the radius of first metallic inter
sheath is 2.5cm, and the radius of second metallic inter sheath is 4 cm.
1-When the switches are open. Find the voltage between the first and
second metallic inter sheath.
2- When the switches are closed and the voltage of first transformer
is 30kv and the voltage of second transformer is 20 kv. Find the
electric stress at the inside surface of second metallic inter sheath,
also find the min. electric stress of cable.
So1)
1)
V
The voltage between the firs

And second metallic inter sheath
2)
the voltage of the first transformer
The voltage of the second transformer
In order to find the min. electric stress of cable
electric stress of cable is

Or in other way
(1)
Ex7) find the most economical conductor diameter of single core cable to
be used on 132 kv, also, find the overall diameter of insulator if the
permissible stress is not to exceed.
So1)
For most economical conductor diameter
The value of operating voltage per phase
The diameter of the cable is

Resistance of cable :.
r
Where is the resistivity of insulator
L is the length of cable
R is the radius of cable

is the radius of conductor
Ex8) single core cable of 33kv, consist of two layers of insulators, each of
its have a relative permittivity of 5,3 respectively. If a metallic inter sheath
is placed between the layers and connected to supply transformer through
an switch.
If the ratio of electric stress at the outside surface of metallic inter sheath
to the electric tress at the inside surface of sheath of cable is .
The radius of the conductor is 1.5 cm and the radius of the cable is 7cm.
when the switch is open
1-Find the voltage between metallic inter sheath and the sheath of
cable.
2-The electric stress at the inside surface of metallic inter sheath
3-Min electric stress of cable of cable
So1)
R
r
1)
2)
3)
EX9) single core cable of 80kv has a radius of conductor of 1cm and the
radius of cable is 7cm. his insulator consists of one material.
If a two metallic inter sheath is placed into the insulator and connected to
the supply transformer through an switches. The radius of first and second
metallic inter sheath are 3,5cm respectively and the voltage of
transformers are 4 cm
1-When the switches are open find the voltage between the first
metallic inter sheath and sheath of cable
2-When the first switch that connected to first transformer is closed
and the second switch remain open.
Find the voltage between second metallic inter sheath and sheath of
cable.
So1)
R
r
2)
OR
15.73=
OR
EX10) single core cable of 66kv has a radius of conductor of 1.5cm.

The insulator consists of two layer. The thickness of first layer is 2.5
cm and the thickness of second layer is 4cm. Also the relative
permittivity of first and second layers are 5,4 respectively. If an
metallic inter sheath is placed at a radius of 6cm and connected to
supply transformer through an switch when the switch is open find
-The voltage between metallic inter sheath and the sheath of cable
also find. The electric stress at the outside surface of metallic inter
sheath.
So1)
r
1)
OR
Type of cable fault :.
Cables are generally laid directly in the ground or in ducts in the

underground distribution system. For this reason, there are little
chances of fault in underground cables. However, if a fault does occur,
it is difficult to locate and repair the fault because conductors are not
visible. Never the less, the following are the fault most likely to occurs
in underground cables
1-Open circuit fault

2-Short circuit fault
3-Earth fault.
1-Open circuit fault :.
When there is a break in the conductor of a cable, it is called open-

circuit fault. The open- circuit fault can be cheeked by a mugger. For
this purpose, the three conductors of the 3- core cable at the for end are
shorted and earthed. Then resistance between each conductor and earth
is measured by a mugger. The mugger will indicate zero resistance in
the circuit of the conductor that is not broken. However, if the conductor
is broken, the mugger will indicate infinite resistance in its circuit.
2-Short- Circuit fault :.
when two conductors of a malt- core cable come in electrical contact

with each other due to insulation failure, it is called a short- circuit fault.
A gain, we can seek the help of a megger to check the fault. For this
purpose the two terminal of the megger are connected to any two
conductors. If the megger gives zero reading. It indicates short circuit
fault between these conductor the same step is repeated for other
conductors taking two at a time.
3) Earth fault:.
when the conductor of a cable comes in contact with earth it is called
earth fault or ground fault. To indentify this fault, one terminal of the
mugger is connected to the conductor and the other terminal connected
to earth. If the mugger indicates zero reading, it means the conductor is
earthed. The same procedure is requited for other conductor of the cable.
\
Murray loop lest :.

The Murray loop lest is the most common and accurate method of
locating earth fault or short- circuit fault in underground cables.
i-) Earth fault:.

In fig. below :
Fig . (7.3)
Fig.(7.3) shows the circuit diagram for locating the earth fault by
Murray loop test. Here AB is the sound cable and CD is the fault cable;
the earth fault occurring at point F. The foe and D of the faulty cable is
joined to the for end B of the sound cable through a low resistance link.
The variable resistance P and Q are joined to ends A and C respectively
and serve as the ratio arms of the Wheatstone bridge. Let R= resistance
of the conductor loop up to the fault from the test end
X= resistance of the other length of the loop
Note that P,Q,R and X are the four arms of the Wheatstone bridge. The
resistances P and Q are varied till the galvanometer indicates zero
deflection. In the balanced position of the bridge, we have
II r is the resistance of each cable, then R+X=2r
II L is the length of each cable in meters, then resistance per meter

length of cable =
Distance of fault point from test end is
Thus the position of the fault is located. Note that resistance of the fault is
in the battery circuit and not in the bridge circuit . therefore, fault
resistance does not a fact the balancing of the bridge However. If the fault
resistance is height, the sensitivity of the bridge is reduced.
In the fig. (7.4) below:
fig. (7.4)
Shows the circuitP diagram for locating the short circuit fault by Murray
loop test. A gain P,Q, R and X are the arms circuit and not in the bridge
circuit. The bridge in balanced by adjusting the resistance P and Q .
In the balanced position of the bridge
Thus the position of the fault is located

* Capacitance of 3-core cables

The capacitance of a cable system is much more important than that of
over head line because in cables
1- Conductors are nearer to each other and to the earthed
2- They are separated by a dielectric of permittivity much greater than
that of air
The fig. (7.5) below shows the system of capacitance in belted
cable.
fig (7.5)
Since potential difference exists between pairs of conductors and

between each conductor and sheath. The electrostatic fields are setup in
the cable and gives arise to core-core capacitance Cc and conductor-
earth capacitance Ce as shown in the fig (7.5 ii)
The three capacitance Cc are delta connected where's the three

capacitance Ce are star connected, the sheath for many the star point as
in the fig.( 7.5 iii)
In order to find the whole equivalent capacitance of cable we must make
the following steps.
1-Convert the three delta core capacitance Cc into star connection

Where
2- It can be easily show that the equivalent star capacitance is in

parallel with the sheath capacitance as shown in the fig.(7-6) below:
Fig (7.6)
If is the phase voltage then the charging current is

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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS MISSAN UNIVERSITY\ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING /ELECTRICAL DEP.

Under Ground Cables

The various part of cable are :

Under Ground Cable

is the electric flux density at aradius X meter from the center of

Electric stress in single core cable :.

Where q is the charge

The maximum electric stress will be at the surface of the conductor

*Most economical conductor size in the cable

The maximum value will be when

The grading of cables :.

2-Metallic inter sheath grading :.

is the maximum electric stress of the second lager

is the minimum electric stress of the second lager

is the maximum electric Stress of the third layer

is the minimum electric Stress of the third layer and

*Inter sheath grading

( the voltage between surface of conductor

2) when the switch closed

The electric stress at the inside surface of metallic inter sheath

The electric stress at the outside of the inter sheath

In the case of not grading cable in section (1) , and

We must increase the thickness of insulator by 4.03 cm in order to get the

-- Optimal or best location of the inter sheath inside the cable

- The maximum and minimum electric stress of cable with

In order to make the maximum electric stress at the surface of conductor

Also in other sides

-- Also in other side :.

So1) Best position of inter sheath means

The voltage between the firs

In order to find the min. electric stress of cable

electric stress of cable is

The value of operating voltage per phase

The diameter of the cable is

L is the length of cable

R is the radius of cable

EX10) single core cable of 66kv has a radius of conductor of 1.5cm.

Type of cable fault :.

Cables are generally laid directly in the ground or in ducts in the

1-Open circuit fault

1-Open circuit fault :.

When there is a break in the conductor of a cable, it is called open-

2-Short- Circuit fault :.

when two conductors of a malt- core cable come in electrical contact

Murray loop lest :.

i-) Earth fault:.

II r is the resistance of each cable, then R+X=2r

II L is the length of each cable in meters, then resistance per meter

In the fig. (7.4) below:

Thus the position of the fault is located

* Capacitance of 3-core cables

Since potential difference exists between pairs of conductors and

The three capacitance Cc are delta connected where's the three

1-Convert the three delta core capacitance Cc into star connection

2- It can be easily show that the equivalent star capacitance is in

If is the phase voltage then the charging current is

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