The skin factor can be found from

(4-22)

where/? is the average reservoir pressure. The pressure drop across skin zone
is given by

(4-23)

Example 4^1 Analyzing Late Transient Drawdown Test

The pressure drawdown data were obtained from a 50-hours drawdown
test in an oil well. Before this test, the well has been shut-in and the pressure is
allowed to build up to a stabilized value of 1895psi. Other data pertinent to
the test are as follows: qo = 750stb/day; h = 15 ft; fi0 = 0.9OcP; 0 = 0.12;
rw = 0.29 ft; ct = 17.5 x lO^psi" 1 ; /30 = 1.245 rb/stb. Find the average reser-
voir pressure, intercept, slope, permeability k, pore volume, skin factor and
pressure drop across skin.

Solution To prepare this late transient analysis plot, follow these steps:

1. Choose various values of average pressure,/?/? = 1300, 1400, 1460, and

1490 psi.
2. Plot 1Og(^/ -PR) versus time in hours on semilog paper.
3. If the curve is concave downward, estimated value of PR is too low.
Conversely, if the curve is concave upward, the estimated value of PR is
too large. Thus a trial-and-error procedure is involved until a straight
line is obtained.
4. Find the intercept and slope of the straight line.
From Figure 4-5, we find the intercept and slope values as

From Eq. 4-20, we find

 Intercept, ^ = 320
Reservoir pressure
values are too low

Slope /?1 = 1/7.4 = 0.135

Correct reservoir
pressure, pR = 1460

Too high values

Flowing time, t (hours)

Figure 4-5. Semilog late-transient analysis plot, extended pressure drawdown test.

From Eq. 4-2 Ia, we find

From Eq. 4-2 Ib, we find

From Eq. 4-22, we find

From Eq. 4-23, we find

 4.5 Semi-Steady-State Analysis - Reservoir Limit Test
If a pressure drawdown test is run for a long period of time, the pressure
follows semi-steady-state behavior, which starts when the curve for that
shape presented by Matthews et al.2 may be combined with Eqs. 4-24 and
4-26 and simplified to Eq. 4-29:

(4-24)

(4-25a)

(4-25b)

(4-26)

(4-27)

where

(4-28)

(4-29)

where
A = drainage area, ft2
CA = Dietz's shape factor
m* = negative slope of the linear part of the plot of pw/ versus /,
in psi/hr
pInt = intercept of the straight line when it is extrapolated to t = 0.
Eq. 4-27 indicates that a Cartesian plot of bottom-hole flowing pressure
versus time should be a straight line during semi-steady-state flow, with slope
nf given by Eq. 4-28 and intercept pint given by Eq. 4-29; the slope can be
used to estimate the reservoir drainage volume:

(4-30)

(4-31)
 If (f> and h are known, the drainage area may be estimated and if pressure
drawdown test data are available during both the infinite period and semi-
steady-state period, it is possible to estimate drainage shape. The semilog
plot is used to determine m and p\ ^ , the Cartesian plot is used to get m* and
Pint. The system shape factor is estimated from4

(4-32)

or, using common logarithms:

(4-33)

The dimensionless time used by Dietz to define the beginning of semi-

steady-state behavior is calculated from

(4-34)

where tpss is the time at the start of the semi-steady-state period (hours), =>
that is time at the start of the straight line of the plot of pw/ versus t.
We can use the above material to analyze reservoir limit test. The tech-
nique is as follows:
Plot both pwf versus log t and pw/ versus t.
From semilog plot determine m and p\hr (extrapolate if necessary). If
desired, these quantities may be used to calculate kh\\x and skin factor s
using standard techniques.
From the linear plot find slope, m*, p\nU and tpss.

Estimation of Reservoir Limit

Calculate the drainage volume, Vp = cj)hA = 0.233^/VQra* in ft3. If
0, h, and ct are known, then the drainage area A and reservoir size re can
be estimated as

or A (acres)
Estimation of Reservoir Geometry
Calculate CA using Table B-2 or Figure B-8.
Estimate the drainage shape and well location.
To illustrate the technique outlined above, the following example will
clarify the analysis.

Example 42 Analyzing Single-Rate, Single-Phase Pressure Drawdown Test

A constant-rate drawdown test was run in an oil well with the following
characteristics: q0 = 250stb/day, ^0 = 0.8 cP, /30 = 1.136rb/stb, c0 = 17.0 x
10~6 psi"1, 0 = 0.039, h = 69 ft, # = 4412psi, and rw = 0.198 ft. Last
flowing time = 460 hr. From the test data given in Table 4-1, estimate the
formation permeability, skin factor, pressure drop across skin, flow efficiency
and reservoir pore volume.

Solution To estimate the reservoir parameters, follow these steps:

Plot (pi pwf) versus log time (semilog data plot, Figure 4-7)
Plot (pi pwf) versus log time (log-log data plot, Figure 46)
Plot pwf versus time (Cartesian data plot, Figure 4-8)
From log-log data plot, Figure 46, determine
MTRl time at the beginning of transient period = 12 hours
MTR2 > time at the end of transient period = 150 hours
Show the value of MTR on semilog plot, Figure 4-7.
Estimate the formation permeability k using Eq. 4-8 as

Check the radius of investigation at the beginning and end of the appar-
ent middle time line to ensure that we are sampling a representative portion
of the formation.

r/at 12 hours

rt at 150 hours
 Table 4-1
Drawdown Test Data (Single-Rate and Single-Phase Pressure
Drawdown Test)

Time, t (hr) Pressure, pwf (psig) (pt - pwf) (psig)

0.00 4412 0
0.12 3812 600
1.94 3699 713
2.79 3653 759
4.01 3636 776
4.82 3616 796
5.78 3607 805
6.94 3600 812
9.32 3593 819
9.99 3586 826
14.40 3573 839
17.30 3567 845
20.70 3561 851
24.90 3555 857
29.80 3549 863
35.80 3544 868
43.00 3537 875
51.50 3532 880
61.80 3526 886
74.20 3521 891
89.10 3515 897
107.00 3509 903
128.00 3503 909
154.00 3497 915
185.00 3490 922
222.00 3481 931
266.00 3472 940
319.00 3460 952
383.00 3446 966
460.00 3429 983

Estimate the skin factor s using Eq. 4-10 as

This means the well is damaged and needs to be stimulated. Find pressure
drop due to skin using the following equation:
 Boundary
effects

End of wellbore
storage effects

Flowing time, t (hours)

Figure 4-6. Single-rate drawdown test - log-log data plot.

Pressure,/7w/(psi)

Slope, m = 70
psi/stbd/cycle

Flowing time, t (hours)

Figure 4-7. Single-rate drawdown test - semilog data plot.

The flow efficiency is

 tpss =150 hours
Flowing pressure, p (psi)

Slope, m = -0.222
psi/hr

Flowing time, /(hours)

Q = 10.9

Q = 10.8

Figure 4-8. (a) Single-drawdown test - linear data plot; (b) Well location in a
square drainage area; and (c) Well location in a 4x1 rectangular area.

Estimation of Reservoir Drainage Volume

To estimate the reservoir (drainage) volume Vp, find slope of the curve
from linear plot, Figure 48.

Thus, using Eq. 4-30, we find

Estimation of Reservoir Size
Also Vp is equal to cf)hA = nfihrl and reservoir limits (size) are

Area (acres)

Estimation of Reservoir Shape

Using Eq. 4-32 or 4-33, shape factor CA is

From Table B-2, we find:

More likely is one of the two shapes.
Discussion: If both short- and long-time pressure drawdown test data are
available, we can estimate reservoir size and geometry from conventional
reservoir limit test. The method does not need knowledge of the /i0, rW5 s, or
initial reservoir pressure. It is also applicable to gas reserves and injection
testing.

4.6 Two-Rate Flow Test Analysis

To analyze the two-rate test, two cases will be discussed: when the initial
pressure is not known and when the initial pressure is known.

When Initial Pressure Is not Known

This type of test can be used to estimate the permeability, skin factor, and
reservoir pressure. The flow test does not have to be shut-in; thus no income
is lost. The second rate could be increased or decreased; however, both the
rates have to be stabilized. Two-rate flow test can be modeled as4
 (4-35)

Rearranging and introducing specialized nomenclature, t\ = tp\ and

t tp\ Af, Eq. 4-35 becomes

(4-36)

Duration of wellbore storage distortion is essentially the same as in any

buildup or drawdown test. However, the test procedure may minimize the
effects of phase segregation in the wellbore. The following steps can be used
to analyze the two-rate flow test:
Plot / y versus [log((^i + Af)/Atf) + (qilqi) log (Af)]
Determine the slope m from the plot and use it to calculate the perme-
ability k from the relationship

(4-37)

Calculate the skin factor s from the equation

(4-38)

Pressure drop due to skin:

(4-38a)

(4-38b)

pi (or, more generally, p*) is obtained by solving for pi (p*) from the
drawdown equation written to model conditions at the time of the rate
change:

(4-39)