Sustainable Built Environment Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment
Maija Virta
Vice-president of REHVA
President of SULVI, Finnish HVAC-association
Member of ASHRAE
Specialist, Indoor Environment Technologies, Halton Oy, Finland
Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

EU Climate Action Plan in Dec 2008: Energy for a Changing World
Greenhouse Energy Renewables in

gas levels consumption energy mix
European Commission -
Five Important Energy Directives
Co-generation 2004
Increase of co-generation up to 18%
Building performance EPBD 2002 and 2010
Improvement of energy performance of buildings
End use efficiency and energy services - ESD

Member States to save at least an additional 1% of their
final energy consumption each year for the next 9 years
Energy using products EuP - 2005
Free movement of Energy using products (Art 95)
All aim at protecting the environment and securing energy supply
Renewable energies April 2009

Increase the use of renewables up to 20%, bio fuels up to 10%

Sustainable Built Environment & Carbon Emissions
Case Finland:
Greenhouse gas emissions in 1990: 71,0 MtCO2-ekv
Greenhouse gas emissions in 2007: 78,5 MtCO2-ekv
Buildings (heating + electricity) 27,0 (34 %)
Industry (without buildings) 18,6 (24 %)
Agriculture 14,8 (19 %)
Traffic 14,7 (19 %)
Building materials, construction work 3,4 (4 %)
Greenhouse gas emissions target 2050: 14,2 MtCO2-ekv
=> Built environment 45,1 MtCO2-ekv (57 %)
Means to reduce carbon emissions in built environment:

Legislation, building codes, appliance standards, capital subsidies, building tax
Use of land, urban planning, prevention of heat islands
Structure of city traffic, public transportation
Energy use of buildings
Energy production: share of renewable energy, nuclear power

Role of the Building Sector in Europe
9 % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
8 % of employment
2 trillion annual turnover
40 % of EUs energy use

36 % of EUs CO2 emissions
Cost-effective energy savings potential ~30 % by
2020
Key EU legislation: Energy Performance of

Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2002/91/EC)

Energy Performance Buildings Directive (EPBD)
Adopted in 2002
An integrated methodology to rate the energy performance of
buildings
Minimum energy performance standards
Energy performance certificates
Regular inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems
Deadline for implementation
with extensions for Art. 7 to 9
until January 4, 2009
Unsatisfactory progress
in a number of MS but
also good examples

European Primary Energy Target for Buildings
by EPBD recast 2010
Nearly Zero Primary Energy

0? kWh/m ,a2
in January 2021
(heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting)

Sustainable, Zero Energy Buildings
in Low Carbon Society
Improved quality and economical life cycle makes business sense.

Efficient heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and
lighting as well as tight building envelope, effective insulation and good
solar shading enable not only considerable energy savings but improve
comfort as well.
Safe and comfortable indoor environment promotes wellbeing of the
building users
Increased user satisfaction benefits the employer.

Every Stakeholder Benefits
Building users demand Owners and developers an Design and construction
for responsible practises investment that makes sense teams - industry forerunners
Wellbeing, health and Value is based on the cash flow Special expertise on sustainable
performance of users. higher rent, buildings are wanted
90% of the annual costs longer contracts Energy efficiency, sustainability
are related to the personnel Increased value of building and indoor environment quality
Demand for Construction costs: + 510 %. are greatly affected in the
environmentally friendly design phase.
buildings

Sustainable Buildings Reduce Carbon Emissions
Carbon emissions (kgCO2) of an office
building:
Typically 80 % comes from energy
consumption (life time 50 years),
Building materials are 15 %
(embodied energy)
Transportation of materials 34 %
Construction work is 12 %.
Actions for change:
Focus on energy saving
Target setting
Integrated building and HVAC-system
design
Innovations
Use of low carbon building materials
Steel / concrete / wood
Energy production / supply

Focus on Energy Consumption and
Environmental Assessment
The design of HVAC-system is the most
important factor of the total energy
consumption of commercial building.
Ventilation represents typically 30-50% of the
total energy consumption in an office.
Most potential energy saving features:
Efficient heat recovery system
Demand-controlled ventilation
Ventilation rates / efficiency of ventilation
Room air temperature
Solar shading (lower cooling demand)
Lighting level and controls
The environmental benchmarks like BREEAM
or L.E.E.D. assesses a much wider range of
factors beyond energy, including ecology,
transport and health and wellbeing.
Energy and Atmosphere Europe Towards
Indoor Environment Quality Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
Innovation and Design Process by 2020

Energy Savings of an Office Building in Cold
Climate, Net Delivered Energy 92 kWh/m2,a
Heating of
spaces 6,2
Lighting 43,7
2. Ventilation (heating,
cooling & fan energy)
Heating of Demand based ventilation
ventilation 21,9 Reduced primary air
volume (very low polluting
materials)
Free cooling of air & water
Cooling of Improved heat-recovery
spaces 6,0
Hybrid ventilation
Cooling of
ventilation 2,6
Pumps 0,7 Fan energy 11,0
3. Solar shading
1. Lighting: Lower transmittance
Efficiency 12 -> 9 -> 6 W/m2 External overhangs
Control (occupancy, day light) Double facade
Reduced need for cooling!!!

Case Study: Energy Simulation of High
Performing Building in Different Climates
External walls U-value is 0.3 W/m2,K and Hot & humid climate: 58 kWh/m2,a
windows 1,1 W/m2,K.
Window height is 1,8 m and width 1.2 m with
one window in each 1,35 metre module with
good solar shading (total transmittance of
0.31 and external overhang of 500 mm).
Air handling unit is designed with specific fan
power of 1.2 kW/m3/s and total heat recovery Temperate climate: 22 kWh/m2,a
efficiency of 80 %.
Active chilled beam system use constant air
flows in all office spaces (1.5 l/s,m2) and air
flow rate in meeting rooms is controlled
based on demand (1.54.2 l/s,m2).
LED-lights are used and therefore the heat Cold climate: 27 kWh/m2,a
load of lighting is only 6 W/m2. Lighting is
controlled using both occupancy and daylight
sensors.
The connected appliance socket power in
offices is 1520 W/m2.

Sustainable Building Promotes Wellbeing
People in modern societies spend 90% of their time indoors
Inappropriate indoor environment quality causes symptoms e.g. increased
need for breaks, decreased concentration or fatigue.
If building users are exposed to inappropriate indoor environment for a long
time, problems increase absenteeism due to temporary or permanent
health effects e.g. headache, eye, skin, throat or nose irritation, thermal
stress, allergy or asthma.
Improving the quality of indoor environment enhances thus wellbeing,
health and our performance.

Good Indoor Environment Quality 1/2
Comfortable thermal environment depends on individual.
Human body is in thermal balance with its surroundings
Room air temperature and air velocities vary in different
operating conditions
Individually adjustable (metabolism, activity level and clothing)
Draught is an undesired local cooling of the body (air
movement, temperature)
Good indoor air quality is a sum of many factors.
No known contaminants at harmful concentration levels
Ultra-fine particulates and many microbes are harmful for
human health
High CO2 (above 1000 ppm) is an indication of inadequate
ventilation
Eliminating the pollution sources or diluting contaminants by
effective ventilation.
Use of building materials with low emissions (ventilation rates
can be reduced).
Mechanical ventilation with efficient outdoor air filtration
(polluted outdoor air)

Good Indoor Environment Quality 2/2
Luminous spaces improve our performance.
Well and sufficiently lighted environment is
important for our health
In good indoor environment there are appropriate
illumination but no harmful glares.
Older people need more light.
Soft transformation between dark and light areas
creates an aesthetic and harmonious
environment.
Substantial use of daylight is good for our state of
mind.
Use of space defines good acoustic environment
Both noisy and extremely silent acoustic
environments can irritate people.
In too silent environment work rhythm is easily
disturbed by other people talking loudly close by.
Good acoustic environment is dependent on the
use of the space.

Sustainable Offices are Flexible
Changes in Work Demands Flexibility in Workplace
Open-plan offices Meeting rooms

Good thermal conditions, no draught Variable thermal loads (mainly people)
Good air diffusion and indoor air quality Draughtless air diffusion with variable airflows
Acoustic privacy also in open-plan offices To hear and become heard
Solar shading and daylight management Demand-based control of illumination level
Possibility for individual desk lights (lighting and windows)

Active Chilled Beam Technology
for High Performing Buildings

Chilled Beam System
Chilled beam system is room air conditioning system
for cooling, heating, and ventilation in spaces where
good indoor climate and individual space control are
appreciated.
A chilled beam system provides comfortable thermal

conditions with quiet and energy-efficient operation and
limited maintenance requirement.
The system can be realised with active or passive

chilled beams, integrated multi-service chilled beams,
or bulkhead-installed horizontal induction units.

Active Chilled Beam Models
Exposed Active Chilled Beam Integrated Active Chilled Beam
Bulkhead Active Chilled Beam

Chilled Beam Operation
1. Primary air
(dehumidified outdoor
air) supply into supply
air chamber
2. Primary air is supplied

through small nozzles.
4 3. Primary air supply

induces room air to be
re-circulated through the
heat exchanger of the
chilled beam.
2 3 4. Re-circulated room air
1 and the primary air are
5 mixed prior to diffusion
in the space
5. Cold water connection

6
6. Warm water connection

Active Chilled Beam Operation Principle

Active Chilled Beams
Perpendicular to Perimeter Wall

For installation with suspended ceiling only!
Active Chilled Beam
Parallel to Perimeter Wall

Scematic Diagram of a Chilled Beam System

Dehumidification
Air Conditioning Process
The air handling unit cooling capacity is sized to

cover the total cooling of the primary supply air
including the dehumidification.
Primary air
sensible cooling
Primary air
total cooling

Latent heat load
Air Conditioning Process Dehumidification by primary air
Internal humidity loads

Persons
External humidity loads

Infiltration
tightness of building
envelope
height of building
(wind pressure)
pressurisation
outdoor air enthalpy
Sensible
heat load
Sensible heat load
compensated by combined
cooling capacity of primary
supply air and cooled re-
circulated air.

Dew Point of Room Air
Dew point of
room air
Any colder surface than the dew point of room air will condensate!

Sizing the Primary Air Flow Rates
Primary air shall be dehumidified
Airflow rate shall be sufficient to

absorb the humidity generated in the space (mainly people)
fulfil the hygienic needs, in office buildings mainly the occupancy loads
Typical primary air flow rate is

0,30,6 cfm/ft2 ,floor / 1.5 3 l/s, m2, floor
3,2 10 cfm/ft ,chilled beam effective length
5 15 l/s,m ,chilled beam effective length
High primary airflow rates increase the risk of draught in the occupied
zone and decreases the energy efficiency of system

Management of Internal Moisture Loads
Management of internal latent loads in offices:
Airflow rate 1,5 l/s,m2, 1 person / 10 m2
60 g/h,person = 6 g/h,m2=0,0017 g/s,m2
Humidity ratio differential between room air and supply air
dx = m/(*qv) = 0,0017 / (1,2*1,5) = 0,0009 kg/kg ~ 1 g/kg
Management of internal latent loads in meeting rooms:
Airflow rate 4,2 l/s,m2, 1 person/ 2 m2
60 g/h,person = 30 g/h,m2=0,008 g/s,m2
Humidity ratio differential between room air and supply air
dx = m/(I*qv) = 0,008 / (1,2*4,2) = 0,0016 kg/kg = 1,6 g/kg
People density Humidity ratio differential between room and supply air (kg/kg)
Airflow rate (l/s,m2)
(1 person / m 2) 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002
2 13,9 6,9 4,6 3,5
3 9,3 4,6 3,1 2,3 Typical meeting room
4 6,9 3,5 2,3 1,7 Typical office room
5 5,6 2,8 1,9 1,4
6 4,6 2,3 1,5 1,2 Office room
7 4,0 2,0 1,3 1,0
8 3,5 1,7 1,2 0,9
9 3,1 1,5 1,0 0,8
10 2,8 1,4 0,9 0,7

Minimum Airflow Rates According International
Standards
EN 15251: category 3, EN 15251: category 1,
People density People density non-low polluting very low polluting ASHRAE 62.1-2007
(1 person / m2) (1 person / ft2) l/s,m 2 cfm/ft2 l/s,m2 cfm/ft2 l/s,m2 cfm/ft2
2 22 2,40 0,47 6,00 1,18 1,55 0,29
3 32 1,73 0,34 4,33 0,85 1,13 0,22
4 43 1,40 0,28 3,50 0,69 0,93 0,18
5 54 1,20 0,24 3,00 0,59 0,80 0,15
6 65 1,07 0,21 2,67 0,52 0,72 0,14
7 75 0,97 0,19 2,43 0,48 0,66 0,13
8 86 0,90 0,18 2,25 0,44 0,61 0,12
9 97 0,84 0,17 2,11 0,42 0,58 0,11
10 108 0,80 0,16 2,00 0,39 0,55 0,11

Condensation Shall be Prevented
Sufficiently high inlet water temperature, equal or above the dew
point temperature of the room air
57 OF / 14C or higher
Dehumidification of primary air
Insulation of the valves and pipes
Using condensation sensors on the pipe surface
Raising the chilled water temperature or switching off valves locally if

there is an increased risk of condensation

Condensation Prevention and Building
Limited infiltration through building envelope
Special attention to the building management system if windows are

openable
Building should be slightly over-pressurised in hot and humid climate

to avoid infiltration
Needs to be taken into account when designing building structures
Night ventilation is not recommended and the exhaust fans must
also be stopped during the night time.
Morning start-up period: Condensation can be prevented by
starting dry air ventilation about 30 minutes before the water-based
cooling by adjusting the operating hours of the fans and the chilled
water pump of the beam system.

Recommended Design Values for Cooling
(Active Beams)
Design Approach Sustainable High

Cooling Performance
Sensible cooling capacity W/m2 60100 100180
Linear cooling capacity W/m 200400 400800
Supply air flow rate per floor area l/s,m2 1,52,5 24
Linear supply air flow rate l/s,m 515 1525
Supply air temperature OC 1620 1416
Pressure drop of chilled beam Pa 60 120 150250
Water flow rate pipe 6 in. (15 mm) kg/s 0,030,05 0,060,1
Inlet water temperature OC 1516 13,514,4
Pressure drop kPa 0,55 515

Active chilled beam (sustainable cooling)
total length 3000 mm, effective length (coil) 2700 mm
Cooling
CBC/A-S2N-3000-2700 2007.10
Room: Supply air flow rate: 22 l/s

Room size: 4.2 x 2.7 x 2.7 m (8.1 l/(sm), 1.9 l/(sm2 ))
Occupied zone: h=1.8 m / dw=0.2 m Supply air temperature: 16.0 C
Room air: 24.0 C / 50 % Total pressure drop: 116 Pa
Heat gain: - Unit sound pressure level: 25 dB(A)
dB 10m2 sab
Installation height: 2.70 m Total sound pressure level: 25 dB(A)
Inlet water temperature: 15.0 C Primary air capacity: 210 W
Outlet water temperature: 20.2 C Total cooling capacity: 862 W
Water flow rate: 0.030 kg/s 319 W/m, 76 W/m2
Coil capacity: 652 W Dew point temperature: 12.9 C
241 W/m
Water pressure drop: 1.0 kPa
Ld : -
Max. jet velocities v1
Nozzle jet ~0.20 m/s
Nozzle jet, isothermal ~0.20 m/s
dt (nozzle jet-room air) -0.4 C
Heat sources and their location may influence the velocity and direction of the jet
vlim = 0.20 m/s

Active chilled beam (maximum cooling)
Cooling
CBC/A-S2N-3000-2700 2007.10
Room size: 4.2 x 2.7 x 2.7 m (8.1 l/(sm), 1.9 l/(sm2 ))
Occupied zone: h= 1.8 m / dw= 0.2 m Supply air temperature: 16.0 C
d 10m2sab
Water flow rate: 0.100 kg/s 513 W /m, 122 W /m2
435 W /m
Water pressure drop: 9.5 kPa -
Ld : -
vlim = 0.20 m/s

Active chilled beam, (short beam cooling)
Cooling
CBC/B-S2N-1800-1500 2007.10
Room size: 4.2 x 2.7 x 2.7 m (14.7 l/(sm), 1.9 l/(sm2))
Occupied zone: h= 1.8 m / dw= 0.2 m Supply air temperature: 16.0 C
d 10m2sab
Water flow rate: 0.100 kg/s 693 W/m, 92 W/m2
553 W/m
Water pressure drop: 5.8 kPa -
Ld: -
vlim = 0.20 m/s

Water Controls
2-way control valves both in cooling and heating pipe

Actuators (24 VAC or 230 VAC)
on-off
continuous control
Condensation sensors in the inlet water pipe surface

Control Zones and Flexibility: case Zlote Tarasy
Building designed based on open plan office,

4 ft (1200 mm) grid, width of the building ca. 52 ft (16 m)
Column distance: between 22 25 ft (6,6 7,5 m)
2 different beam lengths of units: 95 in (2400 mm) and (47 in) 1200mm units installed in 5 rows
Controls locally possible in 5 different zones per 25 ft x 53 ft (7,5 m x 16 m)

Maintenance of Chilled Beams
Cleaning of coils when needed (once in every 1-5 years)
No filters to be changed
No condensation collection system to be cleaned
No fans in rooms to be maintained or replaced
Case study: Fan coil in 300 rooms, 20-year life cycle
Filter change 25/filter twice a year 300.000

15 min to replace @ 20/hr 60.000
Cleaning of condensation system 3 times/year @ 15 min 90.000
Motor replacement 200/motor 60.000
2 h work @ 20/hr 12.000
Fan coil replacement 1000/ unit 150.000
Total 672.000
Chilled beam in 300 rooms, 20-year life cycle
Cleaning of chilled beam

once in every year 30 min @ 20/hr 60.000
Difference in maintenance and replacement costs 612.000

Energy Efficiency of Chilled Beam System
No small fans with low fan efficiency running in the building
Increased inlet water temperature in cooling 57 OF / 14 OC or above
Improved chiller efficiency
Easier to use free energy sources and heat pumps
Less heat losses
But bigger pipes and pumps
Decreased inlet water temperature in heating 95104 OF / 35...40 OC
Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) typically
Low total system pressure
Using low pressure system further improves the energy efficiency
Lower terminal unit pressure level than in traditional induction units

Case Study in Temperate Climate:
Energy Efficiency of Various HVAC-systems
Studied building has structures, which are HVAC-system annual
typically used in Central-European climate net delivered energy consumption
conditions today (U-value of walls 0,43
W/K,m2 and windows 2,6 W/K,m2). 60
The simulation was made in 11.000 m2 -10% -10%
Primary Energy kWh/m2,a

office building, each floor with a mixture of 50
-30%
different type of spaces: landscape offices
40
(55 %), office rooms (22 %), meeting rooms
(15 %), and other 30
Window height was 1,8 m and width 1,2 m,
20
one window in each 1,35 m module. No
solar shading was used. 10
All four systems are dedicated outdoor air
0
systems (DOAS) with hydronic heat
Fan coil VAV system Chilled beam Demand-
recovery (40 % efficiency). system (DOAS) system based chilled
Design was based on 1 person per 10 m2 in beam system
offices and 1 person per 2 m2 in meeting
rooms. Internal lighting load was 15 W/m2 Heating of spaces Heating of ventilation Electrical re-heating
and equipment load was 15-20 W/m2. Room cooling AHU cooling AHU+FC fans
Condenser fan Water pumps Heat recovery pump

Flexibility to Ensure Good IEQ and Low
Energy Consumption During Life Time
Change in 15 min
From Open-plan Offices to Office Rooms

Halton Velocity Control for enhanced thermal
comfort
Primary air represents

only about 25% of the
air circulating in the
room. Adjusting 3
amount of induced air
affects the thermal
comfort effectively:
Left: controlling
thermal conditions in
an open-plan office 2
Right: Velocity patterns

with different HVC
positions
Left: controlling
thermal conditions in
an office room, where 1
partition wall is
relocated

From Office to Meeting Room

From Office to Meeting Room

Chilled Beams in High-rise Buildings
All systems zoned to 2025 floors Technical floor
HVACR-systems
Elevators
Reasons: 2025 floors
Pressure management (wind/ temperature)

Infiltration
Room air temperature
Indoor air quality
Technical floor
Operation of systems
Pumping and fan pressure
Pipe pressure (test pressure of chilled beams)
Water content of system
Sewerage 2025 floors
Fire safety

Hansabanka Central
Office, Riga, Latvia
27 floors
120 m high
Structural material: steel
Facade material: glass
Facade system: curtain wall
Building planned for 1100 to 1500
office workers.
Completed 2004
Room system: standard Halton CBC

active chilled beams

Avia Tower in Helsinki, Finland
19->21 floors

Benefits of Halton Variable Chilled Beam Solutions
Solution that provides excellent indoor conditions:

Desired thermal conditions, low velocity, high jet
temperature
Good indoor air quality due to efficient air diffusion
Individual conditions, also in an open-plan office.
Good acoustic performance
Solution for low energy buildings:
Air-water system with moderate airflow rate
High temperature cooling and low temperature heating
system, that allows use of free energy sources
Demand-based ventilation
Solution that makes easy, fast and cost efficient
changes possible during design, installation, and use:
Flexible positioning of office and meeting rooms
Minimized churn costs due to easy and fast adjustment

Active Chilled Beam Solution
Excellent indoor conditions:

Desired thermal conditions
(temperature and velocity)
Good indoor air quality due to efficient
air diffusion
Individual conditions also in an open-
plan office.
Solution for low energy buildings:
Air-water system with moderate airflow
rate
High temperature cooling and low
temperature heating system, that
allows use of free energy sources
Solution that makes easy, fast and cost
efficient changes possible during design,
installation, and use:
Flexible positioning of office and
meeting rooms
Minimized churn costs due to easy and
fast adjustment

RETURN
Exposed Active Chilled Beam Solution
Solution that provides excellent indoor

conditions
Solution for low energy buildings
Solution to meet the requirements of the
workplace flexibility
Exposed installation increases the volume

of space
Savings in installation costs compared to
a suspended ceiling installation
Less longer units
No need to install separate lights
No need to install ceiling
In high-rise buildings additional floors can
be built due to lower floor to ceiling height
demand

RETURN
Passive Chilled Beam Solution
For projects where
Ventilation rates are relatively high (more
than 3 l/s,m2),
Spaces are high (more than 4 m)
Existing ventilation system is preserved.
Cooling demand is high
(more than 150 W/m2)
Ventilation is realized by using a separate

system e.g. under-floor air diffusers, ceiling
diffusers or displacement

Swirl Comfort Unit Solution
Swirl comfort unit solution is specially
designed for low energy buildings, where
internal loads are moderate and external
loads are limited using efficient solar shading
Room cooling capacity of swirl comfort unit
solution is 30 - 50 W/m2.
The main benefit compared to an active

chilled beam solution is a 360O swirl air
diffusion. It provides:
Excellent mixing
Stronger coanda effect (jet stays attached
to the ceiling longer distance)
Low velocities in occupied zone
Short throw pattern makes easier to locate
it into the space

Radiant Comfort Unit Solutions
Combination of best properties of radiant

and convective heat transfer
In multi-service chilled beams various

building services like lights (T5 or LED),
acoustic absorption material, detectors,
PA speaker, sensors, cables, and place
for sprinklers are integrated in one factory
made unit:
One source responsibility lowers the
risk and saves time and money
Reduced installation time (ready to
install units)
Better quality of installation (made in
factory instead of building site)
Excellent solution for refurbishment

Multi-service Chilled Beam:
Customised According Customers Needs
Ventilation
Cooling
Heating
Lights
Detectors
PA speaker
Sensors
Cables
Sprinklers

RETURN
Room
Air Supply
air
supply
Induced room air Water Heat

exchanger

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Sustainable Built Environment

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Greenhouse Energy Renewables in

End use efficiency and energy services - ESD

Renewable energies April 2009

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Means to reduce carbon emissions in built environment:

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

40 % of EUs energy use

Key EU legislation: Energy Performance of

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Nearly Zero Primary Energy

(heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting)

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Improved quality and economical life cycle makes business sense.

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Open-plan offices Meeting rooms

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

A chilled beam system provides comfortable thermal

The system can be realised with active or passive

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Exposed Active Chilled Beam Integrated Active Chilled Beam

Bulkhead Active Chilled Beam

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

2. Primary air is supplied

4 3. Primary air supply

5. Cold water connection

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

The air handling unit cooling capacity is sized to

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Internal humidity loads

External humidity loads

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Airflow rate shall be sufficient to

Typical primary air flow rate is

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Dehumidification of primary air

Insulation of the valves and pipes

Using condensation sensors on the pipe surface

Raising the chilled water temperature or switching off valves locally if

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Limited infiltration through building envelope

Special attention to the building management system if windows are

Building should be slightly over-pressurised in hot and humid climate

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow

Design Approach Sustainable High

Sustainable Built Environment, Moscow