1 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Foundations shall be cast on a 50 mm thick lean concrete layer.

Top of concrete foundations shall be at least 200 mm above the high point of paving.

In order to allow the adjustment of pumps exchangers, drums, columns, steel structures etc., during the casting of th
of piers shall be left at least 25 mm below the final level. Surfaces under base plates for equipment and structures sh
increase grout bonding. Non shrinking grout shall be used for filling between concrete foundation and baseplates. Fo
this minimum shall be increased up to 50 mm. Concrete bases for steel plates shall extend at least 25 mm beyond the

Minimum distance between the axis of the anchor bolt and the foundation edge shall be:
for 14 <= f <= 24 mm 120 mm
for 27 <= f <= 45 mm 150 mm
for f > 45 mm 200 mm
Where f = bolt diameter

Anchor bolts shall be positioned within the reinforcing bar cage.

As a general rule anchor bolts shall be installed before concrete casting. If necessary, adequate pockets shall be provide
where anchor bolts can be installed later. Pockets shall be filled using non-shrinking grout.

Foundation for vessels on skirt shall have the area within the skirt sloped for drainage and an embedded pipe or openin
discharging outside the skirt.

Minimum concrete cover shall be: mm

Exposition (Minimum concrete cover)
Concrete cast egainst and permanently exposed to earth. 70
Concrete exposed to earth but cast in forms (mm) 50
Concrete exposed to weather
For bars <= 16 mm ( mm) 40
For bars > 16 mm ( mm) 50
Concrete no exposed weather nor in contact with ground:
Walls and slabs (20 mm) 20
Beams and Columns ( mm) 40
Shells, folded plate members:
For bars <= 16 mm ( mm) 15
For bars > 16 mm ( mm) 20

Minimum distance between reinforcing bars shall not be less than 1 time the maximum diameter of bar or 25 mm

Minimum sliding safety factor shall be 1.50, assuming the coefficient of friction given in the soil report. With the exce
in which the horizontal force depends on the weight of soil (e.g.: retaining walls), such weight shall not be considered
stability.

Minimum overturning safety factor shall be 1.50 during erection and 1.8 in operation. Soil contribution shall be cons

100% of foundation base area shall be in compression during operation. During erection such percentage may be red
2 FOUNDATIONS AND STRUCTURES FOR VIBRATING MACHINERY
2.1 Scope

The following mandatory requirements shall govern the design and testing of supporting structures and foundations fo
2.2 Definitions

Heavy machinery is any equipment having reciprocating or rotary masses as the major moving parts (such as reciprocati
compressors, horizontal pumps, engines and turbines) and having a gross plan area of more than 2.5 m or a total weig
KN.

2.3 Design criteria for all heavy machinery

Dynamic modules of elasticity (E') in MPa for use in the dynamic analysis shall be as indicated in DIN 1045.
Modulus of elasticity (E) or shear modulus (G) of soil to be used in dynamic shall be as indicated in the soil report.
Soil bearing pressure shall not exceed 50% of the net allowable values for static loads.
Shrinkage and thermal expansion effects shall be taken into account. In order to prevent Cracking, minimum concrete r
kg/m cubic meter. All reinforcement shall be triaxially arranged.
The Following rules shall be considered in foundation design:
Foundation design shall consist of clean simple lines;
Pockets where vapors could accumulate shall not be permitted;
beams and columns shape should be uniform and rectangular;
Slender elements shall not be used.
All parts of machine supports shall be independent from the adjacent foundations and buildings. Concrete floor slabs, a
foundations, shall be spaced a minimum of 10 mm from the foundations.
The space between slab and foundation shall be filled with a flexible joint filler and sealer.
The thickness of the foundation slab, in meters, shall not be less than:
Thk = 0.6 + L / 30 m 0.08 80
Where:
For one machinery train:
L = longest dimension of the foundation slab (m); m 4
For two or more machinery trains supported by a common foundation:
L = the greater of:
width of the common slab;
Maximum slab segment length assigned to any train.
In any case minimum thickness of foundation slab shall not be less than 1/10 of its maximum dimension.
The height of supports above grade shall be the minimum required to accommodate suction and discharge piping confi

2.4 Design criteria for reciprocating machinery

Design foundation for reciprocating machinery shall be carried out in accordance with the following criteria:
a. Total foundation weight shall be at least 5 times the total machinery weight.

b. Horizontal eccentricity in any direction between the centroid of mass of the machine-foundation system and the cen
contact area shall not exceed 5% of the respective base dimension.
c. The center of gravity of the machine-foundation system should be as close as possible to the lines of action of the un
d. Compressor foundations shall include integral supports for the pulsation bottles.

e. Groups of reciprocating machinery could be tied together with a common foundation slab when allowed by their loc
Dynamic design shall be as follows :

a. Natural frequencies in the modes being excited shall preferably be out of the range of 0.7 to 1.3 times the disturbing
machine on the foundation. If it is not possible fulfill this prescription, frequency within the above mentioned range can
maximum amplitudes shall within the limits listed in the following point e;
b. Damping shall not be higher than 5%;
c. Primary forces, couples and moments shall be applied at machine speed to calculate primary amplitudes.
d. Secondary forces, couples and moments shall be applied at twice the machine speed to calculate secondary amplitu
e. Total amplitude shall be calculated by combining, in phase, primary and secondary amplitudes. Total peak-to-peak am
foundation shall exceed 0.05 mm.
2.5 Design criteria for rotary machinery

Rotary machinery may be supported either on a direct foundation or an elevated structure. Structure and foundation s
machines shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of DIN 4024, 1988 ed.
Foundation and elevated structures shall be dimensioned applying the criteria mentioned in this specification and in ac
prescriptions included in par. 7 of DIN 4024. Furthermore weight of basement (foundation and elevated structure) shal
the weight of the machinery.
Elevated structures for rotary machinery shall be as follows:
a. Machinery loads shall be directly over vertical supports, where possible.
b. Within the weight requirements of the foundation, the upper table and the foundation slab shall be as rigid as possib
plane.

c. The weight of the foundation slab shall not be less than the combined supported weight of the upper table, columns
Static design for all types of foundations shall take into account the following loads:
a. Dead weight of machines and their base plates
b. Transversal forces representing 25% of the weight of each machine, including its baseplate, applied normal to its sha
between the end bearings.
c. Longitudinal forces representing 25% of the weight of each machine, including its baseplate, applied along the shaft
d. Total transversal and total longitudinal forces per b. and c. above shall not be considered to act concurrently.
Dynamic design for all types of foundations shall be as follows:
a. Barkan`s theory shall be utilized to carry out the calculations of natural frequencies and amplitudes.

b. All natural frequencies shall be out of the range of 0.7 to 1.4 times operating speed of any machine supported there
frequency ratio restriction is impractical or uneconomical, frequency ratios within the above range will be accepted, pro
amplitudes meet the requirements of point
h); short circuit couples, oil whirl frequency, rotor critical speeds and background vibration shall also be considered.
c. Transverse bents or walls should be designed so that their vertical natural frequencies agree within 5%.
d. Torsional, transverse and longitudinal horizontal natural frequencies should be determined considering the whole str
transverse bents or walls should have same transverse horizontal frequencies.
e. Multi-degrees of freedom shall be considered if a single degree of freedom system will not lead to a reasonable math
representation of the structure.

f. Loaded beam, slab and frame natural frequencies in both horizontal and vertical directions, where possible, shall be a
speed. If beams, slabs or frames must be designed to have natural frequencies below machine speed, allowance must b
stiffening effect of the base plate and the machine.
g. Amplitudes shall be determined using dynamic forces from each rotor, calculated as follows:

Dynamic force = Rotor weight x Rotor Speed (rpm) 6000

h. Total amplitude on the structure of foundation in any direction shall not exceed the values indicated in
the following table:
ALLOWABLE AMPLITUDES

ROTOR SPEED
(RPM) PEAK TO PEAK
AMPLITUDE (MM)
0-999 0.023
1000-1149 0.02
1150-1299 0.018
1300-1499 0.015
1500 and above 0.013

2.6 Design criteria of light vibrating machinery

Following mandatory requirements shall govern the design of supporting structures and foundations for light vibrating
Light vibrating machinery is any equipment having reciprocating or rotary masses as the major moving parts (such as
reciprocating or rotary compressors, horizontal pumps etc.) and having both a gross plan area less than 2.5 m and a to
less than 25 KN.

For light vibrating machinery dynamic design shall be neglected. Static design of foundations shall be performed accord
this specification, but weight of foundation must be at least 3 times the total rotary machines weight or 5 times the tot
machines weight.
Minimum concrete class shall be fc= 21 N/mm.
3 LOADING OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
3.1 Static loads
3.1.1 Dead loads
3.1.2 Live loads
3.1.3 Wind loads
3.1.4 Seismic loads
3.1.5 Static operating loads
3.1.6 Special loads for elevated-type foundations
3.1.7 Erection and maintenance loads
3.1.8 Thermal loads

3.2 Rotating machine loads

3.2.1a Dynamic load provided by the manufacturer
3.2.1b Machine unbalance provided by the manufacturer
3.2.1c Machine unbalance meeting industry criteria
3.2.1d Dynamic load determined from an empirical formula
3.2.1e Machine unbalance determined from trip vibration level and effective bearing stiffness
3.2.2 Loads from multiple rotating machines
3.3 Reciprocating machine loads
3.3.1 Primary and secondary reciprocating loads
3.3.2 Compressor gas loads
3.3.3 Reciprocating inertia loads for multicylinder machines
3.3.4 Estimating reciprocating inertia forces from multicylinder machines
res etc., during the casting of the foundation, the top
or equipment and structures shall be rough to
e foundation and baseplates. For large base plates
tend at least 25 mm beyond the border of the plate.

l be:

dequate pockets shall be provided in the foundation

ut.

nd an embedded pipe or opening in the grout

m diameter of bar or 25 mm

in the soil report. With the exception of those cases

h weight shall not be considered if it increases

. Soil contribution shall be considered as per 6.2.

on such percentage may be reduced to 85%.

ng structures and foundations for heavy machinery.

moving parts (such as reciprocating or rotary

more than 2.5 m or a total weight greater than 25

icated in DIN 1045.

ndicated in the soil report.

nt Cracking, minimum concrete reinforcing shall be 50

buildings. Concrete floor slabs, adjacent to machine

mm

imum dimension.
uction and discharge piping configuration.

the following criteria:

e-foundation system and the centroid of the base

e to the lines of action of the unbalanced forces

n slab when allowed by their location and service.

of 0.7 to 1.3 times the disturbing frequencies of any

n the above mentioned range can be accepted if the
 primary amplitudes.
d to calculate secondary amplitudes.
mplitudes. Total peak-to-peak amplitude on the
 ure. Structure and foundation supporting rotary
.
ed in this specification and in accordance with the
tion and elevated structure) shall be at least 3 times

on slab shall be as rigid as possible in the horizontal

ight of the upper table, columns, walls and machines.

eplate, applied normal to its shaft at a point midway

seplate, applied along the shaft axis.

ered to act concurrently.

nd amplitudes.

of any machine supported thereon; where this

bove range will be accepted, provided the

tion shall also be considered.

s agree within 5%.
mined considering the whole structure. Individual

will not lead to a reasonable mathematical

ctions, where possible, shall be above any machine

machine speed, allowance must be made for the

values indicated in

d foundations for light vibrating machinery.

e major moving parts (such as
n area less than 2.5 m and a total weight

ations shall be performed according to clause 7.4 of

chines weight or 5 times the total reciprocating
 Calc.Date:
Equipment Foundation Claculation
Done By
SimboleData Unit
Soil Data
Soil Shear Module G 30000 KN/M
Poisson's Ratio V 0.35
Density Of Soil s 18 KN/M
Bearing capacity of Soil s 150 KN/M

Depth of embedement Z 0.5 m

acceleration og gravity g 10 m/s
Allowable amplitude Zs 0.15 mm
Hysteretic Damping Di 0.05

Footing Data if needed

Material
Compressive strenght of concrete fc 25 Mpa
density of soil c 24 KN/m
yield Strength of reinforcement 360 MPa

Geometric Data
Length ofd Foundation X 3 m
Width of foundation Y 4 m
thick. Pof foundation H 1.5 m

Calculations
Wf= XYHc Wf 432 KN
mf= Wf/g mf 43.2 KNs /m
Af = XY Af 12 m
f = ( Wm +Wf )/ Af 42.6667 KN/m

Mss Type
Frequency indepebnent Reciprocating
F(t) = Fo sin( t ) = F0 Constant

Machine Speed
Operating Speed Op.Sp 800 RPM
fo= OP.Sp /60 fo 13.33
o = 2fo o 83.73

Machine Eccentricity ( em) 0.00E+00 0 m

Machine Weight
Total Machine Weight 80 KN
Machine Dimensions
Machine Load Application Pointy ,
Wmx 4 m
Wmy 2 m
Wmz 2 m

Machine Exciting Force ad / or Moment

Px(t) sin(t) 15 KN P
Py(t) sin(t) 0 KN 15.00
Pz(t) sin(t) 0 KN KN

ex 0 m M
ey 0 m 0.00
ez 0.5 m KN

Mx(t) sin( t ) 0 KNm

Myt) sin( t ) 0 KNm
Mz(t) sin( t ) 0 KNm

effective
force
Pexe Mexe
KN KNm
x 15 30.00
y 0 0.00
z 0 0.00

Cver 5 cm
Concrete Volume Cvol. 18 m
Reinforcement Required Rw 540 kg

kg/mL
16 1.256618
SPACING Nos. Dia. length weight
cm # mm m kg.
A 25 12 16 6.8 102.54
B 25 16 16 5.8 117.02
C 25 36 16 3.9 177.79
D 25 48 16 2.9 171.91

TOTAL STEEL WEIGHT kg. 569.25

4-Feb-17
 Foundations for Vibrating Machines

1. Trial Sizing of Block Foundation:

The bottom of the block foundation should be above the water table, wherever possible. In addition, block foun

Block foundation resting on soil should have a mass of 2 or 3 times the supported mass for centrifugal machine

Top of the block foundation is usually kept 300 mm above the finished floor to prevent damage from surface w

The thickness of the block foundation should not be less than 600 mm, or as dictated by the length of the anch

The block foundation should be widened to increase damping in rocking mode. The minimum width should be

The plan dimensions shall be such that the block foundation extends at least 300 mm beyond the edge of mach

The length and width of the block foundations shall be such that plan view eccentricities between the center o

Should the dynamic analysis predict resonance with the machine frequency, the mass of the block foundation s

The footing area shall be such that the soil bearing pressure under the combined dead load of the machine and

Combined static and dynamic loads shall not create a bearing pressure greater than 75% of the allowable soil p

2. Equivalent static loading method: (for design of foundations for machines weighing 10,000 lb (45 kN) or less

Static Loads:

Reciprocating Machines:

The weight of the machine and the self weight of foundation block, the live load of platforms and any other loa

Unbalanced forces and couples supplied by machine manufacturer.

Centrifugal Machines:

Vertical pseudodynamic design force is applied at the shaft, it can be taken as 50% of the machine assembly de

Lateral pseudodynamic forces representing 25% of the weight of each machine, including its base plates, applie

Longitudinal pseudodynamic forces representing 25% of the weight of each machine, including its base plates,

Vertical, lateral, and longitudinal forces are not considered to act concurrently.

3. Dynamic Analysis:
 Velocity = 6.28 f (cycles per second) x displacement amplitude. Compare with limitation values for 'good' opera

Magnification Factor (applicable for machines generating unbalanced forces). The calculated value of M or Mr s

Resonance: The acting frequencies of the machine should not be within a 20% of the resonant frequency (dam

Transmissibility Factor: It is usually applied to high frequency, spring-mounted machines. The value of transmiss

Resonance of individual components (supporting structure without the footing) shall be avoided by maintainin

For pile foundations, the effects of embedment are often neglected. Floating piles have lower stiffness but high

Unbalanced forced for centrifugal machines:

1). from balance quality by manufacturer:

e = Q / w (mm)
F0 = mr.e.w 2.Sf / 1,000 (N)

F0 - dynamic force (N)

mr - rotating mass (kg)
e - mass eccentricity (mm)
w - circular operating frequency (rad/s)
Sf - service factor, = 2
Q - Balance quality, i.e. for G6.3, Q = 6.3

2). from empirical formula:

F0 = Wr.f0 / 6,000
f0 - operating speed (rpm)
Wr - weight of rotor (N)

For DYNA5, F* = F0 / w2

4. Drive torque:

NT = 5250 (Ps) / f0 (lb-ft)

NT = 9550 (Ps) / f0 (N.m)

NT - normal torque (m-N)

Ps - power being transmitted by the shaft at the connection, horsepower(kilowatts)
f0 - operating speed, (rpm)

5. Misc. items

1 mil = 0.001 in. = 25.4 microns ( 1 micron = 10 -6)

In foundation thicker than 4 ft (1.2m), the minimum reinforcing steel is used (ACI207.2R), or a minimum reinfor

For dynamic foundation, epoxy grout should be used

Anchor bolts should be as long as possible so that the anchoring forces are distributed lower in the foundation

For compressor foundation, post-tensionin anchor bolts are used to prevent the generation of crack. the embed

6. Reference: ACI351.3R
 ssible. In addition, block foundation should not rest on backfilled soil or on soil sensitive to vibration.

mass for centrifugal machines, and 3 to 5 times for reciprocating machines.

vent damage from surface water runoff.

ed by the length of the anchor bolts. In any case, the thickness of the block shall not be less than 1/5 of the least dimension and 1/10 o

e minimum width should be 1 to 1.5 times the vertical distance from the machine base to the machine center line.

mm beyond the edge of machine for maintenance purposes.

icities between the center of gravity of combined machine-foundation system and the center of resistance (center of stiffness) should b

ass of the block foundation shall be increased or decreased so that the modified foundation is over-tuned or under-tuned for reciproca

ead load of the machine and foundation shall not exceed 50% of the allowable value.

n 75% of the allowable soil pressure given in the geotechnical report.

hing 10,000 lb (45 kN) or less

platforms and any other loads on the foundation.

of the machine assembly dead weight.

cluding its base plates, applied normal to its shaft at mid point between end bearings.

ne, including its base plates, applied along the longitudinal axis of the machine shaft.
ation values for 'good' operating condition.

calculated value of M or Mr should be less than 1.5 at resonant frequency.

he resonant frequency (damped or un-damped).

hines. The value of transmissibility factor should be less than 3%.

all be avoided by maintaining the frequency ratio either less than 0.5 or greater than 1.5.

have lower stiffness but higher damping than end-bearing piles

07.2R), or a minimum reinforcing of 3.1 lb/ft 3 (50 kg/m3 or 0.64%) for piers and 1.91 lb/ft3(30 kg/m3 or 0.38%) foundation slabs. For com

ted lower in the foundation or ideally into concrete mat below the foundation pier

neration of crack. the embeded end is anchored by a nut with a diameter twice the rod diameter and a thickness 1.5 times the rod dia
e least dimension and 1/10 of the largest dimension of the foundation in plan, whichever is greater.

(center of stiffness) should be less than 5% of plan dimensions of the foundation

or under-tuned for reciprocating and centrifugal machines respectively.

8%) foundation slabs. For compressor blocks, 1% reinforcing by volume.

ckness 1.5 times the rod diameter, minimum anchor bolt clamping force of 15% of the bolt yield strength is required