Energy and Mechanical Engineering sole MO MUM Nie On MOC ac acy EMU Le ane Editor Steven Y Liang £ Ve World ScientificEnergy and Mechanical Engineering Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Energy and Mechanical Engineering Editor Steven Y Liang Georgia Institute of Technology, USA We world ScientificPublished by World Scientific Publishing Co, Pte. Lid 5 Toh ‘Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hacker k, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE, British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ENERGY AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Energy and Mechanical Engineering (HME2015) Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher: ISBN 978-981-4749-49-7 Printed in SingaporeContents Preface. Committees .. paRcetnsraeReeme inicio TREN EREHNE RET Session I: Fnergy Science and Technology Effect of Artificial Rejuvenation on leaf growth of Calligonum arborescens Jian-Jun Zin, Zheng-Zhong Jit... Application and research of RICM technique in wind power field Li-Fei Yang, Guang-Hui Zhang, Guang-Ming Feng. Research on intelligent systems for energy engineering M. Rajora, P. Zou, S.¥. Liang. The study of coal quality adaptive control strategy based on coeflicient of power coal Ying-Lei Shan, Yan Zhang Elfects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on diesel soot characteristics: Zhi-Hao Ma, Yu-Dong Zhu, Lei Li, Ying Chao, Fan-Hua Ma...... Optimal design for thermodynamics system of coal-fired power plants with post-combustion CO, capture section based on adaptive weighted particle swarm optimization Yan-Feng Hou, Wen-Feng Fu, Bin Chen, Lan-Jing Wang, Jia-Hua Li, Lan-Xin Zhou. Corrosion research on different types of nickel-base alloy and stainless steel in a wastewater under the condition of anaerobie subcritical M. Wang, 8.Z. Wang, YH. Li, Z.Q. Zhang The remaining oil distribution and adjustment measures for Gao7 block in Gaoji oil field Jian-Peng Hou, Fang Ding ov... re spunea ix vii ul 18 37 47Research on the measurement system of liquid weighing based on PLC Jing Zhao, Zhi-Fie Shi, Lan-Qing Wang... Analysis of the electronic structure and transport properties of silicate polyamine cathode material LisFeSiO, for lithium ion battery L. Liu, H. Ma, X. 8. Lav Reconstruction plaas aiming at enhance main steam parameters of subcritical units Jia-Hua Li, Wen-Peng Pu, Lan-Jing Wang, Yan-Peng How, Yu Shi, Lan-Xin Zhou Industrial development orientation in poverty-stricken mountainous area with frequently-occurred geological disasters Fiang-Ping YAN. essesessess vise esnstustnstnntnnenseesen Effect of argon pressure on properties of stainless steel ZnO: Al films Hui-Dong Yang, He-Shen Wang, Shan Li, Xin-Ru LI, Lang Wu. Optimal sizing of hybrid energy microgrid system with a combined control strategy Li-Bin Wang, Chun-Hui Li, Jia-Wei Wang, Hai-Bo Zhao, Ze-Yuan Shen.....0... Research on the assessment method of residential district line loss rate based on st istical regulation of marketing data XL. Chen, PH. Wang. Life cycle energy, environment, and economy assessment of gasoline and its alternative alcohol fuels Zhi-Yuan Hu, Yu-Shan Ding, Hao Song stem used for Design and implement of battery management sy electric vehicle bus based on ARM7 platform, Xing-Kui Xie, Jian Ou-Yang Power flow calculation of wind based on the improved cumulant method Ting Ge, Zhi-Zhuang Cheng Astudy on energy management control strategy for an extended-range electric vehicle Yong-Chen Jiang, Hui Zhou, Cheng Lin, Lei Wang sciscssesvntncensen ssn Polar linkage transflective hybrid concentrating photovoltaic system Cheng-Gang Guan, Jun Liao, Wen Liu, Yang Liu, Jiao-Li Gong. 73 80 88 97 122 131 141 149 170The research of wind power simulation system based on knowledge visualization Zhi-Heng Xu, Zheng-Oing Xu, Ling-Hui Yan, Jie Chen, Feng Gao, Li-Qin Shi, Yue-Mei Jiang Distributed consensus-based economic dispatch for micro-grid with transmission losses Lei Wang, Chen Chen, 100 Shen srasesssssasisesssnesnesiesi seco Exploration on ecological adaptability of the construction of rural Iandscape tourism — a graduation thesis on tourism planning Ma-Su Wang Study on factors influencing the empty disusing of relocation sites for ecological emigrants in prairie areas Ma-Su Wang ees Modeling and simulation for an improved combination of wind speed Xiao-Min Zhao, Hong Li Research on hardware design of the embedded system Jing Tao, Wen Shen, Hui Deng, Lei CReM wissossssssntsniseseiisenssesee Research and application of sola hybrid system in C! assisted ground-source heat pump Xue-Mei Gong. Real coal and gas outbursi risk and outburst condition judgment of gassy coal Rui-Pu Yuan, Yin-Xian Liu... ‘The prediction model of water quality on the BP artificial neural network Cheng-Ming Yan Study on the harmonious water-price model in the trans-regional water-transfer based on AHP Cheng-Ming Yan . Life cycle economic evaluation and analysis on intelligent substation and conventional substation Tao Ly, Qin-Yuan Wang, Hong-Xia Lv, Dong-Ni Wei, Bin Feng, Fei You. Simulation and thermal performance analysis of tower solar thermal power system Wei Wang, Wei Du, Rong-Rong Zhai, Miao-Miao Zhao xi 178. 193 202 aun 219 8 8 238 250 257 263xii Optimal allocation of energy storage system for PV-powered industrial micro-grids Jian Xu, Nian Liu, Jian-Hua Zhang ........ The study of fly ash scheduling optimization model in coal-fired power plant Ming Fu, Lu Wang, Yong-Lan Xu, Dong-Xiao Niu, Tian-Nan Ma KPCA application in operation optimization of industrial boiler Dong-Dong Mu, Guo-Feng Wang, Yun-Sheng Fan, St-Yuan Wang... Wind speed forecasting of wind farm based on K-means clustering and analytic hierarchy process Yuan Meng, Jian-Hua Zhang Simulation and experimental research on the phase change heat storage tank of LFR system Jing-Hui Song, Ling-Yu Zhou, Pang-yong Li, Ji-Shuai Ma, Yan-Jun Dai Simulation and optical analysis on the linear fresnel reflective solar collector Jing-Hui Song, Ji-Shuai Ma, Zhi-Gang Zhan, Yan-Jun Dai ... Toxic effects research of copper on the germination in mang bean and soybean S. Chen, B. J. Huang, ¥. 2. Yuan, L. L. Yu, M. D. Zhang. The influence of copper L. L. Yu, B. J. Huang, n of typical beans in the period of bud S. Chen, M. D. Zhang An analysis of chiller energy savings using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system Tien-Shun Chan, Yung-Chung Chang, Jyun-Ting Lat... Study on the enrichment and leaching law of rare earth in the circulating acid leaching process of Zhijin phosphate rock Hui-Xin Jin, Xiao-Hao Mao, Jun-Qi Li, Mei-Long Wang, Song Yang. ‘Numerical investigation on heat transfer enhancement with inclination angle of PCM set Yi-Hang Lu, Jing-De Zhao Kinetics of manganese leaching during pressure acid leaching of low grade manganese ores, Hong-Yan Xie, Hui Lu, Ji-Kun Wang The application of real options theory to the wind power project decisions Hong Gao, Chun-Xiao Li, Xiao-Xia Huo 299 318 344 378Monthly mean global solar radiation modeling using artificial neural network technique in southeast hill areas, China during 1993-2013 Ling Zou, Ai-Wen Lin, Lun-Che Wang, Qian Yang, 2 Optimization design method of the ground source heat pump based on the selection of economic circulating water temperature Liao-Liao Li, Zhi-Xiang Wu, Hong Lin. The analysis on the socialist ecological environment protection strategies and paths under the perspective of sustainable development Jian-Fang Guo. The research on the environmental protection problems of the electromagnetic radiation under the perspective of marxism ecological view Jian-Fang Guo Session II: Mechanical Engineering Structural design and simulation of the lifting device of the horizontal bath apparatus Liang Xuan, Bao-lin Jiang, Tian-Min Guan, Lei Lei substation Electromagnetic interference analysis in 500 k Xin Shen, Min Cao, Xiao-Jiang Li. Effects of sampling data on parameters identific: Wei Liang, Jie-Zhen Ren ‘ion of composite load model Dynamical reliability maximization of MDOF quasi-integrable Hamiltonian systems with internal resonances YJ. Wu, He ¥. Wang, J. Late... Analy: based on finite element method is on mechanical properti. of pop can in the process of falling Xiao-Li Song, Gai-Mei Zhang, Can Wang, Xue-Ying Sheng, Fan-jun Meng... Finite element analysis on unsteady-state thermal field characteristics of mechanical elastic wheel You-Qun Zhao, Ming-Min Zhu, Yue-Qiao Chen, Le-Le Yan Design and analysis of broach for deep multi-helieal grooves Ling Wang, Guo-Fu Yin, Guang-Hua Dong, Yu-bo Zhou, Zao-Wei Xiang xiii 402 413 419 427 453 461 469 479,xiv Nonlinear dynamics analysis of the rub impact rotor under the influence of mass cecenuricity Gui-Zheu Lin, Ying Yu, Bang-Chun Wen. Initiative design and visualization of the single-loop planetary transmission system Bao-Feng Zhang, Ya-Hui Cui, Kai liu, Hou-Xin Li. The design of the new rock splitter Yang Li, Yun-long Lei, Rui Ma, Dong-Qing St... The research of the choice of electrical equipments set to be maintained Lin-Xian Wang, Chun-Jian Li, Yong-Xin Ji, Guang-Hui Yang Areliability centered maintenance approach for substation maintenance optimization Yong-Xin Ji, Guang-Hui Yang, Lin-Xian Wang, Chon-Jian Li The research of optimi: preventive maintenance schedule tion of union un-repaired equipments set and Yong-Xin Ji, Guang-Hui Yang, Lin-Xian Wang, Chun-Jian Li... RE based rapid prototyping of a typical part and its error analysis Tian Chen, Xu Wang, Yao Wang, Jia-Bing Ye, Hong-Yan Sia. The research of the influence on power system after the parallel-in of small mine gas station Ying Li, Xi-Ju Yang, Xiao-Bo Liu, Xian-Zhong Long sc... The real-time updates algorithm experiment of strapdowa attitude matrix in the dynamic swing environment Dao-Hua Lu, Xing-Xing Shen PIV measurement of internal flow field in a range hood Hong Jiang. QiangWang. Tong-Fu Zheng. Cheng-Xu Tu, Kai Zhang ‘Thermal management Da-Wei Hu, Xiao- ‘stem analysis of ship-board MESMA engine ‘eng Wang, Xing-Sheng Lao Mechanical reliability analysis of crawling robot based on spring shaft Si-Cheng Nian, Han-Xu Sun, Yong Cheng, Wen Yang orcs Patter dynamies on thermo acoustic system by double acoustic drivers An-Qing Shu, Feng Wu, Fang-Zhong Guo, Hao Chen. 4890 498, 510 S19 529 345 554 564 570 576 591Optimum design and criterion of powertrain mounting system based on transfer path analysis Li-Ming Li, De-Xin Chen, Xi Zeng, Wei Long... The ecology goal optimization of thermoacoustic refrigeration microcirculation Qiu-Shi He, Feng Wu, Hao Chen, Tio Wang ‘The dynamic analysis of heat-resisting slag vibratory conveyor based on ANSYS Zhen-Wei Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Yng-Ying Jin, Peng Wang Optimal dispatch of the pump units based on dynamie programming Yan Peng, Gai-Lan Xing, Chang-Long Li An application of the patent co-citation viswali and hotspot technologies in the field of shale gas Hai-Bin Liu, Chao Song. ‘ion in the analysis of front Effect of liquid viscosity and swirl chamber length on the air core and spray cone angle from pressure-swirl atomizers Yong Huang, Bin Chen, Zhi-Lin Liu. Status and development tendency on treatment technology for caprolactam wastewater M. Wang, S.Z. Wang, YH. Li, Z.Q. Zhang. The study on the planetary gear dynamic characteristics considering damping and gyroscopic efiec Li-Xin Wang, Shuang-Ma Wa, Jun-Hui Liu Comparative investigation on tribological properties of low-pressure nitrogen 17-4PH/316/316L sliding against CF/PTFE/graphite filled PEEK under synthetic ater lubrication Lei Li, Song-Lin Nie, Zhen-Hua Zhang, WeeJu Liao .... Research of character and influence on testing of white noise in FOCT Tian-Lin Li, Ji-Pu Gao, Cai-Jiang Lu. Research on parameter matching of electric vehicle powertrain Pan Lhang, Yong Chen. Dynamics modeling of gimbals considering preload and nonlinearity of angular contact ball bearings Zi-Rong Luo, Jian-Zhong Shang, /i-Xiong Zhang, Nai-Hu Yu wv 604 611 620 628 035 642 657 666 685 693xi Analysis and verification of the Helmholtz field coil electromagnetic based on finite clement method Wei Zhang, Sen-Lin Yang sos... Image fusion algorithm based on FDST and PCNN, Guang-Qiu Chen, Jin Duan, Jie Lin, Guang-Wen Liu The induction heating behavior on metallic powder compact: An experimental study and finite element analys Kai-Wen Lian, Xiao-Min Cheng, Xiao-Meng Zhu... The design and analysis of a manual s Rong-Hua Wu, Hao, Yu. Ting-Ting Jiang. jimbing wheelchair Elastic properties and acoustic dissipation related to structural relaxation in Zr50Cu40-xAL10Pdx (x=0-15) bulk metallic glasses Zhi-Ying Zhang, Xiao-Min Cheng, Hui Zhang, Ya-Ping Li Study on strength in alternate hold loading of river-sea bulk carrier Hao Zhang, Di-¥i Chen, Li-jun Wang... Research on noise reduction for outdoor unit of split water-source heat pumps Qing E, Feng Wu, Duan-Yong Li, An-Qing Shu... Research on effect of gas-charged accumulator capacity on hydraulic regenerative shock absorber system Rui-Chen Wang, Jing-Wei Gao, Feng-Shou Gu, Andrew Ball Experimental study on combustion and NOx emission characteristics of acidic oil biodiesel hi-Hao Ma, Zhi-Bo Li, Yu-Dong Zhu, Jun Sun Three-dimensional large strain analysis of marine riser in installation-via variational approach Yan-Bin Wang, De-Li Gao, Jun Fang ssucsnssecsssceseses sosetstrintnsesis Surface nondestructive testing method based on image processing Yong Gana, Zong-Jie Mo Bigen cracking stress of composite eutectic containing lamellar inclusion Zhi-Hong Du, Xin-Hua Ni, Shi Yan ‘The residual stress field of MMCp with debonding interphase Xin-Hua Ni, Zhi-Hong, Shi Yan. 702 722 742 750 158 765 715 786 796 803 809Study on stochastic nature of the bulk temperature of high-speed gears Yan-Yan Shi, Rong Yang, Xiang-Feng Kong, Jin-Hua Li, Hong Sun... B-Spline surface reconstruction based on feature points of sectional curves Xian-Guo Cheng Based on RBF neural network vehicle operating posture for rapid detection of intelligent sensor calibration method Xin Xu, Jie Li, Nan-Feng Zhang .... Research on fabricating high-fidelity soft mask for flexible lithography Xiang-Dong Ye, An-Jiang Cai, Xiao-Guang Ruan, Shi-Hong Guo A power communication network with OFDM based WDM-PON Wen Shen, Jing Tao, Hui Deng, Wei Wang ......cossssssnesnese Design of industrial thermocouple measurement test system Bing Z ou, Jing-Huti Zhao Investigation on simulated and real diesel exhausts removal using plasma with catalyst Lei Zhong, Chaochen Ma, Qianli Wu, Xiaofei Chen, Jiangfeng Dong ss... Identification of complex systems estimation algorithms sing multiple-model adaptive Kun Qian, Kai-jun Liao, Kai Lin Pressure fluctuation characteristics in centrifugal pump volute induced by super-thick blades Tao Lang, Wei-Dong Shi, Ke-Qiang Chen, Lei Zhang... An new algorithm of fast extraction and identification of star target Zhi Jiang, Yun-Tao Hao, Jun Wang, Hong-¥i Liu, Hong-Yan Liu... Fabrication of hollow silica spheres using MF microspheres as sacrificial template via an electrostatic self-assembly approach Hui Liu, Hong-Jie Fang, Fang Yan Principles and methods of parts information description in the CAPP system Xiao-Bing Huang Risk assessment of power system considering transformer status Xin-Dong Liu, Can Chen, Xuan Liu, Rui Hu xvii 840 848 853 860 870 879 888 897 910xviii Research on real-time performance of the communication system in intelligent substation Lei Chen, Zai-Chao Huang, Xiang-Qun Wang, Jing Tao csccosoueceee oe 920 Optimization of the multi-sectioned box girder of the bridge cranes Ge-Ning Xu, Xing-Feng Wang, Jing-Kai Zhang, Wang-Ying Qin 907 Design and implementation of a low power wheel brushless DC motor drive and control circuit Xian-Ling Zhang, Jie Zeng, Xian-Ke Zhang, Tian-Tian Shi, Kai Litt... 936 Multi-objective flexible job shop scheduling problem with carbon emissions Guo-Hui Zhang, Shi-Jie Dang, Xiang Deng ss... 946 Perylene diimide based low-band gap conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells Jing-Zhen Zhang, Qing Xu2, Chun-Ming Jiao, Bing-Jun Li Progress of application and research of pulse continuously variable transmission Yuan Xue, He Yin, Zhen Gou, Xiao-Fu Zhang... 961 Stress classifi ion and strength evaluation of subsea gate valve body based on thermal-structure coupling analysis M. Q. Li, W. P. Wu, 8. Z. Zhou, M. ZhOW cecsssosseestrstne : 969 Research on contradiction overcoming algorithm in engineering design based on ENV model Litt Shang, Ji Hu, Zhong-Shuang Wang eocosoe . 978 Study on measuring horizontal oscillation quantity of automobile synchronous belt Guang Yang. 984 Research on internal flow field analysis and structure optimization of snow head in snow remover L.Yang, L.Xu, Z.H.Shi, B.WJiang 992 Wear prediction of NBR in crude oil based on BP artificial neural network J. Kang, 8.J. Wang, HM. Wang, XRoLY sossssssssesnssnnisnesi sonininses 999 Investigation on modeling for stability analysis of rotating flexible structure B. Xu, W. Zhang, J. Ma 1005Frequency characteristic analysis of multi-degree-of-freedom cantilever beam piezoelectric generator based on ANSYS X. J. Liu... ‘ion on vibration Experimental investigation of unbalance loc characteristics of double overhung rotor with oil film bearings Long-Kai Wang, Guang-Fu Bin, Qing-Kai Han, Xue-Jun Li... Vertical multistage centrifugal pump rotor with liquid added ma model and vibration characteristics Ding-Qu Liu, Guang-Fu Bin, Yong-¥i Gao, Xue-Jun Li s dynamic Processing analysis of the unmanned aerial vehicle integral impeller based on power mill Ji Zheng, Hii Lit, Jia Ge, Hiti ZNd0 sss csv The dynamic analysis of belt conveyor driving drum based on finite element model Wen-Qiang Zhang, Guang-Fu Bin, Xue-Jun Li, Qing-Kai Han... High cycle fatigue life prediction of steam turbine blade during transient resonant conditions Chu-Dong Qin, Dawood Desai, Stephan Heyns Experimental research on microwave pyrolysis characteristics of microalgae Chun-Xiang Chen, Jia-Hui Lv, Zhe-Wei Song, Kai-Gang Ma, Jian-Zheo Li, Shao-Jun Yang soe. Reliability assessment based on multi-performance degradation for mechanical system with uncertain failure threshold Jin-Bo Huang, Liang Wang, Lin Xu...... Application of deep learning in bionic eye monitoring system Zhuang-Wei Zhuang, Qing He, Xian Wu, Jia-Ye Qiu, Guan Guan, Tao Xu, Xue-Wen Huang Session II: Automation and Control Engineering, High precision thermistor temperature measurement based on MSP430 Xue-Liang Zhao, Guang-Hua Wei, Kang Li Design of automatic control system of biped robot tracking based on camera Yi-Lun Yang, Yan-Fang Wang, Zhi-Jun Li xix 1014 1022 1031 1038 1046 1054 1063 1069 1076 1091 1097xn Pose control of end-effector of 6-DOFs exoskeleton arm for functional rehabilitation Xu-Dong Guo, Yu Wang, He-Ting Tong .. Research on TC+AMT slip control algorithm based on logic threshold Ming-li Shang, Yu-Feng Zou, Jian-xin Liu, Rui-Fang Song, Yin-Shu Wang Robust synchronization of unified chaotic systems via adaptive sliding mode control Yong-Qing Fan, Li-Yang Wang... Power supply monitoring transceiver based on GPRS Yunxia Chu, Jun Zhang, Yuelin Zou Modeling and analysis of smart home networked control system based on CPN Yu-Fei Xie, Xin Shan. Research of droop control technology for micro-grids Yi-Fang Wang, Chun-Lai Li, Yong-Jun Lin, Wei-Liang Liu, Yin-Song Wang Study on multi-function control method of grid-connected photovoltaic system Cun-Ping Wang .esuesinetseisnsens Study and control of the magneto rheological damping device for machine tool Chun-Mei Li, Wei-Na Liu. Dist uted generator based on cascaded H. bridge inverter by using virtual synchronous generator control Amar Hamza, Xiang-Wu Yan, Sara Altahir, Design of control system lor photovoltaic inverter based on DSP Bing-Xin Wu, Xiao-Chao Liu The design of the lower computer hardware circuit for the heavy metal detector Guang-Hua Wei, Yun Shi. Xue-Liang Zhao, Kang Li, Jian-Wei Zhang. Hai-Bo Wang, Fei Xie... Communication network topology schemes in smart substation based on parallel redundancy protocol and high-availability seamless ring Wei Wang... Study on the key technology and application of the Internet of things Hong-Wei Yang, Fang Zhang, Xiao-Hui Li 1105 iid 1139 1147 1163 1171 1178 1185 1194 1200Finite-time observer design for a hydraulic turbine system with unmeasurable states and disturbance Yi-Jian Liu, Wei-Xing Qian, Hong-Yan Chu, Yan-Hua Zhu..... An iterative algorithm for calculating temperature distribution of resistance divider at thermal equilibrium Deng-Yun Li, Chun-yan Yang, Qi Nie, He Li, Hao-liang Hu, Qian-chu Xiong, Zi-li Xu The research on calibration technology of digital-input merging unit with interpolation Qian-Zhu Xiong, Hao-Liang Hu, Den-Gyun Li, Chun-Yan Yang. Qi Nie, He LI, Zi-Li Xu, Shu-Han Zhang The fatigue reliability design of K6 bogie’ spring Chun-Hui Yang, Yong-Zhong You... Research on supply chain inventory control from dynamic complexity perspective-Taking the impact of RFID into consideration Cheng-Hong Zhang, Tian Lu, Hong Chen Simulation study on landing attenuation performance of nested assembly airbag Liang Zhang, Jin-Jun Rao, Shi-Lei Guo, Qiu-Ming Li, Wei-Jian Hu........ The m air-dropped tethered balloon based on MSP430 Qiu-Ming Li, Jin-Jun Rao, Lin Du, Liang Zhang, Wei-Jian Tu. tor and control system with hum: Research and development of remote reboot device for substation automation equipment Gao-Xiang Lin, Jia-xing Wang, Lei Zhang, Fan Lin, Feng Qi The development of automatic control system in cane mill ¥.G. Zhu, PP. Xiang, D.Z. Hou, ¥.P. Zhang, Z. Xie, X.M. Yao, 8. Chen Robust pinning control and its sensitivity analysis for coal transportation networks Xi-Sheng Shen, Xiao-Fang Wang, Xi-Fu Wang, Jian-Feng Zheng. Modeling human motion based on restricted Boltzmann machine Bang-Pei Zin, Fie Yang A voltage control sirategy in distribution network connected with small hydro based on extreme learning machine Xu-Dong Song, Ke-Lin Zhou, Nan-Hua Yu, Hui Chen, Yan-Hui Xu, Xiu-Chao Tang xxi 1207 1224 1231 1237 1247 1256 1273 1290 1298‘This page intentionally left blankSession I : Energy Science and Technology‘This page intentionally left blankEFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL REJUVENATION ON LEAF GROWTH OF CALLIGONUM ARBORESCENS Jian-Jun Zhao !Xinjiang Academy of Science and Technology for Development Urumugi, Xinjiang, China ?Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences Urunuqi, Xinjiang, China E-mail: ‘zz3501@ 126.com, ‘kjtsjj@ 163.com Artificial rejuvenating Shelterbelt forest can help to enhance sand-wind control efficiency. To rejuvenate the degraded trees in Tarim desert highway shelter-bek forest, we comparatively analyzed photosynthetic shoot susface area and its biomass of thinned and eut Calligonun arborescens in this paper. ‘The main results show that: (1) Obvious differences of surface area and its biomass among Calligonum erborescens with different ages represented (p<0.01), photosynthetic. shoots for the bigger ages trees had higher growth activities; (2) In thinned Calligonun arborescens. forest sprouting capacity for photosynthetic shoots of remaining Calligonnmn arborescens tvees enhanced notably, especially for secondary cutting: (3) Cutting measure remarkably mitigated Calligoman arborescens forest senescence, and cutting by 2 mx1 m had the higher photosynthetic shoot surface area and its biomass. So we conclude that artificial rejuvenation has anti-aging effect om Calligonan arborescens forest declining. € promote their growth activities Keywords: Calli ree, Tarim desert ighway, num arborescens; Assimilation branch; Thinning tree; Cu 1. Introduction Mater and energy assimilated by plant leaf were crucial to growth and yield of overground part of the plant and physio-ecological process of the plant root. Leaf’ can get solar energy and be as a generator for photosynthesis and respiration of the plant. Leaf development and leaf area size of great importance to growth and development, resistance and production for the plani{1]. Therefore, researches on plant leaf area size and the leaf biomass are vital important for understanding growth status and production formation of the plant Calligonum arborescens belonging to the Polygonaceae and perennial shrub or half shrub, is a main afforestation species of the Tarim desert highway shelter-belt ecological project. To adapt to the extreme arid environment, the leaf of Calligonum arborescens Completely reduced as assimilating shoot with bar shape[2]. In these years, under influences of extreme environmental factors such as high temperature, arid and high saline and alkaline land at the hinterland of drift desert, degeneration of Calligonumarborescens are more visible, so, rejuvenation and replacement of Calligonum arborescens is essential. The previous researches on Calligonum arborescens were mainly focused on seed germination, photosynthesis, respiration, tanspiration, water use efficiency and introduction and domestication{3-10], It has been rarely reported to accumulation law of vegetation of Calligonum arborescens under different artificial regeneration measures therefore, at the hinterland of Taklimakan desert, we studied growth features and biomass accumulation for the assimilating shoots of Calligonun arborescens. The aim of this ide theoret paper is to pro Calligonum arborescens. cal foundation for the rejuvenation and replacement of 2. Sketchy Circumstances in the Studied Area 2.1. Natural environment ‘The natural environmental conditions were characterized by extreme arid climate, scarce surface water resources, high saline groundwater, intense wind and sand activity and infertile soil. According to the monitoring data, along the desert highway, multi- annual precipitation is < 50 mm, potential evaporation reaches 3800 mm/year, the highest temperature is 43.2°C, the lowest temperature is ~19.3°C, the highest wind speed is 24 nis, and the duration of total annual sand-moving wind with a speed higher than 6.0 m/s is from 550 h to 800 h, Furthermore, dune morphology is complex and diverse; there are not only longitudinal composite dunes higher than 50 m, but also barchanic dunes lower than I m high. Coverage rate of secondary dune is over 60%. Soil is mainly made up of aeolian soil with weak stability along the Desert Highway. The natural vegetation is rare, and vegetation coverage is quite low{ 11,12} 2.2. Natural environment The forest species at the experiment section of the Tarim desert highway shelter- forest is Calligonum arborescens. The wide of shelter-forest is -78-m with a length of 436 km. The shelter forest is drip-irrigated with underground saline waters with various mineralization degrees. The drip irrigation period is from the middle of March to early November every year, and the irrigation frequency is 10 days. The drip irrigation emitter ne period is 10 h with 450 m'/ha irrigation quota, Fertilization is mainly accomplished by pouring soluble fertilizers such s placed 1.5-m apart, and the single ittigation t as urea into the fertilization installation, where the fertilizers are dissolved in water and applied to the soil with water. The amount of fertilizers used is 10-15 g/plant, and the fertilizers are applied in June, July, and August, once a monthMaterials and Methods 3.1. Experimental design Tab. 1, The general situations of the plots. Plot number Sites Plantation time. Treatment eee ae 2 emailer 20 : a 4 At K322 kim of the Tazhong In 2004 cCK2 shelter-forest The plot 1 is located at K9.5 km of the Tazhong shelter-forest as a demonstration plot. The geomorphic type is a flat sandy land. In the spring of 2007, the secondary cutting experiment on the assimilating shoots of Calligonum arborescens having grown for two years after first entting, was conducted by bar cutting with a height of 3-5-m Meanwhile, the plants of Calligonum arborescens not cutting were thinned with a 1 mx 1 m plant spacing. The number of test plant is 10 in the experiments of cutting and thinning. The plot 2 is located at K7.5 km of the Tazhong shelter-forest as a demonstration plot. The geomorphic type is a interdune land. The soil type is a mobile sandy soil. In the spring of 2007, the thinning experiment on the plant of Calligonum arborescens having grown for nine years, was conducted with a 2 mx1 mand 1 mx1 m plant spaces. The plant spacing in the check plot was 1 mx0.5 m. The number of test plant is 10 in all the experiments. In addition, co selected two plots located outside of the Tazhong Botanic: sidering differences of plantation times of the shelter-forests, we Garden and at K322 km of the Tazhong shelter-forest, as the check plots with no cutting and thinning. The general situations of the plots were in Table 1 3.2. Determination methods ‘The surface area measurement on the assimilating shoots was performed using a scanner for leaf area (HP Sean jet 4850)[13], repeated 5 time, 10 assimilating shoots was included in one time. Originally, the type of assimilating shoots of Calligonun arborescens was viewed as a cylinder, then area of the assimilating shoots was calculated by the software of Delta-T SCAN (Cambridge, UK) [14]. The fresh assimilating shoots was dried at 60°C after having been nned and weighed. The values of fresh and dryweight of the assimilating shoots were obtained by an electronic balance with a precision of 0.001 3.3. Statistical methods DPS2000 statistical software was employed. One-way ANOVA and its multiple comparison method (least significance) was selected to analyze difference of the treatments; two-tailed lest was used|15]. 4. Results and Analysis Lists may be laid out with each item marked by a dot: * Leaf area and biomass of the Calligonum arborescens with different ages, Tab, 2, Leaf areas and biomasses of Calligonum arborescens with different ages (n=) Forest age (a) Sites Photosynthetic shoot area (em?) Dry weight (g) K7.54 S g 7 AUK7.S-km ofthe THOME § 194974 4 nee shelter-forest Z ALKOS-kmofthe Tazhone —g y741 59h HEA shelter-fores Outside of the Tazhong EIS 4 Hennioal Gacka 9.171.726 1,090.14 & 4 AUK322-km of the Tazhong 99949 43 4 oo0ssy. shelter-forest F value 56.64"" 13.21" ‘Notes: the different small letters following the value represent significant differences at 0.01; the symbols of * and ** following F values respectively show significant tests at 0.05 and 0.01 (the same was in below), Leaf surface area and dry weight of assimilating shoots of Calligonum arborescens le 2 that, the ng shoots among the forest with different ing shoots among the forests was obvious (p<0.05). Leaf surface area of assimilating shoots in the shelter-forests with different age, wer alyzed. We found from difference for leaf surface area of the assimilat ages was extremely notable(p<0.01); the difference for dry weight of the assimil of Calligonum arborescens decreased with increasing age of the forest, the 3-year forest had the most value of 10.92 em”, but the value reduced to 6.10 em’ when the forest was 9 year. There was no obvious relationship between dry weight of the assimilating shoots and age of the forest © Leaf surface area and biomass of assimilating shoots on Calligonum arborescens under different thinning methods,‘Tab, 3, Leaf areas and biomasses of Calligonum arberescence at different hinning mediods (at K7.5 ku of the 50) Tazhong shelter-forest) (1 Thinning method Photosynthetic shoot area (cm’) Dry weight (g) 2mx1m 7.9741 91a 1.4620.21 a Imxim 7.2282.04 4 1.3820.18 a cK 6.1020.74 b 1.0320.14b F value 21.99% 16.97% At K7.5-km of the Tazhong shelter-forests on the plot 3, we analyzed leaf surface area and biomass of assimilating shoots on Calligonum arborescens under different thinning methods. The results were seen from Table 3 that, the differences for leaf surface area and dry weight of the assimilating shoots among different thinning methods were obvious (p<0.05). Compared with CK, leaf surface area and dry weight of the assimilating shoots of Calligonum arborescens thinned increased notably, the values under 2 mx1 m thinning was higher than those under 1 mx1 m. So, we concluded that, decreasing planting density of Calligonum arborescens can promote growth speed of its in the forest. assimilating shoots © Leaf surface area and biomass of assimilating shoots on Calligonum arborescens under different cutting methods Tab. 4 Leaf ares Tazhong shelter-forest) (1 ind biomasses of Calligenum arborescens at different cutting methods (at K9.$ km of the Cutting method Photosynthetic shoot area (cm’) Dry weight (g) Secondary cutting 9.802123.4 1.0820.13 a First cutting 7.472100 ¢ 0.9720.15 © CK 8.274150 b 1.0640.18 b F value 565.56" 102.94 At K9,5-km of the Tazhong shelter-forests on the plot 1, we analyzed leaf surface area and biomass of assimilating shoots on Calligonwn arhorescens under different cutting methods. The results showed in Table 3 that, the differences for leaf surface area and dry weight of the assimilating shoots among different cutting methods were extremely notable (p<0.01). The order of the values of different methods was secondary cutting > CK > first cutting, which illustrated that there was no obvious effect of first cutting on growth of Calligonum arborescens, but secondary cutting can rapidly enhance growth speed of Calligonum arborescens and maintain its high growth status.© Leaf surface area and biomass of assimilating shoots on Calligonum arborescens under different rejuvenation methods. Tab, 5. Leaf areas and bioma ‘Tachong shelter-forest) (1=50), ses of Calligonum arborescens after being cut and thimed (at K7.5 km of the Photosynthetic shoot area Treatment (om?) First cutting TATSA.OOb 0.9740.15 ¢ Secondary cutting 9.804125 a 1.082013 a Thinning by 1 mx1m. 7.5621.14b 1.024021 b CK 7.494150 b 1,0620.18 a F value 23.48€ 29.46% We found from Table 5 that, there had generally obvious difference among different similating shoots of Calligonum arborescens in the shelter-forests (p<0.05). The order was secondary cutting rejuvenation methods for leaf surface area and dry weight of a > 1 mx 1 m thinning > CK > first cutting. Thus, Rejuvenation effect of different regeneration method was different. 5. Discussion and Conclusion In recent years, ay degradation of some shelter-belt began to appear, the protection efficiency of the shelter-belt droped rapidly. Thereby, there has been focused on much attention on stability research and technology management for the Shelter forest system[11-15]. Leaf is am or organ for the plant to synthesize organic matter utilizing light energy, carbon dioxide and water: it has been regarded as a basic unit for the plant’s physiological metabolism[16]. Vigorous plant leaves can enhance Material conveying ability of other parts of the plant. As one of the main afforestation tree species in arid region, Calligonum arborescens was under Long-term stress of adversity factor. To reduce the evaporation and water loss rate, the plant stems of Calligonum arborescens have high degree of keratinization, its leaf completely degraded, and then assimilating shoots was instead of the green leaf in the process of photosynthesis. Thus it can be seen that, the growth vigor of assimilating shoots of Calligonum arborescens was a primary sign to measure sprouting ability of the plant. In this paper, we conducted the artificial regeneration test on Calligonum arborescens in the demonstration section of the Tarim desert highway shelter-bell, and analyzed the leaf surface area and biomass under d hat, (1) the di ht of the assimilating shoots among different plantation time were notable, the vitality of the assimilating shoots of rent ueatments, then concluded ences for leaf surface area and dry wi early planted Calligonum arborescens and the plant with higher age were lower, whichIndicated a decline phenomenon. (2) The thinning can hinder decay of Calligonun arborescens. With the increase of thinning intensity, leaf surface area of assimilating shoots on the keeping plants of Calligonum arborescens ereased, (3) Regeneration ability of Calligonum arborescens was suong, which would be verified by high growth speed for the biomass of new assimilating shoots. Secondary cutting had obvious effect on the growth of the assimilating shoots. Therefore, in the Tarim desert highway shelter-belt under the existing management mode and irrigation system, regeneration and rejuvenation of aged Calligonum arborescens could effectively promote growth of Calligonum arborescens forests, which have vital importance to raise the utilization ratio of the shelter forest ecosystem. References 1. X.Q Wang, L. Y. Ma, Z. K. Jia and C. Y. Xu, Research and application advances in leaf area index (LAD), Chin. J. Ecol 24, 537(2005). Z. Y. Huang, H. Wu and Z. H. Ha, An anatomical study on xeromorphie structures of the psammophytes in Xinjiang, Acta Bot. Bor-Occid. Sin 15, 56(1995), L. Tao and J. Ren, Effects of different seed pretreatments on germination of ten Calligonum species, Acta Bot. Bor-Occid. Sin 24, 601(2004). B. X. Wang, H. Wang and J. C. Huang, Responses of photosynthesis and respiration on growth season, lighy intensity, higher temperature and drought in assimilative shoot of Calligonum arborescens litv., Sci. Sil. Sin 33, 18(1997) 5. H. Xu, X.M. Zhang, H. L. Yan, Y. D. Wang, J. Wei and S, M. Liang, Study on water consumption of Calligonum arborescens Litv. in shelterbelts along the Tarim Desert Highway, Arid Zone Res 23, 216(2006) 6. X.Y. Li, M. T. Frank, F. Andrea, F. J. Zeng, X. M, Zhang and X. Y. He, The responses of calligonum Caput-Medusae to chet natural environment, Acta Phyt, Sin 27, 516(2003) 7. J. Ren and L. Tao, Study on the numerical taxonomy of genus Calligonum from China, Acta Bot. Bor-Occid. Sin 22, 1073(2002). 8. P.X. Su, A. F. Zhao, L. X, Zhang, M. W. Dn and H. S. Chen, Characteristic in photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of Haloxylon ammodeadron and Calligonum mongolicum of desert species, Acta Boi. Bor-Oceid. Sin 23, 11(2003). 9. Z. B. Zhou, Physiological and ecological responses of the Tarim desert highway shelter forest on extreme environmental stresses, PhD thesis, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, (Beijing, China, 2006). 10. Z. B. Zhou and X. W. Xu, Experiment on planting the introduced plants in the Hinterland of the Taklimakan desert, Arid Zone Res 21, 363(2004). 11. Z.B. Zhou, P. J. Li, X. J. Xwand B. R. Pan, Effect of artificial green belt on salt distribution in sand land in hinterland of Taklimakan desert, J. Soil Water Conserv 16, 16(2002). 2 © of water conditions under10 16. 17. 18, S. Y. Li, H. Z. Li, J. Q. Lei, B. W. Li, X. W. Xu and H. W. Zhou, Analysis of growth differences of seedlings irrigated with high degree of mineralization water, J. Soil Water Conserv 18, 118(2004), D. X. Feng and S. J. Shi, Research on night measurement methods of leaf area, Chin, Agric. Sci. Bull 21, 150(2005) X. Y. Li, Q. Zhao, X. Y. He and L. S. Lin, The physiological and ecological characteristics of moisture in two plant species at the foreland of Qira oasis, Arid Zone Res 21, 171(2004) Q. Y. Tang and M. J. Feng (eds.), Practical statistics analysis and DPS data processing system (Science Press, 2002) L. L. Li and L. Ji, Diurnal variation in photosynthesis of differently directional leaves in hybrid hazels (Corylus heterophylla x Corylus avellana), Sci. Sil. Sin. 42, 47(2006). Y. R Zheng, Comparison of methods for studying stability of forest community, Sci. Sil. Sin 36, 28(2000). F. Q Jiang, D. H. Zeng and J. J. Zhu, Fundamentals and technical strategy for sand- fixation forest management, J. Des. Res 17, 250(1997),rey APPLICATION AND RESEARCH OF RtCM TECH! WIND POWER FIELD Li-Fei Yang, “Guang-Hui Zhang, Guang-Ming Feng Sushou Nuclear Power Research Institute, SuZhou, JiangSu, China E-mail: yanglf521 @ sina.com The paper fizstly introduces Ue basic maintenance condition of the Wind Power field, describes die RICM method in detail, and then diseus the necessity and feasibility of RICM applying in wind power field, Secondly, the wind turbine hydraulic braking system preventive maintenance is ed by using the RLCM method. Combining with the original preventive maintenance strategy, the RCM result saves unnecessary maintenance costs and improves the equipment reliability level Finally, the expectation and proposals are given for applying RICM technique in wind power field, Keywords: RCM; RCM: Wind power field; Preventive maintenance 1. Introduction In recent years, wind energy as a renewable and clean energy has increasingly come under the extensive attention of all countries in the world. According to the “twelfth five- year” wind power plan of China, the cumulativeon-grid installed capacity of wind power in our country will reach 150 million kilowatts by 2015, and the generating capacity will reach 190 billion KWh. With the continuous expansion of the wind power, how to achieve health management of the wind power equipment in its whole life cycle has become the focus of many wind power enterprises, and some related studies have carried out recent years. 2. RtCM Definition and the Implemental Process 2A. RICM definition RICM (Reliability and Technical centered Maintenance) is an improved and optimized method of RCM (Reliability-centered Maintenance), which reserves the main processes and technical features of RCM. By introducing the concepts of equipment classification and technical characteristics analysis, an efficient combination of analyzing the optimization of resource allocation and maintenance strategy assistant analysis tool has been made. It is a systematic engineering method used for determining the maintenance needs of equipment in the current condition with an economic efficiency. Like the RCM analysis, using RICM to make the maintenance strategy analysis should also answer 7 ques ns as follows:(1) What are the functions and associated desired standards of performance of the equipment? (2) In what ways can it fail to fulfill its functions? (3) What ae the functional failure associated equipments that worth managing? (4) What causes the functional failure (failure modey (5) What happens when a failure oceur (failure effects and consequences)? (6) What should be done to predict or prevent the failure? (7) How to manage the consequence if the failure mode cannot he predicted or prevented? The third question addresses the concept of equipment classification. By classifying the equipment into two types of “worth managing” and “not worth managing”, and allocating the resources into the critical equipment analysis, the goal of optimizing resource allocation has been achieved. To answer the fourth and the seventh questions, we should use the maintenance template and make an analysis of the technical features. And the formulation and optimization of the maintenance strategy should be based on the existing template and the specific operation environment, frequency and failure rate. 2.2. The RICM implemental process The RCM implemental process includes seven step © Determining the function and performance criteria. © Determining the functional failure. © Identifying the equipment worth managing © Analyzing the failure mode. © Analyzing the failure effect and failure consequence, Selecting preventive maintenance task Selecting the task of failure consequence management. The special flow diagram and steps as the figure 1. 3. The Current Situation of Preventive Maintenance in Wind Power firstly, China has a wide distribution area of wind power, with harsh natural environment and severe working environment, resulting in a heavy load of maintenance tasks. Generally, the fans are far apart. Maintenance implementation is hard as limited by the environment and space. If the major equipment damaged, such as generator and gearbox need crane, the cost would be high. As there are differences among the operational skill levels, comprehensive costs caused by maintenance will be high. Secondly, though the preventive maintenance sy s periodically reviewed in wind farm, maintenance strategy generally copies the manufacturer recommendations, and reliability analysis is not developed. Though the region and environment of fan operation has changed, it is not timely to carry out the reliability analysis and develop corresponding maintenance strategy. The maintenance strategy needs to be improved continuously13 ‘Thirdly, when fans failure requires maintenance in wind farm, in most situations, people prefer to replace the equipment as a lack of related knowledge of the equipment. Especially (© those that are under guarantee period, it is the manufacturer that is responsible for the replacement of components and the related cost, so although short- term failure has been solved, the causes of failure haven’t been explored, and the failure mechanism is unknown, having adverse impact on long-term stable operation of the fan. | List the functional | Nesp the erste nai ase Tagore fancionafalre + —/= ¥ t coef » egal ), = 0 v Prediction coal of current ‘moment Curr Save data 2, aaataaat BTU correction to coalof <———] coal feeder End Fig. 2. The caleulstion flow chart of combined forecasting model based on coefficient of power coal33 4. Verification of Forecasting Model It is necessary to use the coefficient of 14:00 ~14:50 to verify the accuracy of the combined forecasting model based on coefficient of power coal Tab. 2. The calculation results of combined forecasting model based on coefficient of power coal. ‘ia Uicerctical amouat of coal Predicting coal wrest) Mt) Ma) 13:00 90.0172 13:10 86.739 13:20 82.1339, 13:30 86.8824 1340. 82.9545 13:50 78.9049 14:00 75.1433, 78.6821 3.8799 14:10 105.255 92,0855 1254 14:20 96.8407 110.152 13.745 14:30 14.112 114.555 0.388 1440 111.827 116.646 4.3095 14:50. 11924 119.308 2.1455 The table 2 shows that the average prediction error of the combined forecasting model based on coefficient of power coal is 6.1681%, larger error occurred in 14:00 ~14:20. Look-up table 1, the AGC instruction of 14:00 ,14:10,14:20 were 177.97 MW, 211.97 MW, 239.04 MW ,and the corresponding coefficients of power coal are 0.4256, 0.4966, 0.4051. Thus it can be seen that when the instructions increase dramatically in short time, the unit operation conditions have wide fluctuations, so the prediction accuracy is poorer. Thus the following conclusion can be drawn: (1) The average error of prediction model is 6.1681%, which shows that before the BTU correction circuits, the actual coal into the furnace is very close to the theory of coal quantity, reducing the workload of BTU correction circuit, improving the calibration accuracy and response speed, enhancing the ability of the unit automatically adapting to the change of coal. (2) When the instructions in the power grid volatility and coal quality variation range are larger, prediction accuracy of forecasting model is still higher, reducing the BTU correction of signal's volatility, preventing the transfinite phenomenon 5. Case Calculation Still taking a power plant as an example, the table 1 operating conditions of the selected time period are predicted to be calculated, The results are as follows.Tab, 3. The calculation results of NO. 4 beiler: lime theoretical amount of coal Predicting coal cor) Mei) Ma 13.00 90.0172 13:10 86.739 13220 32.1339 130 36.8824 13.40 2.9545 1350 78,9089 14:00 15.7433 786821 38709 1410 105.255 92.0355 12.54 14:20 96.8407 110.132 13.785 1430 14.112 114.595 ass 1440 L1Ls27 116.646 43059 14:50 121.924 119.308 2.1455 15:00 120.132 123.082 2431 15:0 131.514 125.522 45484 1520 109.747 116.404 6.0651 1530 115.052 14241 0.7085 1540 116.232 14.183 1.7633 1530 123,907 118.604 428 16:00 119.873 124.002 Badal In the time period selected by table 1, the average prediction error of combined forecasting model based on the combination of coal and power coal coefficient is 4.6342%, that is, the average prediction accuracy is 95.3658%. When the unit he substantial load (14:00 ~ 14:30), even if the coal quality is also a large range of fluctuations, the model's forecast accuracy is more than 86%. Especially when the unit is in stable condition (13:00~ 14:00 and 14:40~ 16:00), the prediction accuracy is more than 93% a 6. Conclusion On the basis of the study of BTU correction technology, introducing the new concept of “coefficient of power coal”, using the idea of combination forecasting model based on basis function and variance reciprocal method, a combined forecasting model based on coeffici tof power coal is established. According to the current time of the power grid in order to adjust the data and the previous one hour running data, the current furnace coal consumption is roughly estimated. The calculation results of the historical data of a power plant boiler show that the forecasting model has higher prediction accuracy under35. the condition of variable and steady state, reducing the volatility of the BTU correction circuit, reducing the workload of the BTU correction loop, avoiding the occurrence of overrun and delay phenomenon, improving the adaptabi ty of coal quality, References 10. ll 12. JIANG Xinjun, WANG Yuwei, ZHOU Xiaowei. Application of a new cascade calorific value correction technology in combustion of — once-through boiler [J]. Boiler Technology, 2013, 06: 65-69. JIE Jianpeng, XIN Lijian, WU Wenhua, et al. Using coal calorific ¥: on the res system optimization [J]. Inner Mongolia Petrochemical Industry, 2012, 24: 30-32. LIU Youkuan, LI Changgeng, TANG Lijun, DU Jinggi Application of coal adaptive control technology on supercritical unit [J]. Yunnan Electric Power, 2014, 02: 48-52 ZHU Linzhong, ZHOU Hao, CEN Kefa. Introducing an equivalent net calorific value (NCV) into the fuel control system [1]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2002, 12: 157-161. Kelei Sun, Xiaojuan Zhu, Huaping Zhou, et al. Research on new nonlinear method applied on coal calorific value prediction[C]. Advances in mechatronics and control engineering, 2013: 904-908, LI Bicheng, SHENG Saibin. A data mining alorific value of fuel into the online intelligent soft diagnosis method research [J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2007, 01: 25-28+107-108. Jiang W, Honggi W, Qu T. Prediction of the calorific value for coal based on the SVM with parameters optimized by genetic algorithm [J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2011, 40: 14-19. LIU Lin, WANG Peng, ZHAI Yongjie, ZHOU Jielian. Calorifie value prediction for coals based on a certain algorithm [J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2015, 02: 47-51 NI Min, WEI Xiangguo, ZHANG Mingfa. New calorific value calibration method for coordinated control of supercritical air-cooling units: study and application [J] Thermal Power Generation, 2014.01: 46-51 LUO Zhihao, CHEN Xiaogiang, CHEN Bo. Main important parameters of super (super) criticality unit control strategy optimization [J]. Zhejiang Electric Power, 2011, 06: 32-35. LIU Youkuan, LU Yong, SU Shi, DONG Junyu. Simulation and application of coal adaptive control technology on thermal power generating unit AGC [J]. Yunnan Electric Power, 2010, 02: 19-22 WANG Lei. The research of coal quality adaptive control strategy for pulverized coal unit AGC [D]. North China Electric Power University (Baoding), 2009. Jue correction arch of the coordinated contro!14, 15 16. 17. 18. HUANG Weijian, ZHANG Xi, ZHU Yaqing, PAN Fengping. Self-adaptive optimum control strategy of fuel quality in fossil-fired unit [J]. China Electric, 2012, 06: 43-46. HU Xionghui, LIU Walin, LI Jinbai et al, Research on adaptive coal quality changes of coordinated control system [C] // Symposium and automation information technology exchange annual meeting of power station Thermal Control Symposium. 2008: 66-71 ZHANG Chengwei, HUANG wei, WANG Tong. Study on the optimal combination. forecasting model of short term electric load [J]. Computer Applications and Software, 2010, 12: 177-180+192. ZHANG Guogiang, ZHANG Boming. Wind speed and wind turbine output forecast based on combination method [J]. Automation of Electric Power System, 2009, 18: 92-95 LI Jinwei, WANG Qi, HE Taihong, PEI Guanrong. Mountain fire spread speed combined forecasting model for transmission line based on EMD and ELM [J]. Electric Power Construction, 2015, 03: 27-32 MENG Anbo, CHEN Yucheng. Wind power combination forecasting based on wavelet packet transform and virtual forecasting method [J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2014, 03: 71-76.37 EFFECTS OF A DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYST ON DIESEL SOOT CHARACTERISTICS Zhi-Hao Ma’, Yu-Dong Zhu”, Lei Li*, Ying Chao*, Fan-Hua Ma” 1254College of Vehicle and Traffie Engineering, Henan University of Science and Teelnology, Luoyang 471093, China: “State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China wail: mazhihao@ haushedwen “Corresponding author Diesel soot samples that were emitted from an electronically controlled common rail, inter-cooled turbocharged direct injection diesel engine were collected to study the effects of the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) on diesel soot characteristics. An operating condition of 2050 rpm and 200 Nan (high load) was chosen to ccllect soot samples with and without the DOC, respectively. ‘The collected soot samples were characterized using @ thermo-gravimetric analyser (TGA), Raman spectroscopy. Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry ental analyser. ‘The results show that both the volatile content and the oxidation reactivity of a soot stmple collected with the DOC are increased compared to a soot sample collected without the DOC. Aa inerease in the O/C ratio, anid inetal content of the soot sample with the DOC may be the dominant fuetors that result in an ad an that the oxidation reactivity of soot not only is related to its nanostructure but also to its O/C ratio, specifie surface area, metal content, and so on, Raman parameters appear to be unrelated to the ‘oxidation reacti in oxidation reactivity. Overall, the experimental resulis obtained from this stmdy suggest ty of diesel soot under high load operating conditions Keywords: Diesel soot, Nanostructure; Oxidation reactivity; DOC 1. Introduction, ‘The oxidation reactivity of diesel soot has an important influence on the regeneration DPF (Diesel Particles Filter). Theoretically, the reactivity is related to the chemical composition and internal structure of soot. The oxidation process of the carbon layer in soot particles can be simplified to the process of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) reacting with O» and releasing CO [1]. With the increase of temperature, surface oxygen functional groups can desorh CO or CO; easily, which, to a certain extent, promotes the oxidation of particles. Therefore, it is generally believed that the higher the content of oxygen-containing functional groups in soot, the stronger its oxidation reactivity [2]. Surface oxygen functional groups increase the O/C ratio in particles, while the H/C ratio also has a certain influence on the oxidation reactivity. An H atom can easily react with ©; or H, OH, or other groups, forming oxyphilic free radicals that promote the oxidation of soot, Consequently, a higher H/C ratio in particles leads to easier oxidation [3]. The more saturated the aliphatic groups on the surface of particles, the higher H/C ratio, which enhances the oxidation reactivity of the parti some degree [4,5].Some scholars argued that the inner structure of soot’s primary particle has a greater ity. Vander Wal et al. [6] elucidated the effect of the microstructure of particles through an experiment on particle oxidation reactivity that primarily included three parameters, i.e., fringe length, tortuosity, and separation space Specifically, a smaller crystallite size with a greater tortuosity and a greater separation space will lead to the relatively higher oxidation reactivity of the soot particle. Raj et al. {7| compared the O/C and H/C ratios of different soot samples and found that while soot with a smooth carbon layer has higher O/C and H/C ratios, its oxidation reactivity is relatively weak; this illustrates the limited influence of surface functional groups on oxidation reactivity. The oxidation reactivity of the soot is mainly influenced by its structure [8], which is verified via the calculation method of quantum chemistry [1] Most HC, CO and organic components in soot in engine exhaust can be oxidized under the catalytic actions of a DOC. collected alter the addition of a DOC, such as the morphology, microstructure, components, and oxidation reactivity, can also be changed. The goal of this research is to investigate the effects of a DOC on the diesel soot characteristics to develop a more appropriate after-treatment device. effect on its oxidation reacti herefore, the characteristics of soot particles 2. Experiment 2.L. Test fuel and apparatus Fuel meeting the China V standard was used in the test and was detected by the National Fuel Oil Quality Supervision and Inspection Center. The mass fractions of aromatics and sulphur from the test fuel are 20.2% (mononuclear aromatic and double ring aromatic are 19.82%, tri-aromatics and above are 0.38%) and 0.00039% respectively. A CY4102-CE4B electronically controlled common rail, inter-cooled turbocharged, direct injection diesel engine was used in the study. The main properties of the engine are observed in reference [9]. The DOC that was used in this test was from Umicore, with a volume of 3.5 L. The carrier was made from cordierite honeycomb. The content of the catalyst was 10 g. To investigate the characteristics of soot at different oxidation stages. soot samples that were 25%, 50% and 75% oxidized were obtained using a SDT2960 thermo- gravimetric analyser from TA Instruments. A Vario EL Cube organic elemental analyser from Elementar was used to detect the C, H and N contained in the samples. An Oxford X-Max N energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) were also used to analyse other elements. 2.2. Test method 2.2.1. Soot collection Considering the emission load of diesel soot and the temperature range of the passive regeneration of DPF with the help of a DOC, the operating condition was selected at 2050 rpm and 290 N.m (one operating mode in the ESC (European steady-state cycle),39 with a weight coefficient of 1.0; the inlet temperature of the DOC was approximately 420 °C), Different mesh numbers of metallic sieves were used to collect the diesel soot. Before the test, 5-8 layers of metallic sieves were stacked and connected in series with the exhaust pipe. The soot attached to the metallic sieves through which they pass. The metallic mesh was replaced to obtain soot under different conditions. The engine exhaust system, which was altered to collect diesel soot, is shown in Fig. |. Soot was accumulated on a stack of metallic sieves that had been fixed in the sample line (point A in Fig. 1) before the test. When the engine was operating in the test mode, valve 1 was wide open: thus, the exhaust flowed through the sample line. The total exhaust backpressure was controlled in the range of 7 to 9 kPa (the range when using the DOC-DPF assembly) by adjusting the open angle of valve 2, When the exhaust backpressure reached a nearly constant, valve 1 was completely closed, while valve 2 was wide open. The metallic sieves were replaced with new ones, and the aforementioned steps were repeated until a sufficient amount of soot was collected. Soot samples were moved to an airtight vial from the metallic sieves and then placed in a dryer. The sample collected without the DOC was named soot-A; the sample collected with the DOC was named soot-B. During the collection, the temperature of the intercooled air was maintained at 50 °C, the outlet water coolant temperature was maintained at approximately 85+3 °C, and the fuel temperature was maintained at 352 °C. 2.2.2. Thermo-g ravimetric test Fig, 3, Volatilization of soot «es loss (ML) and (b) volatile mass loss rate (MLR), Fig. 1. Sketch of the en Fig. 2. Heating curve for the exhaust system. thermo-gravimetric test (a) volatil Before the thermo-gravimettic test, all of the samples were placed into a dryer for more than 10 hours to reduce the error resulting from moisture differences in the soot samples. During the test, each sample was first heated in nitrogen (10 °C/min, 150 mL/ min) to 500 °C to remove the volatile fraction, When there was no more significant mass , the temperature was reduced to 450°C (in nitrogen), Subsequently, air (150 mL/min) was introduced into the furnace to start the isothermal oxidation process. When the mass loss took up approximately 25%, 50%, or 75% of the initial mass (when oxidation occurred), the temperature in the reaction chamber was quickly reduced to room temperature and the reaction chamber gas was switched back to nitrogen (© obtain soot at different oxidation stages, The heating curve for the thermo-gravimetric test is shown in Fig. 2. The TGA experiments were conducted at least two times to assess repeatability. los:40 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Thermo-gravimerrie analysis 3.1.1. Volatile mass loss Fig. 3 (a) and Fig. 3 (b) compare the results of the volatile mass loss of soot-A and soot-B and their respective rates. It shows a similar trend of volatile mass loss for both soot-A and soot-B collected during the same engine operating conditions. The DOC has an important in{luence on the content of the volatile components in soot. At the first mass loss platform within 20 minutes (Fig. 3 (a)), the mass loss rate of soot-A is much slower than that of soot-B (Fig. 3 (b)). Fig. 3 (a) shows that the proportion of volatiles in soot-A. is 7.1%, while that in soot-B i 11.17%. More volatiles in soot imply a larger surface area contact with the oxidants; this larger surface area may increase the absorptivity and oxidation reactivity of soot. The volatiles contain short-chain hydrocarbons, gases and water in air. As shown in Fig. 3 (b), after being heated for approximately 20 minutes or to 200 °C, both the soot samples have almost the same rate of mass loss. Approximately 41 minutes later or when the temperature increased to 410 °C, the rate of mass loss arrives at the peak value; then, the rate of mass loss continues decreasing slowly to approach an almost consiant value. It is speculated that at this stage, both soot-A and soot-B may have almost the same constituents of mass loss because it is impossible to find two species that have the same volatility under the same conditions. 3.1.2. Oxidation mass loss Fig. 4, Oxidation of soot: (a) oxidation mass loss (ML) and (b) oxidation mass loss rate (MLR). = Ke i oe (a) s00t-A (b) soot-B Fig. 5. Raman spectra at different stages: (a) soot-A and (b) soot-B,41 ‘The percentage of the mass loss of the soot samples and their rates over time during the isothermal oxidation at 450 °C are shown in Fig. 4 (a) and Fig. 4 (b). These figures show that the soot mass is lost more rapidly at the earlier oxidation stage than that at a later stage for both soot samples. In the later stage of oxidation, the oxidation rate of soot- B decreases slower than that of soot-A, indicating a greater proportion of ash in soot-B as a result of the catalytic action of DOC on the formation of sulphate [10]. In addition, collecting the same amount of soot requires a longer time because part of the soot is oxidized by the NO2 that is formed in DOC, which increases the proportion of ash in the soot. The time required for a 50% mass loss for soot-A and soot-B is approximately 124 min and 79 min, respectively (Fig. 4 (a)). The DOC not only has an influence on the volatile components of soot but on the oxidation reactivity as well. The reason for increasing the oxidation reactivity of soot-B is that the volatile increases (as shown in section 2.1.1) as a result of the catalytic action of the DOC. When the volatile is removed, the porosity of the soot inereases, which increases the area that contacts oxygen. Furthermore, the oxygen content in soot-B increases through physical and chemical adsorption (as shown in section 2.3 and 2.4); all of these lead to an increase in the oxidation reactivity of soot-B. Additionally, EDS analysis demonstrated that soot-B contains Ca, Fe and Zn elements (shown in 2.4). Whether the presence of these elements has an influence on the oxidation reactivity of soot needs further investigation. 3.2. Raman spectroscopic analysis Fig. 5 shows the Raman spectra of the soot at different stages for both soot-A and soot-B. Each Raman spectrum presents two remarkable peaks at approximately 1350 em- 1 (D peak) and 1590 cm-I (G peak). The G peak is a stretching mode with E2g symmetry at sp2 sites [12,13] (characteristic peak of ideal graphite), but the origin of the D peak has been debated [14, 15]. It is traditionally known as a breathing mode of Alg symmetry at the edges of graphite planes in sp2 carbon materials [11-14] (a characteristic peak with various defects existing in graphite crystal). Based on the shape of the curve, the Raman spectra of soot after removing volatiles (VOr in Fig. 5) and at different oxidation stages Q Tt 50% and 75%) are almost the same as that of the original (OR in Fig. 5). However, observed in Fig. 5 (b) that the Raman spectrum of soot-B at the 75% oxidation stage has a peak at approximately 1008 em-1, which is believed to be a characteristic peak of sulphate ash (15, 16]. As mentioned above, under the action the DOC, the CO and HC emitted from a diesel engine will not only be oxidized, but NO will also be oxidized to a strong oxidant, NO2. The organic fractions and carbon in soot-B that is deposited in the metallic sieves will be (partially) oxidized by NO2 and ©2 under a low temperature [17, 18], which prolongs the time to collect the same mass of soot as soot-A. Therefore, the proportion of ash in soot-B increases. Different curve-fitting methods have been examined for the characterization of Raman spectra using Lorentzian, Gaussian, Voigt functions and their combination in OriginPro software, We found that the most appropriate fitting method used 3 Lorentzian (D1, D4 and G: 1350 cm-1, 1180 em-1 and 1590 cm-]) and | Gaussian (G) (D3:1550a cm-l) peak (3L1G) for the soot collected under the high load conditions of a diesel engine, This is consistent with reference [19]. The D4 peak was initially observed by Dippel et al, [20] in studying the Raman spectra of soot generated from premixed C2H4 Jair flames; according to the authors, the D4 peak likely results from mixed sp3-sp3 bonds or the C—C and C=C stretching vibration modes of polyene-like structures, In addition, based on the Raman spectroscopic studies of 29 different carbon materials, Cuesta et al. [22] and Jawhari et al, [23] suggested that a D3 peak can be distinguished between the D peak and the G peak. According to Cuesta et al. [21] and Jawhari et al [22], the D3 peak may originate from the amorphous carbon fractions of soot and should be in a Gaussian line shape As shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, the Raman parameters of the band positions, integrated band intensity relative to the G band (ID/IG) and full width at half maximum (FWHM, em-1) [15-25] can be acquired from the respective fitting curves. Because the intensity of the D4 band is very small, it is reasonable that D1, D3 and G bands are used for analysis. sivese : Fig, 6 Raman spot so and sie i ie soot-B and their curve fitting Abscissa €,, in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 represents the mass loss of soot, As shown in Fig. 7, both the FWHM of DI and D3 are 160-+0.5 em" and 140+3 cm’, respectively, during the volatile and oxidation mass loss, almost remaining unchanged. Furthermore, the DOC has no effect on these two FWHMs. A wider FWHM of D1 reflects a greaer 8 that IDI/MG and ID3/IG are almost unchanged during the volatile and oxidation mass loss of soot samples; these inhomogeneity of the chemical components. tis shown in results are consistent with reference [23]. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show that the chemical ot samples almost remain constant during the components and structure of the two s vola ile and oxidation mass loss. However, we believe that this result is correct only for a high engine load condition. In addition, [DI/MG is approximately 4 times bigger than ID3/G, and the FWHM of D1 is larger than that of D3. Therefore, the DI band is believed to have a main influence on the chemical properties (specifically, the oxidation reactivity) of the soot samples. 3: Elemental analysis Because soot emitted from an engine consists of unburned and incomplete combustion products of fuel and lubricant as well as metal debris, it is extremely48 complex. However, the elemental analyser can only detect C, H and N elements Therefore, the other elements need to be detected by EDS. Table 1 shows the highest carbon content in the soot samples. The C/H ratio of soot-A is 4 56.0, indicating that the DOC increased the C/H ratio in soot. An N content lower than 0.5% in soot samples may not influence the oxidation reactivity. The EDS analysis in section 2.4 shows that in addition to O, the contents of other elements are less than 1%; the oxygen content should account for most of the others in Table 1, Regardless, the DOC increa , and that of soot-B is es the oxygen content in soot-B, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. However, the oxygen content in soot is not the only factor influencing its oxidation reactivity. Other factors, such as various meta may also influence the oxidation reactivity, although the amount is very small and needs further investigation Tab, 1 Element contents in soot detected using an elemental analyser. Name Weight [mg] N[%] C[%] HH [%]__ The others [%] soot A, 2.20 0.46 8132 187 16.36 soot B 272 024 7336 131 25.09 ‘Tab. 2 Element contents in soot detected using EDS. Element ‘Mass percentage Atom percentage soorB soot-A, soot B. 79.06 86.24 84.18 19.09 13.38 15.25 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.46 0.08 0.18 0.60 0.18 0.19 = 0.36 - 0.08 - 0.29 - 0.06 3.4. EDS analysis Although oxygen in air may cause deviations in the oxygen content in soot during the test, the results can reflect the relative correctness of the oxygen content in soot to some degree, Table 2 shows that the elements with the greatest mass in soot are carbon and oxygen. The oxygen coment in soot-B is increased, and the carbon content decreased. Table 2 shows that the greatest differences of element content between soot-A and soot-B are C and O. Compared with soot-A, the amplitude of the C mass percentage in soot-B decreases to 3.6%, while the amplitude of the O mass percentage increases to 12.6%. TGA analysis shows that the reactivity of soot-B is enhanced because of the presence of the DOC in the engine exhaust system and elemental and EDS analyses show that C content in soot is reduced and the O content is increased. However, these results were not44 verified by the analysis of Raman spectroscopy. The reason for this is that the Raman parameters exhibit almost the same properties at different soot oxidation stages. Therefore, the Raman parameters cannot identify the oxidation reactivity of soot collected under the high load operating conditions of a diesel engine. This needs further investigation. However, the increase of the oxygen content in soot-B enhances its oxidation reactivity, indicating that the oxygen content in soot has a greater effect on its oxidation reactivity than that of its structure. This result is consistent with references [26] 4. Conclusions Generally, a DOC divides high, medium and low oxidation reactivity. Conclusions, for the DOC of medium oxidation reactivity used in this study are as follows: * The volatile organic fractions in soot after passing through the DOC are increased, but both soot samples exhibit a similar evolution trend. * The increase of the volatiles, oxygen content and specific surface area of soot collected after a DOC causes an increase in the oxidation reactivity. However, the effects of small amounts of various metals on the oxidation reactivity need further investigation. e TGA analysis can directly identify the oxidation reactivity of soot. EDS can explain the correctness of the TGA results. However, Raman parameter cannot identify the oxidation reactivity of soot collected under high engine load conditions, Acknowledgments This work is supported by the Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy (KFI1161), the Ph.D. Startup Research Foundation of Henan University of Science and Technology (09001327), and the Essential Research Project of Henan Province (092300410125) References 1. A. Raj, GR. da Silva, S.H. Chung, Reaction mechanism for the free-edge oxidation of soot by 02, Combustion and Flame, 159 (2012) 3423-3436. 2. LC. Jaramillo, C.K. Gaddam, R.L. Vander Wal, C.-H. Huang, J.D, Levinthal, 1. Lighty, Soot oxidation kinetics under pressurized condi Flame, 161 (2014) 2951-2965 M. Alfé, B. Apicella, R. Barbella, J.N, Rouzaud, A. Tregrossi, A. Ciajolo, Structure— property relationship in nanostructures of young and mature soot in premixed flames, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 32 (2009) 697-704. 4. L. Wang, C. Song, J. Song, G. Ly, H. Pang, W. Zhang, Aliphatic C-H and ions, Combustion and6 10. 14. 15, 16, 17. 18. 45 oxygenated surface functional groups of diesel in-cylinder soot: Characterizations and impact on soot oxidation behavior, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 34 (2013) 3099-3106. LP. Cain, P.L. Gassman, H. Wang, A. Laskin, Micro-F composition-evidence of aliphatic hydrocarbons on nascent soot surfaces, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physies, 12 (2010) 5206-5218, R.L. Vander Wal, AJ. Tomasek, Soot oxidation: dependence upon initial tion and Flame, 134 (2003) 1-9. A. Raj, S.Y. Yang. D. Cha, R. Tayouo, S.H. Chung, Structural effects on the oxidation of soot particles by 02: Experimental and theoretical study, Combustion and Flame, 160 (2013) 1812-1826. D.S. Su, RE. Jentoft, .O. Miiller, D. Rothe, E. Jacob, C.D. Simpson, Z. Tomovie, K. Miillen, A. Messerer, U. Poschl, R. Niessner, R. Schlégl, Microstructure and oxidation behaviour of Euro IV diesel engine soot: a comparative study with synthetic model soot substances, Catalysis Today, 90 (2004) 127-132. Z. Ma, L. Li, Y. Chao, N. Kang, B. Xu, J. Wu, Effects of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst on Nanostructure and Reactivity of Diesel Soot, Energy & Fuels, 28 (2014) 4376- 4382. A. Liali, P. Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, E. Miller Gubler, D. Schreiber, M. Aguirre, Investigation of diesel ash particulate mater: A scanning electron microscope and transmission cleciron microscope study, Atmospheric Environment, 49 (2012) 391-402. IR study of soot chemical nanostructure, Comb R.J. Nemanich, $.A. Solin, First- and second-order Raman seattering from finite- size erystals of graphite, Physical Review B, 20 (1979) 392-401 A.C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon, Physical Review B, 61 (2000) 14095-14107 A.C. Ferrari, Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron— phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects, Solid State Communications, 143 (2007) 47-57. R. Escribano, J.J. Sloan, N, Siddique, N. Sze, T. Dudev, Raman spectroscopy of carbon-containing particles, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 26 (2001) 179-186, Y. Batonneau, S. Sobanska, J. Laureyns, C. Bremard, Confocal Microprobe Raman Imaging of Urban Tropospheric Aerosol Particles, Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (2006) 1300-1306. N.P. Ivleva, U. McKeon, R. Niessner, U. Péschl, Raman Microspectroscopie Analysis of Size-Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particle Samples Collected with an ELPI: Soot, Humic-Like Substances, and Inorganic Compounds, Aerosol Science and Technology, 41 (2007) 655-671 1-0, Miiller, B. Frank, R.B. Jentofi, R. Sehlégl, D.S. Su, The oxidation of soot particulate in the presence of NO2, Catalysis Today, 191 (2012) 106-111. A, Setiabudi, M. Makkee, J.A, Moulijn, The role of NO2 and O2 in the accelerated combustion of soot in diesel exhaust gases, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 50 (2004) 185-194.24, 26. H.J. Seong, A.L. Boehman, Evaluation of Raman Parameters Using Visible Raman Microscopy for Soot Oxidative Reactivity, Energy & Fuels, 27 (2013) 1613-1624. B, Dippel, H. Jander, J. Heintzenberg, NIR FT Raman spectroscopic study of flame soot, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 1 (1999) 4707-4712. A. Cuesta, P) Dhamelincourt, J, Laureyns, A. Martinez-Alonso, J.M.D. Taseén, Raman microprobe studies on carbon materials, Carbon, 32 (1994) 15 T. Jawhari, A. Roid, J. Casado, Raman spectroscopic characterization of some commercially available carbon black materials, Carbon, 33 (1995) 1561-1565. N.P. Ivleva, A. Messerer, X. Yang, R. Niessner, microspectroscopic analysis of changes in the chemical structure and reactivity of soot in a diesel exhaust after treatment model system, Environ Sci Technol, 41 (2007) 3702-3707 M. Knauer, M, Carrara, D. Rothe, R. Niessner, N.P. Ivleva, Changes in Structure and Reactivity of Soot during Oxidation and Gasification by Oxygen, Studied by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Temperature Programmed Oxidation, Aerosol Science and Technology, 43 (2009) 1-8. C. Sheng, Char structure characterised by Raman spectroscopy and its correlations with combustion reactivity, Fuel, 86 (2007) 2316-2524, HJ. Seong, A.L, Boehman, Studies of soot oxidative reactivity using a diffusion flame burner, Combustion and Flame, 159 (2012) 1864-1875. U. Poschl, Raman47 OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEM OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS WITH POST-COMBUSTION CO, CAPTURE SECTION BASED ON ADAPTIVE WEIGHTED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATI' ‘Yan-Feng Hou", Wen-Feng Fu°”, Bin Chen’. Lan-Ting Wang* Jia-Hua Li’, Lan-Xin Zhou® *5Norih China Electric Power University, Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Conurol for Power Plant Equipment, Baoding 071003, Hebei Province, China 5Guo Dian Fuchou Power Generation Co., Led, Fuzhou 350359, Fujian Province, China North China Electric Power University, Department of Computer. Baoding 071003, Hebei Province, China Email: “hyf19891215@ 163.com, "fouf_1982@ 163.com “arbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is drawing ines for reducing greenhouse gas emissions under the backgroun application of pos-combustion CO g interest as a potential mnethed of global climate change. ‘The apture processes in coal-fised power plants can result in large reductions of the CO: emission, but the consequential decrease in generation efficiency is an important draw-back. ‘This work aims at reducing the power plant efficiency penalty via thennodynanics system optimization, The base case used is a 1000MW ulua-supercritical coal-fired power plants, A greenfield schieme for building new coal-fired power plants that integrated with post-combustion CO; capture unit was proposed. In order to reduce the efficiency loss, the thermodynamics system of new build power plant was optimaly designed using the adaptive weighted particle swamn optimization (AWPSO) algorithm. Results show that retrofit case results in a great decrease about 12.3% in plant themal efficiency, however, after optimization, the thermal lticiency of greeafield ease was 10.7% higher than the retrofit ease. AWPSO algorithm has better 1 the application. It ean be applied to design new coal-fired power convergence ability and stabil plants that tegrated with post-combustion carbon capture unit Keywords: Coal-fired power plant; Carbon capture and storage technology; Thenmiodynani system; Adaptive weighted particle swarm optimization algorithm; Optimal design. 1. Introduction In recent years, the worldwide climate change has strongly influenced the global environment and life activities. As a cause to trigger climate change, greenhouse gases are pointed out by many research groups. In particular, CO, has been illuminated as the most significant greenhouse gas. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has evaluated the size and impact of greenhouse increase, and showed clearly that fossil fuels combustion and industrial waste gases emission are the main source of CO>, which lead to the growth of greenhouse gases, in the Fifth Assessment Report (ARS) [1]. In China, coal resources are rich while oil and natural gas resources are deficiemt, energy consumption mainly depends on coal, coal contributes to about 70% of the electricity generation. Accord to statistics, since 2007, the amount of China’s CO, emission has48 ranked the first throughout the world. Nowadays, China is facing wemendous pressure to reduce CO emission [2]. Of all the human-induced CO) emissions, coal plant is by far the largest source, it must undertake the major responsibility for CO, reduction and mitigation of climate change. “The national energy 12th five-year plan” proposed that it is necessary to capture and utilize CO,, which coal- fired power plant produced, to achieve the emissions reduction targets by 16%-17% [3] fired power ence and technology At present, three methods of CO> capture ar ated: (1) Pre-combustion[4], in which CO, separat implemented before a combustion process, it can only be incorporated into the natural gas combined cyele and IGCC power plants, not commercially available yet. (2) Oxy-combustion[5, 6], in which the combustion of fuel is in an oxygen atmosphere, costly air separation unit and fuel gas circulation facilities are needed to be retrofitted, it has been technically proven but not commercially available yet. (3) Post-combustion[7], in which capture is accomplished after a combustion process, it is thought to be closest to being ready for commercial development. Within these technologies, different methods of CO; separation from flue gases are used, including physical absorption, chemical absorption, adsorption, membrane methods and cryogenic methods. Among the technologies for reduction of CO. emissions from coal-fired power plant, amine-based chemical absorption systems are the most suitable for post-combustion CO, capture. Because the absorption processes are based on thermally regenerable solvents, which have a strong affinity for CO, and regenerated at elevated temperature, they can be used for dilute system and low CO; concentration, the technology is mature, it is easy to use and can be retrofitted to existing power plants or applied to new build power plants. While the demand for reduction in CO; emission is increasing. the amine-based post- combustion CO, capture technology suffers from the huge energy consumption and amine solution flow rate, which will result in significant decreases in the electrical efficiency, this is a limiting factor for large-scale application, In order to reducing the energy requirements of the capture system researchers have carried extensive studies focused on the development of amine solvent models, CO» capture process optimization, and power plant integration modeling. In addition, some researchers investigated modification to the capture unit or steam cycle. From the existing researches, the integration of thermodynamics system with CO) capture system was just simply installed the CO) capture unit in the fixed position, didn’t optimize the thermodynamics system at the same time. In fact, with the introduction of CO> capture system, certain components of the steam power plant are no longer being operated in their optimal d plant with post-combustion carbon capture) should be optimally designed. In this work, CO, capture section is based on a chemical absorption process with an aqueous solution ign point. Hence, the greenfield plant (new coal-fired power of MEA, regeneration energy of the capture process provided by the extraction steam This work proposed a greenfield plant and optimaly designed its thermodynamics system using AWPSO algorithm,image not availableimage not availableimage not available52 Considering some constraints, the optimal mathematical model of greenfield power unit thermal system can be described as follows: jaw |s@,(x) 20.7 where a G(*)= Po Pos Gal) According to the optimization model derived above and the calculation process shown in Fig. Po~ P; the particle swarm optimization program was written, Select the cycle ney as the optimization target (o iterative calculation. Eventually, get the optimal cycle thermal efficiency and the corresponding design parameters of the extraction steam. 3.2. Greenfield power plant Optimization In order to optimally integrated the thermodynamic system with CO; capture, the thermodynamic system of the new build power plant should be newly designed. In this paper, the new thermodynamic system (shown in Fig. 3) has the following feature: (1) Regenerative system set three high pressure heater, three low pressure heater and one deaerator. Among them, the high pressure cylinder set two extraction steam, the intermediate pressure cylinder set three extraction steam, the low pressure cylinder set two extraction steam. (2) The reboiler vapor of the CO; capture system provided by the intermediate pressure cylinder exhaust steam and make sure that the steam parameter match the requirement (3) In order to recover the waste heat, the heat of the overhead condenser was used to heat the feed water. The waste heat of the rebviler was recovered in the deaerator.image not availableimage not availableimage not available56 Acknowledgement In this paper, the research was sponsored by the National Nature Seience Foundation of China (U1261210) and the Fundamental Research for the Central Universities (2014MS109, 2014MS135), References 1, Wang Weiguang, Zheng Guoguang. Green Paper on Climate Change: deal with climate change (2014) [M]. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, 2014,96-124 2. Xu Gang, Tian Longhu, Liu Tong, et al. Strateg’ Chinese power industry [J]. Proceeiling of the CSEE, 2011, 31, (17): 1-8 3. Yang Yongping, Yang Zhiping, Xu Gang, et al. Situation and prospect of energy consumption for China's thermal power generation [J]. Proceeding of the CSEE, 2013, (23): 1-11 4. Chen Xinming, Shi Shaoping, Yan Shu, et al. Application of CO capture technology before burning in IGCC power generation system [J]. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China), 2014, 65, (8): 3193-3201 5. Yan Weiping, Dong Jinglan, Ren Haifeng. Economic analysis of the power station with pressurized Oxy-fuel combustion and CO; capture [J]. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2012, 32, (9): 712-717. 6. Luo Cong, Zheng Ying, Ding Ning, et al. Synthesis and performance of a nano synthetic Ca-based sorbent for high temperature CO, capture [J]. Proceeding of the CSEE, 2011, 31, (8): 45-50. 7. Liu Lianbo, Gao Shiwang, Xu Shisen. Analysis on system integration beoween carbon capture and coal-fired power plant [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 4 (23): 3843-3848, 8. Han Zhonghe, Wang Jixuan, Study on mechanism of CO, capture process and its integration with power generation systems [J]. Joumal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2013, 33, (10): $08-814,828 9. Fu Wenfeng, Wang Lanjing, Li Fei, et al. Distribution optim enthalpy rise in steam turbine unit based on modified PSO algorithm [J]. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2014, 34, (8): 653-659. ation on feedwaterimage not availableimage not availableimage not available60 layer of corrosion and presented a crack morphology. Due to the low chromium content, the surface of 600 failed (0 form an effective protective layer of chromium-rich, Oncology 825 formed a thick dense protective layer, 800 also formed effective corrosion protection layer; the surface was not observed significant accumulation of corrosion products, Although the surface morphology showed no corrosion products on the surface of 2205, it seems that exhibited excellent corrosion resisiance, fig. 3.f showed the surface of 2205 formed a thick layer of corrosion aera PS CeROTS £2205 Fig. 2. Microscopic morphology of oxide film on the susface of mat 25MPs conditions. under the absence of oxygen.image not availableimage not availableimage not available64 entered the production tail, finding the geographic distribution of remaining oil and tapping the potential of measures have become a key research now, but subject to various factors[ 1-2], the distribution of remaining oil is very fragmented, and distribution types ae very complex, through studying the residual oil saturation and residual oil reserves of abundance, combining with logging, sedimentary facies, this study analyzed high flooding conditions, and summarized the dis ribution of remaining oil. Controlling Factors of the Distribution of Remaining Oil Gao7 block is a edge water reservoir, the degree of reserve recovery is 20.22%, predicted recovery is 33.6%, there are still some remaining oil, from the current rule, the distribution of remaining oil in the plane is mainly affected by structure, lithology, reservoir type, injection and production pattem, in vertical, mainly affected by reservoir properties. 3.1. The remaining oil concentration near the fault Fault screened is a major cause of oil and gas accumulation, an important factor of the formation of remaining oil concentration{3]. Gao7 block developed two border faults with near north-south direction, it is difficult to spread to the fault surrounding during the injection proce: Figure 1 is remaining oil saturation distribution map of E1f23-1 layer, the wells in this figure is perforating wells in a this layer. The presence of faults, near the structural high point, less well developed, inadequate well network, edge water and injected water are hard to sweep, and these factors also are the important reasons for the remaining oil , Which led to a large number remaining oil exist in faults surrounding. concentrated around the fault, The original reservoir oil saturation is 0.62, now the average of fault-controlled is 0.615, hardly utilized. The remaining oil showed long stripe and stretched along the fault. Theremarning of sam | | disicibution area controlled by faultimage not availableimage not availableimage not available68 original reserves remaining reserves Fig. 5. Disuibution comparison of the original reserves and remaining reserves in E123-1 layer. orignal reserves Fig. 6, Distibution comparison of the original reserves and remaining reserves in E1f23-5 layer. 5. Adjustment Measures for Remaining Oil There are few oil-bearing layers in Gao? fault block, oil-bearing area of each layer vary greatly and the reserves relatively concentrated in single layer, so there will be an amount of waste if the wells are over cryptographic. Therefore this block should take advantage of the well network to control water cut, improve displacement efficiency and encrypt a few wells in the area without of control. ‘The adjustment measures mainly aim at the wells which have high water cut more than 95% and the daily oil production is less than the Lt, the injection wells are penetrated to provide energy. Table 2 is the adjustment measures in Gao7 block. Material cu drept de autorimage not availableimage not availableimage not availablen 7. Conclusions This study gave a detaile following conclusions: analysis of the distribution of remaining oil and gain the (1) The main controlling factors of Gao7 block are faults, the micro structural high and imperfect injection patterns (2) There are hug differences on different microfacies, which control the movable oil in different layer, sand bank plays a domain role, successfully followed by sand bar, channel. (3) There are five distribution patterns as for the remaining movable oil, Among them, dispersion sheet is the most, followed by banded, uniform distribution, scattered and others (4) After the implementation of the adjustment measures, the oil field development has been greatly improved, high-water-cut wells can be well i hibited, the new wells have large capacity, and these have a good guiding significance for Gao7 block Acknowledgments The author thanks Jiangsu Oilfield for supplying researching data and offering convenience for observing the cores References 1. Zhixiang Chen, The Reservoir Heterogeneity and Remaining Oil Distribution in Funning Formation in the Seventh Block of Gagji Oilfield, Offshore Oil, 2003, 23(2):51-54. 2, Wei Wang, Guangming LiaoM. Low permeability reservoir fine separate-layer water injection test pilot study in Gaoji oilficld as an example, Small Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, 2003. 8(2):29-32. 3. Yanzhong Wang, Study on fault segmentation and remaining oil enrichment in lerrestrial water drive oil reservoirs. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2006, 13(2):78-84 Xingguo Li. Ascertainment of remaining oil accumulations by analysing both ministructure and sedimentary microfacies in reservoir, OIL & GAS RECOVERY TECHINOLOGY, 1994, 1(1):68-80. 5. Huizhen Liang, Jun Xie, Jinliang Zhang. Study on the factors of influencing the remaining oil distribution and the quantitative calculation of the movable oil in the middle and upper layer series of Xiaermen Oilfield. Journal of Xi'an Sk University (Natural Science Edition), 24(6):13-16image not availableimage not availableimage not available16 5. Amplifying And Filtering Cireuit In this system, a multistage differential input combined amplifier circuit is used. Amplifier use LM358 dual operational amplifier. Dual operational amplifier with high gain and low power consumption, unity gain bandwidth IMHz, single and double power supply. Common mode and differential mode input voltage range, oulput voltage swing. LM324 series amplifier filter circuit operational amplifier with low cost. Differential input, single power supply. Common mode input range includes negative power supply, without external bias components, Output voltage range also includes negative supply voltage. 6. A/D Conversion Module Thi: tem uses the AFPX-A21, the input has 2 channels, the input range can choose the voltage 0-SV or 0-10V, select the current 0-20mA, and digital conversion value is KO-K4000. AFPX-A21 is directly inserted into the first slot of the PLC, and the ing the ladder diagram of PLC software. AID conversion can be realized by w 7. PLC Control Module total contol switel tank analog switel tank digital ewiteh: i tc mung tay, rote lectromanetic valve tla input double tak analog ne delay switel, motor total disconnect switeh not inpat leciroungnetic valve total pul regulate switeli iniotor 5 nto 2 inpat ste site 01 input reaulste switch sno.2 input regulate swith no. output rezubste swith nno.2 output regulate swith dlectromametic valve total output result swt no.1 ontpnt 110.2 output electromagnetic valve total oatputimage not availableimage not availableimage not available80 ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF SILICATE POLYAMINE CATHODE MATERIAL Li.FeSiO4 FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERY L. Liv’, H. Ma, X.S. Lu College of Electronic and Information Engineering, HeBei University Baoding, 07100 -mail: thesislin@163.com “Corresponding author hina The electron stmeture and properties of LisPeSiO, have been investigated by first-prineiple calculations using WIEN2k cole. Boltzmann transport theory is further used to obtain the transport properties based cn the results of first-principles calculations. ‘The strmetaral stability of LisFeSiOg system is demonstrated by calculating and analyzing the lattice parameter and bond leagth, ‘The ‘eSiOs crystal is attribute to a 1 silicon and oxygen atoms. Itis also found that the density in the snni level mainly contribute from Fe- s. The Fermi level results of charge density analysis show that structural stability of Li sirong covalent interaction betw 'y Tange near the moves towards the lower ener electron sta ‘end during the deinterealation of Li ions, indicating that 60 proparties of LisFeSiO, are better than that of LiFeSiO,, ‘The transport properties LisFeSIO, own a better electronic conductivity than that of LiFeSiO., which consistent with the analysis of deasity of sates, In addition, the computational results reveal that LigFeSiO, material ean be used as potential eandidate for heat ‘sting cathode for advanced lithium ion batteries, Keywords: First-prineiple; LisleSiO,; Cathode Material; Lit jum lon Battery, 1. Introduction The development of energy storage technology impelled the lithium ion batteries imo a promising application in the field of electrical vehicle (EV) and hybrid clectrical vehicle (HEV). EV and HEV applications require high energy density and high power density. However, the commonly used cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, such as LiCoO», LiNiO, and LiMn.O,, do not fulfill the requirement of EV and HEV applications due to their limited energy density and safety issues [1-4]. Orthosilicate cathode materials are considered alternative cathode material because of its good electrochemical performance such as high safety, low cost, and environmentally friendly [5-11] Especially, the LisFeSiO, cathode material may realize two lithium ions exchange per molecular unit during the battery charge and discharge processes and achieve a high theoretical capacity of about 330 mAsh/g. Silicate polyamine LizFeSiO, with Pmn2, symmetry structure had been synthesized and characterized by Nytén [12] et al. However, LiFeSiO, suffers from the problems of low electronic conductivity and low deintercalation potential, which have been the botileneck to be used commercially. Although the researches of LisFeSiO, have made some progress in experiments [13-16], but the electronic structural and transport properties of LigFeSiO, were notimage not availableimage not availableimage not available84 The charge density is a useful tool to describe the distribution of the electrons along with the bonding process of the crystals, To visualize the nature of the bonding characteristics in Li2FeSiO4 and LiFeSiO4, the charge density distibutions in 2D are examined and displayed in Figure 3a to 3d. A charge density accumulation between the Si and © atoms can be seen from the Figure 3a and b. Moreover, both the length of Si-O bond and the shape of charge density contours around the Si and O atoms remain mostly unchanged when lithium ions removed, indicating that Si-O bond is a strong covalent. As a consequence, the strong covalent Si-O bonds contribute to the structural stability of Li2FeSiO4. Figure 3c and d present that charges transfer from Fe to O atoms are obviously, suggesting that Fe-O bond is an ionic bond. The length of Fe-O bond decreases and the shape of Fe-O bond distortions after lithium extractions 3.3. Density of states In order to study the electronic properties of Li,FeSiO,, we exhibit the total density of states together with the partial density of states in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Figure 4 shows the total DOS of Li,FeSiO, at different lithium concentrations and total DOS of Li, Fe, Si and O. From Figure 4, it can be found that the shapes of the Li;FeSiO, alter slightly during the lithiationdelithiation. Figure 5 shows the partial DOS of Li, Fe, Si and O in Li,FeSiQ,. The density in the high-energy range near the Fermi level mainly contributed from Fe-3d electron states is shown in Figure 5b. The contributions of each atom in valence band are different, From -8.8eV--8eY, density is mainly combined by the p orbits of O atoms, the second is the s orbits of Si atoms. From -7.5eV--3.44eV, the mi peak of the density is almost contributions of the p orbits of O atoms. When lithium ion is extracted, the Fermi level moves towards the lower energy. It indicates that, the electronic conductivity decreases with the decreasing of lithium ions. Dos ~ 10s FeDOs —sipos ay 2 rosy of Steam) = SS BeentiV) Fig, 4. Total density of states for Li dash line,image not availableimage not availableimage not available88 RECONSTRUCTION PLANS AIMING AT ENHANCE MAIN STEAM PARAMETERS OF SUBCRITICAL UNITS Jia-Hlua Li’, Wen-Feng Fu’, Lan-Jing Wang’, Yan-Feng Hou’, Yu Shi’, Lan-Xin Zhou” !345North China Electric Power University, Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Conwvol for Power Plant Equipment, . Baoding 071003, Hebei Province, China ‘School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, Hebei Province, China Under the policy of “developing large units and supps S00MW suberitical units have to be dismantled int th of these units are far from ing samall ones” in our country, 200MW and coming future for their low efficiency. Many ir service life. if these units canbe reconstructed. it will not only extend their life, but also improve their efficiency. which is fully in line with the” energy saving” policy. So it is high time to make some difference. Some reconstruction plans for 200MW and 300MW suberitical units are showed fn this page, their economy is also calculated to prove these reconstruction plans were available and effective, which can offer some reference in this kind of reconstruction in the future Keywords: Suberitical unit, Reconstruction plans; Main steam parameters; Pre-turbine. 1. Introduction Energy distribution in China characterizes as being rich in coal while poor in oil and gas, resulting in the power structure dominated by coal production and consumption for a long time [1]. Half of the coal that consumed in China is used to generate electric every year. Thermal power industry is facing great pressure under the policy of “energy-saving and emission-reduction” and “developing large units and suppressing small ones”, so it is high time to make a difference. The current trend in thermal power industry is to dismantle small units and build large units because large units have higher main steam parameters so their efficiency is higher than small units. Now, 13SMW and below units ed, 200MW and 300MW units is about to dismantle in no distant future. The design life of thermal power unit is generally 30 years, in our country have already been disma but after some renovation, their actual service life can even reach 50 years [2]. According to that, although 200MW units have been worked for a long period, they still have great utility value, let alone 300MW units, which were built in 1990s. It will be very uneconomical to dismantle these units and build new units. “Coal and electricity energy saving and emi ion reduction upgrade and reform action plan (2014-2020)” issued on September 12, 2014 by National Development and Reform Commission pointed out that it was the main reference emission reduction technology reconstructing subcritical unit to (ultra) supercritical unit [3]. Thus, theimage not availableimage not available