Reservoir Fluid Properties Course (1st Ed.

)
1. About This Course
2. Resources
3. Training Outline (beta)
4. Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 2

Course Description
This course is prepared for:
2 semester (or credit) hours and meets for a total of 2
hours a week.
Sophomore or junior level students (BS degrees)
(Major) Petroleum engineering students
(Minors) Production, Drilling and reservoir engineering
students
Prerequisites :Thermodynamic 1 and lab.
Main objective:
to describe how oil and gas behave under various
conditions and how this behavior can be modeled

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 4

Lectures
Each session
Consists of different sections (about 4-5 sections)
Consists of about 50 slides
Is divided into 2 parts with short break time
Would be available online

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 5

Timing
Last Session (Review) Roll Call, 5
Last session
(Review), 5

session Outlook Next Session

Topics, 5
Session
Outlook , 5

Presentation A
Break Time
Presentation B
Next Session Topics
Roll Call Presentation B,
Presentation A,
45 Break
45
Time, 5

TIME (MIINUTE)
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 6
Assessment Criteria
Class activities Class
5% activities,
5 Mid-term

Mid-term exam exam, 25

25%
Final exam
70%
Final
exam, 70

PERCENT OF GRADE
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 7
Syllabus
1390 edition
1378 edition

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 9

1390 Edition

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 10

1390 Edition (Cont.)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 11

1390 Edition (Cont.)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 12

1378 Edition

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 13

1378 Edition (Cont.)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 14

Class Lectures

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 15

Major References
Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J.
(2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir
fluids (CRC Press).
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid,
R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids
(McGraw-Hill New York).
Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf
Publishing Company, Houston).

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 16

Syllabus Proposed References:
McCain, W.D. (1989). The properties of petroleum
fluids.
Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J.
(2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir
fluids (CRC Press).
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid,
R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids
(McGraw-Hill New York).
Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf
Publishing Company, Houston).

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 17

Class Schedule
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. 1 Introduction
Lec. 2 Petroleum Reservoir Fluids Advanced EoS and C7+
Lec. 9
Lec. 3 Compositional Analyses Characterization
Lec. 4 Reservoir Hydrocarbons Lec. 10 Equilibrium
(Natural gas & Crude Oil) Lec. 11 Flash and Equilibrium Ratios
Lec. 5 Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Bo Separators and Phase
& Bt & Constants) Lec. 12
Envelope Calculations
Lec. 6 PVT Experiments (CME & Lec. 13 Thermodynamic Properties
CVD & DL) Lec. 14 Physical Properties
Lec. 7 PVT Experiments (DL &
Solid Components and
Other Experiments) Lec. 15
Formation Water
Lec. 8 Equations of State and
Lec. 16 Relevant Software
Compressibility Factor
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 19
Lec. 1: Introduction
About This Course
Resources
Training Outline (beta)
Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 20

Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Reservoir Fluids
Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons
Phase Envelopes
HC Classifications

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 21

Lec. 3: Compositional Analyses
Samples
Sample Analysis
Samples Quality Control
K-Factor as A QC

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 22

Lec. 4: Reservoir Hydrocarbons
(Natural gas & Crude Oil)
Reservoir Fluid Course
HC Alteration
Properties of Natural Gases
Properties of Crude Oils
density
Gas Solubility

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 23

Lec. 5: Reservoir Hydrocarbons
(Bo & Bt & Constants)
Formation Volume Factor
Oil
Total (two phase)
Property Constants

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 24

Lec. 6: PVT Experiments
(CME & CVD & DL)
Constant-mass expansion Experiment
Constant-Volume Depletion Experiment
Differential Liberation Experiment: Procedure

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 25

Lec. 7: PVT Experiments
(DL & Other Experiments)
Differential Liberation Experiment: Data set
Separator Experiment
Swelling Experiment
Other Experiments

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 26

Lec. 8: Equations of State and
Compressibility Factor
General Notes about EoS
Ideal Gas EoS
Compressibility Factor
Van Der Waals EoS

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 27

Lec. 9: Advanced EoS and
C7+ Characterization
Cubic EoS:
SRK EoS
PR EoS
Other Cubic EoS
Non Cubic EoS
EoS for Mixtures
Hydrocarbons
Components
Mixtures
Heavy Oil

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 28

Lec. 10: Equilibrium
Cubic EoS:
SRK EoS
PR EoS
Other Cubic EoS
Non Cubic EoS
EoS for Mixtures
Hydrocarbons
Components
Mixtures
Heavy Oil

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 29

Lec. 11: Flash and Equilibrium Ratios
PT-Flash Process
Equilibrium Ratios
PT-Flash Calculations
Mixture Saturation Points

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 30

Lec. 12: Separators and
Phase Envelope Calculations
Mixture Saturation Points Calculation
Surface Separation
Phase Envelope
Phase Identification

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 31

Lec. 13: Thermodynamic Properties
The Estimation of Physical Properties
EoS Applications
Thermodynamic Properties

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 32

Lec. 14: Physical Properties
Viscosity
Surface and Interfacial Tension
Applications of the Natural Gas PVT Properties
Applications of the Crude Oil PVT Properties

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 33

Lec. 15: Solid Components and
Formation Water
Asphaltene
Gas Hydrates
Hydrate Structures
Formation Water

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 34

Lec. 16: Relevant Software
PVT Simulation
CMG
IPM
PVTi

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 35

Petroleum Engineering
Definition
Petroleum Engineering, by definition, is finding crude oil
and natural gas in the ground and devising a way to bring
it out of the ground.
Petroleum Engineer Role
Petroleum Engineers supply society with crude oil and
natural gas for energy. This energy fuels our cars and
planes, heats our homes, powers our plants and
generates electricity.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 38

What Is Petroleum?
Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance
derived from the remains of prehistoric plant and
animal matter.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. molecules
containing hydrogen and carbon, which exist
sometimes in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes
as a vapor (natural gas).

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 39

Fish and Plant Fossil

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 40

Petroleum Formation
Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric
plant and animal remains into the seas along with
sand and silt, and layer upon layer piled up on the
sea bottom.
These layers were compressed under the weight of
these sediments, and the increasing pressure and
temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into
rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This
rock is known as source rock.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 41

Oil Sources
Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they
float on top of water.
Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep
within the earth floated up through tiny pore
spaces in the rock.
Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.
Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called
shale.
These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow
through the pore spaces, i.e. which are permeable.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 42

An Example of Porous Rocks

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 43

Petroleum Extraction

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 44

Petroleum Extraction: Drilling
Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective oil
field and the land is leased, a wildcat well is drilled
to obtain more information about the reservoir.
In late 1800's, oil wells were drilled by hammering steel
pipes into the rock.
Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill bit is
turned around and around, deeper and deeper, cutting
into the rock.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 45

Drilling: Top Drive

Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008 Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 46
Rotary Drilling
Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate
the bit so it doesn't get stuck, and to flush the rock
pieces to the surface. These cuttings are examined
by a mud logger, who looks for signs of oil and gas.
Not all wells are straight and vertical. Horizontal
drilling has become a very profitable way to
increase production by having the wellbore
contacting more of the formation.
When the drilling is completed, the rigs can be
disassembled for assembly at another drill site.
Some rigs are on ships and barges for drilling
offshore.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 47
Drilling Mud System

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 48

Well Completion
After drilling, steel pipe called casing is set in the
hole and is cemented into place.
A heavy-duty system of valves called a Christmas
Tree is set into place at the wellhead to control the
flow of the oil, gas and water and prevent a
blowout.
Then the well casing is perforated at the right
depths to make holes for the oil and gas to flow into
the wellbore and up to the surface.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 49

Christmas Tree

Courtesy ICOFC, Khangiran, 2011

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Casing & Cementing

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 51

Petroleum Extraction: Production
Because oil, gas and water underground are under
a lot of pressure at first, these fluids flow up a
wellbore all by themselves, much like a soft drink
that has been shaken up. When oil and gas are
produced this way, it is called primary recovery.
When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod
pumps are used to pull the oil out of the reservoir
rock and up the well.
Sometimes gas is injected at the bottom of the
well, and as it expands, it lifts the oil up to the
surface. This is called gas lift.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 52

Producing the Well
Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil
and gas to flow through is called stimulation.
Three stimulation treatments are commonly used:
Explosives to break up the rock,
Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock, and
Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open
with proppants.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 53

Secondary Recovery
After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and
gas has been produced, so secondary recovery, or
waterflooding is done.
Water and oil do not mix; oil is generally lighter than
water and floats on top of it in the reservoir.
During a waterflood, water is injected into the water
zone of some of the wells to push the oil and gas up the
other wells.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 54

Consumption of Oil: Fuels
Fuel from produced oil and gas is used variously as
gasoline for cars, jet fuel, kerosene, propane gas for
cooking, heating oils for home furnaces, diesel fuels for
trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers in
factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.
Many electricity generating plants are also run on oil or
natural gas.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 55

Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber,
Other Products and Fibers
Plastics, Rubber, Other Products
Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum
feedstocks.
These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys,
containers, and automobile tires.
Other products include lubricating oils for machinery,
grease, wax for candles, asphalt for roads and roofs,
agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white oils and
petrolatum for medicinal purposes.
Fibers
Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made
into thousands of consumer products like panty hose,
nylon thread, and polyester.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 56

Careers in Oil Industry:
Engineers and Scientists
There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly
every type of engineer can be found upstream or
downstream, including
Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical,
bioengineers, and of course, petroleum engineers.
Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the
oil business.
Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists,
and computer scientists work together on multi-
disciplinary teams with engineers to research and
optimize oil field and refinery operations.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 57

Careers in Oil Industry:
Other Professional
There are also other professional and support
careers, as in any business.
These include business administration, accounting, law
and tax, advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and
library functions, trucking, public and employee
relations, and a host of other positions to keep operation
smooth.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 58

1. ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering &
Its Importance.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 59

1. Reservoir Fluids
2. Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons
3. Phase Envelopes
4. HC Classifications

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 60