Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation-Thesis

Project Report on:
PROPOSED GLOBAL CATASTROPHE & DISASTER MITIGATION SYSTEM @ CHENNAI

2009
A Thesis Report for the partial fulfillment Degree in Bachelor of Architecture
By: Guided by:

Mr. Samriddh.G.D Mrs. Vimala Swamy
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Department of Architecture
B.V.Bhoomraddi College of Engineering & Technology, HUBLI-580031
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
GCDMS
Visvesvaraya Technological University,
K.L.E. Societys
BVB COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY.
Vidyanagar, Hubli -580013
Certificate of Approval of Thesis Work

This is to certify that the Thesis work entitled, "GLOBAL CATASTROPHE & DISASTER MITIGATION SYSTEM @ CHENNAI is a
Bonafide work carried out by Mr. Samriddh Ganapati Dhareshwar as a part of X Semester curriculum in Department of Architecture
Under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2009. The Thesis work has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of Thesis Work prescribed for the Bachelor of Architecture Degree.
VTU no: 2BV04AT015

Dr. Ashok Shettar
Prof. Arun Huilgol
Mrs. Vimala Swamy Principal
Head of the Department
Project guide
____________________________________________________________
_____
External Viva
Name of Examiners Signature
1.
2.
GCDMS
To the Millions of Lives which
perished in the Natural Catastrophes
& Man made Cataclysms; The very
reason for which This Thesis
Exists.
GCDMS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Rome wasnt built in a Day: Rightly said by someone.

Life's been BINARY, I mean like a mixed blessing as an Architecture student; right from being at the top of the web
head to the deepest Dungeons of Loneliness. Even then trust me, the Vandalizing Experience on this road has always been
more precious than the Final Destination ahead. I learnt one thing for sure: To Manifest the zeal of Creation keep your
eyes Closed & imagination Wide Open..
Getting on board to be an Architect ( more precisely Anarchitect ) was no childs play . Attributes have to be given
to my beloved Parents first of all, my Bhaiyya: Adarsh, my family, my Juniors, Seniors, Lecturers, Professors &
even certain non Teaching staffs.
Firstly I would like to Thank my Parents & sibling for their due support. I would like to thank my Thesis guide
Mrs.Vimala Swamy for the kind of support she bestowed me with & for the belief she had in me.
I also thank Prof. Arun Huilgol (H.O.D) & Principal Ashok Shettar for making me a part of this Department & the
college.
I must Thank Meteorological Center of Bangalore, Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bangalore, Sanjay Gandhi Trauma
care center Bangalore, Mainyuta Trauma Care center Bangalore, Theosophical society of Chennai for Furnishing details of
the relevant case studies.
A special attribute to my Boss (during Professional Training) in the Office Mr. Deepak Prabhu & his Staff;
who changed my entire course of architecture, as a Professional & as a Technical guy. Without his guidance (in terms of
designing & detailing) during Training, I wouldnt have dared to take up a massive & unconventional Thesis project.
GCDMS
I would also like to show a deep sense of Gratitude towards few of my Class mates, Friends & Juniors for their moral
support & timely encouragement.
A special Thanks to my friends Chaitanya, Natasha, Krupa, Priya.B & of course Pankaj (my beloved Junior)
for at least understanding, digesting & supporting my Thesis work as a new approach.
A special mention of my Engineering pal Giridhar.S.K (DON informally ) for his everlasting support &
encouragement; especially when I really needed some.
I also owe a lot to our Beloved Librarian Mr. Hiregoudar sir for his as well as his Librarys support.
I also attribute a tons of thanks to Hanumanta & Hemmappa for their support & cooperation in these 5 years of
my Career.
I wish to Thank certain TV Channels like Discovery, NGC & History channel for airing all those inspiring
Mega engineering documentaries & construction shows from which this Thesis topic is originally inspired.
Last but not the least I wish to thank Autodesk for creating cutting edge software's like Revit & AutoCAD without
which my Thesis topic would have never been completed.. You guys seriously rock
If asked why this Project, then the answer comes from Jean-Jacques Rousseau; as he said I do not fully
know if mans values have been, or are in the process of being, destroyed, but why wait to find out..??
So this Project
** Note:
This consignment & thesis work is an effort towards Global Disaster mitigation & hence Dually dedicated to
UNDMT (United Nations Disaster Mitigation Team)
GCDMS
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Scope & Inspirations of the Project
3. About Site
4. Site Conditions
5. Earth sciences & Geo Engineering (Relevant references & case studies)
6. Detailed requirements
7. Concept & Inspirations
8. Detailed Design
GCDMS
Proposed Global Catastrophe &
Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai
Thesis Guide:
Mrs. Vimala Swamy
By:
Samriddh. G. Dhareshwar
2BV04AT015
X-Sem B.Arch
B.V.B.C.E.T
Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai
GCDMS
INTRODUCTION

GCDMS
Proposed
Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System
(Scopes & Issues)
A Photosynthetic, Self sustainable, Revenue Generating Universal Asylum & Disaster mitigation
System
- Universal Refuge centre & Universal Disaster Management shelter (A self sufficient Hybrid
well Engineered System capable enough of Tolerating & manipulating any
Catastrophe, Calamity & Disaster {Natural, political, or Man made} )
- Caters Human resources management (Tidal projects, Flood barriers &
Floodgates, Sustainable Energy farms, Geothermal & other Power plants)
- Management of Diversities & species (Humans, Flora & Fauna)
- Energy resources & Industrial management (Contextual)
- Conservation & restoration of Ecosystem (Eco sustainability & Bio remediation)
- Long term Future planning of Environmental issues & Infrastructure-based or
Economical issues
Establishes a National administration body required during Crisis.
A power house/Mitochondria (in terms of Tourism Revenues & Contextual Industries) of the regional
Territory
> A Heavy Combination or HYBRID system of Requirements pertaining to Doomsday Vault, Lily pad,
Nuclear Bunkers, Refuge centers, Military bases, Energy farms & recycling Industrial Plants
(Collectively an Architectural project but necessarily a highly service oriented Engineered Unit
whose Mass & Rapid Prototyping being Possible in any part of the world irrespective of the
Context, the very fact being that this system would be designed with Universal Considerations )

GCDMS
How, Why & what would you suffice by this Project
Space Technology and Disaster Management (UNDMT)
Under the theme "Space benefits for humanity in the twenty-first century", the Third United
Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) was
held in Vienna from 19 to 30 July 1999. In its resolution 1, the Conference adopted The Space
Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development that was subsequently
endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 54/68. The Vienna Declaration
recommended 33 specific actions that should be taken to enable space technologies to
contribute to the solution of global challenges of the new millennium. One of the
recommendations put forward was the need "to implement an integrated, global
system, especially through international cooperation, to manage
natural disaster mitigation, relief and prevention efforts, especially
of an international nature, through Earth observation,
communications and other space-based services, making maximum use
of existing capabilities and filling gaps in worldwide satellite
coverage".
UN-HABITAT Disaster Management programme helps governments and local authorities

rebuild in countries recovering from war or natural disasters.

GCDMS
Scope & Inspirations

GCDMS
Inspiration: What is Dooms Day Vault?
The final design for a "doomsday" vault that will house seeds from all known varieties of food crops has
been unveiled by the Norwegian government.
The Svalbard International Seed Vault is built into a mountainside on a

remote island near the North Pole.
The vault aims to safeguard the world's agriculture from future

catastrophes, such as nuclear war, asteroid strikes and climate
change.
Construction began in March, and the seed bank is scheduled to open

in 2008.
The Norwegian government is paying the $5m (2.5m) construction

costs of the vault, which will have enough space to house three million
seed samples.

GCDMS
Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System
(an extension of Dooms Day Vault for humans)
Prime Issues Prior Design
1. Site Selection Cross sectional

view of the Vault
2. Concept (Physical & Moral)
3. Requirements
4. Materials & Construction Techniques
5. Feasibility & Workability
6. U.G. Services .(How do u cater for Natural light & ventilation)
7. Energy efficiency & self sustainability of Project
8. Calamities to be considered for Dooms Day criterions
9. An alternative use of Armageddon shelter (Throughout its life period)
10. Seismic consideration in Design. (Considerate enough for Tsunamis & E.Q.s)
11.UG Transportation system.
12. Special Industrial structures (Treatment Plants, Distilleries & other special services)

GCDMS
About Site

GCDMS
Site Selection (Y an Issue..??)
The concerned design program demands a Disaster prone site in order to suffice its
existence, Feasibility & workability
It should be connected to main roads of the core city as accessibility being an issue
It should have scope of Refinement in terms of Tourist attraction, Revenue
generation, Bio Remediation & a contribution as a Public Work.
Should be prone to Multiple disasters to demonstrate its Workability
Site should hold certain significance in terms of Commercial as well as Cultural value
Ideal Chennai
CHENNAI Being subjected to Cyclone, Storms, (Hurricanes & Nisha), Flood,
Tsunami, mild tremors of E.Qs acts as one of the model sites to demonstrate the
feasibility of the proposed Prototype.
Apart from that Chennai does have the frequent shortage of water, so making
possible for Contextual Industries & other Bio remediation plants

GCDMS
Floods in Chennai
Major effect on Road networks, Transportation

& Day to day routine life

GCDMS
Site @ Chennai.. Y..??
Availability of Natural Resources, like sea, Lakes, Greenery,
Contextual Industrial areas, Pious, Religious as well as Tourist places
Most importantly: A disaster Prone locality
- Frequent Storms, Typhoons, Cyclones

- Tsunami & small scale Earth quakes
- Water scarcity (river issues)
Chennai harbor
Coastal line & marine beach Cooum river Ennore Port

Adyar Estuary &
Theosophical society
Anna park & memorial Ennore power plant

near Cooum river
Dream Constraints available in CHENNAI
Pallikaranai marsh Red hills lake Sholavaram lake & Karanodai river from VGP Layout

GCDMS
Site Conditions

GCDMS
Site Preview
Google Image of the Site Basic Layout of the Proposed site

GCDMS
Site consists of a Land of 120
hectares belonging to Theosophical
society as Botanical garden & apart
from that Adyar river, connecting
Estuary & an Island of 15 Hectare.
View of the Site

GCDMS
Vicinity of the Site
Site Entry (as of now into

Theosophical society) Bridge over the Adyar River
Core Traffic & Flyover in front of the site
River Adyar (Almost a nala now)

GCDMS
Present Scenario of the Site
Island present as of now

A river/NALA called Adyar
Shore line b/w River & Site Skyline of the site looking from the Bridge, over the River Adyar
GCDMS
On the Site
Existing Structures & Road networks
One of the Biggest & oldest Banyan tree

Cultural heritage : Botanical garden
GCDMS
Tentative Program of Requirements

GCDMS
I. Composite Unit
(research & Monitoring center = IPCC Headquarters):
- Weather forecasting & meteorological Department

- Geological labs (Soil testing & Seismic labs)
- Space research institutes
- An Observatory with a HELIPAD
- CDC & Disease detection labs
- Weather emergency center
- Lunar Sample labs
- Pacific Tsunami Warning Centers
- National lightning detection center
- Fire Fighting Dept
- Ice Data Center (with ICE CORES)
- Emergency U.G. Response Unit (Bunkers, Metro & River project)
- * A volcano surveying unit

GCDMS
A. Seismic & Geo-testing Labs
(Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering [CSEE] + Structural Engi.. & E.Q. Simulation lab [SECL])
Requirements
2. Description of laboratory facilities:
2.1.Structural dynamics and earthquake simulation testing:(500 m2 ) 2.2. Support areas:

2.1.1. Testing area 1 Old Lab 2.2.1. Fabrication area (168.15 m2 )
2.1.1.1. Shake Table O (420 m2 ) 2.2.1.1. Machine shop area (38.81 m2 )
2.1.1.2. Strong floor O
2.2.1.2. Welding facility (22.57 m2 )
2.1.1.3. Gantry crane
2.1.1.4. Reaction frames 2.2.1.3. Materials storage (80m2 )
2.1.1.5. Shake table S 2.2.1.4. Gantry crane
2.1.1.6. Portable Reaction Wall (Block) 2.2.2. Delivery area (150.45 m2 )
2.1.1.7. Testing set-ups. 2.2.2.1. Rigging equipment
2.1.1.8. Control room (20 m2 )
2.2.2.2. Personnel Platforms
2.1.1.9. Equipment
2.1.2. Testing area 2 Expansion Lab: 2.2.2.3. Gantry crane
2.1.2.1. Shake Tables A and B 2.2.3. Wood fabrication area (360 m2 )
2.1.2.2. Reaction Walls (120 m2 )
2.1.2.3. Strong Floor (278 m2 ) 2.3. Related Support facilities:
2.3.1.Soil testing lab (100m2 )
2.1.2.5. Instrumentation platform (15 m2 )
2.1.2.6. Visitors gallery 2.3.2.Instructional soil lab (100m2 )
2.1.2.7. Servers room (12 m2 ) 2.3.3.Instructional structures lab (100m2 )
2.1.2.8. Operator deck / room (25 m2 ) 2.3.4.Electronics Packaging Laboratory (200m2)
2.1.2.9. Equipment (20 m2 )
GCDMS
B. Geo technical & Geo Environmental Engineering lab:
1. Soil Mechanics Lab
2. Rock Mechanics Lab (150 m2 )
3. Engineering Geology Lab (150 m2 )
4. Geophysics Lab (100 m2 )
5. Geo Environmental Lab (150 m2 )
6. Field Testing & surveying: (1000 m2 )

a. Self anchoring Penetrometer equipment
b. ST (Standard Penetration Test)
c. Soil Sampling
d. Pressurometric test
e. Van shear test

GCDMS
C. Meteorological Center: (2200 m2 )
I) Administration & Research block : (600 m2 ) III) Open air system : (1000 m2 )
1-General section (40 m2 ) Various apparatuses used in this system are:
2- Communication Charting section (40 m2 )
3- Duty officer (30 m2 ) 1- Stevenson screen
4- Director in charge (Main head) (30 m2 ) 2- Double Stevenson screen
5- Assistant Meteorologist (25 m2 ) 3- Evaporimeter
6- Convergence room 4- Salinity sampler
7- Forecasting room (32 m2 ) 5- Ordinary rain gauge
8- Library (60 m2 ) 6- Automatic rain gauge
9- Seminar room 7- Automatic weather station
10- Institutional floor for (staff & Students (SUTRON Tower)
involved in meteorological survey)
11- Inspector & climatological section
II) Radar Unit (625 m2 )
1- General & record section
2- Pilot balloon Observatory
3- store room for Baroswitch, Anemometer,
Hygrometer
4- Radio sounding unit (20 m2 )
5- Dynes Pressure tube
GCDMS
D. Space Research institutes:
1. Main Building: Vertical Zoning:
i. Administration (80 m2 )
ii. Reception & waiting area (80 m2 ) 1st Floor:
iii. Services (Staircase, Lifts - Academic block (20 rooms) (18m2 Each )
2 in number, Fire escape, Toilets) - Stairs, Lifts (2)
iv. Electronics Lab - Auditorium
v. Computer Lab} (120 m2 ) 2nd Floor:
vi. Auditorium (200 m2 ) - Academic Blocks
vii. Office & staff rooms - Toilets
2. Workshops (2 in number) (400 m2 ) - Service rooms & Electronics labs
3. Power House - Computer labs
- Offices space 3rd Floor:
- Toilets - Reception
- Staircase & service rooms - Seminar hall
4. Canteen (150 m2 ) - Electronics labs
5. Library (120 m2 ) - Academics section
6. Union Bodies 4th Floor:
7. 25 Parking (4 wheeler) - Same as 3rd floor
Academics section

GCDMS
E. An Observatory: (1000 m2 )
1- Telescope Pier (2 m2 )
2- Insulated control room (22.5 m2 )
3- Insulated Panel room (27 m2 )
4- Coude room (27 m2 )
5- Staircase (Preferably Spiral)
6- Operable/Mechanical Roof (175 m2 )
7- High resolution telescope
8- elevating chair /observation
ladder/electrical observation chair
9- photographic dark room (20 m2 )
10- instrumentation room (20 m2 )
11- clock vaults
12- (workshops) mechanical or optical
shops (20 m2 )
13- Data/Digitization room (20 m2 )
14- Participant + Camera Rooms (20 m2 )
F. Lunar Sample labs: (1000 m2 )
1. Storage labs & sampling areas (75 m2 )
2. Research labs & workshops (200 m2 )
3. Administration & service areas (40 m2 )
4. Pantry
5. Staff rooms (160 m2 )

GCDMS
G. Weather emergency center: (Partly Subterranean) (20000 m2 )
1. Warning center (100 m2 )
2. Special rooms (75 m2 )
3. Monitoring rooms (Radar & Broadcasting)
4. Team rooms (s) (300 m2 )
5. Drill & demo rooms (areas) (500 m2 )
6. Communication center (30 m2 )
7. weather balloon launching station
8. U.G. Bunker (hosing Dining, sleeping quarters, H2O & power reservoir, Radio & TV studios.)
9. Sewage treatment plant
10. Emergency team room= CODE (code of on call response & recovery employee)
11. Fire fighting department & Rescue engineering teams } (400 m2 )
12 Other common services.
H. National Hurricane/Typhoon center (near Estuary) (350 m2 )

1. Weather Radar & sensors (monitoring & Broadcasting) (150 m2 )
2. Anemometer of Roof Gables
3. Team of Hurricane scientists & environmentalists (50 m2 )
4. TAFB (Tropical Satellite Analysis & Forecast unit) (50 m2 )
5. Satellite monitoring
- WSR-88D Radar
- Media support & other facilities
6. Other Common services (100 m2 )
GCDMS
I. Ice core data Center:
1. Deep Freeze/ Ice store room (250 m2 )
2. Digital snow lab (50 m2 )
3. Analog snow lab
4. Climate Study & monitoring unit
5. Sensor room (40 m2 )
6. Ice labs (1000 m2 )
J. Pacific Tsunami warning centre (PTWS) (300 m 2 )

1. Prototype of regional center
2. Monitoring lab + Sensor maintenance (100 m2)
3. Sea bed bottom recorder (GPS & GOES Stem )
4. Special force & siren system (100 m2)
5. Alarm & Broadcasting center (30 m2)
* 6. other common services.
K. Disease Detection Labs: (1000 m2)

1. Vacuum sealed coirs (1000 m2)
2. .Air filters (200 m2)
3. Quarantine zones + Labs (250 m2)
4. CDC Strategic National stock pile (100 m2)
5. Team of Disease detectives (200 m2)
6. Other common amenities.

GCDMS
L. Volcano Surveying Observatory: (VDAP=Volcano Disaster assistance program) (380 m )
2
1. E.Q. Detection lab

2. GPS & Weather forecasting unit (30 m2)
3. VDAP Crisis team (50 m2)
4. Refuge shelters
5. Emergency medical facility (200 m2)
6. Other common services (100 m2)
M. Center for Emergency Preparedness: (shelter in place Concept)

1. Administration (200 m2)
2. Library (30 m2)
3. Public awareness camps (100 m2)
4. Safety meeting areas
5. Staff & rescue engineers (50 m2)
6. Bomb squad/Fire department/ Police (80 m2)
7. Disease detection labs 7 quarantine zones & Medical unit (200 m2)
8. Global Catastrophe prototype (400 m2)
9. Control room & tower (100 m2)
10. Team for disabled (crutches, cone, walkers) (150 m2)
11. Rescue machines, storage & 4 wheeler parking
12. Special shelter for Pets & their owners (1000 m2)
GCDMS
N. Emergency Operation centers (EOC)
headed by IPCC & NIA:
1. Security and Reception Areas 3. Administrative Offices
Gun Clearing Area EOC Commander or Emergency Management Director
Entrapment Area or Room Deputy Director (15 m2)
Reception Desk (20 m2) Communications Director (15 m2)
Public Affairs or Information Officer (12 m2)
2 .Operations Suite Administrative Assistant (12 m2)
Operations Room (50 m2) Legal Counsel (12 m2)
Command Rooms Senior Watch Officer or Operations Section Chief(9 m2)
Conference Rooms (200 m2)
Briefing Rooms 4 .Support Spaces
Data & Telecommunications Equipment Room (60 m2) Copier/fax machine room (15 m2)
Senior Management Staff Rooms } (100 m2) Storage (40 m2)
Information and Planning Rooms Optional Sleeping Quarters or a Quiet Area (1000 m2)
Communications Center (50 m2) Optional Food Service or Break Area (200 m2)
GIS/Mapping

GCDMS
II. Disaster Shelter Complex
A Tripartiate Human Settlement (DISASTER SHELTER COMPLEX: 1,00,000 Capacity):
- Families
- VIPs
- Others
DISASTER SHELTER:
Common facilities:
- Sanitation, water supply, Toilets
- Food stalls kiosks, Medical stores, Clinics
A. Temporary Refuge camps: (40,000 capacity = 20 hectares)
- Dome shaped Housing
- Prototype housing
- Storm shelters
Basics of single prototypes: (2,00,000 m2)
1. Secured Entrance
2. Air ventilation system (pipes)
3. Hooks for cloth hanging
4. Corner shelves (water bottles, battery flashlights, Blankets, first
aid, Battery operated radio, & cell phone with charger)
5. Phosphorus paint o surface & Lighting fixtures

GCDMS
Common facilities:
- Sanitation, water supply, Toilets
- Food stalls kiosks, Medical stores, Clinics
B. Permanent Refuge Shelter: (20 hectares)

1. Massive halls (3 in number, 1000 capacity 2000m2 each)
2. Common choultries & Dormitories.
3. Food hubs, Medical facility + Toilets
4. VIPs choultries. (1000m2)
5. Conference rooms & meeting chamber (2each with @ list 50 capacity) (896m2)
6. Multilevel Subterranean Shelter complex (45000 cap) (112500m2)
7. Administration & office blocks (2000m2)
8. Research & Catastrophe simulation prototypes
9. Library (500m2)
10. Museum/Exhibit complex
11 Memorial Hall
C. A Metro station (An U.G. transportation system)

i. Tunnels (for Rail & tracks)
ii. Services: Public Toilets, Escalators, Stairs, Drainage lines, Ventilation system, Electrical & service
shafts, Floodgates, Fire provisions, Automated Steel doors (entrance),
iii. Shop amenities
iv. Checkpoints & Surveillance units + Emergency U.G Response unit (maintenance army)

GCDMS
D. (Emergency war Headquarters/Bunkers/ Bomb shelters/ Emergency war cabinets/ command center):
(10,000 capacity;10 Hectares)
1. Air tight Multiple Entrances & Exits
2. Stairs & Lifts 13. Metro Systems
3) Nuclear Bunker: 14.Toilets (1:100)
- Shelter rooms (10000cap, 25000m2) 15.Kitchen/ Dining + shops
- Cellars 16. Common hall (Chamber for sessions)
- Staff quarters 17. Artillery & weaponry post
- Refuge camps & Dormitories (separate for civilians & Military) 18. SUB MARINE BUNKER POSTS
4) D.G. Rooms for Power generators 19. Gym
5) Specialized service cores 20. Backup system for generators (1000m2)
6) MAP ROOM (Command center & military base) 25000m2 21. Blast valves & CVR Filteration systems
7) Water tanks, fuel tanks & Ventilation system (200m2 ,100m2 , 200m2)
8. Filteration plant (300m2)
9) Medical facilities (Hospital) (400m2)
10) Granaries, Storage, silos & other air tight areas (200m2)
11) Quarantine zones (1000m2)
12) Integrated Tunnel systems
- Axis Tunnels
- Service tunnels (ventilations, Garbage, Sewers &
Trolleys=Integrated rail system)
- Highway tunnels (if any)
GCDMS
III. Contextual Industries & plants
1. Energy Harnessing plants:
- Wind farms
- Under water turbines
- Solar panel mills (solar farms) & Solar mills/Furnaces
- OTEC Plants (Plants for harnessing convection currents) &
recycling U.G. CO2
2. Industries (For territorial utility & Bio remediation):

- De salination plants (Solar or Nuclear)
- water Purification plants
- Recycling units
* - AHU systems for Air purification

GCDMS
a. Sewage Water treatment plant:
1. Stabilization reservoir (sequential batch) (2000m2) Various functional Units:
2. Facultative ponds (to the stream) (1000m2) i. Sewage sludge concentrator
ii. H2O Purification plant
3. aerated lagoon (1200m2)
iii. Sewage sludge incinerator
4. Anaerobic ponds iv. Dioxins decomposition system
5. Raw sewage (2000m2) v. Ceramic membrane filtration system
vi. Submerged membrane units & cartridges
other: vii. Membrane methane fermentation unit
1. Sewer connection viii. Single shaft shredder
ix. High-speed hard shelter
2. Screen for filtration (100 Long)
3. Grit chamber (450m2)
Natural Sewage treatment (REED bed sewage treatment)
4. Primary sedimentation tank (400m2)
A. Septic tank (12000 m2)
5. Sludge digester (314.28m2)
B. Pumping station (4 m2)
6. Sludge drying bed (400m2)
C. Vertical Reed bed.
7. Secondary treatment tank (900m2)
D. Pumping station (4 m2)
8. Trickling filter (1257.12m2)
E. 2ndary Vertical reed bed
9. Activated carbon filter (1257.12m2)
F. Humus tank (5600 m2)
10. Distribution tank
G. balancing tank
11. Administration & office
H. Horizontal Reed bed
12. Other common services
I. Flow control chamber (100 m2)

GCDMS
b. Water Treatment/Purification Plant:
Water Treatment plant Step-I:
1. Primary setting basins (600 m2 ) 1. Intake cross
2. Chlorine contact chamber 2. Conveyor Tunnels & shafts
3. Pump stations (70 m2) Step-II:
4. Fermenters (1257 m2) 1. Chemical adding chamber
5. Secondary clarifiers (1257 m2) 2. Mixing basin
6. Bio reactors (2500 m2) 3. Settling basins
7. Utility building (250 m2) 4. Sand & gravel filters
8. Grit & screen facility (60 m2) 5. Reservoirs (with Shaft &
9. Control room (600 m2) tunnels)
10. DAF Thickener (300 m2) Step-III:
11. Heating building 1 Pumping Station
12. Digesters (1257 m2) 2. Other connecting lines
Treatment procedures:
Bar Screen Grit Removal, Oil & grease removal sedimentation, Filteration, Biological treatment, Sludge dewatering,
Chemical dusting, Advanced treatment.
Treatment procedures:
Step-1: Preliminary treatment: Bar screen, Fine particle sieving, grit chamber, pre-aeration, grease well, scraping chamber.
Step-2: Primary Treatment: Sedimentation, Floatation, Clarifier, Floatation chamber, Chemical coagulation, Sedimentation,
Step-3: Secondary treatment:
i. Aerobic :Aeration, Tricking Filter, Rotary biological distillery
ii. Anaerobic: Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket digesters
Step-4: Advanced Treatment
GCDMS
c. Biological Filteration plant:
1. Crude water inlets
2. Screening tower
3. Inflow pipe
4. Drain through
5. Purification chamber
6. Purified water & Outflow
d. Solar De-salination plant:
1. Three channels of water:
System design:
i. Inflow of sea water (Hydro static pressure)
4floors of Design:
ii. Distilled water flow coming from
condensed water vapour 1. High pressure pump area
iii. Central region with increased salt concentration & 2. Link between pump capacity (5.5 MW high pressure)
flows back into sea as Brine discharge. 3. RO Bank & Boron removal furniture's
2. Room for Osmosis treatment trains
4. Preliminary Filteration media= gravel, quartz, sand &
3. Series of Evaporators & Condensers
anthracite
4. Solar panel for Evaporators
5. Main stage
6. Storage Tanks (water from condensers)
7. Bay & Deck area
8. Intake & Discharge canal
9. Main building: (1875 m2)
- Pre treatment system (sedimentation & Filteration)
- Reverse Osmosis plant
- Post treatment
10. Main Fresh water Storage
GCDMS
e. Biogas Plant:
1.Ware House & Collection area
2. Collection tanks
3. Digesters & Fermenters(2-3 In number)
4. Main Digester
5. Condensation Shafts & conveyor systems
6. Sludge tank
7. Ventilation system
8. Machine room
9. Control rooms & Administration
10. Backup DG & Power house
11. Main supply & heating networks (Steam boilers, heat exchangers)
12. Central SS Feedback Distribution
13. Other Common services

GCDMS
Iv Seed Bank: (1000m2)
1. Tunneled Entrances
2. Sleeved Tunnel (erosion & Climate control)
3. Airlock doors & Airtight provision system for junction areas
4. Seed vaults/Banks (200m2)
5. Offices, administration, staff & handling/service areas (500m2)
6. winter Garden (1000m2)
7. Research labs & workspaces (1000m2)
8 .Seed treatment facilities (50m2)
9. Museum (if any)
10. Other services & common amenities
V. U.G. Flood Reservoir:
1. Network of Main, axial & service tunnels/ channel
2. Reservoir/ Flood water storage tank (24300 m2)
3. Pumping station (20m2)
4. Service entries, Rooms, Maintenance (stairs & lit cores)
5. axis tunnel
6. Silos & restricted (concealed areas)
7. Ventilation system (plant /shaft) (750m2)

GCDMS
VI. A Trauma care center/ Public safety center:
OT (Operation Theatre)
1). Trauma care center (30m2)
(Casualty 3 stretcher 24 hours)
2). Observation ward (15 cap) (112m2) 1) Autoclave units (2 machine rooms) (10m2)
3). General ward 2) Stores & washrooms (20m2)
4). ICU (With provisions of 3) 3 OTs (Thoroughly equipped)
ECG, Oxygen, syringe, pump, 4) Patient receiving area (15m2)
mask)
5). Main stores (80m2) 5) Post OT & Pre OT Units. (20m2)
6). X-Ray Departments, Line 6) Record rooms (8m2)
rooms 7) OT Scrubbing basins
7). Provisions for CT Scan & 8) Receiving rooms (through the window)
Ultrasound (20m2)
9) Sterile room (8m2)
8). Mechanical laundry (30m2)
9). OPD (Out patient dept) (108m2) 10) Old storage unit
10). Blood bank 11) Changing room (25m2)
12) ICU (15 cap)
Next floor: 13) Sisters Dressing room (30m2)
1). General ward (16 cap) (80m2) 14) Anesthesia room (20m2)
2). Post operation ward (10 cap)
3). Male ward (with recreational 15) Slipper room (/Toilets)
facilities) (200m2) 16) Surgeon's room (6-8m2)
4). 3 Major OTs (Operation theaters) 17) Doctors Changing room (6m2)
& 1 Septic OT 18) Ward boy's room (8m2)
5). Semi special wards
6). Social work & reception (30m2)
7). Pooja/Prayer room (4m2) 19) Septic OT
8). Administration & Staff rooms (20m2)
9). Courtyards
10). Emergency Exit
GCDMS
VII. A Universal Supermarket (1 -2 acres)
1. Main Market (1800 m2)
2. Supply Rooms (192 m2)
3. Distribution of Transportation system (900 m2)
4. Cold Storage (192 m2)
5. Bakery section (Sale & production unit)
6. Warehouse (vehicle recharging) (1600 m2)
7. Frozen, Dry & wet storage (150 m2 , 250m2 , 250m2)
8. Hi end food factory (Akshyapatra)
9. Other automated & tinned production unit
10. Trolley storage area (200 m2)
11. Administration (300 m2)
12. Parking (100 m2)
13. Service core & roads
14 Marketing streets

GCDMS
VIII. Botanical Garden:
Training Center
ETP units
Information kiosks
Car Parking
Bonsai Garden
Nursery men cooperative society
Accounts Office
Glass House
Fountains
Directorate of Horticulture
Library
Topiary Garden
Seed testing labs
Garden office

GCDMS
IX. Food Factory (Akshayapatra Prototype) & Restaurant:
1- Kitchen area:
Rice: 2. Loading & Unloading areas
Silos & Grinding Granaries 3. Distribution area
SS Coal drum area (main kitchen) 4. Washing & cleaning areas
Steam cooking area 5. Water tanks
6. Staff rooms
Chapatti:
Dough mixing area 7. Workers dormitories
Chapatti making area 8. Administration
Conveyor system 9. 4 wheeler parking area
10. Garbage area
Upper level: 11. Back up Generator rooms
Scullery level
Vegetable & Curry area 12. Other common Services
X. Auxiliary Requirements:
1. Security checkpoints with Surveillance Cams (@list6)
2. Natural Riparian forests & corridors + Mounds (For floods)
3. Universal Food Hub (Near Akshyapatra)
4. Administration (a supreme High command body)
[NIA +UNDMT & IPCC]
- Office
- Info Kiosks & - Guest Houses
- universal Library + Opera/ Auditoriums
5. Power station
6. Monorail system & station
GCDMS
XI. A global catastrophe & mitigation System:
1- An U.G. River project
2- An U.G. metro system
3- Tunnels
4- Flood gate & Surge Barriers
5- Flood & Volcano diverting system
6- Structure & provisions to withstand effects of:
-Lightning
- Ice storms & Freezing rains
- Heat waves
- Sandstorms & Dust storms
- Suffocating smog
- Storms & Hurricanes (Katrina, Nisha, Typhoons, Tornadoes etc)
- E.Qs, Tsunamis, Landslides
- Global warming, (El Nio & El Nina)
- Draughts & famines
- Volcano
8- Surveillance unit for monitoring Weather forecasting
9- special AHU System
10- A water recycling & Purification system

GCDMS
Earth Science & Geo Engineering

GCDMS
Possible Criterion for Dooms Day
1. Natural:
Global warming , Floods, Earth quakes, Lightning Strikes, Volcanoes, Super Volcano (COLDERA), volcanic
Lahars, Typhoons, Cyclones (Nisha), Hurricanes (Katrina), Tornadoes (HP), Raging Fire storms & Infernos, Fire
tornadoes, Disasters, Avalanches, Permafrost (Glacial ice), Landslides, LEHAR (muddy & rocky flow), Ice
storms & Freezing Rain, Glacial Outbursts Floods, Ice age, Tsunami, Mega Tsunami, Storm, Storm Surges, Ozone
depletion, Magnetosphere depletion, droughts & Famines, Aquae altae , Crop extinction, El-Nino & Al-Nina,
Liquefaction due to E.Q., Acid Rains, Suffocating smog, sandstorms & Dust storms (in cities), Wild Fires, Tidal
waves, Extreme weather, Cloud Burst
2. Man Made:
Man made Disasters, Riots, Fire hazards, Civil wars, Epidemics & Pandemics, Mismanagement of Human
resources (Fossil fuel, Coal, Natural gas), Mass extinction of other species, Genocide & Massacres, Cyber wars,
Nuclear accidents (Chinese Syndrome & Black Friday), Mercury poisoning, Terrorism, Mid air collisions, Ship
wrecks, Oil Spills & Oil infernos, Dioxin spill, Gas Poisoning, Nuclear winters, Dam failures
3. National Emergencies (Law & order): Terrorism, Internal Threats, Bio terrors, Wars (Bio, Air &
Cyber terrorism, Nuclear + Pressure bombs), Armed rebellion, Breakout of Government or Constitutionalist
machineries, State emergency & curfews, Financial emergency, External aggression, PRESIDENTs rule.
4. Extra Terrestrial:
* Asteroids, Meteors, Comets, Planet storms, HALLOWEEN STORMS (Solar storms & Flares) etc
Various view of the Svalbord Seed Vault

GCDMS
Natural Calamities & Catastrophes
Hurricanes Cyclones, Tornadoes, Katrina & Tidal waves
Hurricanes
T
O
R
N
A
D Tidal waves
O
Katrina

GCDMS
Earth quakes & Landslides
Earth quakes
L
A
N
D
S
L
I
D
E
S
GCDMS
Tsunamis & floods
Tsunamis
&
Floods

GCDMS
Droughts & famines
A miserable catastrophe
(Either as the wrath of the Nature
or Human resources Mismanagement)

GCDMS
Storms & Typhoons
Typhoons
&
Storms

GCDMS
Volcano
Mount Helens Volcano Ring of Fire
Schematic representation of Volcano Active volcanoes across the world

GCDMS
Ice storms & Perma frost
Effect on Pylons & Electrical Lines Effect on Transportation & day to day life
Effects of Freezing rain & Ice storms
Effects of Perma frost

Foundation failure due to Perma Frost

GCDMS
Sand storms & Dust storms

GCDMS
Global warming
Global warming &
its after effects like
El Nio & El-Nina

GCDMS
Ozone Depletion & Heat waves
Ozone depletion
Extreme heat during Heat wave

GCDMS
Concept & Inspirations

GCDMS
Moral Concept:
Foetus, the Womb
The first experience any human being has of space is the mothers womb.
Bachelard said Closed, protected, limited confines that care for the development of the being, of that being
which emerges from a reduced space on the inside, so deep inside that it is formed from the inside out.
A mothers womb is the optimum environment for development: there the foetus, surrounded by Lukewarm
amniotic fluid, enjoys equable temperature & balanced nutrition in an environment that absorbs any possible
Physical Trauma that light or impact could normally Produce.
It is lulled by body movement & the rhythm of the members heartbeat. It would be hard indeed to find a better
initial space in the world.
The mother rocks her baby rhythmically, creating a moving cradle reminiscent of the womb & protecting it from
adverse physical & psychological elements.
She wraps her baby in different ways, recreating the movement, position & space that the offspring will
unconsciously recall throughout its life.
AND SO IS THE CONCEPT OF MOTHER EARTH PROTECTING THE BABY (Humanity) IN ITS AMNIOTIC
WOMB & GIVES RISE TO A UNIVERSAL ASYLUM
GCDMS
Physical Concept:
Black Box: Flight data recorder
{A way of Preserving last possible Traits}
The design of modern black boxes is regulated by a group called the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO). The ICAO determines what information the black boxes must record, over what length of time it is
saved, and how survivable the boxes must be. The ICAO delegates much of this responsibility to the
European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) that maintains a document called the
Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems.
The Flight Data Recorder collects data from a number of sensors to monitor information like accelerations,
airspeed, altitude, heading, attitudes, cockpit control positions, thermometers, engine gauges, fuel flow,
control surface positions, autopilot status, switch positions, and a variety of other parameters. Most
parameters are recorded a few times per second
Power for the black boxes is provided by electrical generators connected to the engines.
Despite the nickname "black box," the FDR and CVR are actually painted a bright high-visibility orange with
white reflecting strips to make them easier to spot at a crash scene.
Hence the Architectural Design in this context derives an Inspiration from the System Design of Black Box: Flight Data Recorder

GCDMS
Conceptualisation of Design Circulation:
Chakravyuha: The war head Labyrinth
Labyrinth by Chakravyuha by Ants
Abhimanyu:The warrior Prince
Chakravyuha
Also known as Padmavyuha, it is a seven-tier defensive spiral formation, used by Dronacharya, commander-
in-chief of the Kaurava army. The formation is likened to a chariot wheel.
An unusual development of the classical labyrinth, found primarily in India, is based on a three-fold, rather
than four-fold seed pattern and is often drawn with a spiral at the centre. It is referred to in Indian tradition as
Chakra-vyuha, a name derived from a magical troop formation employed by Dronacharya at the battle of
Kurukshetra
Synonymously the Design of the main Permanent Disaster Mitigation Shelter derives the
Inspiration from The Warhead Labyrinth: Chakravyuha..
GCDMS
Structures to study
1. Dooms Day vault
2. All Bunkers (Hitlers Germania city & Churchill's Bunkers & Station Z)
3. Edogawa river project
Dooms Day vault
4. Contemporary metro systems Edogawa River project
5. Eden project
6. Dawn kiyote project
7. Thames Barrier
8. Water conservation projects:
-Seymour Capilano tunnel project Eden project
-South-North water division project
Metro systems
- De salination plants
9. Cruiser & Airbus Design (Independence & A-380)
10.Factory made Modular House
(e.g. Hurricane & E.Q. proof houses) Thames Barrier
11. Rubber Dams (AP, Vijay Wada District)
12. Venice Flood gates (Mose project)
13. Walloon Branch of Reproduction Forestry Material in Belgium Mose project
14. Lily pad: City of Eco polis
15. City of Armageddon; MEGIDDO
16. Hollands Surge Barrier
17. Walt Disney World Lily pad; City of Eco polis
** ALL POSSIBLE ENGINEERED STRUCTURES (Bunkers, Dams, Factories & plants,
Sustainable resources of energy, Dams, Bridges airports, military bases etc)
GCDMS
Material Hunt (Construction Technologies)
1. Shear Concrete
18. LITRACON
2. Caisson construction
3. Use of Unconventional (new) materials 19. Laminated Steel reinforced
- Alloys with Pre-stressed bolts
- Membrane structures (-PTFE & ETFE)
20. Nano material (Bucky balls,
- Cubic boron nitride
- Phosphorus paints carbon fibres & nanotubes)
4. Special UG Roads (Plastic roads) Membrane Structures
5. Carbon Nanotubes. Pneumatic Caisson
6. Hi grade steel (Q-460 Steel)
7. Boron carbide (Bulletproof)
8. Rhino bed liner (Blast proofing)
9. Sheets of Carbon fibres
10. GLARE (Glass fibres & Glass Reinforced
Aluminium)
11. Precast Concrete Acropods
12. Rocks/Stones/Boulders/Ashlar blocks
Litracon
13. Polyester Canvas
14. Fibre Glass
15. Arrester Bed (Aerated Concrete )
16. Lexun: A clear Plastic
17. Corian (Dupont for Product designs)
GCDMS
Inspirational Documentary Films
1). Future perfect 1). The Day after
2). Dooms Day Tech 2). Deep Impact
3). Mega structures 3). Armageddon
4). Modern marvels 4). Doom's day
5). Mega builders 5). The Andromeda Strain (about Andromeda Virus)
6). Extreme Engineering 6) Aeon flux
7). Smash labs 7). 2001 space Odyssey
8). Fastest, Tallest, Biggest 8) City of Ember
9). The Lost worlds 9). Fantastic Voyage
10). I didnt know that 10). I am Legend
11). Engineering connections
12). History mysteries
13). Naked Science
14). Raging Planet
15). Preserve our planet
16). Discovery Ultra science
17). Perfect Disasters
18). Really big things
19). Engineering the world
20). Next world
21). Building the Biggest
22). Storm force
23). Kings of Construction
GCDMS
Conceptual Vision

GCDMS
Initial Views
GCDMS
Special Details & Construction Typologies :
EQs & Landslides
VOLCANOES
Floods
&
Tsunamis
Hurricanes, Typhoons, Storms, Cyclones

GCDMS
Anecdotes & Inspiring Sayings
1). Engineers know a lot about Nothing, & Architects know nothing about everything.
2). Works of Robert Mailart is an important step towards the integrating of two professions which should
no longer be divorced.
3). A great building must begin with the immeasurable, must go through measurable means when it is
being designed & in the end must be immeasurable.
4). Finding Opportunity in every adversity
5). Precaution is better than Cure..
Precaution= Architects/Designers/Creators & Cure= Doctors
6). Jean-Jacques Rousseau said I do not fully know if mans values have been, or are in the
process of being, destroyed, but why wait to find out..??
7). Democritus (A Greek philosopher) We learn important things from imitating animals. We are
apprentices of the Spider, imitating her in the task of weaving & confecting clothing. We
learn from the swallows how to construct homes, & we learn to sing from both the lark & the
Swan..
8). The maxim of Ortega y Gasset THE MISSION OF ART IS TO INVENT WHAT DOES NOT EXIST.

GCDMS
Detailed Design
**** Note:Refer the Linked pdf file Thesis drawings Set on the webpage

GCDMS
Live Case Studies:
1) Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma & Orthopaedics

2) Mianyuta Accident & Trauma care center @ Banashankari, Bangalore
3) Meteorological center @ Bangalore
4) Lal bagh Botanical Garden
5) Indian Institute of Astrophysics @ Koramangala, Bangalore

GCDMS
1). Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma & Orthopaedics
It is a well equipped Government Institute catering for the

emergency cases & Accidental traumas.
Located somewhat near NIMHANS Hospital, even this lies
in the core of the city.
Trauma Care centers lie b/w Hospital/ Clinic & a
Multispeciality hospital (the major diff. being that they are
approached only for the Traumatic & accidental cases which
View of the Alternative Exit require immediate care & attention)
View of the Parking View of the OPD

GCDMS
Facilities Being Provided by the Institute
I- Teaching Facilities:
1- Department of Orthpaedics.
2- Department of General Surgery
3- Department of Anesthesiology
4- Department of Radiology
5- Department of Facio Maxillary surgery
6- Department of Pathology & Biochemistry
II- Facilities available
1- Orthopaedics: Trauma services, Joint replacement, Spine services, Hand & Tumour,
2- General surgery Neuro & Brain surgery, RADIOLOGY, Biochemistry, Pathology &
Microbiology,
Blood bank, Physiotherapy
3- Services
Ambulance, 24 Hours casualty & ICU, CT Scan, Ultrasound, Doppler, Endoscopic micro
disectomy system, Operation microscope, Auto analyser, Blood gas analyser, Haematology cell
center.
GCDMS
Requirements (as per vertical zoning)
Ground Floor:
1). Trauma care center
(Casualty 3 stretcher 24 hours)
2). Observation ward (15 cap)
3). General ward
4). ICU (With provisions of
ECG, Oxygen, syringe, pump,
Casualty OPD in series showing various departments
mask)
5). Main stores
6). X-Ray Departments, Line
rooms
7). Provisions for CT Scan &
Ultrasound
8). Mechanical laundry
9). OPD (Out patient dept)
Observation ward Corridor Showing Casualty, Observation ward &
10). Blood bank Physiotherapy dept
GCDMS
Workshop space for Artificial limb center (made up of Polystyrene resin)
Blood Bank looking through the Gallery open to sky

Mechanical Laundry Ultrasound department
GCDMS
FirstFloor:
1). General ward (16 cap)
2). Post operation ward (10 cap)
3). Male ward (with recreational
facilities)
4). 3 Major OTs (Operation theaters)
& 1 Septic OT
5). Semi special wards Post- operation ward Waiting area
6). Social work & reception besides Pooja room
7). Pooja/Prayer room
8). Administration & Staff rooms
9). 2 Central open places
10). Exit
Exit: looking through waiting area Semi Special ward

Exit from the First Floor
GCDMS
A Special Zone Called OT:
OT (Operation Theatre)
13) Sisters Dressing room
1) Autoclave units (2
14) Anesthesia room
machine rooms)
15) Slipper room (/Toilets)
2) Stores & washrooms
16) Surgeon's room
3) 3 OTs (Thoroughly equipped)
17) Doctors Changing room
4) Patient receiving area
18) Ward boy's room
5) Post OT & Pre OT Units.
6) Record rooms
Septic OT
7) OT Scrubbing basins
View of the OT from Outside
8) Receiving rooms (patient receiving
through the window)
9) Sterile room
For obvious reasons the Entry to the OT was restricted.. Hence making the
10) Old storage unit
photographs unavailable.
11) Changing room
12) ICU (15 cap) The Movement of the patient prior operation & after the operation is the
governing factor for the design of an OT. (Patient is received into the OT from a
window. After the operation he is either taken back to the ward or to the ICU )

GCDMS
2) Mianyuta Accident & Trauma care center @ Bangalore
Mianyuta is a Private Trauma & accidental

care center located in the strategic point of the
Blore city i.e. near the Banashankari Bus
stand
Owned By Dr. Ravindra Shetty, it is one of the
View of the main entrance module or prototyped Trauma care centers.
Hence, it is located besides a petrol pump &

Near the main bus stand of Banashankari.
This is what places it very near to the main

road & increases the accessibility. This in turn
makes the man power available for any
View of the main entrance emergency conditions
GCDMS
In & around the site
It is one of the Modular trauma car centers to be
proposed in the strategic points of the city whose
rapid prototyping has been successfully
implemented in Chennai too.
Thus, in terms of planning, the design has been
worked as that of some specific well planned
Module.
Outside the site ;a main auto stand & a Bus stand
View of the present staff car parking

View of the general parking (besides the Petrol pump)
(to be changed into another extension of OPD)
GCDMS
Requirements
1- OPD (Out patient Department) 6 cap
2- IPD (In patient department) 8 cap
3- Casualty (2 cap)
4- Doctors cabin
5- OT
6- Stores
7- Toilets
8- Wards (separate for male & female)
9- ICU ward
10- Rest rooms
11- Drug Store & generator rooms
Future extension: View of the Reception & Waiting
- Nurse, paramedics
- Add on for 20-40 beds
- More car parking
- In house food & Cafeteria
GCDMS
First
Module
Special ward (connected to OPD)
Special ward (connected to OPD)
Casualty room-1 Casualty room-2nd Extension View of the OPD

GCDMS
Second
module
IPD (to be shifted from OPD)
View of the exterior of OT Inside the Main OT

GCDMS
Storage & Service oriented Module
Paramedics section (with attached toilets) Emergency Maternity ward
Sterilizer Storage & the captive Power generator

GCDMS
3)- Meteorological center @ Bangalore
It is located in the heart of the city @ Palace road & near
Majestic
Structure is nearly 65-75 year old
The kind of service the building caters for, necessarily

View of the main building demands an ample amount of open space for the data
looking form the entrance management & day to day weather forecasting
The entire built up is divide into 3 parts as per designing

is concerned
1) Administration & research block
2) RADAR Unit
3) Open air system (Open ground with various
apparatuses)
Radar House
GCDMS
Requirements
I) Administration & Research block :
1-General section III) Open air system :
2- Communication Charting section Various apparatuses used
3- Duty officer in this system are:
4- Director in charge (Main head) 1- Stevenson screen
5- Assistant Meteorologist 2- Double Stevenson screen
6- Convergence room 3- Evaporimeter
7- Forecasting room 4- Salinity sampler
8- Library 5- Ordinary rain gauge
9- Seminar room 6- Automatic rain gauge
10- Institutional floor for (staff & Students 7- Automatic weather station
involved in meteorological survey) (SUTRON Tower)
11- Inspector & climatological section View of the RADAR unit
II) Radar Unit
1- General & record section
2- Pilot balloon Observatory
3- store room for Baroswitch, Anemometer,
Hygrometer
4- Radio sounding unit
5- Dynes Pressure tube View of the Open air system
GCDMS
Main Administration & research building
Exterior View Interior View of Office spaces
View of the Radar unit
Main building is essentially an data retrieval unit with some office & institutional
spaces
It is linked to the regional & main office across the nation through Telecomm system &
satellite communication system

GCDMS
Open air system:
Single Stevenson Double Stevenson Screen Enclosure Automatic rain Gauge unit
Screen Enclosure
Evaporimater Ordinary (manual) rain Gauge unit

Automatic Service station
GCDMS
Design requirements of the Open air system
Being a service oriented requirement this unit demanded a large chunk of open space,
almost 1/3rd of the entire site
The Stevenson apparatus had to be placed necessarily in the breezy area @ specific height
3 various kinds Rain gauge systems demanded an unobstructed open area so as to allow
water seepage through them in order to measure the rainfall.
An evaporimeter requires timely maintenance & change of water which is supplied
through U.G lines
An automatic weather station is about 8-10 m high apparatus which again needs an
unobstructed open area in order to properly establish communication with the satellite
All the data collected from the Open Air System is collected & is used for weather forecasting after bypassing the data to the regional OFFICE.

GCDMS
RADAR Unit: For Upper head Data
Experimental balloon to be used

Various wind turbines, Anemometers to measure Temp, Vapour
& other units for measuring the wind Pressure & Humidity &
Hygrometer & Barometer nits
speed & direction wind direction
Computers & Radio sounding devices to be installed

in RADAR Unit
Interior of the RADAR Unit

GCDMS
4- Lal bagh: Botanical Garden
GLASS HOUSE

GCDMS
Geography & Location
Due to vast
extents of
coverage Lal
Bhag connects
Maps showing the Layout
many areas
of Lal Bhag Botanical garden around it
through 4
Cardinal gates
Location of Lal Bhag

GCDMS
Requirements & Built ups:
Training Center
Library
Lotus Pond
South gate
MAIN Gate
Dove cot Botanical aquarium
ETP units Fossils gallery
Information kiosks Topiary Garden
Kempe Gouda towers Lal Bagh lake
Cacti House Seed testing labs
Car Parking
Garden office
Bonsai Garden
Horticulture society
WEST gate
Nursery men cooperative society
EAST Gate
Accounts Office
Open air Auditorium
Lotus pond
Glass House
Victoria Fountains
Directorate of Horticulture
Band stand
Floral cock
GCDMS
Surrealism of Nature
Various interior views of the

Lal bagh interior
(Mazes, Plantations & Lakes)
Grandeur of the LAKE

GCDMS
Built ups & Structures
Cacti House
Dove cot
Mazes/walkways covered with Arched Trellises

GCDMS
5. Indian Institute Of Astrophysics:
IIA (Indian Institute of Astrophysics)
is located in Koramangala 2nd Block
Bangalore
Entire institution is Flanked by
Greenification i.e. Buffer zone of trees.
The Campus is divided into 3 wings of
Main buildings (Laboratories ,
View of the Main building & New Laboratory workspaces for scientists, ) Parking (2
& 4 wheelers)2 Workshops, Canteen,
Office, Library, Power House
The old main building is a G+2
Structure, The new one being G+4
Structure.
The Main building being placed @ the
center surrounded by the Serene
landscape enhances the Formal
Institution Space.
The 3 main buildings basically serve as
an Institutional & Research space for
the scientists
Site Plan of the Campus
GCDMS
Requirements:
1. Main Building: Vertical Zoning:
i. Administration
1st Floor:
ii. Reception & waiting area
- Academic block (20 rooms)
iii. Services (Staircase, Lifts 2 in number,
- Stairs, Lifts (2)
Fire escape, Toilets) - Auditorium
iv. Electronics Lab
v. Computer Lab 2nd Floor:
vi. Auditorium - Academic Blocks
Vii. Office & staff rooms - Toilets
2. Workshops (2 in number) - Service rooms & Electronics labs View of the New part of the main building
3. Power House - Computer labs
- Offices space
- Toilets 3rd Floor:
- Staircase & service rooms - Reception
- Seminar hall
- Electronics labs
4. Canteen
- Academics section
5. Library
6. Union Bodies
4th Floor:
7. 25 Parking (4 wheeler) - Same as 3rd floor
View of the Mechanical laboratory, Parking &
Academics section Office/Library

GCDMS
View of the Entrance
View of the Main building & New Laboratory
Canteen/Dining area @ 1st Floor

of New Main building
View of the Lift Lobby near the Entrance

of the Auditorium @ 1st Floor
View of the passage in Academic block
showing Rooms/ Cabins of the scientists View of the 4 wheeler parking near the Library

GCDMS
View of the Academic
block showing the
Rooms for the Scientist
Plan of the Academic block
View of the Entrance to

the Main building
Site plan of the Campus
Plan of the Power House Plan of the Carpenters Section

GCDMS
Other Internet Case Studies Involved
1. Svalbard Island Global seed Vault in the Icecaps of Netherlands (Dooms Day Vault )
2. Walloon Branch of Reproduction Forestry Material in Belgium
3. Millennium Seed Bank located at Wake Hurst Place in West Sussex
4. Lily pad: City of Ecopolis
5. Edogawa River Project
6. Seymour Capilano Twin Tunnels Project
7. South-North Water Diversion Project
8. Mose Project
9. Thames Barrier
10. Hollands Surge Barriers
11. Desalination plants
12. Astronomical observatories
13. Nuclear Bunkers
14. Sewage Treatment plants
15. Water Purification/Treatment plants (River or Lakes)
16 Seismic & Soil testing labs
17. Refuge Shelters & Camps
18. Center for Emergency Management & Preparedness
19. Ocean thermal Plant
20. Lunar Sample Laboratories
21. National Hurricane Center
22. Pacific Tsunami Warning center
23. Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center (MWEOC)
24. Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) & Volcano Observatory
25. National Snow and Ice Data Center
26. About Tunnel Engineering
27. Great Manmade River (GMR) Water Supply Project, Libya
*** Note: Please refer a SEQUEL documentation of Internet Case studies submitted as an informal add on documentation to get a better
insight of the Entire project which includes 27 additional case studies on Contemporary Architectural & Public Works

GCDMS
Project Report on:
PROPOSED GLOBAL CATASTROPHE & DISASTER MITIGATION SYSTEM @

CHENNAI
2009
A Thesis Report for the partial fulfillment Degree in Bachelor of Architecture
By: Guided by:

Mr. Samriddh.G.D Mrs. Vimala Swamy
__________________________________________________________________________________________
B.V.Bhoomraddi College of Engineering & Technology, HUBLI-580031
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
Visvesvaraya Technological
University,
K.L.E. Societys
BVB COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY.
Vidyanagar, Hubli -580013
Certificate of Approval of Thesis Work
This is to certify that the Thesis work entitled, "GLOBAL CATASTROPHE & DISASTER MITIGATION SYSTEM
@ CHENNAI is a Bonafide work carried out by Mr. Samriddh Ganapati Dhareshwar as a part of X Semester
curriculum in Department of Architecture Under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year
2009. The Thesis work has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Thesis Work
prescribed for the Bachelor of Architecture Degree.
VTU no: 2BV04AT015
Dr. Ashok Shettar
Prof. Arun Huilgol
Mrs. Vimala Swamy Principal
Head of the Department
__________________________________________________________
Project guide
_______
External Viva
Name of Examiners Signature
1.
2.
A Documentation on Internet Case Studies
To the Millions of Lives which
perished in the Natural Catastrophes
& Man made Cataclysms; The very
reason for which This Thesis
Exists.
Case Studies Involved
1. Svalbard Island Global seed Vault in the Icecaps of Netherlands (Dooms Day Vault )
2. Walloon Branch of Reproduction Forestry Material in Belgium
3. Millennium Seed Bank located at Wake Hurst Place in West Sussex
4. Lily pad: City of Ecopolis
5. Edogawa River Project
6. Seymour Capilano Twin Tunnels Project
7. South-North Water Diversion Project
8. Mose Project
9. Thames Barrier
10. Hollands Surge Barriers
11. Desalination plants
12. Astronomical observatories
13. Nuclear Bunkers
14. Sewage Treatment plants
15. Water Purification/Treatment plants (River or Lakes)
16 Seismic & Soil testing labs
17. Refuge Shelters & Camps
18. Center for Emergency Management & Preparedness
19. Ocean thermal Plant
20. Lunar Sample Laboratories
21. National Hurricane Center
22. Pacific Tsunami Warning center
23. Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center (MWEOC)
24. Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) & Volcano Observatory
25. National Snow and Ice Data Center
26. About Tunnel Engineering
27. Great Manmade River (GMR) Water Supply Project, Libya
***. OTHER ENGINEERED STRUCTURES:
Seed banks, Nuclear Bunkers, Bridges, Dams, Tunnels, Viaducts, Hi tech prisons, Industrial plants (distilleries, energy efficient
systems/farms, River & H2O Treatment plant),
Case Study-1 Dooms Day Vault
Last year, New Scientist reported that "a large concrete room, hewn out of a mountain on a freezing-cold island just 1000
kilometers from the North Pole," might represent "the future of humanity."
That "large concrete room" is the now somewhat infamous "doomsday vault" in which seeds from all of the world's known crops
and plant life will be stored.
The vault described as "the ultimate safety net for the worlds most important natural resource" will be constructed "deep
inside a sandstone mountain lined with permafrost on the Norwegian Arctic island of Spits Bergen. The vault will have metre-
thick walls of reinforced concrete and will be protected behind two airlocks and high-security blast-proof doors. It will not be
permanently manned, but 'the mountains are patrolled by polar bears'," we read.
In choosing a location and determining other key physical parameters for the project, its designers "ran drastic climate change
modelling scenarios, projecting 200 years into the future and factoring in potential increases in water levels due to melting ice
from pole to pole."
View of the Entrance

This complex, pictured above, will now "safeguard the world's agriculture from future catastrophes, such
as nuclear war, asteroid strikes and climate change. Construction begins in March, and the seed bank is
scheduled to open in 2008."
Thus, a whole new building type has quietly emerged into architectural history
Perhaps these seeds should really be stored on, say, the International Space Station? Leaving aside how it
would be possible to retrieve them, in the event of a truly global catastrophe, the premise nonetheless
reminds me of China's "space seed" project which seems to have all but disappeared from public
discourse.
Quoting at length:
Plant seeds have been blasted into orbit in the hope that "space breeding" holds the key to improving crop
yields and disease resistance. Wheat and barley strains developed by the Department of Agriculture and
Food in Western Australia (WA) have just landed back on Earth following a 15-day orbital cruise on
board China's Shijian-8 satellite. "Space-breeding refers to the technique of sending seeds into space in a
recoverable spacecraft or a high-altitude balloon," said Agriculture WA barley breeder Chengdao Li. "In
the high-vacuum, micro-gravity and strong-radiation space environment, seeds may undergo mutation."
Surely this must herald the birth of the most interesting era in garden design since Versailles? Cultivating
"a number of new species" through genetic interaction with the universe?
Case Study-2
Walloon Branch of Reproduction Forestry Material in Belgium
by Samyn and Partners, 1998
The enveloping structure is made from 200 year old oak trees clamped at the edges in an apron of
reinforced concrete. Nestled inside are two secondary buildings housing treatment facilities,
workshops, offices and laboratories.
The structure shares a common geometry with the seed itself, at the same time housing the very seeds
that its wood beams are made from. Its got grad-school thesis project written all over it
Case Study-3
Millennium Seed Bank located at Wake Hurst Place in West Sussex,
England by Stanton Williams, 2000
The facility includes an underground frozen vault, which preserves the worlds largest
collection of seeds. Above ground are laboratory buildings, a museum and a winter
garden.
Case Study-4
Lilypad: City of Ecopolis
Entirely auto sufficient, Lily pad takes up the four main challenges launched
by the OECD in March 2008: climate, biodiversity, water and health.
LILYPAD is touted by Callebaut as a prototypical auto-sufficient
amphibious city... a tenable solution to the rising water levels. In addition
to providing housing for those displaced by the transforming land/water
relationships, LILYPAD also produces sustainable energy for developed
regions.
LILYPAD is a true amphibian - half aquatic and half terrestrial city - able to accommodate 50,000 inhabitants and
inviting the biodiversity to develop its fauna and flora around a central lagoon of soft water collecting and purifying the
rain waters. This artificial lagoon is entirely immersed, ballasting the city. It enables inhabitants to live in the heart of
the sub aquatic depths. The multi functional program is based on three marinas and three mountains dedicated to work,
shopping and entertainment. The whole set is covered by a stratum of planted housing in suspended gardens and crossed
by a network of streets and alleyways with organic outline. The goal is to create a harmonious coexistence of humans
and nature, exploring new modes of cross-cultural aquatic living.
The main deck with the three marinas, the submarine

performing arts center and the gardens of phytopurification.
The three mountains are ecological niches,
aquaculture fields and biologic corridors
To adapt to the changing ocean flows resulting from the hydro climatic factors, LILYPAD makes direct
reference to Jules Verne's literature, the alternative possibility of a multicultural floating Ecopolis whose
metabolism would be in perfect symbiosis with the cycles of nature.
LILYPAD reaches a positive energetic balance with zero carbon emission by the integration of all the
renewable energies (solar, thermal and photovoltaic energies, wind energy, hydraulic, tidal power station,
osmotic energies, phyto purification, biomass), producing more energy than it consumes.
Case Study-5
Edogawa River Project
Edogawa River Project (Tokyo, Japan)

With Tokyo in the path of as many as two dozen typhoons each year, the city and its 12 million inhabitants are
continually endangered by flooding. The answer: one of the most massive pumping systems ever constructed.
Begun in 1992, with completion scheduled for 2009, the $2 billion system includes a four-mile-long network of
tunnels connected to an 83-foot-tall storage tank and a cathedral-like structure of 59 massive pillars. The system's
powerful turbines can pump 200 tons of water into the Edogawa River each second. The system has become a
Tokyo tourist attraction, and it also has been used by television and movie crews as an eerily dramatic backdrop.
Tokyo is an impressive city above ground, but one of the most incredible things about this city is it's mind-
bogglingly complex underground. The G-Cans Project is a massive project, begun 12 years ago, to build
infrastructure for preventing overflow of the major rivers and waterways spidering the city (A serious
problem for Tokyo during rainy-season and typhoon season). The underground waterway is the largest in the
world and sports five 32m diameter, 65m deep concrete containment silos which are connected by 64
kilometers of tunnel sitting 50 meters beneath the surface.
The whole system is powered by 14000 horsepower turbines which can pump 200 tons of water a second
into the large outlying Edogawa river.
** The systems powerful turbines has the ability to pump 200 tons of water into the Edogawa River each
second. The system has become a Tokyo tourist attraction, and can be visited for free .The main water tank
resembles a temple and has been used in some movies and TV programs to create mystic scenes.
Case Study-6
Seymour Capilano Twin Tunnels Project
Abstract
The Greater Vancouver Water District is implementing the Seymour Capilano Filtration Project as part of the
Drinking Water Treatment Program to improve the availability and quality of drinking water to its customers.
The key element of the project is the construction of the Seymour-Capilano Twin Tunnels. The project involves the
construction of a Seymour Shaft approximately 180m deep and 12.0 m in diameter at the eastern limit of the project.
From the Seymour Shaft, the twin tunnels run approximately 7.2km in length, mined using two 3.5m diameter tunnel
boring machine, towards the two Capilano shafts approximately 275m deep and 3.5m in diameter at the western limit
of the project.
Twin Tunnels Horizontal and Vertical Alignment

The Seymour-Capilano Filtration Plant will filter up to 1.8 billion litres of water per day from both the
Seymour and Capilano sources. The filtration plant facilities will encompass a space of approximately 6
hectares about the size of 12 football fields. The adjacent clear wells (underground water storage) are
approximately 2 hectares in size, or about 4 football fields, and the overflow pond and 2 storm water ponds
together will be just over 1 hectare. When the project is completed, approximately 75 per cent of the surface
will be replanted with native vegetation.
With a daily capacity of 1.8 billion litres, the new Seymour-Capilano water filtration plant seems destined to be
something of a landmark facility.
It will also host the world's largest ultraviolet disinfection facility, as well as showcasing a series of innovative
features to maximize its energy efficiency. Extensive use is also being made of sustainable and environmental
technologies in its design and construction.
In addition to the filtration and UV plants themselves, the project also includes a pumping station, an energy
recovery facility and break head tank, an electrical substation, two 3.7m-diameter tunnels, extending just over 7km
and new water storage clear-wells. An allied programme of work will provide a new water main and undertake a
major upgrade to the Seymour Falls Dam to meet current seismic standards.
Greater Vancouver's drinking water comes from reservoirs located in three watersheds Seymour, Capilano and
Coquitlam with the Seymour and Capilano watersheds supplying some 70% of the region's drinking water.
Case Study-7
South-North Water Diversion Project
The Chinese government has unveiled the ambitious south-to-north water diversion project to balance the
nation's water supply.
The project, a result of 50 years of investigation and research, aims to divert water from the Yangtze River
valley to the reaches of Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River so as to ensure the water supply for
farming, industry and life there. Estimated to cost more than 100 billion Yuan (12 billion U.S. dollars), the
project will have three water diversion routes, namely the east route, middle route and west route.
Once it is completed in five to ten years, about 38 billion to 48 billion cubic meters of water will be
transferred yearly to the areas with a population of 300 million.
Case Study-8
Mose Project
ABSTRACT:
The MOSE construction project is designed to eliminate
flooding in Venice when it is completed in 2012. It will
involve a series of huge, submerged gates that will rise out of
the water and block the rising water from entering the lagoon
and flooding the city. There will be a row of these gates at all
three lagoon entry points and each one will be underwater, Is this the Future of Venice..??
invisible until the threat of high water arises. Once activated,
the gates will have air pumped into them and this will cause
them to rise up and block the flow. A few hours later, after the
threat has passed, they will be lowed back down.
Aim
The aim of the MOSE project is to solve the problem of high waters which has afflicted Venice and other towns
and villages in the lagoon since ancient times in autumn, winter and spring. Although the tide in the lagoon
basin is lower than in other areas of the world where it may reach as high as 20 m, the phenomenon may become
significant if associated with atmospheric and meteorological factors such as pressure and the action of the bora
(a north-easterly wind coming from Trieste) or Sirocco (a hot south-easterly wind) which push the waves into
the gulf of Venice. The phenomenon is also worsened by rain and freshwater flowing into the lagoon from the
drainage basin at 36 inflow points represented by small rivers and canals.
A single-gate prototype of Venice's anti flood
system (yellow), being tested in the Adriatic.
The MOSE Project (acronym for Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico in English, Experimental
Electromechanical Module) is a project intended to protect the city of Venice, Italy. Is an integrated defence
system consisting of rows of mobile gates able to isolate the Venetian Lagoon from the Adriatic Sea when the tide
reaches above an established level (110 cm) and up to a maximum of 3 m. Together with other complementary
measures such as coastal reinforcement, the raising of quaysides and paving and improvement of the lagoon
environment, these barriers will protect the city of Venice from extreme events such as the floods and from
morphological degradation.
This area is where the immense The construction is happening The gates will lie underneath the water &
water barriers are going to be Simultaneously in all 3 of the will be invisible. They will only be raised
constructed, then floated into position. lagoon inlets. whenever there is a risk of flooding in the city.
A man made island that lies

Most of the work on the Dredging the lagoon to prepare
between two sets of flood barriers
MOSE project is done by boat. for the installation of the flood barriers.
at the Lido entryway.
It is a $7bn government-funded scheme, to save the magnificent
city Venice, the pride of all Italy.
Venice is a city on stilts. Built on 117 small islands in the middle

of a lagoon, that flows into the Adriatic Sea. Venice has sunk
around 23cm into the surrounding lagoon during the past 100
years and high waters are submerging the city's streets and
piazzas with increasing frequency.
This huge responsibility of keeping Venice from drowning, is on

the shoulders of the Consorzio Venezia Nuova (CVN), a private
consortium of engineers and architects. The CVN's solution to
this problem, is the Mo.S.E. (Modulo Sperimentale
Elettromeccanico or Experimental Electromechanical Module)
Project. It involves the construction of a set of 79 mobile
floodgates. These steel barriers are up to five metres wide and
28 metres high.
These 300-ton gates are designed to lie flat on the seabed, to let
normal tides in and out. They are inactive, filled with water and
hidden from view. When a tide of one meter is forecast, air will
be injected into these gates, pushing out the water and causing
the gates to rise. As a result the gates will separate the lagoon
from the Adriatic sea. As the tide drops, the gates will be refilled
with water and return to rest on the seabed.
Case Study-9
Thames Barrier
THAMES BARRIER
The world's largest movable flood barrier, spans 520 meters
(a third of a mile) across the Thames at Woolwich Reach, South
East London, The Barrier was built to protect the capital from
the river flooding its banks until the year 2030
A set of large hydraulically-operated steel gates set between nine concrete
piers on the River Thames, that protect London from flooding by surge
tides. Construction began in 1974 and completed in 1982, when the barrier
became operational (since then it has closed to protect London from risk of
flooding almost 100 times) with an intended service life of about 55 years. It
is located in Woolwich (south east London), close to London City Airport
and the Millennium Dome.
The barrier can prevent London from floods that could cover all land up to
7.2m above sea level, and is designed to give total protection against the
worst floods that might occur once in 1000 years.
The Thames Barrier with all main sector gates closed.

** Note that when the gates are open, there is enough
A picture of the Thames Barrier taken from the viewing platform
space between the piers for ships to pass through.
NEED:
It's no secret that Londoners live under quite high risk from flooding compared to other parts of Great
Britain, due to how low the south-eastern end of the country lies compared to sea level. In fact, Britain is
sinking towards Europe at roughly 3 mm per year. London has been susceptible to flooding for most of its
existence and is known to have been flooded in the past; there are reports of London flooding to various
degrees from the ninth century right through to the twentieth. One of the more recent floods in 1928
resulted in four people drowning in the basement of Westminster Abbey.
The first plans for a flood barrier were put forward in 1907 but no decisions were taken until 1953, when a
serious flood drowned over 300 people and caused 65,000 hectares of farmland to be covered by salt water.
A committee was appointed by the Government to look at the flood problem.
Global Warming
More unpredictable and extreme systems, more frequent and violent storms, more widespread flooding and
drought. Environmentalists have been crying in the wilderness for years. Now the world's big insurers are
also panicking about climate change. Premiums against hurricanes and floods are set to rocket. Industry
statistics show that, compared to the 1960's, the number of really big weather disasters has increased
fourfold.
The culprit is generally accepted to be global warming, but evidence is hard to pin down. There is,
however, one specific effect which is readily measurable.
Global mean-sea level. Historically, global mean-sea level has risen by around 0.22 meters per century.
The melting of glaciers and polar ice threatens to accelerate this rise. Recent forecasts suggest a 0.31 meter
increase. Many environmentalists fear more.
In the Barrier design, a global-mean sea level rise of 0.22 meters was incorporated in the figure of 0.4
metres for increase in high water in central London over fifty years. If the rise turns out to be more than
0.22 meters, Barrier calculations appear vulnerable.
Taking the 'most likely' projection, a 0.31 meters rise in global level, the Barrier design allowance will be
exceeded round about the year 2030.
Technical Specifications:
The Thames Barrier consists of a line of reinforced concrete piers spanning the river
at Woolwich Reach and supporting steel gates. The exposed pier ends are disguised in
curved housings made of timber clad with stainless steel. Their foundations are sunk
17 metres into the chalk.
Gates. There are four main navigation openings of 61 metres with rising sector gates
and a further two 31.5 metre openings also with rising sector gates, for the use of
smaller craft. To allow for free flow of tide through the structure, four more 31.5
metre openings are provided fitted with simple falling radial gates. In normal
conditions the rising sector gates lie flat in concrete sills on the river bed to allow for
free passage of river traffic.
The rising sector gates are hollow stainless steel structures, the downriver face curved
to reduce load on the operating mechanisms. The gates are moved by means of
reversible hydraulic rams and can be held in four different positions:
The main Control Tower, generators and workshops are located on the south bank. As
a safety precaution there is a back-up control room on the opposite side. Two
connecting service subways run through the concrete sills from bank to bank under the
river, providing access to all piers. In a final emergency, gates can be manually
operated from the individual pier engine rooms
Thames Barrier Gate Mechanism Closure.
A decision to close the Barrier is taken by the Duty Controller on the basis of data
provided by the Met Office and the Barrier's own computer model for the Estuary.
Closure is usually four or five hours in advance of high water. Before the Barrier is
closed, the Port of London is notified so that shipping in the area can be warned.
Navigation signals on the Barrier piers change to indicate closure and up and down river
special signboards are illuminated.
The operating sequence is designed to cause minimum interference with the normal flow
of the river. The four falling radial gates are closed first, then the main gates are raised
starting from the outside and working in. Each gate is independently monitored and
operated from the Control Room.
Gates in operation
As at 29th April, 2002 the Thames Barrier has been closed 276 times. Sixty-four to
protect London from tidal flooding, three to assist in preventing fluvial flooding, one for
salvage work on the Marchioness and one for repair works following the Sand Kite
incident. The other occasions were routine monthly closures for experiments and tests.
Opening & Closing Mechanism
Half a million tonnes of concrete were used in the coffer dams inside which the piers were built, when the gates are in the open
position they are Not supported on the concrete sills. There is a 25millimetres gap between the gate and the sill and any silt
that gathers there is flushed out when the gate is rotated. The pre-cast sills are constructed from heavily reinforced concrete
and span between the piers. When raised, each of the 4 main gates is as high as a 5-storey building and as wide as the opening
of Tower Bridge. The pivoted rocking beams which are linked to the gate arms at each end of the gate, in order to turn the
gate, weigh 420 tons each. The hydraulic power packs (sheltered by the stainless steel shells) are electrically driven; using 3
alternative supplies, routed via each of the riverbanks, and, should these options become unavailable, from 3 on-site power
generators.
The Thames Barrier comprises 10 separate movable floodgates, positioned end-to-end across the 520-metre span of the
Thames at Woolwich Reach, east of London.
The gates are mounted on pivots and supported between concrete piers. Under normal tide conditions, six of the gates are out
of sight, resting on concrete sills in the riverbed. The four biggest gates weigh about 3,700 tonnes each and leave a navigable
span of 61 metres.
When needed, powerful electro-hydraulic machinery raises the floodgates to stop the encroaching river from reaching
downtown London. Each of the nine concrete piers is partly covered by stainless steel roofs that look like billowing sails,
giving them a faint resemblance to Australias well-known Sydney Opera House.
The Thames Barrier: one of
Foundation Construction the piers between two gates
Chalk was first removed from the riverbed to make room for the foundation. Piles were then driven into the riverbed and interlocking
steel beams were used to form cofferdams. Horizontal steel joists were located within the foundation to withstand pressure. The pile
driving was followed by the placement of 250,000 tons of rock on the riverbed to counter the tidal flow effect. The foundation was
completed by pumping concrete into the riverbed.
Barrier Construction
Elements of barrier were constructed simultaneously either via on-site construction or pre-fabrication. A total of half a million tons of
concrete was used to build the piers and sills.
The piers were constructed in the river first. These support the gates and house the machinery. All that is visible of the piers above the
water level are the stainless steel domes. These domes house the electric supplies required to drive the gate arms. The sills are
assembled next. These are located on the riverbed to support the gates when the gates are not in operation. The sills are prefabricated
and are concrete with steel reinforcing bars for added strength. Cross-sectional hollow steel tubes are located in the sills, providing
access, service and power to the piers. After the piers and sills have been constructed, the sills are positioned accurate to a few
millimeters in between the piers. The sills are flooded, then lowered into the river.
Each main sector (moveable) gate has a semi-cylindrical shape and is constructed out of 4000 tons of steel. Computer controlled cranes
manoeuvre each gate into place during construction. Each main sector gate is as high as a five-storey building and as wide as the
opening of Tower Bridge (61 metres). The gates are raised by hydraulic machinery, also known as hydraulic power packs. The
reciprocating gate arms used to raise and lower the gates weigh 420 tons. Power is supplied from 3 alternative sites, and 3 on-site
power generators are on hand in case of emergency.
Barrier Construction: The sills are assembled next. These are located
on the riverbed to support the gates when the
gates are not in operation. The sills are
prefabricated and are concrete with steel
reinforcing bars for added strength. Cross-
sectional hollow steel tubes are located in the
sills, providing access, service and power to the
piers. After the piers and sills have been
constructed, the sills are positioned accurate to a
few millimetres in between the piers. The sills are
flooded, then lowered into the river.
Each main sector (moveable) gate has a semi-
cylindrical shape and is constructed out of 4000
tons of steel. Computer controlled cranes
maneuver each gate into place during
construction. Each main sector gate is as high as
a five-storey building and as wide as the opening
of Tower Bridge (61 m). The gates are raised by
hydraulic machinery, also known as hydraulic
power packs. The reciprocating gate arms used to
raise and lower the gates weigh 8700 tons. Power
A scale model of one pier of the Thames Barrier, with the main sector is supplied from 3 alternative sites, and 3 on-site
gate closed. Note the sill below the gate, and the gate arm used to power generators are on hand in case of
raise and lower the gate. emergency.
More than 50 staff operate and maintain the
Barrier. During operation, computers control
electric powered hydraulic machinery. The
controls and machinery are located in the piers.
Computers are also used for fault detection and
backup systems are in place for the control of the
Thames Barrier. The gates are closed very slowly
to prevent reflective waves traveling back to
London. Such reflective waves may cause their
own mini-floods, and hence must be prevented.
The Thames Barrier is also designed so that it is
still capable of preventing a flood even if one
main sector gate is open.
Main sector gate in closed Main sector gate in open position

Case Study-10
Hollands Surge Barriers
WHAT ARE STORM BARRIERS?
Storm surge barriers are a relatively new class of hydraulic structures designed to protect large
segments of the population from massive flooding. The now-famous Thames river barrier was
completed in the early 1980s to safeguard the London metropolitan area. Other structures have been
proposed to enclose the lagoon and historic city of Venice.
The maeslant barrier (maeslantkering), a huge storm surge barrier at the mouth of the port of Rotterdam in the
Netherlands, is the largest hydraulic engineering structure on earth and the largest moving structure on earth. It was
opened in 1997 as the final part of the delta works, an enormous project undertaken in order to protect certain coastal
areas of the country from the sea after a flood in 1953 killed more than 1800 people in the area.
The barrier consists of 2 incredible movable gates which automatically sweep across the water, meeting in the middle of the
waterway to form a temporary wall, each of the gates rotating on 680-ton steel ball joints which, with a diameter of 35ft, are
also the largest in the world. the barriers movable design was chosen as the waterway it guards is far too valuable in terms of
trade to shut off permanently: this single barrier cost $700m and has absolutely no effect on ship traffic.
The Maeslantkering during a test closure. The twin-rotating gates

are closed and ready to submerge. To give an idea of dimensions,
each steel door is 22 meters high and 210 meters long.
Case study-11:
Desalination plants
Concept:
Shared Infrastructure Benefits Desalination Economics
Desalination Plant Intake and Discharge Co-Location of Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination
Plant Intake and Discharge and TECO Power Plant Discharge
Collocation With Power Plant Discharge
The key feature of the collocation concept is the direct connection of the desalination plant intake and/or discharge
facilities to the discharge outfall of an adjacently located coastal power plant. This approach allows using the power
plant cooling water both as source water for the seawater desalination plant and as blending water to reduce the salinity
of the desalination plant concentrate prior to the discharge to the ocean.
Technology available
The Oyster desalinator captures energy from the waves and Theres a consortium including Hitachi Plant Technologies Ltd.
converts it into pressurized water, which is then used to supply
a reverse-osmosis desalination plant.
and Toray Industries Inc. that is developing a desalination plant.
Thats not new news. But the plant will use half as much power as
existing facilities. Thats BIG news. Imagine, using less fossil
fuels to produce electricity to desalinate.
There is a group of 14 companies, including Kajima Corp. that

will build a prototype this year. They will work together in such
areas as membrane production and plant design. More energy
savings will come from reworking the water-treatment process.
The new process exceeds current quality standards.
The Middle East is the target of the consortium. From 2010, other
countries will be in their sites
E.G-1Ashkelon Desalination Plant, Seawater
Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Plant, Israel
The plant holds 40,000 membrane elements in 32 reverse osmosis (RO)

view of the new Ashkelon plant. treatment trains over four floors and uses optimised, multi-stage RO
Producing 100 million m/yr of desalinated and boron removal procedures.
Water.
The plant holds 40,000 membrane
elements in 32 reverse osmosis (RO)
treatment trains over four floors and uses
optimised, multi-stage RO and boron
removal procedures.
The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant the largest in the world achieved two
notable successes in 2006. In March it was voted 'Desalination Plant of the Year' in the Global
Water Awards, subsequently passing a major project milestone in October 2006, when, little
more than a year after it commenced initial production, it successfully delivered its first 100
million m3 of water.
With a capacity of 320,000m3 per day, the plant produces around 13% of the country's domestic
consumer demand equivalent to 56% of Israel's total water needs at one of the world's
lowest ever prices for desalinated water.
Proposed Desalination Plant
Project at Minjure, Chennai,
How the system works
Hundreds of skilled labourers are meticulously working on the countrys largest seawater desalination plant
being set up at a cost of Rs 510 crore on 60 acres of land at Kattupalli village near Minjur, about 35 km north
of Chennai. As 75% of the work has been completed, the 100 million litres per day (mld) plant is expected to
be operational from January 15, 2009 onwards. All required material has been procured and only marine works
like installation of pipelines in the sea, control and instrumentation and electrical works were remaining,
sources said. The plant will supply 100 mld of potable water to Chennai everyday. The citys water
requirement is expected to increase by more than double to 2,700 mld in 2031 due to rapid industrialisation and
urbanisation. The Chennai metropolitan areas present water requirement is 1,200 mld against the supply of
985 mld. The projected shortfall is 15 mld by 2011 and 1,085 mld by 2031.The Chennai Metropolitan Water
Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) is currently dependent on ground water and surface water resources
to meet the city's demand. The desalination plant would mostly cater to the water requirement of industries
including the North Chennai Thermal Power Plant, Ennore Port Trust and the proposed special economic zone
to come up in north Chennai. During drought periods, the water would be supplied to the public,
An overview of Contemporary Desalination Plant:
Teatro del Agua Solar Desalination Plant @ Spain Canara Islands
Charles Paton has endeavored to meet

this challenge with his Seawater
Greenhouse which takes a low-cost,
low-energy, carbon-neutral approach to
desalination. Recently hes been
working with Eden Project and Grim
Shaw Architects to create a gorgeous
sweeping Teatro Del Agua. The design
will incorporate remarkable
desalination method with a publicly
accessible venue for the performing
arts, once again focusing our societies
around the common element that
sustains them. Computer Simulated Models
The Teatro del Agua works by

coupling a series of evaporators and
condensers such that the airborne
moisture from the evaporators is then
collected from the condensers, which
are cooled by deep seawater. The
sweeping structure will incorporate
solar panels to provide heat for the
evaporators and will operate almost
entirely on renewable energy.
Section of the Performing stage View of the performing stage
LARGE SCALE SOLAR DESALINATION USING MULTI EFFECT HUMIDIFICATION
Summary
A theoretical proposal is outlined for large scale solar desalination using multi effect humidification. It involves the use of a large area solar
collector, multi effect distillation and boiling at reduced pressure. The configuration devised is a circular tank of one kilometer diameter
containing water to a depth of 10 m with a sealed double glazed dome, operating at 0.1 atmosphere pressure with a working temperature
below 50 C. A solar absorber placed just above the water level, abundantly perforated but covering the entire area, sets up convection
currents that evaporate the sea water and condense the vapour. Incoming seawater recovers energy from outgoing clean water and brine in a
counter current heat exchanger. Water flow is driven by solar distillation and hydrostatic pressure. It is estimated that the structure would
have 95% energy efficiency and a gained output ratio of 20. In sunbelt countries with average isolation of 6kwh/m2/day the desalination
plant would produce 100,000 m3/d distilled water at a speculative cost of $0.28/m3.
In recent years the author has been working on several theoretical proposals for the large scale generation of electricity from solar energy
using natural convection. In correspondence about one such proposal, a retired US professor1 wondered whether the devices being
considered would lend themselves to solar desalination. The author was initially dismissive but after careful consideration has developed the
Blue Sky proposal outlined in this paper.
Solar distillation has been used for demonstration purposes for over 2000 years and has been employed in some small scale plants for over
100 years. There has been a great deal of research in recent decades with the growing demand for water and shortage in many areas. Al-
Hallaj et al2 have recently published a comprehensive technical review of solar desalination with a humidification-dehumidification
technique.
The present proposal was developed without detailed knowledge of the field and brings together three technologies:
the use of a solar collector several square kilometers in area has been pioneered for the solar chimney3. Transmittance through the glass and
absorption of solar energy by a suitably coated metal surface are both over 90% efficient.
multi effect distillation is very well developed in desalination using fossil fuel energy. The latent heat of condensation of water is efficiently
recovered and repeatedly recycled giving 10-20 fold greater output.
boiling at reduced pressure. This presents enormous practical challenges but if pressure is reduced to 0.1 atmosphere the boiling point of
water falls to below 50 C. The low working temperature dramatically reduces energy losses to the environment. The higher energy recovery
gives a larger multi effect and greater output.
The configuration devised is shown in Figure 1.

The desalination tank is circular, of diameter one kilometer and is sealed with a double glazed dome. It contains water to a depth of 10
meters and air at a pressure of 0.1 atmosphere. About one meter above the water level, there is a solar absorber covering the entire
surface. This is abundantly perforated with millions of small holes to allow the upward flow of air and water vapour.
There are three water flows. There is an inflow of seawater driven by hydrostatic pressure from a storage tank. Second there is a distilled
water flow which comes from condensed water vapour and which flows into a clean water store for distribution. Third, the central region
of the tank has increased salt concentration and flows back into the sea as brine discharge.
The entire structure is well insulated to minimise energy losses through the containment. The outer circumference has a strong exterior
concrete wall and earth bank for insulation and to contain the weight/pressure of the mass of water.
Solar energy passes through the double glazed dome with over 80% transmittance. The solar absorber takes up this energy with over
90% efficiency producing a large hot surface. This is the driver of the distillation process. Air molecules that strike the absorber surface
are heated; the hot air expands and rises drawing fresh air and water vapour from beneath. A convection current is set up. Water
evaporates from the surface of the seawater, passes through the absorber and is carried into the condensation layer where it forms a clean
water supply. The air in the convection current is returned via air channels to just beneath the absorber. The outgoing clean water
transfers its heat to incoming seawater in the counter current heat exchanger.
Consider next the surface layer of seawater and the central region of the tank. As the seawater loses water vapour by evaporation, it
becomes denser. Its salt content will increase from 3% 4% 6% and as it becomes heavier the saltier water falls to the bottom of
the central chamber. Note that boiling water has a density of 0.96g/cc, seawater 1.03 and brine up to 1.1 and greater. The brine discharge
surrenders its heat to incoming seawater and a tap on the discharge pipe can allow the brine to be of 5%, 10%, 20% or whatever salt
content is considered appropriate. The brine is returned to the sea.
The configuration is designed to ensure maximum energy recovery. Thus the latent heat of condensation is completely recycled and of
the energy content of boiling water, the large majority is reabsorbed by incoming seawater in the counter current heat exchanger. The
only major energy loss is through the glass of the dome which is reduced by double glazing. This is further dramatically reduced by
boiling under reduced pressure. The air in the dome is at a pressure of 0.1 atmosphere; this reduces the boiling point of water and the
working temperature of the desalination tank to below 50 C. By such rigorous elimination of energy losses it is expected that 95% of
the energy used in heating and evaporating water is recovered and recycled. In that case there will be a multi effect or gained output
ratio of 20. (The GOR is defined as the ratio of the energy consumed in the production of condensate to the energy input.)
The above proposal was developed in relative ignorance of what has been achieved in recent years in the field of solar desalination.
Multi effect distillation using fossil fuel energy has been a reality for over 40 years and a GOR of 10-20 is commonplace. Multi effect
solar desalination is however relatively recent. Tanaka et al4 achieved GOR 1.6 using successive surfaces for evaporation/condensation.
Mller-Holst et al5 have developed a small commercial plant using one chamber for successive evaporation/condensation by natural
convection. This has achieved a daily average GOR of 3 to 4.5 in the field and over 8 in steady-state laboratory conditions. These
findings demonstrate that with a large scale commercial plant operating at reduced pressure and much lower temperature, a GOR of at
least 20 should be attainable.
Case study-12
Astronomical observatories
Most optical telescopes are housed within a dome or other similar structure in order to protect the
delicate instruments from the elements.
Telescope domes contain a slit or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing and
then closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases, the entire upper portion of the telescope
dome can be rotated in order to allow the instrument to observe different sections of the night sky.
Strategic Location
1- Most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population in order to avoid
the effects of light pollution.
2. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have dark skies, a large percentage of
clear nights per year, dry air, and are at high elevations. At high elevations, the Earth's atmosphere is
thinner thereby minimizing the effects of atmospheric turbulence and resulting in better
astronomical "seeing".[
Basic plan of the simplest Observatory

Requirements
1- Telescope Pier
2- Insulated control room
3- Insulated Panel room
4- Coude room
5- Staircase (Preferably Spiral)
6- Operable/Mechanical Roof Advanced composite collector structure
7- High resolution telescope (a top-end structure for the 8m diameter telescopes )
View of the Interior

A simple recipe to make an Observatory
Preparing the Site

Pier/Pier To Mount Engineering Drawing
Mounting Plate Engineering drawing

bolt-cage that would be set in a concrete base to take the pier
Installing the Pier
1 2 3
4 5
6 7
Building the Building
Installing
Telescoping
Roll of Roof
Detail Plans for a Geodesic Dome Observatory
Reinforcement for dome & ring
Support & Guide Rollers

Detail Surface Finish
Perimeter Seal detail
Slit Door
Case Study-13
Nuclear Bunkers
Cut & Cover shelters

(using Elephant steel)
Design Probabilities Cut & Cover shelters

(using French major Gallery sets)
1. CORSHAM - THE EMERGENCY GOVERNMENT WAR
HEADQUARTERS
Just after the start of WW2, Spring Quarry, a disused stone quarry 100 feet underground below
Corsham in north Wiltshire was converted into the largest underground factory in the world, making
aircraft engines for the Bristol Aero plane Company. In 1956 the abandoned factory was acquired by
the Cabinet Office and over the next five years was converted into 'Burlington' the Emergency
Government War Headquarters. Spread across an amazing two million square feet of underground
space, the HQ is, in effect, Whitehall in microcosm, and is where the government would scuttle-off to
at the outbreak of nuclear war. At its peak the HQ would have housed over 5000 Civil Servants
together with the Prime Minister and his entourage, a host of Cabinet Ministers, the Chiefs of Defense
Staff and their advisors etc.
2. CANADA - THE DIEFENBUNKER
Even by the end of 1948 Canada found herself vulnerable to attack from the Soviet Union. This was
not due to any overt belligerence on her own part but to two outside influences. The increasing
presence of American early warning radars on her soil made Canada a target in her own right, and the
risk from radioactive clouds drifting northwards from Soviet targets in the industrial and administrative
north eastern United States called for strong passive defense measures.
Early in 1959 work started on construction of a massive, semi-underground Emergency Government
War Headquarters at Carp, just outside Ottawa. The bunker is a four storey concrete monolith, 350 feet
square and partially buried in a sandy escarpment. The building is proof against a 5Mt nuclear weapon
at a range of 1.1 miles and has a radiation protection factor well in excess of 1000.
The 'Die fen bunker' was opened in December 1961 and ceased to function in 1995. It is now
undergoing restoration and is open to the public as a heritage site
'Diefenbunker' under construction in 1960. the mushroom-shaped heads on the support pillars required to spread the floo
the unprepossessing entrance to the Diefenbunker leads into a long
the limited space within the bunker called
through-tunnel which has the main bunker doors to the side, thus allowing
for slender support pillars taking up little space,
the blast wave from a nuclear detonation to dissipate through the open end
but they had to be immensely strong,
of the tunnel
hence the deeply flared tops and bases
An extension to the lower floor of the bunker

contains a vault built to house the gold reserves
of the Bank of Canada in wartime. This
photograph shows the massive safe-door two of the bunker's four
protecting the vault 327 Kw diesel alternators
Possible
Interiors
of the
Bunkers
Parking 4 d bicycles that would have COMMUNAL SHOWER

provided transport thru d 12 Bunkers
CORRIDOR PRESIDENTS LIVING SLEEPING FOR PRESIDENT

3. North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD),
[Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center Colorado]
NORAD Headquarters Building.
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of Canada and the
United States that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and defense for the two countries. It
was founded on May 12, 1958 (the effect of the Cold War) as a joint command between the
governments of Canada and the United States, as the North American Air Defense Command. Its
main technical facility has been the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center in Colorado, and for this
reason NORAD is sometimes referred to as Cheyenne Mountain.
NORAD's forces consist of the Alaskan NORAD Region/Eleventh Air Force, Canadian NORAD
Region, and Continental NORAD Region.
The centers, which conduct missile, atmospheric, and space warning activities, are:
The Air Operations Center (AOC) [also known as the Air Defense Operations Center - ADOC] maintains constant surveillance of North American
airspace to prevent over flight by hostile aircraft. It tracks over 2.5 million aircraft annually. The ADOC collects and consolidates surveillance information on
suspected drug-carrying aircraft entering or operating within North America, and provides this information to counternarcotice agencies.
The Missile Warning Center (MWC) detects launches globally and determines whether they are a threat to North America.
The Space Control Center (SCC) [also known as the Space Defense Operations Center - SPADOC] detects, identifies and tracks all man-made objects
in space. It currently tracks over 8,000 objects including payloads, rocket bodies and debris. Knowing where these objects are contributes to several mission
areas, including collision avoidance for the space shuttle crew.
The NORAD/USSPACECOM Combined Command Center (CCC) [also known as the NORAD Command Center - NCC] serves as the hub
for all activity within the work centers. The Command Director (CO), an one-star general officer or colonel, is always on duty in the command center. It
provides coordination and direction to the mission work centers, and forwards critical information from the other centers to the President and Prime Minister of
Canada. The center supports the Commander in Chief NORAD/Commander in Chief US Space Command to provide warning and assessment of attack on
North America or its allies to the National Command Authorities (NCA), the US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), and other users.
The Combined Intelligence Watch Center (CWIC) [also known as the Combined Intelligence Center - CIC] serves is the indications and warning
center for worldwide threats from space, missile, and strategic air activity, as well as geopolitical unrest that could affect North America and U.S.
forces/interests abroad. The center's personnel gather intelligence information to assist all the Cheyenne Mountain work centers in correlating and analyzing
events to support NORAD and US Space Command decision makers.
The National Warning Facility is the US civil defense warning center located in the Aerospace Defense Command Post to provide FEMA with access to
warning information at the same time it is available to NORAD. In case of attack, the center would sound the alarm over the civilian alerting circuits of the
National Warning System [NAWAS].
The Space and Warning Systems Center (SWSC) is responsible for the maintenance and evolution of mission-critical software meeting
operational requirements for NORAD, USSPACECOM, and AFSPC2 for these Cheyenne Mountain Command and Control (C2) centers responsible for
national attack warning/assessment and space surveillance/defense/control. The SWSC currently maintains in excess of 12 million lines of code on 34 separate
operational systems written in 27 languages.
The Weather Support Center (SOLAR) is located in building 1470 on Peterson AFB but also reports to the Command Center.
CMU (Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade)

The CMU program consists of the following major subsystems:
Granite Sentry provides a Message Processing Subsystem and a Video Distribution Subsystem, and it upgrades the NORAD Computer System display
capability and four major centers: (1) the Air Defense Operations Center, (2) the NORAD Command Center, (3) the Battle Staff Support Center, and (4) the
Weather Support Unit. Granite Sentry also processes and displays nuclear detection data provided from the Integrated Correlation and Display System. In
March 1993 the government awarded a contract to Martin Marietta (now Lockheed-Martin) to complete the Granite Sentry upgrades to the processing and
display capabilities of the ADOC, the NCC, and the Operations Planning Staff, which performs nuclear, biological, and chemical event processing.
The Communications System Segment Replacement (CSSR) is an internal Cheyenne Mountain Complex and Alternate Missile Warning Center
communications system that provides connectivity between mission areas, sensors, and forward users.
The Survivable Communications Integration System (SCIS) provides the system with reliable and survivable communications between the ten missile warning
sensor sites, two correlation centers, and eight forward users for transmission and receipt of missile warning sensor data and other Integrated TW/AA
information.
The Space Defense Operations Center 4 provides an automated command, control, and communication capability for space defense and space surveillance to
the National Command Authorities.
The Command and Control Processing and Display System Replacement (CCPDS-R) provides near-real-time processing, display and distribution of ballistic
missile ITW/AA information, including nuclear detonation reports, to the National Command Authorities and forward users.
The Alternate Missile Warning Center, located at Offutt AFB, is functionally equivalent to Cheyenne Mountain's systems for processing, display, and
distribution of missile warning data and is the prime correlation center providing missile warning data to USSTRATCOM for force management.
Block View or Schematic massing of NORAD
Basic Layout of NORAD
View of the Cheyenne Mountain View of North Portal

View of NORADS Command Center
& Other Surveillance Units
One of the 25-ton blast doors that protect the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain complex
A worker inspects one of the 1,000-pound springs under the

NORAD complex in Cheyenne Mountain
View of the service

& Power houses
View of one of the Security entrances

Case Study-14
Sewage Treatment plants
In urbanized areas, municipal wastewaters
(mainly sewage) generally are conveyed to a
point of treatment through sanitary sewers,
whereas storm waters are conveyed to their
receiving bodies of water through storm
drainage networks. In the past, cities
sometimes used combined wastewater
collection systems wherein a single sewerage
network collected domestic wastewater,
industrial wastes, and storm runoff water. But
this configuration does not support the level of
pollution control required today, and new
systems of this type are no longer being built.
The features of wastewater treatment systems are determined by

(1) the nature of the municipal and industrial wastes that are
conveyed to them by sewers, and
Schematic view (2) (2) the amount of treatment required to preserve and/or
improve the quality of the receiving bodies of water.
Basics of sewage treatment
In a sample treatment plant, sewage passes

through a screen and grit chamber to
remove some solid matter, then into a
sedimentation tank where suspended
particles settle. Next, a trickling filter
breaks down organic wastes and a second
sedimentation tank removes the residue.
Finally, an activated carbon filter traps
small impurities. Sedimentation sludge is
sent to a digestion tank and then dried.
Conventional wastewater Treatment plant
Conventional wastewater treatment

consists of preliminary processes,
primary settling to remove heavy solids
and floatable materials, and secondary
biological aeration to metabolize and
flocculate colloidal and dissolved
organics. Waste sludge drawn from
these operations is thickened and
processed for ultimate disposal, usually
either land application or land filling.
Preliminary treatment processes
include coarse screening, medium
screening, shredding of solids, flow
measuring, pumping, grit removal, and
pre aeration. Chlorination of raw
wastewater sometimes is used for odor
An aerial view depicts a typical wastewater treatment plant control and to improve settling
supporting primary and secondary treatment. Visible in this characteristics of the solids.
photograph are flocculation basins (rectangular), primary
settling tanks (foreground), and secondary trickling filters
(background).
Primary and Secondary Treatment.
Primary treatment involves sedimentation, and is the process by which about 30 to 50 percent of the suspended
solid materials in raw wastewater are removed. Sedimentation must precede all biological filtration operations.
The organic matter remaining after primary treatment is extracted by biological secondary treatment processes to
meet effluent standards. Secondary treatment commonly is carried out using activated-sludge processes,
trickling filters, or rotating biological contactors.
In the activated-sludge method, wastewater is fed continuously into an aerated tank where microorganisms break
down the organics. The resulting microbial floc (activated sludge) is settled under quiescent (calm-water)
conditions in a final clarifier and returned to an aeration tank. The plant effluent is clear supernatant from
secondary settling.
Trickling filters and rotating biological contactors have media to support microbial films. These slime growths
extract organic materials from wastewater as it trickles over the surfaces. Oxygen is supplied from air moving
through voids (empty spaces) in the media. Excessive biological growth washes out and is collected in a
secondary clarifier.
Tertiary Treatment.
Tertiary wastewater treatment is additional treatment that follows primary and secondary treatment processes. It
is employed when primary and secondary treatment cannot accomplish all that is required. For example,
phosphorus removal may be needed for wastewaters that are discharged to receiving waters that are likely to
become eutrophic, or enriched with nutrients. (Cultural or human-enhanced eutrophication often is associated
with nitrogen and phosphorous in effluent.) Water reclamation is achieved in varying degrees, but only a few
large-scale plants are reclaiming water to near-pristine quality.
Sludge Processing and Disposal.

Primary sedimentation and secondary biological flocculation processes concentrate waste organics into a volume
of sludge significantly less than the quantity of wastewater treated. But disposal of the accumulated waste
sludge is a major economic factor in wastewater treatment. Methods for processing raw sludge include
anaerobic (biological) digestion and mechanical dewatering by either belt-filter pressing or centrifugation.
Conventional methods of disposal are application as a fertilizer or soil conditioner on agricultural land, land
filling in a dedicated disposal site, or co disposal with municipal solid waste.
Odour Removal in sewage treatment plants
On this sewage treatment plant the bio filter itself is made in a
quadrangular concrete element tank with a technical room in
one end, where the fan, heater, electrical switchboard etc. is
placed (see picture below) and filter media in the other end,
divided by a partition wall. The bio filter treats air coming
from a 100 m2 grit and grease trap (3 basins). This is a total
amount of 1000 m3 air per hour. The concrete element tank
has been covered with steel plates in a suitable colour, so that
the filter building suits the existing buildings and
surroundings. The concentrations are measured by means of
an on-line electrochemical measurement system, and the inlet
concentrations have been between 0 and 10 PPM hydrogen
sulphide most of the time with peak concentrations of 20-40
PPM. The cleaning efficiency has been very satisfactory,
since the hydrogen sulphide has been totally removed in the
outlet air.
This construction has the advantage that every plate

can be removed separately, if this is necessary on
account of inspection or repairs. The plates have
very good insulating abilities and minimum
moisture absorption and they are so light that 2
persons can easily lift them without any help from
The basin cover can be made of extruded polystyrene plates (XPS) with a cranes or other remedies.
1,4mm fibre glass layer on each side. These plates are mounted on a self
bearing steel construction, which is fastened to the concrete basin.(
A Brief on Trickling Filters:
The Modern Trickling Filter
The modern trickling filter is quite advanced from the
rock filters of old. These new filters are engineered
systems that provide a very cost-effective process for
treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewater.
Trickling filters are routinely designed to treat
wastewater to NPDES standards including ammonia
removal and/or they can be designed to provide low-cost
roughing of high-strength wastewater. Trickling filters
are often teamed up with activated sludge systems to
reduce the overall cost of wastewater treatment
PVC Trickling Filter Media
The introduction of thermoformed PVC sheet media is
largely responsible for the success of the modern
trickling filter. This advancement allows construction of
modules of superior compressive strength and higher
void-volumes necessary for stacking to heights not
achievable with rock filters. In addition, greater specific
surface area makes higher organic loadings possible and
makes more efficient nitrification towers possible.
Deeper bio-towers are easily ventilated because of the
higher void volumes.
A trickling filter consists of a fixed bed of rocks, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam,
sphagnum peat moss, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows
downward and causes a layer or film of microbial slime to grow, covering the bed of
media. Aerobic conditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced air
flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous. The
process mechanism, or how the removal of waste from the water happens, involves both
absorption and adsorption of organic compounds within the sewage or other wastewater
by the layer of microbial slime. Diffusion of the wastewater over the media furnishes
dissolved air, the oxygen which the slime layer requires for the biochemical oxidation of
the organic compounds and releases carbon dioxide gas, water and other oxidized end
products. As the slime layer thickens, it becomes more difficult for air to penetrate the
layer and an inner anaerobic layer is probably formed. This slime layer continues to build
until it eventually sloughs off, breaking off longer growth into the treated effluent as a
sludge that requires subsequent removal and disposal. Typically, a trickling filter is
followed by a clarifier or sedimentation tank for the separation and removal of the
sloughing. Other filters utilizing higher-density media such as sand, foam and peat moss
do not produce a sludge that must be removed, but require forced air blowers and
backwashing or an enclosed anaerobic environment.
Industrial wastewater treatment trickle filters

Wastewaters from a variety of industrial processes have been treated in trickling filters.
Such industrial wastewater trickling filters consist of two types:
Large tanks or concrete enclosures filled with plastic packing or other media.
Vertical towers filled with plastic packing or other media.
The availability of inexpensive plastic tower packing has led to their use as trickling filter
beds in tall towers, some as high as 20 meters. As early as the 1960s, such towers were in
use at: the Great Northern Oil's Pine Bend Refinery in Minnesota; the Cities Service Oil
Company Trafalgar Refinery in Oakville, Ontario and at a Kraft paper mill.
The treated water effluent from industrial wastewater trickling filters is very often
subsequently processed in a clarifier-settler to remove the sludge that sloughs off the
microbial slime layer attached to the trickling filter media (see Image 1 above).
Currently, some of the latest trickle filter technology involves aerated bio filters which are
essentially trickle filters consisting of plastic media in vessels using blowers to inject air at
the bottom of the vessels, with either down flow or up flow of the wastewater.[6]
Environmental equipments & Plant engineering
Sewage treatment plant Sewage sludge

Water purification plant Sewage sludge incinerator
concentrator (belt type)
(circulating flow type)
Dioxins decomposition system Submerged membrane unit & cartridge
Membrane methane Single shaft shredder High-speed hard shredder Ceramic membrane
fermentation unit filtration system
Special case:
Reed Bed Sewage Treatment System
The treatment of various types of pollution in waters has been carried out
naturally for a considerable number of years by differing types of plant life.
Since long period when the works have matured to produce satisfactory
effluents, there have been developed various other methods of Reed Bed
Sewage Treatment systems.
Principle:
The Common Reed ( Phragmites Australis.) has the ability to transfer oxygen from its leaves, down through its stem,
porous speta and rhizomes, and out via its root system into the rhizosphere ( root system.)
As a result of this action, a very high population of micro-organisms occurs in the rhizosphere, with zones of aerobic,
anoxic, and anaerobic conditions.
Therefore with the waste water moving very slowly and carefully through the mass of Reed roots, this liquid can be
successfully treated, in a manner somewhat similar to conventional biological filter bed systems of sewage treatment.
Earlier Reed Bed Sewage Treatment systems, used the horizontal flow type of reed bed, where the liquid flows
horizontally through the bed.
However it is essential that any form of treatment of sewage should have the capability to not only treat the sewage
effectively, but also that its maturation time should be kept to a minimum.
To achieve this the reed plants are partially pre-grown, and also with the development of a vertical reed bed system, this
maturity of the total system can be more readily achieved.
Reed Bed Sewage Treatment Systems can be used to treat a variety of pollution loadings, but great care must always be
exercised in their design and implementation.
Types of Reed Bed Sewage System:
1. Vertical and Horizontal Beds System
Key:
A- Existing Septic Tank

B- Pumping Station (if
required.)
C- Vertical Reed Bed
D- Pumping Station
Flat Site E- Vertical Reed Bed
F- Humus Tank
G- Balancing Tank
H- Horizontal Reed Bed
J- Flow Control Chamber
Sloping Site
2. Horizontal Reed Bed System Key
for a Flat or Sloping Site A Existing Septic Tank
B Pumping Station (if
required.)
C Vertical Reed Bed
D Pumping Station
E Vertical Reed Bed
F Humus Tank
G Balancing Tank
H Horizontal Reed Bed
3. Sewage Treatment Works with a Tertiary Reed Bed J Flow Control Chamber
This system is similar to those used by many Water Companies, where the main treatment of the sewage is normally
undertaken in a packaged type of sewage treatment plant, and the reed bed is used to act as a tertiary treatment
module.
Any excessive storm flows in the sewage into the works, by-pass the main treatment unit ( to avoid hydraulically
overloading it ) and as they are usually considerably weaker strength, these excess flows are then treated in the reed
bed.
Different types of reed bed sewage treatment systems:
An unobtrusive complete horizontal and vertical reed

bed sewage treatment system installed at a hotel and
serving a population of 24.
An attractive horizontal and vertical reed bed sewage

treatment system followed by a pond (foreground)
A horizontal reed bed sewage treatment system

serving a population of approximately 15 persons.
Case Study-15
Water Purification/Treatment plants (River or Lakes)
Plant History
The Wastewater Treatment Plant in Saskatoon was built
in 1971. Since that time, the Plant has had numerous
improvements and expansions to meet new
environmental laws and serve the growing population of
Saskatoon.
The first major expansion of the facility was in 1991

when the Plant was upgraded from a primary treatment
facility to an enhanced primary treatment facility. This
upgrade included:
1. The addition of chemicals to reduce the levels of

phosphorus and solids entering the river;
2. two additional Primary Settling Basins;
3. one additional Digester;
4. improved chemical feed equipment;
5. an additional boiler; an expanded laboratory and
maintenance facility;
6. and deep storage and drying bed cells at the Biosolids
storage site.
Aerial view of the Wastewater

Treatment Plant in Saskatoon
Vocabulary of the Saskatoon Treatment Plant
Grit and Screen Facility: The Grit and Screen Facility is where sewage first enters the plant. The speed of the wastewater is
reduced to 0.3 metres per second and air is pumped in to set up a rolling motion. This movement separates the heavier grit and
sand materials from the suspended organic matter. The larger sand particles settle to the bottom of the tanks, thus preventing
harm to equipment within the Plant or clogging of pipes during the treatment process. The settled sand is removed once a month
and buried at approved sites. The wastewater continues through the grit tanks and passes through bar screens to remove any
material larger than 12.5mm in size. The wastewater then flows by gravity to the Primary Settling Basins.
Primary Settling Basins: This is where suspended solids settle out and floating scum is removed for further treatment. Upon
entering the Primary Settling Basins, the velocity of the wastewater is reduced to 3 metres per minute, allowing fine particles to
settle to the bottom. Settled sludge on the bottom of the basins is continuously scraped into hoppers at the end of tanks. It takes
about 4 hours for wastewater to flow through the Primary Settling Basins. Upon completion, the primary effluent is pumped to
the Bioreactors and the settled sludge is pumped to the Fermenters. The scum from the top of the basins is collected in hoppers
and pumped to the Digesters.
Pump Station: The Primary Effluent Pump Station (PEP) Station pumps primary effluent from the Primary Settling Basins to
the Bioreactors.
Fermenters: The Fermenters are where the primary sludge that settled out from the Primary Settling Basins is broken down.
The fermentation process converts the organic material into volatile acids called Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's). An example of a
VFA is acetic acid or vinegar. The VFA's are sent to the Bioreactors and utilized by the nutrient consuming micro-organisms.
Bioreactor: The two Bioreactors are where the Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) process takes place. This natural process
greatly reduces the concentration of dissolved organic compounds in the effluent and removes unwanted carbon, phosphorus,
and nitrogen from the wastewater without the addition of chemicals. In the Bioreactor, the effluent from the Primary Settling
Basins is mixed with micro-organisms and Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's). The micro-organisms come from the secondary
clarifiers , where they have settled out and are then returned to the Bioreactors. The VFA's are created in the Fermenter . The
micro-organisms naturally break down excess carbon and nutrients present in the wastewater. The effluent is moved through
carefully controlled anaerobic (absence of available oxygen), anoxic (chemically available oxygen only), and aerobic
(abundance of free oxygen) zones of the Bioreactors. Each of these areas remove specific organic compounds as the micro-
organisms continue to grow and flourish, consuming impurities in the wastewater. After approximately 9 hours in the
Bioreactors, the effluent flows to the Secondary Clarifiers.
Secondary Clarifiers The Secondary Clarifiers are where any remaining solids along with the micro-organisms from the
Bioreactors settle to the bottom and the clear effluent flows out the top of the basins. Of the settled micro-organisms, about 97% are
returned to the Bioreactors to be used again in the BNR process and 3% are sent to the DAF Thickener and then to the Digesters for
further treatment. The clarified final effluent flows from the Secondary Clarifiers to the Chlorine Contact Chamber before being
released to the river.
Chlorine Contact Chamber The Chlorine Contact Chamber is where chlorine is added to kill disease-causing bacteria which may
still be present in the water. This is the last stage of the treatment process and it takes 45 minutes for the clear effluent to pass
through this chamber while in contact with chlorine before flowing over a weir through an outlet channel and into the river.
DAF Thickener The Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Thickener is where air is introduced to the waste solids from the Secondary
Clarifiers and the Bioreactors. The thickened solids are then scraped from the surface of the DAF Thickener and pumped to the
Digesters.
Digester Three large Digesters are where solids from the Fermenter and DAF Thickener are further broken down by micro-
organisms into gases and Biosolids. The tanks contain a mixture of 85% liquids and solids and 15% gases. The tanks are maintained
under constant agitation at a temperature of 35C. The Digesters are also completely sealed in an oxygen-free atmosphere. These
carefully monitored conditions help the bacteria break down the sludge into methane, CO2, and stabilized digested sludge over a
period of twenty days. One of the by-products from the process, methane gas, is recycled as fuel for the boilers that heat the plant
and the Digesters. After twenty days, the digested sludge is pumped through a 200mm diameter pipeline 12 kilometers north of
Saskatoon into gravity settling ponds where it is thickened and stored. Twice a year, in the summer and fall, the Biosolids are
pumped out and spread on farmland using a technique called Liquid Injection .
Control Room The Control Room is where Plant Operators monitor all aspects of the wastewater treatment process and lift station
operation 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Numerous electronic controls, monitoring devices, and computers are used to
continuously ensure the proper operation of the plant and quality of effluent being discharged to the South Saskatchewan River.
Utility Building The Utility Building contains additional low pressure boilers, associated heating equipment, air blowers for the
bioreactors, standby generators, and an equipment storage area.
Heating Building The Heating Building is where maintenance on plant equipment is performed and tools are stored. The Heating
Building also houses low pressure boilers, heat exchangers, pumps and other equipment required to maintain the process.
James W. Jardine Water Purification Plant
Nearly one billion gallons of water are processed on an average day at the James W. Jardine
Water Purification Plant in Chicago, Illinois, the largest water treatment plant in the world. This
plant and the South Water Purification Plant serve nearly 5 million consumers in the City of
Chicago and 118 outlying suburbs. With that volume of water to purify, the chemical treatment
process must be as efficient and effective as possible. Recently, the Jardine plant needed to
change the location at which activated carbon is added in order to increase its contact time with
water. Engineers at the plant studied the water flow patterns in the intake area with ALGORs
Fluid Flow Analysis software to find the optimal feed point at which to add the carbon so that
dispersion time would be minimized.
There are a number of steps in the 7-hour water purification process, which consists of chemical
treatment with activated carbon, polyphosphate, chlorine, fluoride, alum (aluminum sulfate) and
polyelectrolyte, followed by sedimentation and filtration. Each chemical additive serves a different
purpose, such as killing bacteria, aiding in the removal of micro-organisms or preventing tooth decay.
Activated carbon is the first chemical treatment, added to remove objectionable tastes and odors. The
tiny carbon particles are tremendously absorbent, like a sponge. In order for it to do its job, the
activated carbon must mix thoroughly within the water for as long as possible.
A typical water treatment scheme
Ground Water Treatment:
Ground water pumped from wells located

within the corporate limits of Normal and
wells located west of Normal. This untreated
ground water is transmitted to our Water
Treatment Plant through a network of
underground pipes. At the Water Treatment
Plant, the groundwater is softened using
lime, filtered, fluoridated, and disinfected
using chlorine. Treated water is then
pumped to storage tanks for use by the
citizens.
E.g.-1 Steven Holls Whitney Purification plant
Stephen Holls Whitney Water Treatment Plant
located in New Haven, CT. This project is
fantastic in many ways, but the real beauty of it
lies in the fact that the 30,000 square feet water
treatment facility is sitting under the largest
green roof in the state of Connecticut.
The long stainless steel building shown on the images

house the extensive operational facilities required for
the plant as well as an exhibition lobby, laboratories, a
lecture hall, and conference spaces which are used for
the multiple education programs that run on the
facility. The roof garden design, the largest in
Connecticut, expanded the existing wetland area
where the site was located.
The shape of the building serves multiple functions.
Architecturally the building has been cladded in thin steel
shingles. The shingles, due to the shape in which they have
been warped, absorb and reflect the heat of the sun preventing
the exposed facility from gaining too much heat. Furthermore,
the inverse-raindrop shape of the building, as well as
reminding us of, well, rain droplets, also helps in reducing the
area exposed to the sun reducing the heat gain even further.
The thin profile for the building allows all regularly occupied areas to have
easy access to daylight. Furthermore, domed skylights in the green roofs allow
daylight to enter the water treatment plant. These domed skylights serve a
secondary function, which is that of allowing the visitors to the public
parklands to see the water treatment process occurring within in the facility.
On the materials side, the stainless steel shingles of the facade are recyclable
and reusable. The building also features recycled terrazzo tiles, cork tile
flooring, low VOC paints and sealants.
And of course, the most important feature of this facility

lies in the way that it handles water for the project as well
as how it interprets the processes of the water treatment in
the facility below. The project is divided into six areas
analogous to what is happening below the surface in the
treatment plant. Those domed skylights mentioned above?
They sit right above the ozonation bubbling area of the
plant. On an area where there is rapid mixing and high
turbulence, little streams move along the grass above.
Furthermore the facilitys landscape manages the storm
water drainage system for the facility, preventing storm
water runoff as much as possible.
E.g-2 Ohtsu water purification plant
Principle
A porous ceramics granular media
is packed in a filtration chamber.
Raw water passing through the
chamber contacts biological film
which sticks to the media. The
granular media is made of high
durable ceramics and has a lot of
projections and holes which make
the biological film easy to stick to
it. The film will not be removed
easily even by backwashing.
E.g-3 Honeoye Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant

The Honeoye Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant is a
Biological, Trickling Filter Plant with an automatic Disc Filter for
Tertiary Treatment. The plant was originally built in 1938 and has
been upgraded in 1962, 1971, 1983, 1996, 2003 and 2006.The plant is
designed to treat 600,000 gallons per day with a peak capacity of
1,500,000 gallons per day. In the last year 132,495,000 gallons of
wastewater were treated at the plant with an average of 363,000 per
day.
The Honeoye Falls Wastewater system consists of over 11 miles of
sewer mains. These mains run by gravity to the treatment plant. The
system also has 5 Pump Stations that pump the wastewater from areas
where it can not run by gravity.
Definitions and Descriptions of the Treatment Process
The average resident uses 40-60 gallons of clean water per day and all the clean water that comes into homes in one pipe, goes
out of the house in another pipe as wastewater.
Wastewater. The spent water of the community, from the standpoint of source, it may be a combination of the liquid and solid
waste from residence, commercial buildings, industrial plants and institutions, together with ground and surface water. This is
not a combined storm and sanitary sewer system so there should not be ground and surface water in it.
Treatment. Any process involving the removal of solids or non-aqueous liquids from wastewater and transforming them into
stable substances.
Preliminary Treatment. Preliminary treatment at our plant is done with an Automatic Bar screen that removes large
solids. A Pista Grit Chamber is also used to remove large and small inorganic solids or (grit) which are then sent to a landfill.
Primary Treatment. At our plant it is done with two clarifier tanks, known as sedimentation or settling tanks. Solids are
given time to settle to the bottom. These solids, called primary sludge are pumped out of the bottom of the tank. They are sent
to a sludge digester for further treatment. Any scum, oils or grease are skimmed off the top of the wastewater, and are sent to
the digester for further treatment.
Digester. The solids from sewage in the Primary units, together with the water removed with them are put into the
digester. In the digester the sludge is heated to a temperature of 85-95 degrees Fahrenheit, decomposition (breakdown) of
organic matter takes place and reduction of 70 % of the water in the sludge by drawing off supernatant from the sludge. The
sludge is stored in the digester for 60-90 days for total digestion. The sludge from our plant is trucked in liquid form (3-6 %
solids) to Monroe County Pure Waters for further treatment and disposal.
Secondary Treatment. It is done with a Trickling Filter and Secondary Settling Tanks. In the trickling filter, wastewater
from Primary tanks is sprayed over plastic media (6 feet deep) which are covered with Biological Growth, which change the
waste into less harmful substances and are temporarily attached to the filter media (plastic). The attached material eventually
falls off and is carried in the flow of the filter. For this reason, the filter is followed by Secondary Settling tanks or Clarifiers
to permanently remove these solids from the wastewater.
Tertiary Treatment. This is the final treatment process at our facility. This can also be called a polishing process. It works
as follows: The water flows by gravity into the filter segments. Solids are separated from the water by the 10 micron filter
panels mounted on the two sides of the disc segments. The solids are retained within the filter discs while the clean water flows
out. When the water level rises the filter drum will rotate while high pressure nozzles spray the collected solids off the panels
and into a backwash pipe. The back wash water will be sent to the beginning of the plant to be treated.
After the wastewater is treated it is discharged into the Honeoye Creek.
Other Examples:
Town of Halfmoon Water

Mohawk View Water Treatment
Treatment Facility, Halfmoon, NY
Plant, Latham, NY
Poughkeepsie Water Treatment Saratoga Wastewater Treatment

Facility, Poughkeepsie, NY Plant, Mechanicville, NY
Case Study-16
Seismic & Soil testing labs
Requirements
2. Description of laboratory facilities

2.2. Support areas
2.1. Structural dynamics and earthquake simulation testing:
2.1.1. Testing area 1 Old Lab 2.2.1. Fabrication area
2.1.1.1. Shake Table O 2.2.1.1. Machine shop area
2.1.1.2. Strong floor O 2.2.1.2. Welding facility
2.1.1.3. Gantry crane 2.2.1.3. Materials storage
2.1.1.4. Reaction frames
2.1.1.5. Shake table S
2.1.1.6. Portable Reaction Wall (Block) 2.2.2. Delivery area
2.1.1.7. Testing set-ups. 2.2.2.1. Rigging equipment
2.1.1.8. Control room 2.2.2.2. Personnel Platforms
2.1.1.9. Equipment 2.2.2.3. Gantry crane
2.2.3. Wood fabrication area
2.1.2. Testing area 2 Expansion Lab
2.1.2.1. Shake Tables A and B 2.3. Related Support facilities
2.1.2.2. Reaction Walls 2.3.1. Soil testing lab
2.1.2.3. Strong Floor 2.3.2. Instructional soil lab
2.1.2.4. Gantry crane 2.3.3. Instructional structures lab
2.1.2.5. Instrumentation platform
2.3.4. Electronics Packaging Laboratory
2.1.2.6. Visitors gallery
2.1.2.7. Servers room
2.1.2.8. Operator deck / room
2.1.2.9. Equipment
I. Department of Civil, Structural, and
Environmental Engineering (CSEE)
University at Buffalo (UB) houses the Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory
(SEESL). SEESL is hosting a key equipment site, NEES @ buffalo, in a nationwide earthquake engineering
"collaboratory" - the National Science Foundation's "George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering
Simulation" (NEES).
The Laboratory comprises of (i) physical facilities described in detail in this report, (ii) faculty specialists who develop and
perform experiments and design lab instrumentation and setups, (iii) permanent laboratory staff and (iv) laboratory
services for research and development.
The physical features include:

Three Earthquake Simulators, known also as Shake Table
Two relocatable 7.0m x7.0m platforms with six-degrees-of-freedom, 50 tons payload each
One 3.6m x 3.6m with five-degrees of freedom, 50 tons payload
A two stories bi-axial Shaking Table system used as Non-structural Component Simulator
A 175 m2 Strong Reaction Wall for reactions to horizontal loading devices (actuators) for large scale testing
Two 340 m2 Strong Testing Floor(s) for vertical reactions and tie downs for large scale models
A bi-axial Laminar Box for 1.0 g soil testing
Reconfigurable assemblies of Static and Dynamic Servo-controlled Actuators with advanced control systems (STS,
Flextest, etc)
A High Performance Hydraulic Power Supply with flow exceeding 6000 litters per minute (1600 gallons per minute)
High speed wide band Local and Wide Area Gigabit Networks interfaced and supported by with NEESit services
Tele-presence & Tele-operations capabilities for local and wide area collaborations in real time
Advanced Dynamic, Pseudo-dynamic, and Static Testing Capabilities including a generic advanced procedure Real
Time Dynamic Hybrid Testing (RTDHT)
laboratory facilities :
The Department of Civil, Structural and

Environmental Engineering at the University
at Buffalo has an extensive earthquake
simulation, structural, and geotechnical
engineering testing facility that is a key node
in a nationwide earthquake engineering
"collaboratory" - the National Science
Foundation's "George E. Brown, Jr. Network
for Earthquake Engineering Simulation"
(NEES). The entire lab facility consists of
four main laboratory rooms, two earthquake
laboratories, identified below as Testing
Area 1 and Testing Area 2, a Receiving Area
and a Fabrication Area, located side by side
within Ketter Hall. In addition to these
laboratories, Ketter Hall also houses many of
the Civil and Structural Engineering faculty
offices and a number of smaller laboratories
in structural and geotechnical engineering
used for research and instruction. These
Plan of Laboratory Facilities laboratories are also briefly described
herein. Figure presents a plan drawing of the
laboratory facilities.
Structural dynamics and earthquake simulation testing
The Testing Area 1 of the Structural Engineering and
Earthquake Simulation Laboratory is the smaller of the
two main earthquake laboratories located within the
building. Figure identifies Testing Area 1 within the
general plan of the laboratory.
It consists of a large rectangular room approximately 70

ft. (21m) long, 65 ft. (20m) wide, and 30 ft. (9m) tall,
enclosing a large strong floor area to which large scale
or full-sized specimens and structural assemblages can
be attached for quasi-static and dynamic testing.
Portion of the area is dedicated to a seismic simulator
and a Single-Degree-of-Freedom shake table. A
Number of reaction frames are also available for
providing lateral support. The area is accessible through
a 20 ft. (6m) wide by 13 ft. (4m) high roll up door, and
a 12 ft. (3.7m) wide by 12 ft. high (3.7m) roll up door.
Both doors are located at the north end of the laboratory
and open into the fabrication and receiving areas, which
make for excellent accessibility to the loading bay. The
laboratory has an overhead bridge crane which is
capable of moving materials and test units to any
location within the seismic laboratory. Also available
within this laboratory are two bearing testing
Testing Area 1 within Plan of Laboratory Facilities machines. The Large Bearing Testing Machine has
been developed and primarily used for commercial
testing of large bearings. The Small Bearing Testing
Machine is highly versatile and is capable of applying
simultaneous compression or tension, shear and rotation
on specimens. An office is located in the southwest
corner of the laboratory which houses the control center
for the seismic simulator. A storage room is also
located in this vicinity which stores instruments and
data acquisition equipment.
Shake Table O:
A portion of the seismic lab is

dedicated to a 12 ft. (3.7m) by
12 ft. (3.7m) seismic simulator.
An opening in the floor allows
for a shake table pit to enclose
the simulator as well as its
mechanics. This shake table has
been in use at the University at
Buffalo for nearly 20 years. In
2004, it has been refurbished
Shake Table O in Testing Area 1 with extension block with a new controller and re-
built actuators. Both the figures
present plan, elevation and
isometric views of the shaking
table and a trench around it.
Details and specifications of the
seismic simulator are presented
in the laboratory equipment
section.
View of the Shake table and the trench Plan and elevation view of the shake table
The test floor is a five cell reinforced concrete box
girder 40 ft. (12.2m) long, 60 ft. (18.3m) wide, and 8
ft. (2.5m) overall in height. The thickness of the top
test floor slab is 18 in. (46 cm). Tie down points
consist of (4) 2 " holes which are arranged
symmetrically in both directions. Each tie down
point has an axial load allowable capacity of 250
kips (1112kN). Figure 2.1.1.2-1 presents a view of
the strong floor including the layout of the tie down
points.
View of the strong floor with tie down points
Testing Area 1 has a 15ton / 33 kip (~150kN) capacity

overhead bridge crane which is capable of moving materials
and test units to any location within the seismic laboratory.
40Kip Gantry Crane

Reaction frames:
Located within the laboratory area are several reaction frames that
have been fabricated in-house and are used to provide adequate
support for lateral loading. The tallest frame can be used to test
specimens up to 20 ft. (6m) tall with lateral loads of up to 250 kips
(1112kN) at a height of approximately 8 ft. (2.4m) or lower. The
frame can also support up to 120 kips (534kN) lateral load applied at
a height of 8 ft. (2.4m) or higher. Arrangements are available for
developing vertical load in addition to lateral load, and for providing
lateral stability to the specimen.
Picture of the tallest reaction frame
A second, shorter reaction frame that is also available has been designed for 55
kip (245kN) horizontal force applied at a height of 100 in. (2.54m) above the
floor. It is furnished with 55 kip (245kN), 6 in. (15.24 cm) stroke, and 90gpm
(340.7lpm) servo valve actuator. Specimens may be attached to the strong floor
or to a W21 x 50 beam that is attached to the strong floor. The reaction frame
may be used with an existing versatile steel portal frame (column W8 x 24,
beam W8 x 21, length 100 in (2.54m), height 75 in. (1.9m), with simple
connections that can be easily converted to semi-rigid and rigid) to test energy
dissipating systems.
Picture of the shorter reaction frame

Testing Area 1 features also a Single-Degree-of-Freedom shake
table. Built by laboratory personnel and students, the table is 3 ft. by 5 ft.
(0.9m by 1.5m), has payload of 6 kips (26.7kN), a stroke of 3 in.
(762mm) and can reach accelerations of 0.8g. The table is driven by a 5.5
kip (24.47kN) actuator with two 15gpm (56.78lpm) servo valves. The
specimen height is restricted by uplift conditions since the table rides on
slide bearings. It is suitable for use with an available three-story, 6 kip
(26.7kN) steel model structure.
Shake Table S in Testing

Area 1 with proprietary model
An office is located in the southwest corner of the laboratory which houses

the computer network control center for the seismic simulator as well as
office space. A storage room is also located in this vicinity which stores a
majority of the data acquisition equipment
Control Room in Testing Area 1

Testing set-ups:
The laboratory is equipped with two bearing testing
machines. The Large Bearing Testing Machine has been
developed and primarily used for commercial testing of large
bearings. It is capable of applying 1600 kips (7117kN) vertical
load, and lateral displacement of 5 in. (125mm) amplitude and
10 in/sec (255mm/sec) peak velocity. Figures present views of
the bearing testing machine in the testing of a single elastomeric
bearing and of a pair of elastomeric bearings.
The Small Bearing Testing Machine is a highly versatile
machine that is capable of applying simultaneous compression
or tension, shear and rotation on specimens. It has a 50 kip
(223kN) vertical load capacity (but expandable if a higher
capacity load cell is used), 6 in. (150mm) horizontal
displacement capacity, 2 degrees rotational capacity and peak
Testing of a Single Elastomeric Bearing speed of over 20 in./sec (0.5m/sec). Figure 2.1.1.7-3 presents a
view of the machine in the testing of an XY-FPS bearing in
in Large Bearing Testing Machine combined tension and high speed shear.
Testing of a Pair of Elastomeric Bearings Testing of a Bearing in Small Bearing Testing Machine
in Large Bearing Testing Machine
Testing area 2 Expansion Lab:
Testing Area 2 within Plan of Laboratory Facilities
A set of two high-performance, six degrees-of-freedom shake

tables, which can be rapidly repositioned from directly
adjacent to one another to positions up to 100 feet apart
(center-to-center). Together, the tables can host specimens of
up to 100 metric tons and as long as 120 feet, and subject
them to fully in-phase or totally uncorrelated dynamic
excitations
View of Shake table A

Reaction walls:
There are two Reaction Walls in Test Area 2, one next to
strong floor and one next to the shake table trench.
Physical Dimensions of the Reaction Wall next to Strong

Floor are:
Length: 41'-0'
Height: 30'-0'
Thickness: 2'-0''
Portable Reaction Wall
Reaction Wall next to Strong Floor
Physical Dimensions of the Reaction Wall next to Shake Table Trench are:
Length: 23'-0''
Height: 30'-0''
Thickness: 2'-0''
Reaction Wall next to Shake Table Trench

Other areas in Testing area-2:
Physical Dimensions of the Strong

Floor in Test Area 2 are:
Length: 79'-0''
Width: 39'-0''
Picture of Testing Area 2 Picture of 40T Gantry

Crane in Testing Area 2
Visitors Gallery in Testing Area 2
Instrumentation Platform in Testing Area 2

Servers room:
All servers are housed in the server room, located on the first floor
of the Testing Area 2 lab. Servers are mounted in racks with
redundant and backup power supply. Dual gigabit Ethernet
connections are provided to each server. There is an integrated
LCD/keyboard console to locally administer all servers in the rack.
The Servers housed are:
NEESpop
NEES TPM
Mass Storage (NAS)
Domain Controllers
Web Servers
Email Server
Server Room in Testing Area 2
Elevated Control Room houses :

Workstations capable of controlling any data acquisition or
control system in the lab. These workstations are preloaded with
all the necessary software to run any system in the lab.
Additionally, software to quickly visualize and analyze captured
data is preinstalled as well.
Control Room in Testing Area 2

Other Support areas:
1. Fabrication area The Fabrication Area is located between Testing Areas 1 and 2. The
area is approximately 58 ft. (17.7m) long and 31 ft. (9.5m) wide,
and has direct access to the delivery area and loading bay.
Moreover, the area features an additional enclosed 19 ft. by 22 ft.
(5.8m by 6.7m) restricted machine area and a 12 ft. by 20 ft. (3.7m
by 6.1m) technicians office. The area has a 15 kip (66kN) capacity
overhead bridge crane that is capable of moving materials and test
units within the fabrication area. A 6 kip (27kN) capacity forklift is
available and typically stored in the Fabrication or Delivery Areas.
A Tinius Olsen Universal Testing Machine is located within the
Fabrication Area. A MTS 150 kip (667kN) Compression/Tension
Machine is located in this area as well. These machines are used in
the testing of concrete specimens, in the calibration of load cells and
in the compression testing of elastomeric and sliding bearings
Fabrication area within Plan of Laboratory Facilities The laboratory maintains facilities and personnel for performing machining,
fabrication, welding and erection of structural systems. The equipment
2. Machine shop area necessary to do so is located and stored within the Fabrication
Area. Available equipment includes the following:
- Large Drill Press - Bench Grinder

-Small Drill Press -Mill Machine
- Lathe Machine - Mig Welder
- Small Lathe Machine -Tack Welder
-Vertical Saw -Stick Welder
- Horizontal Saw - Pipe Threading Machine
-Surface Grinder - Inspection Table
Machine Shop area within the Plan of Laboratory Facilities

SEESL is equipped with several
welding stations that can be
moved to anywhere within the
lab.
The welding machines available
are:
Mig Welder
Tack Welder
Stick Welder
View of Machine Shop
Welding Station
View of Materials storage View of the Fabrication Area

and the Gantry crane
3. Delivery area
The Delivery Area is located between Testing Area 2
and the Fabrication Area. The area is approximately
58 ft. (17.7m) long and 28 ft. (8.5m) wide, and has
direct access to the loading bay. The area has a 15
kip (66kN) capacity overhead bridge crane that is
capable of moving materials and test units within the
Delivery Area. Access to the loading bay is through
an overhead door with 15ft.-4 in. 4.7m) width and 16
ft.-8 in. (5.1m) height.
The back of the Delivery Area features a carpenters
shop that is used in both the fabrication of specimens
and in the fabrication of furniture used in the
Delivery Area within Plan of Laboratory Facilities Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental
Engineering.
Delivery Area Electric Scissor Lifts 15kip Gantry Crane Wood Fabrication Area
4. Related Support facilities:
Electronic Packaging Laboratory is a
multi-disciplinary research laboratory in
the Department of Civil, Structural and
i. Soil testing lab Environmental engineering. It brings
together faculty members from civil,
ii. Instructional soil lab electrical, mechanical and chemical
iii. Instructional structures lab engineering for interdisciplinary research.
The focus of the laboratory is the
iv. Electronics Packaging Laboratory development of next generation
microelectronics technology as well as
finding new applications for their use in
real world, such as using MEMS sensors
for earthquake instrumentation and
chemical agent detection in and around
civil infrastructure.
The laboratory has extensive material

characterization facilities, including a
thermal chamber, high g (300g) vibration
system, and material characterization
units for mechanical, electrical, optical
and thermal property determination. The
laboratory also houses a sophisticated
Electronics Packaging Laboratory Moire interferometry system
II. Geotechnical and Geo environmental
Engineering Laboratory
Field Testing and Survey
Self-Anchoring Penetrometer Equipment Soil Sampling
Standart Penetration Test (SPT)
Vane Shear Test
Pressure meter Test

Case Study-17
Refuge Shelters & Camps (A scenario to ponder upon)
A refugee camp is a temporary camp built to receive refugees. Hundreds of thousands or even
millions of people may live in any one single camp. Usually they are built and run by a government
or international organizations, (such as the Red Cross) or NGOs
Refugee camps are generally set up in an impromptu fashion and designed to meet basic human
needs for only a short time. Some refugee camps are dirty and unhygienic. If the return of refugees
is prevented (often by civil war), a humanitarian crisis can result.
Some refugee camps grew into permanent settlements, such as Ein el-Helweh, and have
existed for decades, which has major implications for human rights.
People may stay in these camps, receiving emergency food and medical aid, until it is safe to return
to their homes. In some cases, often after several years, other countries decide it will never be safe
to return these people, and they are resettled in "third countries," away from the border they
crossed.
Facilities of a refugee camp can include the following:
1. Sleeping accommodations (tents)

2. Hygiene facilities (cleaning and toilets)
3. Medical supplies
4. Communication equipment (e.g. radio)
Globally, about 17 countries (Australia, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada,
Chile, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States) regularly accept
"quota refugees" from refugee camps. Refugee camps are typically used to
describe settlements of people who have escaped war. In recent years, most
quota refugees have come from Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia, Somalia, and
Sudan, which have been in various wars and revolutions, and the former
Yugoslavia, due to the Yugoslav wars.
Refugee camp for Rwandans located in what is A camp in Guinea for refugees from Sierra Leone.
now the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
following the Rwandan Genocide.
Nahr el-Bared, Palestinian refugee
camp in North Lebanon in 2005.
The Tent CITY:
The term tent city is used to describe a variety of temporary housing facilities made using tents.
Informal tent cities may be set up without authorization by homeless people or protesters. As well, state
governments or military organizations set up tent cities to house refugees, evacuees, or soldiers. Tent
cities set up by homeless people may be similar to shanty towns, which are informal settlements in
which the buildings are made from scrap building materials.
Causes of Formation of Refuge camps
1 Military
2 Environmental disasters
3 Homeless people
4. Other Events
1. Military Tent city of 40,000 in Darfur.

In the military, the term "tent city" usually refers to temporary living quarters erected on deployed military bases,
such as those found in Bosnia or Iraq. Depending on the branch of service and the length of time the tent city has
been in place, the living space may be equipped with most modern amenities. For sanitary reasons, military tent
cities place toilet, shower, and laundry facilities at least 50 feet (15 m) from living quarters. Also, tents are
typically divided into clusters of 8-10 to prevent the rapid spread of fire, which is of utmost concern because of
the tent and bedding materials.
2. Environmental disasters
Since Hurricane Katrina made landfall in August 2005, the term has been used to describe temporary housing
sites set up for Gulf Coast residents who were left homeless by the storm. Some of the tents that were built by
Seabees and funded by FEMA are wooden structures covered by tents. With the exception of indoor plumbing,
most of the tents have heat, air, and lights. The tent city can hold as many as 250 occupants. Displaced residents
are only expected to stay for three to six months.
Design of Shelter (Refuge & Storm shelter)
A brief of Available prototypes
1. Dignified homes out of dirt and devastation (By Nader Kalili)
During a five-year odyssey, he read poetry by 13th
century mystic Jalaluddin Rumi on the elemental forces
of earth, fire, wind and water, while seeking inspiration
among ancient Middle Eastern building forms which
could help solve global problems of today.
Foremost among the problems which preoccupied him
was the need for emergency shelter for people displaced
by wars and natural disasters. The answer, he
concluded, lay in the dirt under the victims feet and the
strength in their hands.
Combining thousand year old principles with modern
building technology, Nader Khalili developed an earth
Depending on the external finish, the domes can be either construction technique known as the
temporary refugee shelters or homes lasting up to 30 years. superadobe/superblock system. With it he created dome-
shaped housing, based on coiled layers of dirt-filled
sandbags. Barbed wire between the layers prevents the
sandbags from slipping. The materials of war
sandbags and barbed wire are thus used for peaceful
ends.
The beautiful, vaulted structures are strong, (rigorous official tests in California broke the testing equipment but
not the building), environmentally friendly and resistant to floods, fire, earthquake and hurricanes. The
walls provide natural insulation against heat and cold. They can be constructed cheaply and quickly by men,
women and children with minimal instruction. They can also be readily adapted to provide permanent housing.
His prototype shelters have attracted interest from organizations ranging from UN agencies to NASA, and
featured among winners of the 2004 Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
2. HOW TO - Make a Hexayurt:
Plans, history and how-tos on making "Hexayurts" - "A hexayurt is a new design for refugee shelters. The
"hexayurt design pattern" simplifies geodesic dome geometry so that it can be built using standard 4' x 8' sheet
goods of whatever kind are appropriate to the task at hand: hexacomb cardboard, plywood, foam. The design has
been slightly tested in the real world and stands up very well."
3. Steel Clad Safe Rooms:
Steel Clad Safe Rooms are built of incredibly

tough 3/16 inch and 1/4 inch steel plate walls,
ceiling and structural channels. The triple
steel layer door is built to FEMA Publication
320 specifications.
During Construction Completed Safe Room

Strom & Tornado Shelter of Texas
4. In ground Fiber Glass storm shelter:
Features of The Refuge In ground

Fiberglass Shelter
1. Durable fiberglass for a 10 year limited warranty

2. Fiberglass is waterproof, mold and mildew
resistant
3. Molded benches provide comfortable seating
4. Ventilation provided through dual ventilation
pipes
5. Molded in steps with all weather carpeting for
safe entry
5' Wide x 6' Long x 6'-6" Headroom 6' 8"Wide x 8' 4" Long x 6' 10" 6. Handrail along one side of stairs for safe entry
Door lies level to slab or ground Headroom Installation requires 7. Large door for quick and easy entrance
Sized for five mounding of soil Sized for nine - ten 8. Shelf space for emergency supplies such as water
Seats eight comfortably Seats twelve comfortably bottles, batteries, flashlights, blankets, first aid
kit, battery operated radio and cellular phone
9. Door tested and passed at Texas Tech University
Wind Engineering Research Center and
exceeds guidelines for an in ground shelter
The Mini-Refuge door
- Seats six people, four per FEMA guidelines 10. Double door latches hold door secure
- Interior: 4' 6" Wide x 5' long 11. One day installation
- Headroom : 6' - 2" Tall
- Overall Dimensions :
- 5' 5" Wide, 9' 3" Long, 7' 9" High
- Weight : 600 lbs.
Molded in shelf space holds
emergency supplies such as water
bottles, batteries, flashlights,
blankets, first aid kits, battery
operated radio and cellular phone.
Installation on the site Features:
Durable fiberglass construction

Molded seating and shelf space
All weather carpet for comfort
Mildew and mold resistant
Waterproof and sound insulated
Easy access door with handrail
Piston door closure to ease entry
Tested at Texas Tech University
Eight and twelve person sizes
Section Entrance 10 year limited warranty
5. Coon Storm shelter
Storm shelter is made up of polyethylene, so that no soil

chemicals, rust, deterioration, or even freezing and
thawing have least effect on it. The seamless design is the
best insurance against leaks, insects, and rodents
penetrating the shelter.
The Coon shelter can be easily designed to be a complete

emergency prepared shelter. It can be made to withstand
the effects of a nuclear, biological, or chemical (N.B.C.)
attack. Simply extend the air intake and add a four foot
extension over the entrance. The unit can then be installed Getting into the shelter is easy through the lid. A
deeper into the ground. By installing the system in this ladder with convenient handrails is provided with
manner and by using the ventilation system of required each unit. There is easily enough room for your
choice.
entire family. The capacity of the storm shelter is
6-8 people, depending upon their size and the
duration of your stay.
6. Armored Guard
Deep Earth Preparedness and Survival Shelter
The Armored Guard is a deep

earth preparedness and survival
shelter developed to answer
requests from people concerned
about protecting their families
from extreme events like terrorist
attacks, explosions and severe
weather. The shelter surface is
designed for backyard or under
slab installation in new homes.
The Armored Guard is installed

Interior View three foot below the surface of the
ground and is totally encased in
concrete. The extended stairway
Totally encased in concrete puts the Armored Guard deep in
Three feet below earths surface the earth and out of harms way.
Sealable ventilation
Thick walled ventilation pipes
Optional Features
Second escape hatch
Interior compartment and doors
Chemical toilet
Outer Profile
Built in bunks for long stays
7. Other Storm Shelters
(Tornadoes & Hurricanes):
Original 6'x8' Concrete Storm Shelter Jumbo 6'10"x10' Concrete Storm Shelter
Case Study-18
Center for Emergency Management & Preparedness
Civilians look to their governments for protection from health risks. They expect their governments to be
ready to deal with the possible health risks from:
1- natural events and disasters such as floods, earthquakes, fires and highly dangerous infectious diseases; and
2- accidents or criminal and terrorist acts involving explosives, chemicals, radioactive substances or biological
threats.
All levels of government in a nation help to protect the health of Civilians from these threats as part of their
efforts to promote health and prevent disease. Local, provincial and territorial authorities do much of that
work with federal government support from the Public Health Agencies. This is when CEPR (Center fro
Emergency Preparedness & Response) comes into picture.
Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response include:
1. Office of Emergency Preparedness

2.Office of Emergency Response Services
3. Office of Laboratory Security
4 .Office of Management and Administrative Services
5. Office of Quarantine Services
6. Office of Program and Business Coordination
Chief Motives of CEPR
1- Develops and maintains national emergency response plans for the Public Health Agency
2- monitors outbreaks and global disease events;
3- assesses public health risks during emergencies;
4- contributes to keeping Civilian's health and emergency policies in line with threats to public health
security and general security for Civilians in collaboration with other federal and international health
and security agencies;
5- is responsible for the important federal public health rules governing laboratory safety and security,
quarantine and similar issues; and
6- is the health authority in the Government for bioterrorism, emergency health services and emergency
response.
The CEPR Structure
To achieve its many different goals, the Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response is organized into
specialized offices. Each office has specific responsibilities. The doctors, nurses, scientists and other
professionals and support staff across CEPR have the expertise to meet public health security priorities.
The Center's Office of the Director General leads and coordinates CEPR operations by providing:
administrative and policy direction;
coordination within CEPR and its management team;
representation of CEPR to other groups within the Public Health Agency of Canada and Health Canada; and
representation to central agencies in the Government of Canada.
Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Resource Links
Four Phases of Emergency Preparedness
To ensure continuity of operations, the Center has adopted a comprehensive,

risk-based, all-hazards planning approach, which incorporates the four phases of
emergency preparedness:
1.Mitigation Activities: These are actions taken to eliminate or reduce the degree
of long-term risk to human life, property, and the environment from natural and
technological hazards.
2.Preparedness Activities: These are actions taken before an emergency to

develop operational capabilities and facilitate an effective response in the event
of an emergency.
3.Response Activities: These are actions taken immediately before, during, or

directly after an emergency occurs in order to save lives, minimize damage to
property and the environment, and enhance the effectiveness of recovery.
Emergency management requires planning for and responding to the involved
events.
4.Recovery Activities: These activities are necessary to return vital systems and
functions to minimum operating standards. They also include long-term
activities designed to return operations to normal or improved state.
Requirements of Emergency Operation centers:
EOC facilities can range from single conference rooms designated for EOC functions in the event of
emergency events, to stand alone facility with many separate spaces dedicated to the various functions and
activities occurring in an activated EOC.
(*Note many of these spaces may not be required in smaller EOC facilities):
3. Administrative Offices
1. Security and Reception Areas
Gun Clearing Area
EOC Commander or Emergency Management Director
Entrapment Area or Room
Deputy Director
Reception Desk
Communications Director
2 .Operations Suite
Public Affairs or Information Officer
Operations Room
Administrative Assistant
Command Rooms
Legal Counsel
Conference Rooms
Senior Watch Officer or Operations Section Chief
Briefing Rooms
4 .Support Spaces
Data & Telecommunications Equipment Room
Copier/fax machine room
Senior Management Staff Rooms
Information and Planning Rooms
Storage
Communications Center
Optional Sleeping Quarters or a Quiet Area
GIS/Mapping
Optional Food Service or Break Area
Examples of emergency operation centers
This is a nuclear protected complex designed to allow County
emergency communications and emergency operations to continue
functioning in the event of a natural or man-made disaster. As a self-
contained facility, it is capable of maintaining operations for several
weeks, utilizing its self contained redundant systems for
communications, portable water, sewage and emergency powers. The
protection criteria was mandated as a result of facility proximity to a
nuclear power plant and meets all federal and local standards for a
facility of the specified type.
St. Lucie County Emergency Operations Center

Florida This state-of-the-art Emergency Operations Center provides space for the
new joint communications/ 9-1-1/ dispatch center combining Law
Enforcement with Fire-Rescue Emergency Services and administrative
space for the Sheriff's Department and Emergency Services Department.
The project is located at the County's Holt Law Enforcement Complex, and
is designed as an addition to the Sheriff's existing 24,000 SF facility. The
completed project totals 86,000 SF with a phase two remodeling of the
existing sheriff's building.
In addition to security and survivability criteria, the facility is wired for
fiber-optics communication/data, and complete state-of-the-art audio visual
Martin County EOC/Public
backbone. The facility will be used for operations, training, and the
County's Emergency Operations nerve center. Construction of the project
Safety Complex, Florida
uses the strong, yet economical site-cast, tilt-wall concrete system.
This two-story state of the art 18,500 SF joint-use facility is
designed to withstand category five hurricane forces. The first level
provides the administrative offices for the County's Department of
Emergency Management and the EOC. The EOC also is utilized by
the Sheriff's Office daily for training and COMSTAT meetings. The
upper level, occupied by the Sheriff's Office's Information Services
Department accommodates the County's E911 Communications
Hernando County Emergency Operations Center, as well as the Information Technology Division.
& Communications Center, Florida
This project includes a 2 story, 45,000 square foot Joint

Communications/Emergency Operations facility, a 2,400 single story
Sheriff's Vehicle Command and Equipment Storage structure, and a three
level 300 car parking garage. The project provides a direct tie to the existing
Osceola County Sheriff's Administration Complex, enhancing overall
delivery of Public Safety Services.
Osceola County Joint Communications/

Emergency Operations Center, Florida
Case Study-19
Ocean thermal Plant
OTEC was first proposed in 1881 with the first experimental plant being constructed in 1930 in Cuba. OTEC
involves pumping 40 degree F water from ocean depths (up to 1 km) to the 80 degree F surface, similar to
the conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. The plants extract the energy from the flow of heat between the warm
surface water and cold ocean water by vaporizing warm water or other fluid to turn turbines. Unlike the
varying heat flux used in traditional solar power stations, the heat in the ocean is always there and not
dependent on weather conditions, offering base load electricity similar to conventional power plants. In
addition, the fuel for the plant is free and essentially limitless.
Prospects of OTEC ( Tidal & Current Flow Energy)
Basic principle is that heat difference is used to condense a steam into a

liquid then return it to be reheated.
Since heat differences in the ocean will be smaller, then one must
substitute ammonia for water as the working fluid.
OTEC Potential Sites:

1. Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii
2. Indian Ocean
3. Northeast Australia, Indonesia and Mexico
50-m high, 100-m diameter concrete

facility is to generate 100 MW of electric power
Tidal Energy from the Ocean:
Extracts energy from the kinetic energy of the earth-
moon-sun system.
Variations in water level along coastlines can be used
to drive turbines technology is the same as low-head
hydro power
Vertical tides on US coast range from 2 feet in Florida
to more than 18 feet in Maine
To enhance efficiency of turbines driven by tidal
currents, it is desirable to build a dam like structure
across the mouth of a tidal basin in order to direct the
flow to a turbine
Turbines designed for work at both high and low tide
(inflow or outflow)
Intermittent tidal flow is major problem. Tidal facility
produces about 1/3 the electrical energy of a hydro
facility of the same peak capacity
Two tidal plants in the world:
1. 1 MW facility on the White Sea in

Russia (1969)
2. 240-MW on the Rance River, St.
Malo France (1967) has 750
meter long dike to impound tides
that can be as high as 13 meters
Case Study-20
Lunar Sample Laboratories
The Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at Johnson Space Center in Houston is NASA's chief repository
for materials returned from the moon during the Apollo era. (opened on July 20, 1979)
Between 1969 and 1972, six Apollo missions brought back 842 pounds (382 kilograms) of lunar rocks,
core samples, pebbles, sand and dust. The spaceflights returned 2,200 separate samples from six
different exploration sites.
New generations of researchers use new generations of instruments to study the lunar rocks and soils.
80% of the 842-pound collection, most of it still in pristine condition, is stored in the Lunar Sample
Laboratory Facility. The two-story, 14,000-square-foot facility provides permanent storage of the
lunar sample collection in a physically secure and non-contaminating environment.
The lab allocates about 200 to 400 samples each year to scientists. Today about 90 active lunar
principal investigators worldwide, mainly from the university community, have samples. About 60
groups worldwide have been actively requesting samples for the past decade.
Case Study-21
National Hurricane Center
A panoramic view of TAFB's operations at the NHC
The National Hurricane Center (NHC), located at Florida International University in Miami, Florida, is the division of
National Weather Service's Tropical Prediction Center responsible for tracking and predicting the likely behavior of tropical
depressions, tropical storms and hurricanes.
When tropical storm or hurricane conditions are expected within 36 hours, the center issues the appropriate watches and
warnings via the news media and NOAA Weather Radio. Although the NHC is an agency of the United States, the World
Meteorological Organization has designated it as Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the North Atlantic and
eastern Pacific.
The Miami office was designated the National Hurricane Center in 1967, and given responsibility for Atlantic tropical cyclones
in their vicinity. Other hurricane warning centers, such as in New Orleans and Boston, played a role even into the 1980s. In
1984, the NHC was separated from the Miami Weather Service Forecast Office. By 1988, the NHC gained responsibility for
eastern Pacific tropical cyclones as the former Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center in San Francisco was decommissioned.
The NHC's hurricane specialists are the chief meteorologists that predict the actions of tropical storms. The specialists work
rotating eight-hour shifts from May through November, monitoring weather patterns in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans.
Whenever a depression appears, they issue advisories every six hours until the storm runs its course. Public advisories are
issued more often when the storm threatens land. The specialists coordinate with officials in each country likely to be affected.
They forecast and recommend watches and warnings.
Each specialist signs forecasts and advisories with their last name, sometimes issuing joint statements with other NHC staff
members.
The Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB, formerly the Tropical Satellite Analysis and Forecast unit) is a part
of the Tropical Prediction Center in Miami, Florida. It provides support to the NHC during hurricane season. The TAFB is
responsible for high seas forecasts for parts of the Atlantic and Pacific. Unlike the NHC, TAFB is staffed full-time around the
year. Other responsibilities of the TAFB include satellite-derived tropical cyclone position and intensity estimates, WSR-88D
radar fixes for tropical cyclones, tropical cyclone forecast support, media support, and general operational support
Case Study-22
Pacific Tsunami Warning center
These stations give detailed information about
tsunamis while they are still far off shore. Each
station consists of a sea-bed bottom pressure
recorder (at a depth of about 6000 m) which detects
the passage of a tsunami and transmits the data to a
surface buoy via acoustic modem. The surface buoy
then radios the information to the PTWC via the
GOES satellite system. The bottom pressure
recorder lasts for two years while the surface buoy
is replaced every year. The system has considerably
improved the forecasting and warning of tsunamis
in the Pacific.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center serves as the regional Tsunami Warning Center for Hawaii and as a
national/international warning center for tsunamis that pose a Pacific-wide threat.
When tsunami activity is detected, NOAA issues tsunami watch, warning, and information bulletins to
appropriate emergency officials and the general public by a variety of communication methods. The
warning includes predicted tsunami arrival times at selected coastal communities within the geographic
area defined by the maximum distance the tsunami could travel in a few hours. If a significant tsunami is
detected, the tsunami warning is extended to the entire Pacific Basin.
International warning systems (IWS):
A tsunami warning system (TWS) is a system to detect tsunamis and issue warnings to prevent loss of life and property. It consists
of two equally important components: a network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communications infrastructure to issue timely
alarms to permit evacuation of coastal areas.
There are two distinct types of tsunami warning systems international and regional. Both depend on the fact that, while
tsunamis travel at between 500 and 1,000 km/h (around 0.14 and 0.28 km/s) in open water, earthquakes can be detected almost at
once as seismic waves travel with a typical speed of 4 km/s (around 14,400 km/h). This gives time for a possible tsunami forecast
to be made and warnings to be issued to threatened areas, if warranted. Unfortunately, until a reliable model is able to predict
which earthquakes will produce significant tsunamis, this approach will produce many more false alarms than verified warnings.
In the current operational paradigm, the seismic alerts are used to send out the watches and warnings. Then, data from observed
sea level height (either shore-based tide gauges or DART buoys) are used to verify the existence of a tsunami. Other systems have
been proposed to augment the warning paradigm. For example, it has been suggested that the duration and frequency content of t-
wave energy (which is earthquake energy trapped in the ocean SOFAR channel) is indicative of an earthquakes tsunami potential.
Regional warning systems

Regional (or local) warning system centers use seismic data about nearby earthquakes to determine if there is a possible local
threat of a tsunami. Such systems are capable of issuing warnings to the general public (via public address systems and sirens) in
less than 15 minutes. Although the epicenter and moment magnitude of an underwater quake and the probable tsunami arrival
times can be quickly calculated, it is almost always impossible to know whether underwater ground shifts have occurred which
will result in tsunami waves. As a result, false alarms can occur with these systems, but due to the highly localised nature of these
extremely quick warnings, disruption is small.
Conveying the warning
Japanese TV warning of tsunamis, September 2004

Detection and prediction of tsunamis is only half the work of the system. Of equal importance is the ability to warn the
populations of the areas that will be affected. All tsunami warning systems feature multiple lines of communications (such as
SMS, e-mail, fax, radio, and telex, often using hardened dedicated systems) enabling emergency messages to be sent to the
emergency services and armed forces, as well to population alerting systems (e.g. sirens).
Case Study-23
Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center (MWEOC)
Mount Weather is currently home to six major

disaster operations facilities including the:
1. National Processing Service CenterVirginia

2. Satellite Tele registration Center
3. Disaster Finance Office
4. Disaster Information Systems Clearinghouse
5. Disaster Personnel Operations Division
6. Agency Logistics Center
The Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center is a civilian command facility used as the center of
operations for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
The facility is a major relocation site for the highest level of civilian and military officials in case of
national disaster, playing a major role in U.S. continuity of government
Mount Weather is the location of a control station for the FEMA National Radio System (FNARS), a high
frequency radio system connecting most federal public safety agencies and U.S. military with most of the
states.[4] FNARS allows the president to access the Emergency Alert System.
A Brief History:
The Mount Weather Special Facility is an unacknowledged Continuity of Government (COG) facility operated by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). The 200,000 square foot facility also houses FEMA's National Emergency Coordinating Center. Located on a 434
acre mountain site on the borders of Loudon and Clarke counties, the above ground support facilities, with 240 employees, include about a dozen
building providing communications links to the White House Situation Room.
The site was originally acquired by the National Weather Bureau to launch weather balloons and kites. In 1936 it passed to the Bureau of Mines,
which bored a short experimental tunnel less than 300 feet beneath the mountain's crest to test new mining techniques. Based on a favorable
evaluation of the hardness and integrity of the mountains rock, the Bureau began construction of the facility's tunnels in 1954, which were
completed by the Army Corps of Engineers under the code name "Operation High Point." Total construction costs, adjusted for inflation, are
estimated to have exceeded $1 billion. Tunnel roofs are shored up with some 21,000 iron bolts driven 8 to 10 feet into the overhead rock. The
entrance is protected by a guillotine gate, and a 10 foot tall by 20 foot wide 34-ton blast door that is 5 feet thick and reportedly takes 10 to 15
minutes to open or close.
Completed in 1958, the underground bunker includes a hospital, crematorium, dining and recreation areas, sleeping quarters, reservoirs of drinking
and cooling water, an emergency power plant, and a radio and television studio which is part of the Emergency Broadcasting System. A series of
side-tunnels accommodate a total of 20 office buildings, some of which are three stories tall. The East Tunnel includes a computer complex for
directing emergency simulations and operations through the Contingency Impact Analysis System (CIAS) and the Resource Interruption
Monitoring System (RIMS).
An on-site 90,000 gallon/day sewage treatment plant and two 250,000 gallon above-ground storage tanks are intended to support a population of
200 for up to 30 days. Although the facility is designed to accommodate several thousand people (with sleeping cots for 2,000), only the President,
the Cabinet, and Supreme Court are provided private sleeping quarters. For Continuity of Government purposes, senior officials are divided into
Alpha, Bravo and Charlie teams -- one remains in Washington, another relocates to Mount Weather, and the third disperses to other relocation
sites. The only full-scale activation of the facility came on 9 November 1965, at the time of the great Northeastern power blackout.
The Mount Weather Emergency Assistance Center has transitioned from a single mission to one that supports the all-hazards mission of FEMA
and, simultaneously, it became a self-supporting cost center that derives its income from the Working Capital Fund authorized by Congress. The
Fiscal Year 1997 Appropriation Act authorized FEMA to establish a working capital fund for providing administrative services. A fund was
established to support the centralized services provided by the Mount Weather Emergency Assistance Center (MWEAC). The facility, over a two
year period in 1997 and 1998, transitioned to a fully operational mode for the Working Capital Fund. It provides office, conference, training, and
billeting accommodations at Mount Weather for use by FEMA organizations and other Federal agencies. While operations are being funded based
on current appropriations, collections, and usage, FEMA is aggressively marketing the facility to attract new users. All organizations at Mount
Weather, including FEMA components, were subject to the provisions of the Working Capital Fund beginning in FY 1998.
Since the 1993 restructuring, population explosion occurred at Mount Weather, moving from a daily work force of about 400 employees, to one of
more than 900. Approximately 250 new Cadre of Oncall Response and Recovery Employee (CORE) positions were added that did not exist in
1993. Conference and Training Center (CTC) activity also expanded dramatically, from fewer than 6,000 students/attendees in 1993, to more than
18,000 in FY 1996. More than 100,000 persons were guests at Mount Weather during 1996. The Conference and Training Center at Mount
Weather handles some 10,000 students per year for one-week courses, a number comparable to the approximately 10,000 students trained each
year in residence at the National Emergency Training Center in Emittsburg, Maryland.
Today, even in small emergencies like flooding, a lot of the coordination is going through Mount Weather. Ever since the Cold War ended, they
have been ordering service for the whole country on the smaller disasters. A snow storm on January 13, 1997 closed the NTC in Denton, TX. The
Mount Weather Emergency Assistance Center took 100 percent of the calls that day. The West Side Tele registration Service Representative
personnel of Buildings 704 and 712 took a total of 2,254 calls with an average wait time of only 12 seconds.
Case Study-24
Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) & Volcano Observatory
The Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) was jointly established in

1986 by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Office of Foreign Disaster
Assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development. A VDAP crisis-
response team is mobilized and sent overseas only when the U.S. State
Department receives an official request from a country with a restless volcano.
Once on site, the VDAP team works with local scientists and technicians to help
them provide timely information and analysis to emergency managers and public
officials.
Ring Of fire
Volcano observatory:
A volcano observatory is an institution that conducts research and monitoring of a volcano. Each observatory provides
continuous and periodic monitoring of the seismicity, other geophysical changes, ground movements, volcanic gas chemistry,
and hydrologic conditions and activity between and during eruptions. They also provide a detailed record of eruptions in
progress. These observations serve to characterize eruptive behavior, identify the nature of precursory activity leading to
eruption, define the processes by which different types of deposits are emplaced, and specify the hazards that could be
unleashed by each kind of eruption. From direct observation of precursory signs, it is possible to anticipate eruptions. In times
of volcanic unrest, observatories issue warnings and recommendations - they take on an advisory role for decision-making
governmental civil defense agencies (FEMA in the U.S.) and ideally continue producing observational data.
Underlying all observatory operations is an ongoing program of fundamental research in volcanic processes, supplemented by
collaborative studies with universities, government agencies (in the U.S. for instance with other USGS centers, and NOAA),
industry and NGOs. Such research typically includes direct interpretation of the monitoring and eruption data, and it leads to
formulation of conceptual models that can be tested by theoretical or laboratory simulations of volcanic systems. Almost all
observatories are members of the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO). The oldest volcano observatory is
the Osservatorio Vesuviano (founded 1841) in Naples, now a member of the Italian government agency INGV
VDAP :
The world's only volcano crisis response team, organized and operated by the USGS, can be quickly
mobilized to assess and monitor hazards at volcanoes threatening to erupt. Since 1986, the team has
responded to more than a dozen volcano crises as part of the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP),
a cooperative effort with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the U.S. Agency for International
Development. The work of USGS scientists with VDAP has helped save countless lives, and the valuable
lessons learned are being used to reduce risks from volcano hazards in the United States.
A Reality check:
Since 1980, volcanic activity worldwide has killed more than 29,000 people, forced more than
1,000,000 to flee from their homes, and caused billions of dollars in economic losses. On average,
about 10 eruptions a year cause significant damage and casualties, and eruptions powerful enough to
cause major disasters happen several times a decade.
There are more than 1,500 potentially active volcanoes in the world, about 550 of which have erupted
in historical times. Moreover, most of the truly devastating and strongest explosive eruptions since
1800 have occurred at volcanoes with no historical record of previous eruptions.
In June 1991, after 2 months of increasing unrest, Mount

Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines exploded in a
climactic volcanic eruption. Even months after the
eruption, heavy rains caused giant mudflows of volcanic
ash (lahars). These children stand atop their schoolhouse
in the village of Bamban, which was buried by one of
these lahars. In April 1991, after Pinatubo had
reawakened, U.S. Geological Survey scientists with the
Volcano Disaster Assistance Program's crisis-response
team joined Philippine scientists to quickly evaluate the
threat from the volcano. Their timely warnings permitted
the safe evacuation of more than 75,000 people,
including about 18,000 American servicemen and
dependents from the two largest U.S. military bases in
the Philippines, before Pinatubo's climactic eruption.
What does VDAP do..??
In the early 1980's, scientists at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) in
Vancouver, Washington, recognized that it was not economically feasible to fully monitor
all potentially active volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest. To meet this problem, the USGS
developed a suite of portable monitoring instruments that could be quickly deployed to a
reawakening volcano. These instruments are used to detect and analyze earthquakes,
ground deformation, mudflows, and volcanic gas emissions. The data from these
instruments are supplemented by additional information from global positioning (GPS)
satellites, weather radar, and other equipment.
VDAP consists of a small core group of scientists at CVO, a larger group of other
contributing USGS scientists, and portable volcano-monitoring equipment ready for rapid
deployment. The VDAP crisis-response team is mobilized and sent overseas only when
the U.S. State Department receives an official request from a country with a restless
volcano. Once on site, the VDAP team works with local scientists and technicians to help
them provide timely information and analysis to emergency managers and public
officials. VDAP also conducts training exercises and workshops in volcano-hazards
response with foreign scientists and emergency-management officials.
Since the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, VDAP has responded to volcano crises in
Central and South America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific. Most
recently, VDAP teams have been providing assistance to Mexico and to the Caribbean
island of Montserrat.
An avalanche of hot ash (pyroclastic flow) roars
down the flank of the Soufrire Hills volcano on the
Caribbean island of Montserrat. After the volcano
stirred to life in the summer of 1995, a Volcano
Disaster Assistance Program team worked with
scientists from the Seismic Research Unit of the
University of the West Indies, Trinidad, and the
British Geological Survey to quickly set up a
monitoring program. Almost half of the island's
12,000 residents have since been moved out of areas
of high risk.
When majestic, 17,887-foot-high Popocatpetl Volcano, near

Mexico City, began to erupt intermittently in December 1994,
the Mexican Government requested the aid of a scientific
team from the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP).
"El Popo" has erupted violently in the past, and a major
explosive eruption today would put millions of people at risk.
The VDAP team worked with local scientists (one of whom is
seen here testing newly installed instruments) from the Centro
Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres and the Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico to set up a monitoring
network on the volcano. Popocatpetl is now being
intensively monitored. Should the volcano's current weak
activity escalate, the effective forecasts and warnings made
possible in part with VDAP's assistance may save countless
lives and help lessen a massive, wide-ranging refugee crisis.
Case Study-25
National Snow and Ice Data Center
The National Snow and Ice Data Center, or NSIDC, is a United States information and referral center in support of polar and
cryospheric research. NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data and also maintains information
about snow cover, avalanches, glaciers, ice sheets, freshwater ice, sea ice, ground ice, permafrost, atmospheric ice,
paleoglaciology, and ice cores.
NSIDC is part of the University of Colorado Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and is
affiliated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Geophysical Data Center through a cooperative
agreement. NSIDC serves as one of eight Distributed Active Archive Centers funded by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration to archive and distribute data from NASA's past and current satellites and field measurement programs. NSIDC
also supports the National Science Foundation through the Arctic System Science Data Coordination Center and the Antarctic
Glaciological Data Center.
In 1982, NOAA created the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) as a means to expand the WDC holdings and as a
place to archive data from some NOAA programs. In the 1980s and 1990s, support to NSIDC widened with NASA funding for
the Snow and Ice Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) and NSF funding to manage selected Arctic and Antarctic data
and metadata.
International science and data management programs facilitate the free exchange of data and accelerate research aimed at
understanding the role of the cryosphere in the Earth system. NSIDC contributes to a number of international programs. Most
of these programs, only a few of which are mentioned here, fall under the aegis of the International Council of Scientific
Unions (ICSU).
NSIDC scientists participate in International Union of Geophysics and Geodetics (IUGG), International Association of
Cryospheric Scientists (IACS), and in activities of the International Permafrost Association (IPA), the Global Digital Sea Ice
Data Bank (GDSIDB), and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), including Climate and Cryosphere (CliC),
Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment (GEWEX), and the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). NSIDC Director,
Roger G. Barry, was co-Vice Chair of the WCRP Click Scientific Steering Group until 2005, and was a member of the
GCOS/Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate through 2007.
Case Study-26
About Tunnel Engineering
Today, not even mountains

and oceans stand in the
way.
With the latest tunnel
construction technology,
engineers can bore through
mountains, under rivers, and
beneath bustling cities. Before
carving a tunnel, engineers
investigate ground conditions
by analyzing soil and rock
samples and drilling test
holes.
Future schemes:
a drive-through tunnel for cars?
...or a second rail tunnel for
Eurostar passenger trains and the
vehicle-carrying shuttle
Tunnels provide some of the last available space for cars and trains, water and
sewage, even power and communication lines. Today, it's safe to bore through
mountains and burrow beneath oceans -- but it was not always this way.
With more than six million kilometers of highways and 240,000 kilometers of railways
snaking across the United States, life above ground has become increasingly
congested.
There are 3 basic steps to building a stable tunnel.
1. The first step is excavation: engineers dig through the earth with a reliable tool or
technique.
2. The second step is support: engineers must support any unstable ground around
them while they dig.
3. The final step is lining: engineers add the final touches, like the roadway and
lights, when the tunnel is structurally sound.
Based on the setting, tunnels can be divided into three major types:
Hoosac Tunnel interior Tunnel segment, Boston Harbor

Section of Brunel's tunnel shield
Underwater tunnels...
Soft-ground tunnels... Rock tunnels...
are particularly tricky to construct, as water
are typically shallow and are often require little or no extra support during
must be held back while the tunnel is being
used as subways, water-supply construction and are often used as railways
built. Early engineers used pressurized
systems, and sewers. Because the or roadways through mountains. Years ago,
excavation chambers to prevent water from
ground is soft, a support structure, engineers were forced to blast through
gushing into tunnels. Today, prefabricated
called a tunnel shield, must be used mountains with dynamite. Today they rely
tunnel segments can be floated into
at the head of the tunnel to prevent it on enormous rock-chewing contraptions
position, sunk, and attached to other
from collapsing. called tunnel boring machines.
sections.
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link: A brief
The method of tunnel construction uses the
principles of the NATM (New Austrian
Tunneling Method), which is known to be
effective for tunneling in rock mass. In this
type of construction, initial support to the
tunnel is provided by a conventional shot
Crete primary lining that is locally
reinforced by a combination of mesh and
lattice arch girders and rock bolts.
Tunnel Cross Section
The excavation is performed in three stages:

starting with the top crown heading
followed by the bench and then the invert as
illustrated in Figure.
Typical construction sequence

Dallas Area Rapid Transit Tunnels and Station
Dallas, Texas
Project Description
The initial stage of the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) Light Rail System consisted of two 13,000-foot-long
tunnels located along the North Central Parkway Corridor and one underground station at City Place. The project
was located in the Austin Chalk Formation, a soft rock, with inter bedded montmorillonite. The two 13,000-foot-
long tunnels were a minimum of 18 feet in diameter and were excavated by tunnel boring machines. Permanent
tunnel support consisted of rock bolts with a nominal shot Crete layer for protection.
The Gotthard Base
Tunnel, a railway
tunnel under
construction
in Switzerland.
Traveling through the Holland Tunnel from Manhattan to New Jersey
The diagram below shows the relationship between these

underground structures in a typical mountain tunnel. The
opening of the tunnel is a portal. The "roof" of the
tunnel, or the top half of the tube, is the crown. The The tunnel must oppose these forces with strong materials, such as masonry,
bottom half is the invert. The basic geometry of the steel, iron and concrete.
tunnel is a continuous arch. Because tunnels must
withstand tremendous pressure from all sides, the arch is In order to remain static, tunnels must be able to withstand the loads placed on
an ideal shape. In the case of a tunnel, the arch simply
goes all the way around. them. Dead load refers to the weight of the structure itself, while live load
refers to the weight of the vehicles and people that move through the tunnel.
Some of the most important Factors included during Constructing a Tunnel:
1- Soil and rock types
2- Weak beds and zones, including faults and shear zones
3- Groundwater, including flow pattern and pressure
4- Special hazards, such as heat, gas and fault lines
Notice that the diagram shows tunneling taking place from both sides.
Tunnels through mountains or underwater are usually worked from the two
opposite ends, or faces, of the passage. In long tunnels, vertical shafts may
be dug at intervals to excavate from more than two points
Tunnel Construction: 1. Soft Ground and Hard Rock

Workers generally use two basic techniques to advance a tunnel. In the full-face method, they excavate the entire
diameter of the tunnel at the same time. This is most suitable for tunnels passing through strong ground or for
building smaller tunnels. The second technique, shown in the diagram below, is the top-heading-and-bench
method. In this technique, workers dig a smaller tunnel known as a heading. Once the top heading has advanced
some distance into the rock, workers begin excavating immediately below the floor of the top heading; this is a
bench. One advantage of the top-heading-and-bench method is that engineers can use the heading tunnel to gauge
the stability of the rock before moving forward with the project.
1. Soft Ground (Earth): Workers dig soft-ground tunnels through clay, silt, sand,
gravel or mud. In this type of tunnel, stand-up time --
how long the ground will safely stand by itself at the point
of excavation -- is of paramount importance. Because
stand-up time is generally short when tunneling through
soft ground, cave-ins are a constant threat. To prevent this
from happening, engineers use a special piece of
equipment called a shield. A shield is an iron or steel
cylinder literally pushed into the soft soil. It carves a
perfectly round hole and supports the surrounding earth
while workers remove debris and install a permanent
lining made of cast iron or precast concrete. When the
workers complete a section, jacks push the shield forward
and they repeat the process.
Marc Isambard Brunel, a French engineer, invented the
first tunnel shield in 1825 to excavate the Thames Tunnel
in London, England. Brunel's shield comprised 12
connected frames, protected on the top and sides by heavy
plates called staves. He divided each frame into three
workspaces, or cells, where diggers could work safely. A
wall of short timbers, or breasting boards, separated each
cell from the face of the tunnel. A digger would remove a
breasting board, carve out three or four inches of clay and
replace the board. When all of the diggers in all of the
cells had completed this process on one section, powerful
screw jacks pushed the shield forward.
In 1874, Peter M. Barlow and James Henry Greathead
improved on Brunel's design by constructing a circular
shield lined with cast-iron segments. They first used the
newly-designed shield to excavate a second tunnel under
the Thames for pedestrian traffic. Then, in 1874, the
shield was used to help excavate the London
Underground, the world's first subway. Greathead further
refined the shield design by adding compressed air
pressure inside the tunnel. When air pressure inside the
tunnel exceeded water pressure outside, the water stayed
out. Soon, engineers in New York, Boston, Budapest and
Paris had adopted the Greathead shield to build their own
subways.
2. Hard Rock:
Tunneling through hard rock almost always involves blasting. Workers use a scaffold, called a jumbo, to place
explosives quickly and safely. The jumbo moves to the face of the tunnel, and drills mounted to the jumbo make
several holes in the rock. The depth of the holes can vary depending on the type of rock, but a typical hole is
about 10 feet deep and only a few inches in diameter. Next, workers pack explosives into the holes, evacuate
the tunnel and detonate the charges. After vacuuming out the noxious fumes created during the explosion,
workers can enter and begin carrying out the debris, known as muck, using carts. Then they repeat the process,
which advances the tunnel slowly through the rock.
Fire-setting is an alternative to blasting. In this technique, the tunnel wall is heated with fire, and then cooled
with water. The rapid expansion and contraction caused by the sudden temperature change causes large chunks
of rock to break off. The Cloaca Maxima, one of Rome's oldest sewer tunnels, was built using this technique.
The stand-up time for solid, very hard rock may measure in centuries. In this environment, extra support for the
tunnel roof and walls may not be required. However, most tunnels pass through rock that contains breaks or
pockets of fractured rock, so engineers must add additional support in the form of bolts, sprayed concrete or
rings of steel beams. In most cases, they add a permanent concrete lining.
3. Tunnel Construction: Soft Rock and Underwater
Tunneling through soft rock and tunneling underground require different

approaches. Blasting in soft, firm rock such as shale or limestone is difficult to
control. Instead, engineers use tunnel-boring machines (TBMs), or moles, to
create the tunnel. TBMs are enormous, multimillion-dollar pieces of equipment
with a circular plate on one end. The circular plate is covered with disk cutters --
chisel-shaped cutting teeth, steel disks or a combination of the two. As the circular
plate slowly rotates, the disk cutters slice into the rock, which falls through spaces
in the cutting head onto a conveyor system. The conveyor system carries the muck
to the rear of the machine. Hydraulic cylinders attached to the spine of the TBM
propel it forward a few feet at a time.
TBMs don't just bore the tunnels -- they also provide support. As the machine
excavates, two drills just behind the cutters bore into the rock. Then workers
pump grout into the holes and attach bolts to hold everything in place until the
A TBM used in the construction of Yucca Mountain Repository, permanent lining can be installed. The TBM accomplishes this with a massive
erector arm that raises segments of the tunnel lining into place.
a U.S. Department of Energy terminal storage facility
4. Underwater Tunnel: Tunnels built across the bottoms of rivers, bays and other bodies of water use
the cut-and-cover method, which involves immersing a tube in a trench and
covering it with material to keep the tube in place.
Construction begins by dredging a trench in the riverbed or ocean floor. Long,
prefabricated tube sections, made of steel or concrete and sealed to keep out
water, are floated to the site and sunk in the prepared trench. Then divers
connect the sections and remove the seals. Any excess water is pumped out,
and the entire tunnel is covered with backfill.
The tunnel connecting England and France -- known as the Channel Tunnel,
the Euro Tunnel or Chunnel -- runs beneath the English Channel through 32
miles of soft, chalky earth. Although it's one of the longest tunnels in the world,
it took just three years to excavate, thanks to state-of-the-art TBMs. Eleven of
these massive machines chewed through the seabed that lay beneath the
Channel. Why so many? Because the Chunnel actually consists of three
parallel tubes, two that carry trains and one that acts as a service tunnel. Two
TBMs placed on opposite ends of the tunnel dug each of these tubes. In
essence, the three British TBMs raced against the three French TBMs to see
The British end of the Channel Tunnel who would make it to the middle first. The remaining five TBMs worked
inland, creating the portion of the tunnel that lay between the portals and their
at Cheriton near Folkestone in Kent respective coasts.
Unless the tunnel is short, control of the environment is essential to provide

safe working conditions and to ensure the safety of passengers after the
tunnel is operational. One of the most important concerns is ventilation -- a
problem magnified by waste gases produced by trains and automobiles.
Clifford Holland addressed the problem of ventilation when he designed the
tunnel that bears his name. His solution was to add two additional layers
above and below the main traffic tunnel. The upper layer clears exhaust
fumes, while the lower layer pumps in fresh air. Four large ventilation
towers, two on each side of the Hudson River, house the fans that move the
air in and out. Eighty-four fans, each 80 feet in diameter, can change the air
completely every 90 seconds
Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower

The Big Dig: Fort Point Channel Tunnel
A few miles west, Interstate 90 enters another tunnel that
carries the highway below South Boston. Just before the I-
90/I-93 interchange, the tunnel encounters the Fort Point
Channel, a 400-foot-wide body of water that provided some
of the biggest challenges of the Big Dig. Engineers couldn't
use the same steel-tube approach they employed on the Ted
Williams Tunnel because there wasn't enough room to float
the long steel sections under bridges at Summer Street,
Congress Street and Northern Avenue. Eventually, they
decided to abandon the steel-tube concept altogether and go
with concrete tunnel sections, the first use of this technique in
the United States.
The problem was fabricating the concrete sections in a way
that allowed workers to move into position in the channel. To
solve the problem, workers first built an enormous dry dock
on the South Boston side of the channel. Known as the
casting basin, the dry dock measured 1,000 feet long, 300
feet wide and 60 feet deep -- big enough to construct the six
concrete sections that would make up the tunnel. The longest
of the six tunnel sections was 414 feet long, the widest 174
feet wide. All were about 27 feet high. The heaviest weighed
more than 50,000 tons.
The completed sections were sealed watertight at either end.
Then workers flooded the basin so they could float out the
sections and position them over a trench dredged on the
bottom of the channel. Unfortunately, another challenge
prevented engineers from simply lowering the concrete
sections into the trench. That challenge was the Massachusetts
Bay Transportation Authority's Red Line subway tunnel,
which runs just under the trench. The weight of the massive
concrete sections would damage the older subway tunnel if
nothing were done to protect it. So engineers decided to prop
up the tunnel sections using 110 columns sunk into the
bedrock. The columns distribute the weight of the tunnel and
protect the Red Line subway, which continues to carry 1,000
passengers a day.
How to Build an Underwater Highway Tunnel..??
Go into god mode and raise the land up to form the land
Set street tiles above the place where your sunken highway
bridge. If your river or sea is deep it may take longer to get the Now lower the land bridge carefully near the site of both
is just before the start of the tunnel. Make sure to do that
land raised. Then build the tunnel with the highway or avenue. tunnels. Make everything level and add trees.
on both sides of the tunnel.
Do the same to the other side and you will have a complete underground tunnel. It
Now add Jeronij's walls or any other walls. can be used in all settings rural/urban and even industrial.
Case Study 27 :
Other Engineering Marvels:
Great Manmade River (GMR) Water Supply Project, Libya
Libyas GMR project, the world's largest engineering venture, will transport water from aquifers beneath the
Sahara, and convey it along a network of huge underground pipes to the northern coastal belt, to provide for
the country's 5.6 million inhabitants and for irrigation. Intended to be the showpiece of the Libyan revolution,
Colonel Moammar Gaddafi called it, The eighth wonder of the world."
It has been a while since I came across a civil engineering project of this magnitude!
Auxiliary Research involved
1. Natural:
Global warming , Floods, Earth quakes, Lightning
Strikes, Volcanoes, Typhoons, Cyclones (Nisha),
Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Disasters, Avalanches, Permafrost
(Glacial ice), Landslides, Ice age, Tsunami, Storm,
Katrina, Ozone depletion, droughts & Famines, Aquae
altea, Crop extinction, El-Nino, Liquefaction due to E.Q.,
Acid Rains, Suffocating smog, sandstorms & Dust storms **Design Solution:
(in cities), Tidal waves
2. Man Made: Study all these natural calamities
Man made Disasters, Fire hazards, Civil wars, Epidemics, (Their dos & don'ts, cause, phenomenon's,
Mismanagement of Human resources (Fossil fuel, Coal,
Natural gas), Mass extinction of other species, Genocide & Engineered solution for it)
& Massacres, Cyber wars, Nuclear accidents, Mercury
poisoning, Terrorism, Mid air collisions, Oil Spills & Oil
infernos, Dioxin spill, Gas Poisoning.
3. Extra Terrestrial:
* Asteroids, Meteors, Comets, Supernovas etc
4. National Emergencies (Law &

**Design Solution:
order): Terrorism, Internal Threats, Bio terrors,
Wars (Bio, Air & Cyber terrorism, Nuclear + Pressure Study the political crisis & Propose such design
bombs), Armed rebellion, Breakout of Government or
Constitutionalist machineries, State emergency & curfews, repercussions so as to confront them
Financial emergency, External aggression, President's
rule.

Global Catastrophe &amp; Disaster Mitigation-Thesis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Global Catastrophe &amp; Disaster Mitigation-Thesis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project Report on:

PROPOSED GLOBAL CATASTROPHE & DISASTER MITIGATION SYSTEM @ CHENNAI

A Thesis Report for the partial fulfillment Degree in Bachelor of Architecture

By: Guided by:

Certificate of Approval of Thesis Work

VTU no: 2BV04AT015

Rome wasnt built in a Day: Rightly said by someone.

2. Scope & Inspirations of the Project

7. Concept & Inspirations

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

UN-HABITAT Disaster Management programme helps governments and local authorities

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

The Svalbard International Seed Vault is built into a mountainside on a

The vault aims to safeguard the world's agriculture from future

Construction began in March, and the seed bank is scheduled to open

The Norwegian government is paying the $5m (2.5m) construction

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Prime Issues Prior Design

1. Site Selection Cross sectional

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Major effect on Road networks, Transportation

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

- Frequent Storms, Typhoons, Cyclones

Coastal line & marine beach Cooum river Ennore Port

Anna park & memorial Ennore power plant

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Google Image of the Site Basic Layout of the Proposed site

View of the Site

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Site Entry (as of now into

River Adyar (Almost a nala now)

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Island present as of now

Existing Structures & Road networks

One of the Biggest & oldest Banyan tree

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

- Weather forecasting & meteorological Department

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

2.1.Structural dynamics and earthquake simulation testing:(500 m2 ) 2.2. Support areas:

6. Field Testing & surveying: (1000 m2 )

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

H. National Hurricane/Typhoon center (near Estuary) (350 m2 )

J. Pacific Tsunami warning centre (PTWS) (300 m 2 )

K. Disease Detection Labs: (1000 m2)

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

1. E.Q. Detection lab

M. Center for Emergency Preparedness: (shelter in place Concept)

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

B. Permanent Refuge Shelter: (20 hectares)

C. A Metro station (An U.G. transportation system)

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

2. Industries (For territorial utility & Bio remediation):

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Proposed Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation System @ Chennai

Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation-Thesis

Global Catastrophe & Disaster Mitigation-Thesis