.

Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

.
1. Double Integrals, Iterated Integrals, Cross-sections

2. Double Integrals over more general regions, Definition, Evaluation of

Double Integrals, Properties of Double Integrals

3 . Area and Volume by Double Integration, Volume by Iterated Integrals,
Volume between Two surfaces
.4 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates, More general Regions
5. Applications of Double Integrals, Volume and First Theorem of Pappus,
Surface Area and Second Theorem of Pappus, Moments of Inertia
6. Triple Integrals, Iterated Triple Integrals

7. Integration in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

8. Surface Area, Surface Area of Parametric Surfaces, Surfaces Area in

Cylindrical Coordinates
. Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals, Jacobian
9
.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

 .
Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals
.
14.2 Properties of double integrals
14.3 Area and volume of double integration
14.4 Double integrals and iterated integral in polar coordinates
14.4 Gaussian probability distribution
.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
.
1 ( f (x, y) + g(x, y) )dA = f (x, y) dA + g(x, y) dA.
D D D
.
2 cf (x, y) dA = c f (x, y) dA.
D D

. If f (x, y) g(x, y) for all (x, y) D, then
3 f (x, y) dA g(x, y) dA.
D D

.
4 f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dA + f (x, y) dA, where
D D1 D2

D = D1 D2 , and D1 and D2 do not

overlap except perhaps on their bound-
ary.

.
5 dA = 1 dA = Area of D = A(D).
D D
. If m f (x, y) M for all (x, y) D, then
6

mA(D) f (x, y) dA MA(D).
D
.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

. Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates.
.
Proposition. If f (x, y) is continuous on a region D in xy-plane, and D can be
described in polar coordinates in the following form
{ (r, ) | , g1 ( ) r g2 ( ) }, then
g2 ( )
f (x, y) dA = f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d.
. D g1 ( )

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

Given a region R in xy-plane, sometimes it is rather easy to describe the
boundary of R in terms of polar coordinates instead of rectangular coordinates.
An example is x2 + y2 = a2 , can be easily described as
{ (r, ) | 0 2, 0 r a }. It is the reason why one needs to develop
the double integral in terms of polar coordinates, just like the one in
rectangular coordinates.

Without really getting into the details, one can subdivide the plane region R in
terms of polar parameters, just like defining double integral, so that we have a
sectorial area A = r r , so the Riemann sum is written
f (ri cos
j , ri sin j ) ri r , which will converges to the double integral
ij
f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d, where R is the domain for and r
R
representing the domain R in xy-plane. . . . . . .

Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Use a double integral to find the area
enclosed by one loop of the three-leaved rose
r. = sin 3.

Solution. The region, in polar coordinates, is

{ (r, ) | 0 /3, 0 r sin 3 }.

/3 sin 3 /3
1
Hence the area of the region D is r dr d = sin2 (3 )d =
0 0 0 2
/3 [ ]/3
1 1 1
(1 cos(6 ) ) d = sin(6 ) = .
4 0 4 6 0 12
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. R = { (x, y) | x2 + y
2 1, y 0 }

. = { (x, y) | 0 y 1, 1 y x 1 y }.
2 2

One can describe R in terms of polar coordinates as follows

R = { (r, ) | 2 2 , 0 r 1 },
which is in r-plane different from R in xy.
.
Example. For any a > 0, prove that the equation r = 2a sin in polar
coordinates
. is the circle x2 + y2 = 2ay.

Solution. The curve x2 + y2 = 2ay can be described in polar coordinates as

r2 = r2 (cos2 + sin2 ) = x2 + y2 = 2ay = 2ar sin , so one has
r = 2a sin (0 ). Geometrically, it means a right-angled triangle
circumscribed in a circle of diameter 2a.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Find the volume of the solid D bounded by the paraboloid
. : z = 25 x y and the xy-plane.
S 2 2

Solution. The paraboloid S : z = 25 x2 y2 intersect

the xy-plane : z = 0 in the curve C : 0 = 25 x2 y2 ,
which is a circle x2 + y2 = 52 . So the shadow R of the
solid D after projecting onto xy-plane is given by the
circular disc R = { (x, y) | x2 + y2 52 }, in terms of
polar coordinates is given by
R = { (r, ) | 0 2, 0 r 5}.

Then the volume of the solid D is given by (25 x2 y2 )dA
R
2 5 5 [ ]5
25r2 r4 625
= (25 r2 ) r dr d = 2 (25r r3 ) dr = 2 = .
0 0 0 2 4 0 2

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

 .
Example. Find the volume of the solid D that lies under the paraboloid
z. = x2 + y2 , above the xy-plane, and inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 2x.
Solution. Let R be the shadow of solid D projected
onto xy-plane. The cylinder x2 + y2 = 2x lies over
the circular disk R which can be described as
{ (r, ) | /2 /2, 0 r 2 cos }
in polar coordinates. The reason is that if we write
(x, y, z) = (r cos , r sin , z) for any point in the
cylinder, then r2 = x2 + y2 2x = 2r cos , i.e.
r 2 cos . As 2 cos r 0, it follows that
/2 /2.

The height of the solid is the z-value of the paraboloid from the xy-plane.
Hence the volume V of the solid is
/2 2 cos
3
(x2 + y2 ) dA = r2 r dr d = .
R /2 0 2

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example.
Find the volume of the solid that lies below the hemisphere
z. = 9 x2 y2 , above the xy-plane, and inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1.

Solution. Let R be the shadow of D after projecting on

xy-plane, then R is the circular disk centered at the origin
with radius 1, in polar coordinates
{ (r, ) | 0 r 1, 0 2
}.
Moreover, top ztop = 9x y =
2 2 9 r2 , and
zbottom = 0.

Hence
2 the volume of the solid D is
1 2 1
9 r2 r dr d = 9 r2 d ( 9 r2 )
0
[ 0
]1 2 0
(9 r2 )3/2 2 [ 3/2 ] 2
= = 9 83/2 = (27 16 2).
3/2 3 3
0

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the paraboloid
z. = 8 x2 y2 , and below by the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 .

Solution. Let P(x, y, z) be the intersection of two

paraboloids, then one has 8 x2 y2 = z = x2 + y2 ,
so x2 + y2 = 4 = 22 , which is a circle. The shadow R of
the solid D is then the circular disc, in polar coordinates
{ (r, ) | 0 r 2, 0 2 }.
As 0 r 2, we have r2 4, i.e. r2 8 r2 , so the top
of the solid is given by ztop = 8 x2 y2 = 8 r2 , and
the bottom of the solid is given by zbottom = x2 + y2 = r2 .

Hence the volume of the solid D is

2 2 2 [ ]2
r4
(8 r2 r2 ) r dr d = 2 (8r r3 ) dr = 2 4r2 = 24.
0 0 0 4 0

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Determine the volume of the region D common to the interiors of the
cylinders
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + z2 = 1, in the first octant.

Solution. One immediately recognizes the solid D has a top given by

x2 + z2 = 1, i.e. zmax (x) = 1 x2 , and xy-plane as the bottom. Moreover, the
shadow R of the solid D is a circle disk in the 1st quadrant,
so
R = { (x, y) | 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x2 }.

The volume of D is given by ( 1 x2 0) dA
R
1 1 x2 1 [ ]1
x3 2
= 1 x dy dx =
2 (1 x )dx = x
2
= .
0 0 0 3 0 3

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Determine the volume of the region D common to the interiors of the
cylinders
. x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + z2 = 1, in the first octant.

Solution. One immediately recognizes the solid D has a top given by

x2 + z2 = 1, i.e. zmax (x) = 1 x2 , and xy-plane as the bottom. Moreover, the
shadow R of the solid D is a circle disk in the 1st quadrant, so R can be
described in terms of polar coordinates as { (r, ) | 0 r 1, 0 /2 }.
The volume of D is given by
/2 1
2
1 r2 cos2 rdrd = .
0 0 3
Remark. In (*), the answer 23 is given by integration via rectangular
coordinates.
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Show that the volume of the solid region E bounded by the three
cylinders x2 + y2 = 1, y2 + z2 = 1 and x2 + z2 = 1 is 16 8 2.
.

Solution. The solid is symmetric with respect to

the 3 coordinate axes. Thus, it suffices to compute
the volume of the portion D with nonnegative x, y, z-
coordinates. In other words, D lies in the first octant
of the coordinate system.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Show that the volume of the solid region E bounded by the three
cylinders x2 + y2 = 1, y2 + z2 = 1 and x2 + z2 = 1 is 16 8 2.
.
Solution. The solid is symmetric with respect to
the 3 coordinate axes. Thus, it suffices to compute
the volume of the portion E with nonnegative x, y, z-
coordinates. In other words, D lies in the first octant
of the coordinate system.

For the
solid E, it is bounded on top by the graphs of z = 1 x2 and
z = 1 y . On its side and bottom, E is bounded by the cylinderx2 + y2 = 1
2

and the three coordinate planes. Furthermore, the graphs of z = 1 x2 and

z = 1 y2 intersect along a curve on the plane x = y. Thus the solid is
under the graph of z = 1 x2 over the region D in xy-plane described as
{ (r, ) | 0 r 1, 0 /4 } in the polar coordinates. Hence, the volume
/4 1
of original solid E = 16 D 1 x2 dA = 16 0 0 1 r2 cos2 rdrd
/4 [ (1r2 cos2 )3/2 ]r=1 /4 1sin3
= 16 0 cos d = 16 0 3 cos2
d
r=0
/4

= 163 [tan sec cos ]0 = 16 8 2.
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
+
x2
Example. Prove with the polar-coordinates that . e dx =
. 0 2
+ M ( )
Solution. As ex dx = lim ex dx = lim 1 eM = 1, it
0 M+ 0 M+
follows from comparison test with 0 ex ex that the improper integral
2
+ M
ex dx converges. Let IM = ex dx. Need to prove that
2 2

0 0
2
lim IM = . It suffices to show that = lim IM .
M+ 2 4 M+

By Fubini
( theorem,)we(have )
M M M M
x2 y2
ex ey dy dx =
2 2
2
IM = e dx e dy =
0 0 0 0
ex
2 y2
dA, where RM = [0, M] [0, M] is a square of length M.
RM
Continue...
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
+
x2
Example. Prove with the polar-coordinates that e dx = .
. 0 2

Solution. Let DM be quarter circular disk of radius M centered at origin. By

means of polar coordinates, we have
/2 M
ex
2 y2
er r dr d
2
JM = dA =
DM 0 0
M
1
er d(r2 ) = (1 eM ).
2 2
=
2 0 2 4

It follows that lim JM = .
M+ 4
As f (x, y) = ex y 0, and DM RM DM2 , it follows from property of
2 2

double integral that JM IM2 J . The result follows from sandwich

M 2

theorem that = lim JM lim IM 2
lim JM2 = lim JM = .
4 M+ M+ M+ M+ 4
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Applications of Double Integrals
.
Suppose a (planar) object, in region R, is made of different material in which
the density (mass per unit area) is given by (x, y), depending on the location
(x, y). Then the total mass of R is given approximately by the Riemann
sum
i (xi , yi )Ai , which will converges to the double integral m = (x, y) dA.
R
We
. call it the mass of the object.
.
Similarly,(one can define the center of mass (centroid)
) of the object by

1 1
(x, y) = x(x, y) dA, y(x, y) dA .
. m R m R

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. A lamina R is made of the part of circular disc of radius a in 1st
quadrant. Its density is proportional to the distance from the origin. Determine
.the position of its centroid.
Solution. In terms of polar coordinates, R can be described as
{ (r, ) | 0 r a, 0 /2 }.

Let (x, y) = k x2 + y2 = kr.
/2 a
ka3 ka3
Then the mass m = kr r dr d = = .
0 0 2 3 6
As all the conditions on the lamina R are symmetric in x and y, so

1 /2 a
x=y= (r sin ) kr r dr d
( /2 ) m(0 a 0)
k k a4 3a
= sin d r3 dr = 1 = .
m 0 0 ka3 /6 4 2

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
First Theorem of Pappus: Volume of Revolution
.
Suppose that a plane region R is revolved around an axis in its plane
generating a solid of revolution with volume V. Assume that the axis does not
intersect the interior of R. Then the volume V of the solid is

V = A d,

where
. A is the area of R and d is the distance traveled by the centroid of R.

Remark. Cut the region R into vertical strips, and each vertical strip after
rotating will form a ring, which contributes Vi = 2xi Ai , where Ai is the
area of the vertical strip. It follows from Riemann sum that
n n . . . . . .

V Vi = 2x Ai .
Matb 210 in 2014-2015
.
Volume of a Sphere
.
Prove
. that the volume of a sphere is 43 a3 .

Solution. Let R be a region bounded by the upper semi-

circle x2 + y2 = a2 , y 0 and x-axis.

In polar coordinates, R can be described as { (r, ) | 0 , 0 r a }.

a
a2
Using polar coordinates, the area of R is = r dr d = = a2 /2.
0 0 a 2
1 1
Similarly, y of R is given by ydA = r sin r dr d
) ( a a2 /2 0 0 [ ]
2 /2
( ) R
a
1 a 1 r3
= sin d r 2
dr = [ cos ] 0
a2 /2 0 0 a2 /2 3 0
2 a3 4a
= 2 = . By Pappuss theorem, the volume of a sphere of radius
a2 3 3
4a a2 4
a = 2y Area of R = 2 = a3 .
3 2 3

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Second Theorem of Pappus: Surface Area of Revolution
.
Suppose that a plane curve C is revolved around an axis in its plane that does
not intersect the curve. Then the area A of the surface of revolution generated
is
A = s d,
where s is the arc-length of C and d is the distance traveled by the centroid of
C.
.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Let R be a plane lamina and be a straight line that may or may not lie in
xy-plane.
Then the moment of inertia I of R around the axis is
p2 (x, y)dA, where p = p(x, y) is the shortest distance from the point (x, y)
R
.of R to the line , and (x, y) is the density of R at the point (x, y).
For the coordinate axii, we have
.
Ix = Ix-axis = (y2 )(x, y)dA, Iy = Iy-axis = (x2 )(x, y)dA and
R R
Iz = Iz-axis = (x2 + y2 )(x, y)dA.
. R

.
For any plane lamina
R, Define the center (x, y, z) of gyration by

Ix Iy Iz
x = m , y = m , z = m .
.

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

 .
Example. Find the volume of the region D that lies inside both the sphere
x. 2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and the cylinder x2 + y2 2x = 0.

Solution. The cylinder S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 = 1, so any point P(x, y, z)

inside S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 1. In terms of cylindrical coordinates, it can
be described by (r, , z) by r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 2r cos 0, i.e. r 2 cos , it
follows that the region can be described
in terms of cylindrical coordinates as

{ (r, , z) | 2 2 , and 4 r z 4 r2 }. It follows from the
2

definition of triple integral that the

( volume

of the
) region
/2 2 cos 4 r2
D= 1 dV = dz r drd =
D /2 0 4 r2
/2 2 cos /2
[ ]2 cos
(4 r2 )3/2
2 4 r2 rdrd = 2 d = .
/2 0 /2 3
0

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Let A : x2 + y2 + z2 a2 , z 0, and
B : x2 + y2 + z2 a2 , x 0, y 0, z 0. Evaluate z dV and z dV.
. A B

Solution. Define the linear transformation f : R3 R3 defined

by (x, y, z) 7 (y, x, z), which is the rotation about z-axis by
/2 counterclockwise. One can see that after rotating the solid
B by 0, /2, and 3/2 under iterating f four times,
then images B, f (B), f 2 (B), f 3 (B) are disjoint and they just cover the solid A,
i.e. A = B f (B) f 2 (B) f 3 (B). Moreover, the determinant of the rotation of f
0 1 0
is 1 0 0 = 1. It follows that
0 0 1

z dV = z dV + z dV + z dV + z dV =
A B f (B) f 2 (B) f 3 (B)

z dV + z dV + z dV + z dV = 4 z dV. We use the

B B B B B
cylindrical coordinates to evaluate the last integral as follows: z dV =
2 a a2 r2
A
a
2 a 2 r2 a4
z r dzdrd = r [ z2 ] 0 a dr = (a2 r r3 )dr = .
0 0 0 2 0 0 4
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Let D be a region bounded above by the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 32
and below by the cone z = x2 + y2 . The mass density at any point in D is its
distance from the xy-plane.
.Find the total mass m of D.

Solution. Since the cone z = x2 + y2 can be best described in spherical
coordinate by 0 4 . In terms of spherical coordinates, D can be
parameterized by { (, , ) | 0 2, 0 /4, 0 3 }. For any
point P(x, y, z) in D, the distance from the point P to the xy-plane is z = cos .
2 /4 3
The total mass m = zdV = cos 2 sin ddd
D 0 0 0
3 /4
34 sin2 (/4) 81
= 2 3 d sin cos d = 2 = .
0 0 4 2 8

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Matb 210 in 2014-2015

.
Example. Let be common intersection of the solid sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 4a2 , and the solid cylinder x2 + y2 2ax.
Find
. the volume of .

Solution. Project the solid onto the xy-plane, then the shadow is exactly the
cross section of the cylinder x2 + y2 2ax, i.e. (x a)2 + y2 a2 . Moreover,
the solid
is bounded from above by the upper hemisphere with
z= 4a2 x2 y2 and from below by the lower hemisphere with
z = 4a2 x2 + y2 . It follows
from this observation that volume of the solid
4a2 x2 y2
= 1 dV = 1dV = 2 4a2 x2 y2 dxdy
4a2 x2 y2
x2 +y2 2ax x2 +y2 2ax
/2 2a cos /2 r=2a cos

= 4a2 r2 rdrd =
2 4a2 r2 d(4a2 r2 )d
/2 0 /2 r=0
/2 [ ]r=2a cos
2 2 /2 ( 3 )
= (4a2 r2 )3/2 d = 8a (4a2 sin2 )3/2 d
/2 3 3 /2
3 ( )
r=0
/2
16a3 /2 16a
= (1 | sin |)d =
3
2 sin d = ,
3
3 /2 3 0
where the equality (*) is due to switching to polar coordinates.
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Matb 210 in 2014-2015