AccountingInformationSystems, 6th edition

JamesA.Hall

COPYRIGHT 2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. Cengage Learning and South-Western
are trademarks used herein under license
ObjectivesforChapter4
y Tasks performed in the revenue cycle, regardless of the
technology used
y Functional departments in the revenue cycle and the flow
of revenue transactions through the organization
y Documents, journals, and accounts needed for audit
trails, records, decision making, and financial reporting
y Risks associated with the revenue cycle and the controls
that reduce these risks
y The operational and control implications of technology
used to automate and reengineer the revenue cycle
TheConceptualSystem
Overview of Revenue Cycle Activities

y Three process in revenue cycle for most retail,

wholesale & manufacturing organizations:
y Sales order procedure
y Sales return procedure
y Cash receipt procedure
 Sales Order
1

Credit / Customer
Service REVENUE CYCLE
2 (SUBSYSTEM)
Cash Receipts/
Collections
6

Shipping
3

Billing/ Accounts
Receivable
4/5
 RevenueCycleDatabases
y Masterfiles OtherFiles
y customermasterfile shippingandpricedata
y accountsreceivablemaster referencefile
file creditreferencefile(maynot
y merchandiseinventorymaster beneeded)
file salespersonfile(maybea
masterfile)
y TransactionandOpen Saleshistoryfile
DocumentFiles cashreceiptshistoryfile
accountsreceivablereportsfile
y salesordertransactionfile
y opensalesordertransaction
file
y salesinvoicetransactionfile
y cashreceiptstransactionfile
DFDofSalesOrderProcess
JournalVouchers/Entries
Howdowegetthem?
y BillingDepartment preparesajournalvoucher:
AccountsReceivable DR
Sales CR
y InventoryControl Dept.preparesajournal
voucher:
CostofGoodsSold DR
Inventory CR
y CashReceipts preparesajournalvoucher:
Cash DR
AccountsReceivable CR
SalesOrderProcessFlowchart
SalesOrderProcessFlowchart
 ManualSalesOrderProcessing
y Beginswithacustomerplacinganorder
y Thesalesdepartmentcapturestheessentialdetailsona
salesorderform.
y Thetransactionisauthorizedbyobtainingcredit
approvalbythecreditdepartment.
y Salesinformationisreleasedto:
y Billing
y Warehouse(stockreleaseorpickingticket)
y Shipping(packingslipandshippingnotice)
 ManualSalesOrderProcessing
y ThemerchandiseispickedfromtheWarehouseand
senttoShipping.
y Stockrecordsareadjusted.
y Themerchandise,packingslip,andbillofladingare
preparedbyShippingandsenttothecustomer.
y Shippingreconcilesthemerchandisereceivedfromthe
Warehousewiththesalesinformationonthepackingslip.
y ShippinginformationissenttoBilling.Billingcompiles
andreconcilestherelevantfactsandissuesaninvoiceto
thecustomerandupdatesthesalesjournal.Information
istransferredto:
y AccountsReceivable(A/R)
y InventoryControl
 ManualSalesOrderProcessing
y A/Rrecordstheinformationinthecustomersaccountin
theaccountsreceivablesubsidiaryledger.
y InventoryControladjuststheinventorysubsidiaryledger.
y Billing,A/R,andInventoryControlsubmitssummary
informationtotheGeneralLedgerdept.,whichthen
reconcilesthisdataandpoststothecontrolaccountsin
theG/L.
 SalesReturnsProcedures
y Thecompanyshippedthecustomerthewrong
merchandise.
y Thegoodsweredefective.
y Theproductwasdamageinshipment.
y Thebuyerrefuseddeliverybecausethesellershippedthe
goodstoolateortheyweredelayedintransit.
DFDofSalesReturns
SalesReturnsFlowchart
SalesReturnJournalEntry
G/Lpoststhefollowingtocontrolaccounts:

InventoryControl DR
SalesReturnsandAllowances DR
CostofGoodsSold CR
AccountsReceivableControl CR
DFDofCashReceiptsProcesses
CashReceiptsFlowchart
ManualCashReceiptsProcesses
y Customerchecksandremittanceadvicesarereceived
intheMailRoom.
y Amailroomclerkpreparesacashprelistandsendsthe
prelistandthecheckstoCashReceipts.
y ThecashprelistisalsosenttoA/RandtheController.
y CashReceipts:
y verifiestheaccuracyandcompletenessofthechecks
y updatesthecashreceiptsjournal
y preparesadepositslip
y preparesajournalvouchertosendtoG/L
ManualCashReceiptsProcesses
y A/Rpostsfromtheremittanceadvicestothe
accountsreceivablesubsidiaryledger.
y Periodically,asummaryofthepostingsissentto
G/L.
y G/Ldepartment:
y reconcilesthejournalvoucherfromCashReceipts
withthesummariesfromA/R
y updatesthegeneralledgercontrolaccounts
y TheControllerreconcilesthebankaccounts.
SummaryofInternalControls
AuthorizationControls
y Properauthorizationoftransactions
(documentation)shouldoccursothatonlyvalid
transactionsgetprocessed.
y Withintherevenuecycle,authorizationshouldtake
placewhen:
y asaleismadeoncredit(authorization)
y acashrefundisrequested(authorization)
y postingacashpaymentreceivedtoacustomersaccount
(cashprelist)
SegregationofFunctions
ThreeRules
1. Transactionauthorizationshouldbeseparatefrom
transactionprocessing.
2. Assetcustodyshouldbeseparatefromassetrecord
keeping.
3. Theorganizationshouldbesostructuredthatthe
perpetrationofafraudrequirescollusionbetween
twoormoreindividuals.
 SegregationofFunctions
y SalesOrderProcessing
y creditauthorizationseparatefromSOprocessing
y inventorycontrolseparatefromwarehouse
y accountsreceivablesubledgerseparatefromgeneral
ledgercontrolaccount
y CashReceiptsProcessing
y cashreceiptsseparatefromaccountingrecords
y accountsreceivablesubledgerseparatefromgeneral
ledger
Supervision
y Oftenusedwhenunabletoenact
appropriatesegregationofduties.
y Supervisionofemployeesservesasa
deterrenttodishonestactsandis
particularlyimportantinthemailroom.
AccountingRecords
y Withaproperlymaintainedaudittrail,itis
possibletotracktransactionsthroughthesystems
andtofindwhereandwhenerrorsweremade:
y prenumberedsourcedocuments
y specialjournals
y subsidiaryledgers
y generalledger
y files
AccessControls
y Accesstoassetsandinformation(accountingrecords)
shouldbelimited.
y Withintherevenuecycle,theassetstoprotectare
cash andinventories andaccesstorecordssuchasthe
accountsreceivablesubsidiaryledger andcashjournal
shouldberestricted.
 IndependentVerification
y Physicalproceduresaswellasrecordkeepingshouldbe
independentlyreviewedatvariouspointsinthesystemto
checkforaccuracyandcompleteness:
y shippingverifiesthegoodssentfromthewarehouseare
correctintypeandquantity
y warehousereconcilesthestockreleasedocument(picking
slip)andpackingslip
y billingreconcilestheshippingnoticewiththesalesinvoice
y generalledgerreconcilesjournalvouchersfrombilling,
inventorycontrol,cashreceipts,andaccountsreceivable
AutomatingtheRevenueCycle
y Authorizationsanddataaccesscanbeperformed
throughcomputerscreens.
y Thereisadecreaseintheamountofpaper.
y Themanualjournalsandledgersarechangedto
diskortapetransactionandmasterfiles.
y Inputisstilltypicallyfromahardcopydocument
andgoesthroughoneormorecomputerized
processes.
y Processesstoredatainelectronicfiles(thetapeor
disk)orpreparedataintheformofahardcopy
report.
AutomatingtheRevenueCycle
y Revenuecycleprogramscaninclude:
y formattedscreensforcollectingdata
y editchecksonthedataentered
y instructionsforprocessingandstoringthedata
y securityprocedures(passwordsoruserIDs)
y stepsforgeneratinganddisplayingoutput
y Tounderstandfiles,youmustconsidertherecorddesign
andlayout.
y Thedocumentsandthefilesusedasinputsourcesmust
containthedatanecessarytogeneratetheoutputreports.
ComputerBasedAccountingSystems
y CBAStechnologycanbeviewedasacontinuumwith
twoextremes:
y automation usetechnologytoimprove
efficiencyandeffectiveness
y reengineering usetechnologyto
restructurebusinessprocessesandfirm
organization
Example:AutomatedBatchSales
ReengineeringSalesOrderProcessingUsing
RealTimeTechnology
y Manualproceduresandphysicaldocumentsarereplaced
byinteractivecomputerterminals.
y Realtimeinputandoutputoccurs,withsomemaster
filesstillbeingupdatedusingbatches.
y Realtime entryofcustomerorder,printoutofstock
release,packingslipandbilloflading;updateofcredit
file,inventoryfile,andopensalesordersfile
y Batch printoutofinvoice,updateofclosedsales
order(journal),accountsreceivableandgeneralledger
controlaccount
RealtimeSalesOrder
 AdvantagesofRealTime
Processing
y Shortensthecashcycleofthefirmbyreducingthetime
betweentheorderdateandbillingdate
y Betterinventorymanagementwhichcanleadtoa
competitiveadvantage
y Fewerclericalerrors,reducingincorrectitemsbeing
shippedandbilldiscrepancies
y Reducestheamountofexpensivepaperdocumentsand
theirstoragecosts
ReengineeredCashReceipts
y Themailroom isafrequenttargetforreengineering.
y Companiessendtheircustomerspreprintedenvelopes
andremittanceadvices.
y Uponreceipt,theseenvelopesarescannedtoprovidesa
controlprocedureagainsttheft.
y Machinesareopentheenvelopes,scanremittance
advicesandchecks,andseparatethechecks.
y Artificialintelligencemaybeusedtoreadhandwriting,
suchasremittanceamountsandsignatures.
AutomatedCashReceipts
 PointofSaleSystems
y Pointofsalesystemsareusedextensivelyinretail
establishments.
y Customerspicktheinventoryfromtheshelvesandtakethemtoa
cashier.

DailyProcedure
y Theclerkscanstheuniversalproductcode(UPC).The
POSsystemisconnectedtoaninventoryfile,wherethe
priceanddescriptionareretrieved.
y Theinventorylevelsareupdatedandreorderneedscan
immediatelybedetected.
PointofSaleSystems
y Thesystemcomputestheamountdue.
Paymentiseithercash,check,ATMorcredit
cardinmostcases.
y Noaccountsreceivables
y Ifchecks,ATMorcreditcardsareused,anon
linelinktoreceiveapprovalisnecessary.
PointofSaleSystems
EndofdayProcedure
y Attheendoftheday oracashiersshift,themoneyand
receiptsinthedrawerarereconciledtotheinternalcash
registertapeoraprintoutfromthecomputersdatabase.
y Cashoverandundermustberecorded
y JournalvoucherpostedtoGLaccount:
Cash DR
CashOver/Short DR
A/R(creditcard) DR
COGS DR
Sales CR
Inventory CR
ComputerizedPOS
ReengineeringUsingEDI
y EDIhelpstoexpeditetransactions.
y Thecustomerscomputer:
y determinesthatinventoryisneeded
y selectsasupplierwithwhomthebusinesshasaformal
businessagreement
y dialsthesupplierscomputerandplacestheorder
y Theexchangeiscompletelyautomated.
y Nohumaninterventionormanagement
 EDI System
Company A Company B
Application Purchases Sales Order Application
Software System System Software

EDI EDI
Translation Translation
Software Software
Direct Connection
Communications Communications
Software Software

Other
Mailbox

Company VAN Company

As mailbox Bs mailbox

Other
Mailbox
 ReengineeringUsingthe
Internet
y Typically,noformalbusinessagreementsexistasthey
doinEDI.
y Mostordersaremadewithcreditcards.
y Mainlydonewithemailsystems,andthusa
turnaroundtimeisnecessary
y Intelligentagentsareneededtoeliminatethistimelag.
y Securityandcontroloverdataisaconcernwith
Internettransactions.
CBASControlConsiderations
y Authorization inrealtimesystems,authorizations
areautomated
y Programmeddecisionrulesmustbecloselymonitored.
y SegregationofFunctions consolidationoftasksby
thecomputeriscommon
y Protectthecomputerprograms
y Coding,processing,andmaintenanceshouldbe
separated.
 CBASControlConsiderations
y Supervision inPOSsystems,thecashregisters
internaltapeordatabaseisanaddedformof
supervision
y AccessControl magneticrecordsarevulnerableto
bothauthorizedandunauthorizedexposureandshould
beprotected
y Musthavelimitedfileaccessibility
y Mustsafeguardandmonitorcomputerprograms
CBASControlConsiderations
y AccountingRecords restonreliabilityand
securityofstoreddigitalizeddata
y Accountantsshouldbeskepticalabouttheaccuracyof
hardcopyprintouts.
y Backups thesystemneedstoensurethatbackupsof
allfilesarecontinuouslykept
y IndependentVerification consolidating
accountingtasksunderonecomputerprogram
canremovetraditionalindependentverification
controls.Tocounterthisproblem:
y performbatchcontrolbalancingaftereachrun
y producemanagementreportsandsummariesforend
userstoreview
PCBasedAccountingSystems
y Usedbysmallfirmsandsomelargedecentralizedfirms
y Allowoneorfewindividualstoperformentire
accountingfunction
y Mostsystemsaredividedintomodulescontrolledbya
menudrivenprogram:
y generalledger
y inventorycontrol
y payroll
y cashdisbursements
y purchasesandaccountspayable
y cashreceipts
y salesorder
PCControlIssues
y SegregationofDuties tendtobeinadequateand
shouldbecompensatedforwithincreased
supervision,detailedmanagementreports,and
frequentindependentverification
y AccessControl accesscontrolstothedatastored
onthecomputertendstobeweak;methodssuchas
encryptionanddisklockingdevicesshouldbeused
y AccountingRecords computerdiskfailurescause
datalosses;externalbackupmethodsneedtobe
implementedtoallowdatarecovery
 InternalControl
Risk Exposures in the Revenue Cycle - I
Risk
1) Credit sales made to customers
who represent poor credit risks
2) Unrecorded or unbilled shipments
3) Errors in preparing sales invoices
Figure 12-22
Exposure
1) Losses from bad debts
2) Losses of revenue; overstatement
of inventory and understatement of
accounts receivable in the balance
sheet
3) Alienation of customers and
possible loss of future sales; losses of
revenue
 RiskExposuresintheRevenue
Cycle II
Risk
4) Misplacement of orders from
customers or unfilled backorders
5) Incorrect posting of sales to
accounts receivable records
6) Posting of revenues to wrong
accounting periods, such as
premature booking of revenues
Figure 12-22 (continued)
Exposure
4) Losses of revenue and alienation of
customers
5) Incorrect balances in accounts
receivable and general ledger account
records
6) Overstatement of revenue in one
year (year of premature booking) and
understatement of revenue in the next
 RiskExposuresintheRevenue
Cycle III
Risk
7) Fictitious credit sales to nonexistent Overstatement of revenues and
customers
8) Excessive sales returns and
allowances with certain of the credit
memos being for fictitious returns
9) Theft or misplacement of finished
goods in the warehouse or on the
shipping dock
Figure 12-22 (continued)
Exposure
accounts receivable
8) Losses in net revenue, with the
proceeds from subsequent payments
by affected customers being
fraudulently pocketed
9) Losses in revenue; overstatement of
inventory on the balance sheet
 RiskExposuresintheRevenue
Cycle IV
Risk Exposure
10) Fraudulent write-offs of customers 10) Understatement of accounts
accounts by unauthorized persons receivable; losses of cash receipts
when subsequent collections on
written-off accounts are
misappropriated by perpetrators of the
fraud
11) Theft (skimming) of cash receipts, 11) Losses of cash receipts;
especially currency, by persons overstatement of accounts receivable
involved in the processing; often in the subsidiary ledger and the
accompanied by omitted postings to balance sheet
affected customers accounts
12) Lapping of payments from 12) Losses of cash receipts; incorrect
customers when amounts are posted account balances for those customers
to accounts receivable records whose records are involved in the
lapping

Figure 12-22 (continued)

 RiskExposuresintheRevenue
Cycle V
Risk
13) Accessing of accounts receivable,
merchandise inventory, and other
records by unauthorized persons
14) Involvement of cash, merchandise
inventory, and accounts receivable
records in natural or human-made
disasters
15) Planting of virus by disgruntled
employee to destroy data on magnetic
media
Figure 12-22 (continued)
Exposure
13) Loss of security over such records,
with possibly detrimental use made of
the data accessed
14) Losses of or damages to assets
15) Loss of customer accounts
receivable data needed to monitor
collection of amounts from previous
sales
 RiskExposuresintheRevenue
Cycle VI
Risk
16) Interception of data transmittal
between customers and the web site
17) Unauthorized viewing and
alteration of other customer account
data via the Web
18) Denial by a customer that an
online order was placed after the
transaction is processed
Exposure
16) Loss of data which may be used to
the detriment of customers
17) Loss of security over customer
records resulting in misstatement of
accounts receivable balances
18) Loss of sales revenues

Figure 12-22 (continued)

 RiskExposuresintheRevenue
Cycle VII
Risk Exposure
19) Use of stolen credit cards to place 19) Loss of shipped goods for which
orders via the Web payments will not be received
20) Breakdown of the web server due 20) Loss of sales revenues and
to unexpectedly high volume of alienation of customers
transactions

Figure 12-22 (continued)

TypicalControlObjectives fortheRevenueCycle

y Semua customeryangditerima untuk creditsalesadalah credit

worthy
y Semua barang yangdipesan dikirim dan semua jasa
dilaksanakan sesuai dengan tanggal yangdisetujui oleh semua
pihak.
y Semua barang yangdikirim diotorisasi dan ditagih Allshipped
goodsareauthorizeddan ditagih sesuai dengan periode
akuntansi yangtepat.
y Semua salesreturnsandallowancesdiotorisasi dan dicatat
dengan teliti dan berdasarkan actualreturnofgoods
y Semua cashreceiptsdicatat dengan lengkap dan akurat.
y Semua creditsalesdan transaksi cashreceiptstransactions
diposting ke customers accountsyangtepat pada accounts
receivableledger
y Semua accountingrecords,merchandiseinventory,
andcashdilindungi.
GeneralControlsofthe
RevenueCycle I
y OrganizationalControls
y Unitunitdengan fungsi kustodian harus dijaga agar
terpisah satu samalain.
y Fungsi kustodian harus dipisah dari fungsi record
keeping.
y Untuk sistem yangdikomputerisasi,pengembangan
sistem harus dijaga agarterpisah dari operasioperasi
sistem.
GeneralControlsoftheRevenueCycle II
y DocumentationControls
y Dokumentasi yanglengkap dan uptodateharus tersedia
termasuk didalamnya adalah salinan dokumen,
flowcharts,recordlayouts,dan laporan.
y Programuntuk editdan proses salesdan cashreceipt
harus diorganisasikan ke buku atau paket terpisah yang
ditujukan ke masingmasing programer,komputer
operator,dan systemuser.
y Kebijakan manajemen yangberhubungan dengan credit
approvals,accountwriteoff,dsb harus dalam bentuk
tertulis.
GeneralControlsoftheRevenueCycle II
y AssetAccountabilityControls
y A/Rsubsidiaryledger(masterfile)harus sering direkonsiliasi
dengan A/Rcontrolaccountdi GL.
y Merchandiseinventoryrecordharus dijaga pada ledgerdan
direkonsiliasi secara periodik ke merchandiseinventory
controlaccount
y Bankreconciliation,harus dibandingkan balancepada bank
accountdengan cashaccountbalancedi GL.
y Petugas bagian pengiriman yangmenyetujui penerimaan
orderdan pengambilan barang dari gudang dengan
menandatangani stockrequestatau shippingorder.
y Mailroomclerkyangmenyiapkan daftar semua receive
remittances.
y Customeryangmereview monthlystatementdari salesdan
paymentsuntuk jumlahjumlah yangsalah.
GeneralControlsoftheRevenueCycle II
y ManagementPracticeControls
Kebijakan manajemen yangberhubungan dengan revenue
cycleyangharus ditetapkan dan diikuti adalah sbb:
Pegawai (programer dan akuntan harus dilatih dengan
hatihati),pegawai yangmenangani kas harus diikat
dengan surat perjanjian.
Perubahan dan pengembangan sistem harus melalui
prosedur yangjelas yangmelibatkan priorapprovals,
testing,dan signoffs.
Auditterhadap prosedur dan kebijakan salesdan cash
receiptharus dilakukan.
Manajer harus melakukan reviewperiodicanalyses,
controlsummaries,dan laporanlaporan tentang aktivitas
accountdan computerapprovedtransactions.
GeneralControlsoftheRevenueCycle II
y DataCenterOperationsControls
y Jadwal pemrosesan komputer untuk salesdan cashreceipts
batchesharus ditetapkan dengan jelas.
y Sistem informasi dan pegawai bagian akuntansi harus diawasi
secara aktif dan pekerjaannya direview dengan bantuan
computerprocessingcontrolreportsdan accesslogs.

y AuthorizationControls
y Semua transaksi creditsales(atau serviceorder)harus
diotorisasi oleh manajer kedit.Pada sistem yang
dikomputerisasi otorisasi dilakukan dengan programaplikasi
yangdibagun dengan aturan persetujuan kredit.
y Manajer tidak terlibat dalam pengolahan salesatau pada A/R.
y Salinan permintaan barang dari salesorderharus mengotorisasi
pengambilan barang dari gudang dan pemindahan barang ke
shippingdock.
GeneralControlsoftheRevenueCycle III
y AccessControls
y Berikan passwordpada petugas yangdiberi otorisasi untuk
mengakses A/Rdan filefileyangberhubungan dengan
customer,untuk melaksanakan tugastugas yangtelah
ditentukan.
y Batasi terminalterminaluntuk melaksanakan fungsifungsi
yangberhubungan dengan transaksi salesdan cashreceipts.
y Catat semua transaksi salesandcashreceiptke sistem.
y Seringseringlah mengeluarkan masterfileA/Rdan
merchandiseinventoryke magnetictapebackups
y Lindungi gudang dan lemari besi secara fisik.
y Gunakan lockboxcollectionsystempada situasi yangfeasible.
ApplicationControlsofthe
RevenueCycle:Input I
1. Siapkan prenumbereddocumentsdan dokumen yang
dirancang dengan baik untuk dokumen sales,
shipping,andcashreceipts,masingmasing dokumen
diotorisasi oleh orang yangberwenang.
2. Validasi datasalesordersdan remittanceadvices
seperti datayangdisiapkan dan dimasukkan untuk
pengolahan.Pada computerbasedsystems,validasi
harus dilaksanakan dengan sarana programeditcheck.
Saat datadimasukkan ke computerreadablemedium,
keyverification dicocokkan.
ApplicationControlsofthe
RevenueCycle:Input II
3. Betulkan kesalahan yangterdeteksi selama dataentry
dan sebelum datadiposting ke recordrecord
customerdan inventory.
4. Precompute batchcontroltotalsyangberhubungan
dengan datapenting pada salesinvoices(atau
shippingnotices)dan remittanceadvices.
Precomputed batchcontroltotalshaus dibandingkan
dengan totalsyangdihitung selama postingke
accountsreceivableledgerdan setiap kaliprocessing
run.Pada cashreceipts,totalpada remittanceadvices
harus dibandingkan dengan totalpada depositslips.
ApplicationControlsoftheRevenue
Cycle:Processing I
1. Pindahkan barang yangdipesan dari gudang barang jadi
(finishedgoodswarehouse)dan kirim barangbarang hanya
berdasarkan otorisasi tertulis seperti stockrequestcopies
2. Invoicecustomershanya diberiahukan oleh bagian
pengiriman atas jumlah yangtelah dikirimkan.
3. Pengeluaran creditmemosuntuk salesreturnshanya jika
disertai bukti (seperti receivingreport)telah diterima bhwa
barang memang benarbenar dikembalikan.
4. Periksa semua perhitungan pada salesinvoicessebelum
dikirim dan diposting ke customers accountsyangtepat.
Bandingkan salesinvoicesdengan shippingnoticesandopen
orders,untuk meyakinkan nahwa jumlah yangdipesan
direkonsiliasi dengan orderyangdikirim dan backordered.
ApplicationControlsoftheRevenue
Cycle:Processing II
5. Periksa bahwa jumlah totalyangdiposting ke accounts
receivableaccounts dari batchtransaksi samadengan
precomputed batchtotals,dan postingjumlah totalke
generalledgeraccountsyangtepat.
6. Depositokan semua kash yangditerima lengkap dengan
minimumofdelay,sehingga menghilangkan
kemungkinan cashreceiptsyangsedang digunakan
untuk membayar pegawai atau untuk membayar petty
cashfunds.
7. Betulkan kesalahan yangdibuat selama tahapan
pengolahan biasanya dengan membalik kesalahan
postingke perkiraan dan masukan datayangbenar.
Audittrailyangberhubungan dengan perkiraan yang
dikoreksi akan menunjukkan kesalahan aslinya,the
reversals,andthecorrections
ApplicationControlsoftheRevenue
Cycle:Output
1. Siapkan monthlystatements,yangharus diposkan ke
semua creditcustomers,terutama jika pendekatan
balanceforward digunakan.
2. Salinan filedari semua dokumen yangberkaitan
dengan transaksi salesdan cashreceiptsdicek secara
periodik dengan urutan nomor pada tiap fileuntuk
melihat celah yangada.Jika transaksi tidak didukung
dengan preprinteddocuments,seperti yangsering
terjadi pada onlinecomputerbasedsystems,tandai
nomor transaksi ke transactions.
3. Siapkan daftar transaksi yangdicetak dan account
summariespada periodicbasisuntuk menyediakan
audittraildan dasar untuk review.
WebSecurityProcedures
y Authentication,useridentificationnumberdan password
dibutuhkan untuk akses ke privatenetwork.
y Authorization
y UseofanAccessControlList
y Accountability,untuk menetapkan tanggung jawab atas
segala modifikasi pada WebsitesWebsercer logharus
dipelihara.
y DataTransmission,untuk menjaga kerahasiaan dan
integritas datayangdikirim viaWebharus menggunakan
enkripsi.
y DisasterContingency&RecoveryPlan,
y Diperlukan prosedur backupyangcukup termasuk fault
toleranceuntuk meminimalkan gangguan yangtidak
diharapkan.
y Recoveryplandirencanakan untuk meyakinkan rekonstruksi
dari datayanghilang.